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Resumen El consumo de alcohol, tabaco y marihuana presenta una alta prevalencia entre adultos emergentes universitarios. Una variable que incide en el consumo de estas tres sustancias psicoactivas es la percepción de riesgo asociada a dicha conducta. Este estudio examinó -en adultos emergentes universitarios argentinos- la relación bi o multivariada, entre el riesgo percibido de consumir alcohol, tabaco y marihuana, y el consumo propiamente dicho de estas sustancias. Se analizaron también variaciones en la percepción de riesgo en función del sexo y del tipo de consumo (con y sin consumo episódico excesivo de alcohol [CEEA], con y sin consumo de tabaco o marihuana). La muestra final, no probabilística y de carácter accidental, estuvo compuesta por 279 estudiantes universitarios (75.6% mujeres; M edad = 23.02; DE = 3.36) que completaron un cuestionario online. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la percepción de riesgo (global y para indicadores individuales) en función del sexo y del tipo de consumo. A su vez, el sexo (i.e., ser hombre) y la mayor frecuencia de CEEA, de consumo de tabaco y marihuana se asociaron a la percepción de un menor riesgo atribuido al consumo de cada sustancia. Los hallazgos sugieren que las conductas de consumo frecuente e intensivo podrían ser el foco de intervenciones para corregir posibles sesgos en la interpretación o valoración del riesgo percibido. Abstract Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana consumption is highly prevalent among emerging adult college students. One of the variables influencing the consumption of these three psychoactive substances is the perception of risk associated with such behavior. This work examined bivariate and multivariate relationships between risk perception of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use, and the use of those substances, in Argentinian emerging adults that attend college. Additionally, we analyzed differences in risk perception in regards of gender. A sample of 279 college students (75.6% women; M age = 23.02; SD = 3.36) completed an online survey. We used a non-probabilistic and accidental sampling. We found significant differences in risk perception as a function of gender and type of consumption (i.e., with/without heavy episodic drinking [HED], with or without tobacco/marijuana use). Being men and exhibiting a higher frequency of HED, tobacco or marijuana consumption were significantly associated to the perception of a lower risk attributed to each substance. These findings suggests that frequent and intensive substance use behaviors could be the focus for interventions to correct risk perceptions.

Negative emotional states (NES; i.e., depression, anxiety and stress) are likely contributors to the development of food addiction (FA). The association between NES and FA symptoms may be mediated by altered eating behaviors or by eating-to-cope motives. This study examined, in a sample of Argentinean young adults, the association between NES and FA symptoms via eating-to-cope motives and three patterns of eating behaviors. We also examined whether the model was invariant across college status. The transition from high school to college is usually associated with increased exposure to stress, which promotes the probability of engaging in altered eating behaviors. A sample of 499 Argentinean young adults (mean age = 24.9 ± 3.51 years) completed a survey that assessed FA symptoms, eating behaviors (i.e., uncontrolled, emotional, and restrained eating), eating-to-cope motives and NES. A path analysis tested the indirect association between NES and FA symptoms via uncontrolled, emotional or restrained eating, or by eating-to-cope. Stress and depression symptoms were indirectly associated with FA symptoms via uncontrolled eating and eating-to-cope motives. The model was invariant across college status. The findings suggest that NES are associated with FA symptoms by increasing uncontrolled eating and eating-to-cope motives. Young adults exhibiting greater depressive or stress symptoms, higher eating-to-cope, or higher uncontrolled eating may be at risk for FA. Future research should examine the significance of this pattern by tailoring interventions to these characteristics.

Ethanol drinking begins during adolescence and, particularly when occurs in a binge-like pattern, exerts lingering adverse consequences. Pre-clinical studies indicate that intermittent ethanol exposure (IEA, a model of repeated ethanol intoxication), or binge eating (BE) can increase subsequent ethanol consumption. It is unknown if the promoting effects of BE upon ethanol drinking are found in female rats and are modulated by IEA at adolescence. This study assessed interactive effects between IEA and BE, upon ethanol drinking.Female Wistar rats were given 4.0 g/kg ethanol, every other day from postnatal day 25-45. At adulthood, they were exposed to sessions in which a brief offering of a sizeable portion of highly palatable sugary pills was followed by a 120-min exposure to an ethanol bottle.Exploratory activity and recognition memory was not affected by the IEA. Glutathione peroxidase and catalase activity, and lipid peroxidation (measured in blood and brain at the end of the procedure) were not significantly affected by IEA or BE exposure. BE alone had a mild promoting effect on ethanol ingestion. Those rats that underwent IEA and BE, however, exhibited heightened and sustained ethanol self-administration (average of 2.12 g/kg/120 min, vs 1.15 g/kg/120 min of the other groups), that persisted throughout the BE sessions. IEA and a history of BE also promoted ethanol intake or preference in a two-bottle endpoint test.The study suggests that exposure to IEA exerts, when followed by BE at adulthood, promoting effects upon ethanol intake, particularly at concentrations ≥ 6%.

Background: We have reported induction of ∆FosB in adolescent rats that drank less ethanol than adults yet exhibited a progressive increase in ethanol intake.Objective: To test the hypothesis that ...

Recent frameworks in cognitive neuroscience and behavioral neurology underscore interoceptive priors as core modulators of negative emotions. However, the field lacks experimental designs manipulating the priming of emotions via interoception and exploring their multimodal signatures in neurodegenerative models. Here, we designed a novel task that involves interoceptive and control-exteroceptive priming conditions followed by post-interoception and post-exteroception facial emotion recognition (FER). We recruited 114 participants, including healthy controls (HCs) as well as patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). We measured online EEG modulations of the heart-evoked potential (HEP), and associations with both brain structural and resting-state functional connectivity patterns. Behaviorally, post-interoception negative FER was enhanced in HCs but selectively disrupted in bvFTD and PD, with AD presenting generalized disruptions across emotion types. Only bvFTD presented impaired interoceptive accuracy. Increased HEP modulations during post-interoception negative FER was observed in HCs and AD, but not in bvFTD or PD patients. Across all groups, post-interoception negative FER correlated with the volume of the insula and the ACC. Also, negative FER was associated with functional connectivity along the (a) salience network in the post-interoception condition, and along the (b) executive network in the post-exteroception condition. These patterns were selectively disrupted in bvFTD (a) and PD (b), respectively. Our approach underscores the multidimensional impact of interoception on emotion, while revealing a specific pathophysiological marker of bvFTD. These findings inform a promising theoretical and clinical agenda in the fields of nteroception, emotion, allostasis, and neurodegeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe examined whether and how emotions are primed by interoceptive states combining multimodal measures in healthy controls and neurodegenerative models. In controls, negative emotion recognition and ongoing HEP modulations were increased after interoception. These patterns were selectively disrupted in patients with atrophy across key interoceptive-emotional regions (e.g., the insula and the cingulate in frontotemporal dementia, frontostriatal networks in Parkinson's disease), whereas persons with Alzheimer's disease presented generalized emotional processing abnormalities with preserved interoceptive mechanisms. The integration of both domains was associated with the volume and connectivity (salience network) of canonical interoceptive-emotional hubs, critically involving the insula and the anterior cingulate. Our study reveals multimodal markers of interoceptive-emotional priming, laying the groundwork for new agendas in cognitive neuroscience and behavioral neurology.

Supplemental digital content is available in the text., Objective Neurological nosology, based on categorical systems, has largely ignored dimensional aspects of neurocognitive impairments. Transdiagnostic dimensional approaches of interoception (the sensing of visceral signals) may improve the descriptions of cross-pathological symptoms at behavioral, electrophysiological, and anatomical levels. Alterations of cardiac interoception (encompassing multidimensional variables such as accuracy, learning, sensibility, and awareness) and its neural correlates (electrophysiological markers, imaging-based anatomical and functional connectivity) have been proposed as critical across disparate neurological disorders. However, no study has examined the specific impact of neural (relative to autonomic) disturbances of cardiac interoception or their differential manifestations across neurological conditions. Methods Here, we used a computational approach to classify and evaluate which markers of cardiac interoception (behavioral, metacognitive, electrophysiological, volumetric, or functional) offer the best discrimination between neurological conditions and cardiac (hypertensive) disease (model 1), and among neurological conditions (Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, multiple sclerosis, and brain stroke; model 2). In total, the study comprised 52 neurological patients (mean [standard deviation] age = 55.1 [17.3] years; 37 women), 25 cardiac patients (age = 66.2 [9.1] years; 13 women), and 72 healthy controls (age = 52.65 [17.1] years; 50 women). Results Cardiac interoceptive outcomes successfully classified between neurological and cardiac conditions (model 1: >80% accuracy) but not among neurological conditions (model 2: 53% accuracy). Behavioral cardiac interoceptive alterations, although present in all conditions, were powerful in differentiating between neurological and cardiac diseases. However, among neurological conditions, cardiac interoceptive deficits presented more undifferentiated and unspecific disturbances across dimensions. Conclusions Our result suggests a diffuse pattern of interoceptive alterations across neurological conditions, highlighting their potential role as dimensional, transdiagnostic markers.

La impulsividad y la toma de riesgos se asocian positivamente al consumo de alcohol. Asimismo, la impulsividad y la toma de riesgos aumentan luego de la ingesta aguda de alcohol. Objetivo. Examinar el efecto de una dosis de alcohol (0.6/0.7 g/kg mujeres y varones) sobre el desempeño en pruebas de control inhibitorio, sensibilidad a las recompensas y toma de riesgos en estudiantes con alta (IMP+) y baja (IMP-) impulsividad rasgo. Método. Los participantes (n=85, 43 mujeres, entre 21-27 años) completaron las pruebas BART, GoStop y SKIP antes y después de la ingesta de una bebida con alcohol o una bebida placebo. Resultados. Los resultados muestran un aumento, inducido por el alcohol, en la toma de riesgos en mujeres y mayores fallas en el control inhibitorio tras la ingesta de alcohol, especialmente en hombres. La hipótesis sobre una mayor impulsividad conductual entre quienes exhibían mayor impulsividad rasgo fue parcialmente corroborada. Conclusiones. El principal hallazgo de este trabajo radica en el incremento, inducido por el alcohol, de la impulsividad y toma de riesgos, y el efecto modulador del sexo sobre este efecto. Impulsivity and risk taking are positively associated with alcohol consumption. Likewise, impulsivity and risk taking increase after acute alcohol intake. Objective. Examine the effect of a dose of alcohol (0.6/0.7 g/kg women and men) on performance in inhibitory control tests, sensitivity to rewards and risk taking in students with high (IMP+) and low (IMP-) trait impulsivity. Method. Participants (n= 85, 43 women, between 21-27 years) completed the BART, GoStop and SKIP tasks before and after the ingestion of an alcoholic beverage or a placebo beverage. Results. The results show an increase, induced by alcohol, in risk taking in women and greater failures in the inhibitory control after alcohol intake, especially in men. The hypothesis about greater behavioral impulsivity among those exhibiting greater trait impulsivity was partially corroborated. Conclusions. The main finding of this work lies in the increase, induced by alcohol, of impulsivity and risk taking, and the modulating effect of sex on this effect. Fil: Vera, Belén del Valle. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas; Argentina Fil: Pilatti, Angelina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas; Argentina Fil: Pautassi, Ricardo Marcos. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra; Argentina

Animal models of alcohol (ethanol) self-administration are crucial to dissect the neurobiological mechanisms underlying alcohol dependence, yet only a few of these induce pharmacologically relevant levels of alcohol consumption and rarely the alcohol self-administration co-occurs with other addictive behaviours. The present study aims to validate a novel model of voluntary ethanol consumption in male Wistar rats, in which ethanol access follows a binge eating experience. Over 10 sessions, Wistar rats were exposed to binge or control eating (i.e., the ingestion of 11.66 and 0.97 kcal/3 min, respectively, derived from a highly palatable food), immediately followed by two-bottle choice intake tests (2%, 6%, 10% or 14% w/w ethanol vs. water). Rats exposed to binge eating drank significantly more 6% or 10% (w/w) ethanol than control peers, reaching up to 6.3 gEtOH/kg. Rats stimulated with 2%, 6%, 10% or 14% ethanol after binge eating, but not those given those ethanol concentrations after control eating, exhibited significant within-group increases in ethanol drinking. This ethanol consumption was not altered by quinine adulteration (up to 0.1 g/L), and it was blocked by naltrexone (10 mg/kg), administered immediately before binge eating. Blood ethanol levels significantly correlated with ethanol consumption; and the more ethanol consumed, the greater the distance travelled in an open field test conducted after the two-bottle choice test. Altogether, this self-administration model seems a valid and robust alternative with remarkable potential for research on different stages of the alcohol addiction and, particularly, to assess interactions between alcohol consumption and others addictive-like behaviours., Junta de Andalucía, Grant/Award Numbers: CTS109, B-CTS-422-UGR18, Ministerio de Universidades, Spain, Grant/Award Number: FPU18/05012, Ministry of Science and Innovation, Grant/Award Number: MICIUPID2020- 114269GB-I00, Spanish Ministry of Health (Government Delegation for the National Plan on Drugs), Grant/Award Number: PNSD 2020-049

There is a high level of comorbidity between depression and alcohol use disorder. Subanesthetic doses of ketamine induce short-acting and enduring antidepressant effects after a single or a few administrations. Considering such comorbidity, we assessed, in Swiss male mice, if ketamine-induced antidepressant-like effects would alter ethanol's rewarding effects; and, if ethanol pretreatment would alter the rewarding and antidepressant effects of ketamine. The role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its high and low affinity receptors TrkB and p75

Ethanol-induced conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is greater in late adolescence or young adulthood than in early adolescence. The role of the sigma receptor system in this age-related difference has not been extensively explored, particularly in female rats. This study assessed the effects of the activation of sigma-1 receptors (S1-R), via the selective S1-R agonist PRE-084, on ethanol-induced CTA at early or at terminal adolescence/emerging adulthood (28 or 56 days-old at the beginning of the procedures, respectively) in female Wistar rats. The modulation of binge-like ethanol intake by PRE-084 was assessed at terminal adolescence. S1-R activation at the acquisition of ethanol-induced CTA attenuated such learning at terminal but not at early adolescence. PRE-084 did not significantly affect ethanol binge drinking in the terminal adolescents. These results highlight the role of S1-R in ethanol-induced CTA and suggest that differential functionality of this transmitter system may underlie age-specific sensitivities to the aversive effects of ethanol.

Resumen Aunque el consumo de marihuana es altamente prevalente entre universitarios de Argentina, poco se sabe respecto a los factores que permiten distinguir a los consumidores frecuentes de marihuana de quienes consumen esporádicamente. Por esta razón, en el presente trabajo se indagó sobre las posibles variaciones en los contextos de consumo, motivos de consumo, normas percibidas y estrategias conductuales de protección entre universitarios con consumo frecuente o esporádico de marihuana, y se analizó la utilidad de este conjunto de variables para distinguir entre estos los tipos de consumidores mencionados. Para ello, se contó con una muestra de 1083 estudiantes universitarios argentinos que completó una encuesta en línea sobre el consumo de sustancias. En particular, este trabajo se realizó con la submuestra que reportó consumir marihuana en los últimos 30 días (n = 158; 51.3 % mujeres). Dicha encuesta interrogaba sobre el consumo de marihuana y las consecuencias negativas asociadas, así como por motivos de consumo, normas sociales percibidas y estrategias conductuales de protección. Como resultado, los consumidores frecuentes presentaron mayor cantidad de consecuencias negativas (M = 4.92) que los consumidores esporádicos (M = 1.82; p < .05), y se halló un perfil distintivo en un conjunto de variables. A nivel multivariado, los motivos de animación (OR = 1.230; p < .05), las estrategias conductuales de protección (OR = .941; p < .05), el consumo en solitario (OR = 2.024; p < .05) y el consumo en fiestas universitarias (OR = 2.669; p < .05) discriminaron significativamente entre ambas clases de consumidores. En general, los hallazgos revelaron subpoblaciones heterogéneas de consumidores de marihuana que difieren no solo en el consumo y sus consecuencias, sino también en los contextos de consumo y en un conjunto de variables relevantes. Estas subpoblaciones distintivas requieren de intervenciones diferentes y específicas. Abstract Although marijuana use is highly prevalent among university students in Argentina, little is known about the factors that distinguish frequent marijuana users from sporadic users. For this reason, the present study investigated the possible variations in the contexts of consumption, motives for consumption, perceived norms, and protective behavioral strategies among university students with frequent or sporadic marijuana use, and analyzed the usefulness of this set of variables to distinguish between these two types of users. For this purpose, a sample of 1083 Argentine university students completed an online survey on substance use. In particular, this work was conducted with the subsample that reported using marijuana in the last 30 days (n = 158; 51.3 % female). The survey asked about marijuana use and associated negative consequences, as well as motives for use, perceived social norms, and protective behavioral strategies. As a result, frequent users had a higher number of negative consequences (M = 4.92) than sporadic users (M = 1.82; p < .05), and a distinctive profile was found on a set of variables. At the multivariate level, cheerleading motives (OR = 1.230; p < .05), protective behavioral strategies (OR = .941; p < .05), solo use (OR = 2.024; p < .05), and college party use (OR = 2.669; p < .05) discriminated significantly between the two classes of users. Overall, the findings revealed heterogeneous subpopulations of marijuana users that differ not only in use and its consequences, but also in contexts of use and in a set of relevant variables. These distinct subpopulations require different and specific interventions.

Resumen El consumo de sustancias es altamente prevalente en estudiantes universitarios de Argentina y el mundo. Diferenciar consumidores con diversos patrones de consumo de sustancias es importante para identificar aquellos más vulnerables a avanzar hacia un consumo patológico. Por ello, el objetivo fue identificar, mediante Análisis de Clases Latentes (ACL) aplicado a diferentes indicadores de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y marihuana, las clases de consumidores y observar si dichas clases diferían en la densidad de familiares con abuso de alcohol y otros indicadores de consumo. El análisis se realizó en un total de 4.497 estudiantes de primer año que completaron instrumentos para medir: 1-consumo de alcohol, 2-consecuencias negativas del consumo de alcohol y 3-historia familiar de abuso de alcohol. Así se identificaron cuatro clases de consumidores: 1-CATM: Consumo Elevado de Alcohol, Consumo de Tabaco y Marihuana; 2-CMEA: Consumo Moderado/Elevado de Alcohol, Sin Consumo de Otras Sustancias; 3-CMBA: Consumo Moderado/Bajo de Alcohol, Sin Consumo de Otras Sustancias; y 4-SC: Sin Consumo de Sustancias. Los miembros de las clases CATM y CMEA reportaron niveles de consumo de alcohol significativamente más elevados que el resto de las clases. Los integrantes de CATM presentaron consumo extremo de alcohol. Las clases sc y CATM exhibieron mayor densidad de familiares con abuso de alcohol que las otras clases. La mayor parte de los encuestados fueron clasificados en categorías de consumo de alto riesgo, caracterizadas por co-uso de sustancias o por consumo elevado de alcohol. Estos patrones de consumo se han asociado a numerosas consecuencias negativas. Abstract Substance use is highly prevalent among college students in Argentina and the world. Differentiating users with different patterns of substance use is important to identify those at a higher vulnerability to progress towards pathological use. The aims were to identify, by means of Latent Class Analysis applied to different alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use indicators, the classes of substance use and analyze whether these classes exhibit differences in the density of relatives with a history of alcohol abuse and other alcohol use indicators. A total of 4.497 freshmen completed instruments to measure: 1- alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use, 2- alcohol related negative consequences, and 3- family history of alcohol abuse. Four classes of substance users were identified: 1- HATM: heavy alcohol use, with tobacco and marijuana use, 2-MHA: moderate/high alcohol use, without other substances, 3-MZA: moderate/low alcohol use, without other substances, and 4- NS: no substance use. The members of the HATM and MHA classes reported significantly higher levels of alcohol use than the rest of the classes. HATM members presented extreme binge drinking. The NS and HATM classes exhibited a higher density of relatives with a history of alcohol abuse than the other classes. Most students were classified into high-risk consumption clas-ses, characterized by co-use of substances or by heavy alcohol use. These patterns of substance use have been associated with a variety of negative consequences. Resumo O consumo de substâncias é altamente prevalente em estudantes universitários na Argentina e no mundo. Diferenciar usuários com diferentes padrões de consumo de substâncias é importante para identificar aqueles mais vulneráveis à transição para um consumo patológico. Para isso, o objetivo foi identificar, por meio da Análise de Classe Latente aplicada a diferentes indicadores de consumo de álcool, tabaco e maconha, as classes de consumidores, e observar se essas classes diferiam na densidade de parentes com consumo abusivo de álcool e outros indicadores de consumo. A análise foi realizada com alunos do primeiro ano (n = 4.497) que completaram os instrumentos para medir: 1-consumo de álcool, 2-consequências negativas do consumo de álcool e 3-histórico familiar de abuso de álcool. Foram identificadas quatro classes de usuários: 1-CATM: alto consumo de álcool, consumo de tabaco e maconha; 2-CMEA: consumo moderado / alto de álcool, sem consumo de outras substâncias; 3-CMBA: consumo moderado / baixo de álcool, sem consumo de outras substâncias; e 4-sc: nenhum uso de substância. Os membros das classes CATM e CMEA relataram níveis significativamente mais elevados de consumo de álcool do que o resto das classes. Os membros do CATM apresentaram consumo extremo de álcool. As classes sc e CATM apresentaram maior densidade de familiares com abuso de álcool do que as demais classes. A maioria dos entrevistados foi classificada em categorias de consumo de alto risco, caracterizadas pelo uso concomitante de substâncias ou pelo alto consumo de álcool. Esses padrões de consumo têm sido associados a inúmeras consequências negativas.

INTRODUCTION Previous work suggests that college students who perceive themselves as less able to tolerate negative affect are more motivated to use alcohol to alleviate psychological distress. Recent findings also indicate that distress tolerance influences alcohol outcomes via a positive reinforcement pathway. However, results concerning the association between distress tolerance and alcohol outcomes remain inconsistent. Aim: The present study examined the association between distinctive features of distress tolerance and alcohol outcomes via internal drinking motives (i.e., coping and enhancement) in Argentinean college students. Method: From April to November 2019, a sample of 387 college students with last-month alcohol use (Mean age = 21.09 ± 4.98) completed an online survey assessing alcohol outcomes (past-month frequency of binge drinking and negative alcohol-related consequences), internal drinking motives, and four components of distress tolerance (i.e., tolerance, appraisal, absorption, and regulation). Results: The associations between specific facets of distress tolerance and drinking outcomes were atemporally mediated by coping and enhancement motives. Coping motives significantly mediated the effect of absorption and appraisal on alcohol-related problems (i.e., lower absorption and lower appraisal were associated with more problems via higher coping motives). Enhancement motives significantly mediated the effect of absorption (lower absorption was associated with greater enhancement motives) on binge drinking frequency and alcohol-related problems. Conclusions: Distress tolerance was associated with alcohol outcomes via coping and enhancement motives in this sample of Argentinean undergraduates. The ability to withstand negative affect could be a focal point of interventions to prevent the development of maladaptive patterns of drinking.

This study examined the association of social norms (i.e., descriptive and injunctive norms) and perceived risk with alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use in a sample of 378 Argentinean adolescents (60.3% girls, mean age 15.26 [SD = 1.26]). We conducted descriptive, correlation, and multivariate (i.e., hierarchical regression) analyses to describe substance use and examine the association of social norms and perceived risk with the frequency of heavy episodic drinking, tobacco, and marijuana. Perceived risk, injunctive norms, and descriptive peer norms were associated with frequency of substance use. Parental, but not peer, injunctive norms were associated with heavy alcohol use while peer injunctive norms were associated with tobacco and marijuana use. Findings suggest that increasing parent’s disapproval of substance use, reducing biases on descriptive and injunctive social norms on substance use, or increasing the perceived risk associated with such use may be valuable potential targets in interventions to reduce/prevent underage substance use.

Se examinaron variaciones estacionales en el uso de estrategias conductuales de protección (ECP) y en indicadores de consumo de alcohol en dos épocas del calendario universitario: cursado en primavera y receso estival. Participaron 223 universitarios que reportaron consumo de alcohol, consecuencias negativas de dicho consumo y uso de ECP. Se encontró una relación negativa, principalmente durante el cursado y entre las mujeres, entre ECP (notablemente la dimensión “maneras de tomar”) y consumo de alcohol. Durante el receso aumentó la frecuencia de consumo y el volumen semanal consumido. Estas variaciones fueron sexo-dependientes: el consumo aumentó en hombres, pero no en mujeres; y las mujeres, pero no los hombres, reportaron mayor uso de ECP y, menor cantidad de consecuencias negativas durante el receso que durante el cursado. El uso de ECP puede estar asociado, particularmente entre las mujeres, con un menor consumo de alcohol y con menos problemas derivados del mismo. This work examined seasonal variations in the use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS) and alcohol outcomes in two distinct times of the academic calendar: 1-spring semester and 2-summer break. We examined -both within each time and prospectively- the relationship between the use of PBS and alcohol outcomes. A sample of 223 college students reported - via two online surveys use of PBS, alcohol use and alcohol-related negative consequences. Use of PBS (notably the dimension “manner of drinking”) was negatively associated with alcohol outcomes, particularly in women and during spring. The frequency of use (in women only) and the weekly volume of alcohol ingested were greater during the summer. Women, but not men, reported greater use of PBS and fewer negative consequences during the break than at spring. The use of certain PBS may be associated, particularly in women, with lower alcohol consumption and alcohol-related negative consequences. Fil: Pilatti, Angelina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas; Argentina Fil: Vera, Belén del Valle. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas; Argentina Fil: Guzman, María Luz. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina Fil: Pautassi, Ricardo Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra; Argentina

Repeated exposure to alcohol increases retrieval of fear-conditioned memories, which facilitates, among other factors, the emergence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Individuals with PTSD are more likely to develop alcohol and substance abuse related disorders. We assessed if prenatal and early postnatal alcohol exposure (PAE) increased the susceptibility to retain aversive memories and if this was associated with subsequent heightened alcohol consumption. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 22 hr/day, throughout pregnancy and until postnatal Day 7 to a single bottle of sucralose - sweetened 10% alcohol solution (PAE Group), or to a single bottle of tap water and sucralose (Control Group). Auditory fear conditioning (AFC) was performed in the adolescent offspring at postnatal Day 40. Freezing was measured during acquisition, retention and extinction phases, followed by 3 weeks of free choice alcohol intake. Female, but not male, PAE rats exhibited impaired extinction of the aversive memory, a finding associated with higher levels of 3-4 Dihidroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the nucleus accumbens and heightened alcohol intake, respect to controls. These findings suggest that PAE makes females more vulnerable to long-term retention of aversive memories, which coexist with heightened alcohol intake. These findings are reminiscent of those of PTSD.

Adolescents are more sensitive than adults to the neural and behavioral effects of psychostimulants, and exhibit greater vulnerability to drug abuse, dependence or relapse into these conditions. We have reported that cocaine pretreatment during adolescence promotes the expression of behavioral sensitization to a greater extent than when the pretreatment occurs at adulthood. Behavioral sensitization has been associated to the transition from drug use to addiction and is postulated to indicate heightened sensitivity to the appetitive motivational effects of drugs. The relationship between behavioral sensitization and conventional measures of drug reward, such as conditioned place preference (CPP), has yet to be thoroughly investigated, and little is known about age-related differences in this phenomenon. The present study tested cocaine-induced CPP in adolescent and adult mice exposed to cocaine (or vehicle) pretreatment, either in an intermittent or "binge" (i.e., heavy cocaine use on a single occasion, which increases the likelihood of experiencing cocaine-related problems) fashion. Cocaine administration induced behavioral sensitization to a greater extent in adolescent than in adult mice. Cocaine-induced CPP was fairly similar in vehicle pretreated adolescent and adult mice, yet greater in adolescent vs. adults after cocaine-induced sensitization. The results confirmed the higher sensitivity of adolescent mice to cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization and suggest its association with greater sensitivity to cocaine's rewarding effects.

Prenatal and/or early postnatal ethanol exposure (PEE) is associated with significant behavioral and physiological deficits in offspring, including alterations in stress response systems and a greater likelihood of alcohol use disorders. Stress-induced ethanol drinking after PEE, however, has been largely unexplored. The present study analyzed ethanol intake in male Sprague-Dawley rats after protracted prenatal and early postnatal ethanol exposure and tested whether social isolation during the sensitive period of adolescence modulates the effects of PEE on ethanol drinking. The dams were given 10% ethanol (or its vehicle) as the sole drinking fluid from gestational day 0 (GD0) to postnatal day 7 (PD7). On PD21, male offspring were housed individually (isolated housing group) or in pairs in standard cages (standard housing group). From PD56 to PD84, these male rats were tested for ethanol intake in 24-h, intermittent two-bottle choice sessions that were conducted across 4 weeks. Maternal ethanol consumption during gestation and during the first week of life of the offspring averaged 6.10-8.20 g/kg/22 h. Isolation housing during adolescence increased free-choice ethanol drinking in young adulthood. The main novel finding was that this facilitative effect of isolation on absolute and percent ethanol intake was significantly greater in PEE rats than in control counterparts not exposed to the prenatal and early postnatal ethanol exposure (effect sizes [η

OBJECTIVE: Normative perceptions have been shown to mediate the effect of personality traits on cannabis outcomes. We examined descriptive norms, injunctive norms, and the role of cannabis in college life as possible mediators of the association between impulsivity-related traits (i.e., negative urgency, positive urgency, sensation seeking, perseverance, and premeditation) and cannabis outcomes (i.e., frequency of cannabis use and negative consequences) among college students from five countries. METHOD: A total of 1,175 college students (United States, n = 698; Argentina, n = 153; Spain, n = 178; Uruguay, n = 79; and Netherlands, n = 67) who were also cannabis users (i.e., reported cannabis use at least once within the previous month) completed an online survey. We used path analysis to test whether the proposed double-mediated paths (impulsivity-like traits→perceived cannabis norms→cannabis use frequency→negative cannabis-related consequences) were invariant across countries/cultures. RESULTS: Cannabis-related perceptions, particularly college cannabis beliefs and injunctive norms, significantly mediated the association between impulsivity and cannabis outcomes. Two significant double-mediated paths, which were invariant across sex and countries, were found: (a) higher positive urgency→higher endorsement of internalized norms→higher cannabis use frequency→more negative cannabis-related consequences and (b) higher sensation seeking→higher endorsement of injunctive norms→higher cannabis use frequency→more negative cannabis-related consequences. CONCLUSIONS: The study corroborates previous findings on normative perceptions mediating the effects of impulsivity-like traits on cannabis outcomes and suggests that these processes may operate similarly among college student cannabis users in different legal and cultural contexts. The findings highlight the need to address internalized norms and suggest these normative perceptions may be a good intervention candidate to reduce cannabis use/consequences.

Se analizó la correspondencia entre estimaciones de consumo de alcohol obtenidas mediante mediciones retrospectivas (Cuestionario de Consumo de Alcohol —CCA—) y un Diario de Consumo. Participaron 134 jóvenes de la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina (M edad = 23,31, DE = 3,18) que reportaron diariamente y por 60 días su consumo de alcohol. Al final del primer y segundo mes, completaron el CCA con preguntas que medían retrospectivamente conductas de consumo de alcohol durante los 30 y 60 días previos, el Cuestionario de Identificación de Patrón Perjudicial de Consumo de Alcohol y el Cuestionario de Consecuencias del Consumo de Alcohol en Jóvenes Adultos. La recolección de datos se hizo mediante encuestas online, por lo que la muestra fue no probabilística por conveniencia. Se examinó la correlación entre las estimaciones obtenidas mediante el Diario de Consumo y aquellas obtenidas retrospectivamente (CCA). Los resultados mostraron, en general, una alta correlación entre estas estimaciones. Las correlaciones entre las estimaciones de cantidad (≥ 0,75), frecuencia usual (≥ 0,64) y frecuencia de consumo hasta la ebriedad (≥ 0,74) tuvieron un tamaño del efecto grande, tanto para los datos del primer como del segundo mes. La mayor correspondencia se encontró para las estimaciones de cantidad usual (0,77). Este estudio aporta evidencia sobre la validez de las estimaciones retrospectivas del consumo de alcohol, al mismo tiempo que se enfatiza la importancia de utilizar indicadores de consumo usual y riesgoso de alcohol en periodos temporales recientes. The present study aimed to analyze the correspondence between estimates of alcohol consumption obtained through retrospective measurements (Alcohol Consumption Questionnaire—ACQ—) and an Alcohol Consumption Diary. A sample of 134 young people (M age = 23.31 years, SD = 3.18) from Cordoba, Argentina, reported their alcohol consumption daily over a 60-day period. At the end of the first and second month, the participants completed the ACQ, which measures alcohol use retrospectively during the last 30 and 60 days. The participants also completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire. Data collection was done through online surveys, so the sample was non-probabilistic (i.e., a convenience sample). The correlation between estimates obtained through the Alcohol Consumption Diary and those obtained retrospectively (ACQ) was examined. Overall, these estimates were found to be strongly correlated. The correlations between estimates of quantity (≥ 0.75), usual frequency (≥ 0.64), and frequency of consumption until drunkenness (≥ 0.74) had a large effect size for both the first- and second-month data. The greatest correspondence was found between estimates of usual quantity (0.77). This study provides evidence on the validity of retrospective estimates of alcohol consumption while also emphasizing the importance of using indicators of usual and hazardous alcohol consumption in recent time periods. Fil: Pilatti, Angelina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina Fil: Ensinck Atienza, Maria Guadalupe. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina Fil: Rivarola Montejano, Gabriela Belen. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina Fil: Pautassi, Ricardo Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina

Objetivos. Se analizó el desarrollo de tolerancia aguda a los efectos del alcohol (dosis = 0.08%) sobre la capacidad de conducción de automotor – medida con un simulador -- y los efectos de esta dosis de alcohol sobre inhibición de respuesta en curso y procesos atencionales. Metodología. Los participantes (n = 56, edad= 22± 2.92 años) fueron distribuidos en un diseño factorial 2 (sexo [varón o mujer]) x 2 (tratamiento [alcohol o placebo]), con una medición pre-test y dos post-test. Cada medición post-test estuvo caracterizada por niveles similares de alcohol en aliento, correspondientes a la curva ascendente y descendente de la concentración de alcohol. Resultados. Análisis de varianza de medidas repetidas mostraron que quienes recibieron alcohol, comparados con quienes recibieron placebo, tuvieron más desvíos, excesos de velocidad y colisiones contra estructuras en ambos posts-test. Quienes recibieron alcohol exhibieron, al comparar las mediciones del post-test 2 con las del post-test 1, una cantidad similar de desvíos y colisiones contra estructuras, pero un aumento de excesos de velocidad. El alcohol afectó el proceso de atención en el post-test 1, pero no en el post-test 2. Discusión. El alcohol indujo, en las fases ascendente y descendente, deterioro en la capacidad de conducción, así como en atención e impulsividad. Se observó desarrollo de tolerancia aguda en los procesos atencionales. Estos resultados suman evidencia sobre los efectos negativos del alcohol en la conducción de vehículos y en procesos asociados a la conducción. Aims. The study assessed the development of acute tolerance to the effects of alcohol (dose = 0.08%) on the ability to drive an automobile - measured with a driving simulator - and the effects of alcohol on inhibitory and attentional processes. Methodology. The participants (n = 56, age = 22 ± 2.92 years) were distributed in a 2 (sex [male or female]) x 2 (treatment [alcohol or placebo]) factorial design, with a pre-test and two post-test measurements. Each post-test was characterized by similar breath alcohol levels, corresponding to the ascending and descending limbs of the alcohol concentration curve. Results. Repeated measures Analysis of Variance showed that those who received alcohol, compared to those who received placebo, had more deviations, speeding and collisions with structures, in both post-tests. Those who received alcohol exhibited, when comparing post-test 2 vs. post-test 1, similar frequency of deviations and collisions, but a significant increase in speeding. Alcohol affected attentional performance in post-test 1, but not in post-test 2. Discussion. Alcohol induced, both in the ascending and descending limbs of the concentration curve, deficits in driving ability, as well as in attention and impulsivity processes. Acute tolerance was evident in regard to attentional processes. These results add evidence on the negative effects of alcohol on vehicle driving and on processes associated with driving. Fil: Pilatti, Angelina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas; Argentina Fil: Tuzinkievich, Francisco Benjamin. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina Fil: Pautassi, Ricardo Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra; Argentina

Novelty seems to reduce the persistence of aversive memories and to modulate frustration responses, yet much less is known on how this treatment affects memories lacking hedonic or emotional content. The present study analyzed how a 5-min exposure to a novel open field modulated the expression of a spatial recognition memory. Experiment 1 indicated that male Wistar rats trained in a T-maze in which one goal arm is blocked exhibit, when tested 2 h later, preference for the novel arm. This recognition memory was impaired by the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist scopolamine. Postraining, but not pretraining, novelty exposure rescued the cognitive impairment induced by scopolamine (Experiment 2 and 3). Pretraining open field exposure alleviated the lack of memory expression, induced by imposing a 6 h delay between training and testing (Experiment 4). The study shows that a very brief exposure to novelty can improve expression of a spatial, recognition memory, a modulation that – in the case of the pretraining novelty exposure -- emerges even in spite of cholinergic blockade. The present results are consistent with research suggesting that novelty exposure can be an effective, non-pharmacological, treatment to modulate memory expression.

Depression is associated with significant deficits in spatial memory. The present study assessed spatial memory in an animal model of depression. Wistar rats (n=28), males and females, were administered reserpine (0.0 or 1.0 mg/kg/every 2 days for 4 days). At termination of the treatment the rats were tested for motor function (bar test) and for anxiety response (elevated plus maze). The animals were then trained for a week (daily sessions of 5 min) in a multiple T-maze, which assesses spatial memory. The elevated plus maze test was then repeated and subsequently the animals were sacrificed and the hippocampus dissected to measure BDNF levels through a Western blot. In the bar test, the reserpine-treated rats exhibited similar grasping, yet reduced mobility, when compared to vehicle-treated peers. Reserpine-treated rats exhibited, in both elevated plus maze tests and when compared to control counterparts, significantly less time spent in the open arms, and significantly greater latency to enter, for the first time, in the closed arms. They also spent significantly more time to complete the multiple T-maze and made more performance errors than controls in this test, a profile that was associated with lower levels of BDNF at the hippocampus. These results suggest that reserpine induced a depression-like phenotype, without gross motor alterations, which was associated with spatial memory deficits. Los cuadros depresivos en humanos cursan con significativas alteraciones en la memoria espacial. Este trabajo estudió esta función en un modelo animal de depresión. Ratas Wistar (n=28), machos y hembras, fueron administradas con reserpina (0.0 o 1.0 mg/kg/cada 2 días por cuatro días). Luego del tratamiento se evaluó la función motora a través de la prueba de la barra y la respuesta de ansiedad a través de un laberinto elevado en cruz. Posteriormente, los animales fueron entrenados durante una semana (en sesiones diarias de 5 minutos) en un laberinto de múltiples T que indaga la memoria espacial. Luego se repitió la evaluación en el laberinto elevado en cruz y los animales fueron sacrificados para disecar el hipocampo y medir los niveles de BDNF a través de western blot. En la prueba de la barra los animales tratados con reserpina tuvieron una respuesta motora con igual agarre, pero menor movilidad, que los controles. En ambas tomas del laberinto elevado en cruz los animales tratados con reserpina pasaron significativamente menos tiempo en los brazos abiertos y exhibieron una latencia más elevada para entrar por primera vez en los brazos cerrados. Los animales tratados con reserpina tardaron significativamente más tiempo en resolver el laberinto de múltiples T que los controles, y cometieron más errores, efecto que estuvo asociado a niveles menores de BDNF en el hipocampo. Estos resultados sugieren que la reserpina indujo unadepresión experimental, sin compromiso motor, que estuvo asociada a déficits en la adqui-sición de información espacial. Dépression chez l’homme présentent des altérations importantes de la mémoire spatiale. Ce travail a étudié cette fonction dans un modèle animal de dépression. Des rats Wistar (n = 28), mâles et femelles, ont été administrés avec de la réserpine (0.0 ou 1.0 mg / kg / tous les 2 jours pendant quatre jours). Après le traitement, la fonction motrice a été évaluée par le test des barres et la réponse anxieuse par un labyrinthe croisé surélevé. Par la suite, les animaux ont été entraînés pendant une semaine (par sessions quotidiennes de 5 minutes) dans un labyrinthe multi-T qui étudie la mémoire spatiale. Ensuite, l’évaluation a été répétée dans le labyrinthe en croix et les animaux ont été sacrifiés pour disséquer l’hippocampe et mesurer les taux de BDNF par Western blot. Lors du test des barres, les animaux traités à la réserpine présentaient une réponse motrice avec la même adhérence, mais avec une mobilité moindre, que les témoins. Dans les deux prises du labyrinthe surélevé dans la croix, les animaux traités à la réserpine ont passé beaucoup moins de temps dans les bras ouverts et ont montré une plus grande latence pour entrer dans les bras fermés pour la première fois. Les animaux traités avec de la réserpine ont mis beaucoup plus de temps à résoudre le labyrinthe multi-T que les témoins et ont commis plus d’erreurs, un effet associé à des niveaux inférieurs de BDNF dans l’hippocampe. Ces résultats suggèrent que la réserpine a induit une dépression expérimentale, sans compromis moteur, associée à des déficits dans l’acquisition d’informations spatiales. Depressão em humanos apresenta depressão alterações significativas na memória espacial. Este trabalho estudou essa função em um modelo animal de depressão. Ratos Wistar (n = 28), machos e fêmeas, foram administrados com reserpina (0.0 ou 1.0 mg / kg / a cada 2 dias por quatro dias). Após o tratamento, a função motora foi avaliada através do teste de bar e da resposta de ansiedade através de um labirinto cruzado elevado. Posteriormente, os animais foram treinados por uma semana (em sessões diárias de 5 minutos) em um labirinto multi-T que investiga a memória espacial. Na avaliação foi repetida no labirinto elevado em cruz e os animais foram sacrificados para dissecar o hipocampo e medir os níveis de BDNF através de western blot. No teste de barra, os animais tratados com reserpina tiveram uma resposta motora com a mesma aderência, mas menor mobilidade, que os controles. Em ambas as entradas do labirinto elevado na cruz, os animais tratados com reserpina gastaram significa-tivamente menos tempo nos braços abertos e exibiram uma maior latência para entrar nos braços fechados pela primeira vez. Os animais tratados com reserpina levaram significativamente mais tempo para resolver o labirinto multi-T do que os controles, e cometeram mais erros, um efeito que foi associado com níveis mais baixos de BDNF no hipocampo. Esses resultados sugerem que a reserpina induziu uma depressão experimental, sem comprometimento motor, associada a déficits na aquisição de informações espaciais.

Serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in the organization of the central nervous system and in the development of social interaction deficits and psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, depression, and addiction disorders. Notably, disruption of the 5-HT system during sensitive periods of development exerts long-term consequences, including altered anxiety response and problematic use of alcohol. we analyzed, in mice, the effects of transient 5-HT depletion at infancy or adolescence on subsequent anxiety-like behavior and alcohol intake during adolescence. C57/BL6 male and female mice were administered a 5-HT synthesis inhibitor (PCPA; 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride) at infancy (postnatal days 14–16 [PD14–16]) or adolescence (PD40–42). Eleven (± 1) days after treatment, mice were assessed for ethanol intake in daily two-bottle choice tests and for anxiety response via the elevated plus maze. Female, but not male, mice transiently depleted of 5-HT at adolescence (but not those depleted at the perinatal stage) exhibited a significant reduction in anxiety response, which was accompanied by a significant reduction on alcohol intake. Transient 5-HT inhibition at adolescence may act, in females, as a protective factor for the emergence of anxiety disorders and problematic use of alcohol during adolescence.

La Escala de Impulsividad para Niños y Adolescentes (UPPS-P NA) es un instrumento de autoinforme que mide los rasgos de impulsividad en niños y adolescentes. Sin embargo, no posee una versión breve en español. El objetivo de este trabajo fuedesarrollar y validar una versión breve (BUPPS-P NA) y en español de la UPPS-P NA. Para ello, primero se adaptóal español el cuestionario UPPS-P NA y se validó en una muestra de 257 niños y adolescentes (MEdad= 12.87, DT = 5.64; 61.9% mujeres). Posteriormente, se desarrolló y validó el cuestionario BUPPS-P NA en una muestra de 1777 niños y adolescentes (MEdad = 12.59, DT = 1.37; 54.2% mujeres). También se evaluó la invariancia del BUPPS-P NA en cuanto al sexo biológico. Los cuestionarios UPPS-P NA y BUPPS-P NA presentaron un ajuste adecuado a los datos. Asimismo, el cuestionario BUPPS-P NA resultó invariante en función del sexo. En resumen, la escala de impulsividad BUPPS-P NA presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para medir impulsividad rasgo en niños y adolescentes. The Scale of Impulsivity for Children and Adolescents (UPPS-P NA) is a self-report instrument that assesses the impulsivity trait in children and adolescents. However, the UPPS-P NA does not have a short version in Spanish. The present study aimed to develop and validate a short Spanish version of the UPPS-P NA (BUPPS-P NA). First, the UPPS-P NA questionnaire was adapted to Spanish and validated in a sample of 257 children and adolescents (M age = 12.87, SD = 5.64; 61.9% female). Then, the BUPPS-P NA was developed and validated in a sample of 1777 children and adolescents (M age = 12.59, SD = 1.37; 54.2% women). The invariance of the BUPPS-P NA as to biological sex was evaluated also. The UPPS-P NA and BUPPS-P NA scales showed an adequate fit to the data. Also, the BUPPS-P NA Scale was invariant across sex. In summary, the BUPPS-P NA Scale presents adequate psychometric properties to measure the impulsivity trait in children and adolescents. Fil: Caneto, Florencia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas; Argentina Fil: Pilatti, Angelina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas; Argentina Fil: Cupani, Marcos. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas; Argentina Fil: Pautassi, Ricardo Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina

Aims The present study examined which types of alcohol protective behavioral strategies ([PBSs], Manner of Drinking [MOD] strategies, Serious Harm Reduction [SHR] or Limiting/Stopping Drinking strategies [LSD]) mediate the effects of a comprehensive number of distal antecedents on alcohol drinking quantity and alcohol-related negative consequences. Methods A sample of 762 last-month college freshman drinkers from Argentina (Mean age = 19.60 ± 3.80) completed a survey that assessed alcohol outcomes (drinking quantity during a typical week and alcohol-related negative consequences), frequency of use of PBS and a set of distal antecedents (i.e. age at drinking onset, drinking motives, college alcohol beliefs and impulsivity-like traits). Results MOD significantly mediated the effects of college alcohol beliefs (higher beliefs were associated with lower MOD use) and coping motives (higher coping motives were associated with lower MOD use) on alcohol outcomes. SHR significantly mediated the effects of sex (women reported more frequent SHR use) and enhancement motives (higher motivation was associated with lower SHR use) on alcohol-related negative consequences. Conclusion Our findings partially support a mediational role of PBS in the association between risk factors and alcohol outcomes, and offer valuable information for the design of interventions to reduce alcohol use in South-American college students. More studies examining PBS as mediators of distal antecedents are needed to fully understand the peculiarities of these associations in different cultures.

Research suggests that addictive traits are indeed heritable, but very few preclinical studies have explored transgenerational effects of paternal alcohol exposure. The present study addressed this gap in knowledge. We explored whether offspring of ethanol-exposed sires would be more likely to accept ethanol than descendants of water-exposed and control sires. We also investigated whether the second generation of ethanol-exposed descendants would accept ethanol more than controls and were more or less likely to experience anxiety-like behavior in behavioral assessments. We exposed male rats to repeated binge doses of alcohol (4 g/kg/day across 8 days), water, or left them untreated and mated them with untreated females. We then bred the offspring of these rats to test transgenerational effects of paternal alcohol exposure. We tested 14-day-old offspring from the first and second filial generation for their acceptance of ethanol and water, and measured anxiety-like behavior in 38-day-old, second-generation offspring using an elevated plus maze. The results indicate that offspring of ethanol-exposed sires increase ethanol acceptance in the first generation compared to untreated controls, whereas in the second-generation increased ethanol acceptance vs. these controls is seen in descendants of both ethanol- and vehicle-treated sires. At adolescence, the second generation of rats derived from alcohol-exposed sires exhibited significantly more time spent in the open arms and significantly more arm entries than any other group. The present study suggests that parental ethanol exposure is associated with lingering effects in the infant and adolescent offspring. The second filial generation was also found to be affected, albeit similarly by grandparental ethanol exposure or by the stress of the vehicle administration.

Serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in the organization of the central nervous system and in the development of social interaction deficits and psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, depression, and addiction disorders. Notably, disruption of the 5-HT system during sensitive periods of development exerts long-term consequences, including altered anxiety response and problematic use of alcohol.we analyzed, in mice, the effects of transient 5-HT depletion at infancy or adolescence on subsequent anxiety-like behavior and alcohol intake during adolescence.C57/BL6 male and female mice were administered a 5-HT synthesis inhibitor (PCPA; 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride) at infancy (postnatal days 14-16 [PD14-16]) or adolescence (PD40-42). Eleven (± 1) days after treatment, mice were assessed for ethanol intake in daily two-bottle choice tests and for anxiety response via the elevated plus maze.Female, but not male, mice transiently depleted of 5-HT at adolescence (but not those depleted at the perinatal stage) exhibited a significant reduction in anxiety response, which was accompanied by a significant reduction on alcohol intake.Transient 5-HT inhibition at adolescence may act, in females, as a protective factor for the emergence of anxiety disorders and problematic use of alcohol during adolescence.

Alcohol (ethanol) use is almost normative by late adolescence, in most western countries. It is important to identify factors that distinguish those who progress from alcohol initiation to sustained use of the drug, from those that keep a controlled pattern of drinking. The factors precipitating this transition may change across development. This study analyzed associations between behavioral endophenotypes and ethanol intake at three developmental periods. Exp. 1 measured ethanol drinking at postnatal day 18, via an intraoral infusion procedure, in male or female pre-weanling rats screened for anxiety response in the light-dark box test and for distance traveled in a novel open field. Exp. 2 measured, in juvenile/adolescent or young adult rats, the association between shelter seeking, exploratory/risk-taking behaviors, anxiety or hedonic responses, and ethanol intake. Ethanol intake in pre-weanlings was explained by distance traveled in a novel environment, whereas anxiety responses, measured in the multivariate concentric square field apparatus (MSCF), selectively predicted ethanol intake at adolescence, but not at adulthood. Those juvenile/adolescents with lower mean duration of visit to areas of the MSCF that evoke anxiogenic responses exhibited heightened ethanol intake. These findings suggest that the association between anxiety and ethanol intake may be specifically relevant during adolescence.