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In humans, nosocomial infections (HI), also known as healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), are those acquired by patient during hospital stay. They are unrelated to the reason for which the patient was hospitalized, and may manifest, mostly due to bacteria, during or after hospitalization. The environment has a strong connection with cases of nosocomial infection in human medicine, however, in veterinary medicine, there is still not much information regarding this connection, since there is no effective data on these infections. The main multidrug-resistant microorganisms involved in nosocomial infections in humans are: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS), Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE), Gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae family, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanii) that produce extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) and those producing carbapenemases. As previously mentioned, bacteria are the main microorganisms involved in cases of nosocomial infections, which may come from the patient himself (endogenous contamination) after an immunological decline or come from the environment or cross-contamination (other animals or via health professionals). Generally, the bacteria involved in nosocomial infections are multi-resistant to antimicrobials, especially those most used in hospitals, which makes treatment and patient improvement even more difficult. Despite research related to antimicrobial resistance, the reality of the clinical routine of animals does not seem to be in line with the world reality. There are few studies in veterinary medicine regarding nosocomial infections (some extremely punctual), In the other hand, these infections are already a reality in veterinary hospitals, mainly of small animals, and, unfortunately, they are most of the time neglected due to the difficulty of their traceability or even by the lack of knowledge.

Yersinia enterocolitica is a bacterium with zoonotic potential and there are no previous records of this bacteria being isolated from aborted foals. This report aims to describe a case of sepsis due to Y. enterocolitica in a seven month old aborted equine. The fequinoetus was submitted to necropsy and samples of all the organs were collected for the histological exam. Samples of liver, lung, placenta, and stomach contents were collected for bacterial culture. Macroscopically, the liver was enlarged with yellowish heterogeneous color, heart with pale myocardial areas; lungs not collapsed, heavy and shiny, thickened umbilical cord covered with fibrin and pus. Histopathologically, there was moderate multifocal necrosuppurative myocarditis and thrombosis, moderate diffuse suppurative bronchopneumonia, mild multifocal fibrinonecrotic hepatitis, and moderate diffuse necrosuppurative omphalitis with intralesional bacterial myriads and thrombosis. Mild multifocal suppurative placentitis, nephritis, myositis, cystitis, and dermatitis were also observed, in addition to mild diffuse lymphoid rarefaction. The microbiological evaluation identified Y. enterocolitica in the liver, lung, and stomach fluid. This is the first report of sepsis due to Y. enterocolitica causing an abortion in a horse. This bacterium has zoonotic importance; therefore, it should be investigated in abortion in this species, serving as a differential diagnosis in reproductive disorders. RESUMO Yersinia enterocolitica é uma bactéria com potencial zoonótico, e não há informações desse agente como causa de abortamento em equinos. O objetivo deste relato é descrever um caso de sepse por Y. enterocolitica em um feto equino abortado aos sete meses. O feto foi submetido à necropsia, e amostras de todos os órgãos foram processadas para histopatologia. Para microbiologia, foram coletadas amostras de fígado, pulmão, placenta e conteúdo estomacal. Macroscopicamente, observou-se fígado aumentado com coloração amarelada heterogênea; coração com áreas pálidas no miocárdio; pulmões não colabados, pesados e brilhantes; e cordão umbilical espessado e recoberto por fibrina e pus. Na análise histopatológica, havia miocardite necrossupurativa multifocal moderada e trombose, broncopneumonia supurativa difusa moderada, hepatite fibrinonecrótica multifocal discreta e onfalite necrossupurativa difusa moderada com miríades bacterianas intralesionais e trombose. Observou-se também placentite, nefrite, miosite, cistite e dermatite supurativa multifocal discreta, além de rarefação linfoide difusa discreta. A avaliação microbiológica identificou Y. enterocolitica no fígado, no pulmão e no líquido estomacal. Este é o primeiro relato de sepse por Y. enterocolitica causando abortamento na espécie equina. Essa bactéria tem importância zoonótica, portanto deve ser investigada em casos de abortamento nessa espécie, servindo como diagnóstico diferencial em tal distúrbio reprodutivo.

O queijo artesanal serrano (QAS) e produzido a partir de leite cru, tornando-se um meio propicio para a multiplicacao de micro-organismos patogenicos. O processo de maturacao envolve fatores fisicos, quimicos e microbiologicos que desfavorecem o desenvolvimento de patogenos. Diante disso, a legislacao exige um periodo minimo de 60 dias de maturacao, porem, de acordo com a IN no 30, de 7 de agosto de 2013 e com o Decreto no 9.013, de 29 de marco de 2017, pode-se considerar a possibilidade de reduzir esse tempo, desde que estudos cientificos comprovem que nao ha alteracao da inocuidade do produto. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade microbiologica de QAS, em 19 queijarias da Serra Catarinense, com 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias de maturacao e verificar qual periodo atenderia aos limites microbiologicos. Foram objetos de estudo 76 amostras de QAS, 19 amostras de agua e 19 amostras de leite cru. Os micro-organismos pesquisados seguiram a Portaria no 146, de 07 de marco de 1996. A pesquisa e quantificacao de coliformes a 30°C, E. coli e Staphylococcus coagulase-positiva, seguiram protocolos de Silva et al. (2010), utilizando Petrifilm™. A pesquisa de Salmonella spp. seguiu Silva et al. (2010) e a pesquisa de Listeria monocytogenese e a quantificacao de aerobios mesofilos seguiram a Instrucao Normativa no 30, de 26 de junho de 2018. Para avaliacao da potabilidade da agua foi realizada a tecnica do Numero Mais Provavel (NMP), seguindo a IN no 30/2018 e a Portaria de Consolidacao no 5, de 28 de setembro de 2017. Os resultados passaram por teste de Analise de Variância e Regressao Linear do pacote estatistico SAS com significância (p < 0.05). Nesse estudo, nao foi possivel determinar um periodo de maturacao seguro para comercializacao. Aos 35 dias de maturacao, 14 propriedades ainda apresentaram quantificacoes acima do limite para os micro-organismos descritos na legislacao. Em uma das propriedades, foi detectada a presenca de L. monocytogenes nos quatro periodos avaliados, demonstrando que a maturacao nao foi eficiente para eliminar o patogeno. A qualidade microbiologica do leite nao foi satisfatoria, sendo que 63,16% das amostras estavam fora dos padroes. Com relacao a potabilidade da agua das queijarias, 52,63% das amostras analisadas apresentaram resultados insatisfatorios. A pesquisa indicou heterogeneidade nos padroes higienico-sanitarios das queijarias, demonstrando que sao necessarias capacitacoes em Boas Praticas Agropecuarias e Boas Praticas de Fabricacao, apoio de instituicoes, fiscalizacao periodica e comprometimento dos produtores para padronizacao do processo.

Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic pathogen that causes listeriosis, a foodborne disease with low incidence but with high mortality rate in humans. This microorganism has been recovered from several dairy products, especially those produced with raw milk. The objective of this work was to investigate the presence of virulence genes, and also to define the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of L. monocytogenes isolates recovered from serrano artisanal cheese produced in Southern region of Brazil. Nine strains of L. monocytogenes (serotypes 1/2b and 4b) were evaluated through PCR to detect the presence of the virulence genes hly, inlA, inlC, inlJ, actA, plcB and iap, while antimicrobial susceptibility profile was determined via disk diffusion method. All strains exhibited the presence of the genes hly and plcB, whereas the other genes (iap, actA, inlA, inlC and inlJ) were only detected in eight strains. We verified that all strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent and three of them showed multidrug resistance. These findings demonstrated the serrano artisanal cheese offers risks to consumers’ health and point to a need of adaptations and monitoring of manufacturing process of this food, in order to prevent the dissemination of L. monocytogenes.

Bacterial resistance is shown to be an inevitable side effect due to the excessive use of antibiotics, becoming a significant concern worldwide. Knowledge of regional bacterial resistance profiles enables the development of site-specific infection control practices, making conscious and moderate use of commercially available antibiotics. The aim of this study was the retrospective evaluation of the antimicrobial resistance profile of bacteria isolated from companion animal infections in the region of Umuarama/PR, from 2013 to 2017. This research was performed by analyzing the database belonging to the “Laboratório de Microbiologia Animal” at the “Universidade Estadual de Maringá” (UEM). Staphylococcus spp. represented 45.53% of the bacteria isolated from clinical infections in small animals in the period and place evaluated, followed by enterobacteria (34.04%), non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NFGNB, 11.06%) and Streptococcus/Enterococcus (9.36%). A high number of antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics used in veterinary medicine was found. The lowest resistances associated with the best impact factor values were found for aminoglycosides, especially amikacin, chloramphenicol, and fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin). Intermediate results were found for sulbactam-associated ampicillin, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and enrofloxacin. According to the number of resistant antimicrobial drugs, 64.26% (151/235) of the isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant, being 15.32% extensively resistant. Considering the resistance to antimicrobial classes, 68.94% (162/235) of the isolates were classified as multiresistant, being 19.15% extensively resistant. No bacterial strains were characterized as pan-resistant, but ten bacteria were resistant to all classes tested, with isolated susceptibility to certain drugs. Through the evaluation of resistance profiles found in the period and place studied and relevant literature, it is clear that there is a growing increase in the number of multiresistant bacteria among domestic animals which characterizes a serious risk to public health. The therapeutic arsenal is becoming increasingly diminished, and there is more difficulty in empirical drug selection, making antimicrobial susceptibility testing essential for more specific selection in antimicrobial therapy. Educational measures on the conscious use of antibiotics, infection control, and prevention of local specific zoonoses need to be instituted for the knowledge of health professionals and general access of the population. RESUMO: A resistência bacteriana, mostra-se como um efeito colateral inevitável pelo excessivo uso de antibióticos, tornando-se alvo de grande preocupação mundial. O conhecimento dos perfis de resistência bacteriana regionais possibilita o desenvolvimento de práticas de controle de infecções específicas para cada localidade, fazendo uso consciente e moderado dos antibióticos disponíveis no mercado. O objetivo deste estudo foi a avaliação retrospectiva do perfil de resistência antimicrobiana de bactérias isoladas de infecções de animais de companhia na região de Umuarama/PR, no período de 2013 a 2017. Esta pesquisa foi realizada por meio da análise do banco de dados pertencente ao Laboratório de Microbiologia Animal da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM). Os Staphylococcus spp. representaram 45,53% das bactérias isoladas de infecções clínicas em pequenos animais no período e local avaliado, seguido por enterobactérias (34,04%), bacilos Gram-negativos não fermentados (BGNNF, 11,06%) e Streptococcus/Enterococcus (9,36%). Um número elevado de resistência antimicrobiana frente aos antibióticos utilizados na medicina veterinária foi encontrado. As menores resistências associadas aos melhores valores do fator de impacto foram encontrados para aminoglicosídeos, em especial amicacina, cloranfenicol, fluoroquinolonas (norfloxacina e ciprofloxacina). Já resultados intermediários foram encontrados para ampicilina associada a sulbactam, ceftriaxona, amoxacilina com ácido clavulônico e enrofloxacina. Conforme o número de drogas antimicrobianas resistentes, foram classificados como multirresistentes 64,26% (151/235) dos isolados, sendo 15.32% extensivamente resistentes. Já considerando a resistência a classes de antimicrobianos, 68,94% (162/235) dos isolados foram classificados como multirresistentes, sendo 19.15% extensivamente resistentes. Nenhum isolado bacteriano foi caracterizado como pan-resistente, porém 10 bactérias foram resistentes a todas as classes testadas, com susceptibilidade isolada a determinadas drogas. Por meio da avaliação dos perfis de resistência encontrados no período e local estudados e de literatura pertinente, percebe-se que há um aumento crescente no número de bactérias multirresistentes entre os animais domésticos o que caracteriza um grave risco à saúde pública. O arsenal terapêutico está se tornando cada vez mais diminuto e há mais dificuldade na seleção empírica de drogas, tornando essencial a realização de testes de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana para uma seleção mais específica na terapêutica antimicrobiana. Medidas educativas sobre o uso consciente dos antibióticos, controle de infecções e prevenção de zoonoses específicas para as localidades precisam ser instituídas para conhecimento dos profissionais do setor da saúde e acesso geral da população.

The objective of this study was to identify the main extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria and to detect the frequency of the major genes responsible to trigger this resistance in hospitalized animals. We collected 106 rectal swabs from cats (

In this work, we investigated the phenotypic profile of Staphylococcus spp. isolates recovered from raw milk and artisanal cheese, and their enterotoxigenic potential through the detection of classical enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed and see). A total of 104 isolates (58 coagulase-positive Staphylococcus – CoPS; and 46 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus- CoNS) were used, of which 33 were retrieved from raw milk and 71 from artisanal cheese produced in the Serrana region of Santa Catarina. Identification of CoPS was conducted via biochemical tests. Detection of the genes sea, seb, sec, sed, and see was carried out by multiplex PCR technique. Among the 58 CoPS analyzed, 64% were identified as S. aureus, 22% as S. scheiferi coagulans, 12% as S. hyicus and as 2% S. intermedius. In the present study was noted that 40% of CoPS isolates retrieved from milk harbored seb gene, while only one from artisanal cheese was positive for gene sea. In this study all CoNS samples investigated were negative for enterotoxins genes. The enterotoxigenic potential of CoPS, is an issue of great importance for public health. For that reason, it is necessary that cheese factories strictly follow the safety processes involved in manufacturing.

The objective of this study was to identify the main microorganisms associated with ophthalmic infections and determine the resistance profile of these isolates against antimicrobial drugs. 26 bacterial isolates from 18 canine ophthalmic infections were submited to the phenotypic resistance profile for 36 drugs of 12 classes of antimicrobials, research of multidrug-resistant strains with importance in public health and detection of Staphylococcus mecA gene by PCR. The bacterial isolates were identified as Staphylococcus spp. (n = 18), Enterococcus spp. (n = 1), enterobacteria (n = 6) and Pseudomonas spp. (n = 1). The percentage of resistance and intermediate resistance were 42.48% (n = 325). Considering separate antimicrobials drugs, 18 isolates were characterized by multidrug resistant, while by the assesment of resistance to class, 20 isolates were multiresistant. In the phenotypic detection, 61.11% (11/18) of Staphylococcus spp. were predicted by Methicillin-Resistant Staphyloccus (MRS), whereas the genotypic detection, 38.89% (7/18) were carriers of the mecA gene. Two enterobacterias were considered producers of expectro Extended of Betalactamase (ESBL). EUCAST was more reliable for detecting MRS strains than the CLSI. The present study detected multiresistant isolates of great importance and are involved in cases of public health, such as MRS, MRSMLSb, ESBL, very important to be readily identified and controled so as to prevent the spread of this type of resistance.

A Staphylococcus Multiplex PCR system was developed for the simultaneous detection of the mecA, mecC, blaZ (resistance genes of b-lactam resistance) and PVL (pathogenicity factor gene), associated with an internal reaction control with the 16S rRNA gene. There were used primers described in the literature with and without modification and designed primers to standardize the hybridization and amplification temperature of distinct bands with 139 bp (mecC), 228 bp (16S), 313 bp (mecA), 408 bp (PVL) and 516 bp (blaZ) of molecular weight. The standardization was performed in ATCC strains and Staphylococcus schleiferiand tested in 56 strains of Staphylococcusspp. The 16S gene (internal control) was amplified in all samples, mecA gene was detected in two samples, mecA associated with mecC gene in one sample, mecA associated to the blaZ gene in 14 samples and the blaZ gene in 15 samples. No resistance genes were amplified in 24 samples. The PVL gene was not amplified in any of the samples tested.

Among the meat products, ground beef presents a greater risk of contamination, due to excessive manipulation and greater surface contact. Staphylococcus indicates inadequate hygienic-sanitary conditions of food. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) cover most of the existing staphylococci species and among the virulence factors presented by this group, biofilm production and staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) are the most prominent. The objective of this study was to detect the presence of enterotoxin and biofilm genes in coagulase-negative Staphylococci isolates obtained from ground beef samples. Twenty four strains of CoNS isolated from fresh bovine meat, phenotypically characterized as biofilm producers, were used. The samples were collected in twenty four commercial establishments (butchers and supermarkets) in Umuarama City from Parana State, Brazil. The CoNS count found was between 1.0 x 10³ and 3.8 x 10 5 CFU/g of food. All 24 samples showed genes belonging to the ica operon , 21 (87.50%) carrying the ica A, ica C and ica D genes and 3 (12.50%) of the ica A and ica D genes. 95.83% (23/24) of the strains were carriers of the sea enterotoxin gene, being 9 (37.5%) only sea , one (4.2%) sea and seb , 7 (29.1%) sea and see and 6 (25.0%) sea , seb and see . One (4.2%) strain did not show any of the enterotoxin genes. The detection of enterotoxin and biofilm genes in CoNS demonstrate the pathogenic potential of this microorganism. The lack of epidemiological data neglects the actual fault of the CoNS in foodborne diseases.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:41:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:28:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1517-83822016000100191.pdf: 925242 bytes, checksum: 13310cbeb78914b8e91ca21dbd4ba22c (MD5) The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of multidrug-resistant, extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Salmonella spp. isolated from conveyor belts of broiler cutting rooms in Brazilian broiler processing plants. Ninety-eight strains of Salmonella spp. were analyzed. Multidrug resistance was determined by the disk diffusion test and the susceptibility of the isolated bacteria was evaluated against 18 antimicrobials from seven different classes. The double disk diffusion test was used to evaluate ESBL production. Of the 98 strains tested, 84 were multidrug resistant. The highest rates of resistance were against nalidixic acid (95%), tetracycline (91%), and the beta-lactams: ampicillin and cefachlor (45%), followed by streptomycin and gentamicin with 19% and 15% of strain resistance, respectively. By contrast, 97% of the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol. 45%of the strains were positive for the presence of ESBL activity. In this study, high rates of multidrug resistance and ESBL production were observed in Salmonella spp. Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Rua Pioneiro no 2153, Bairro Jardim Dallas Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n

Acinetobacter baumannii is a major cause of illness in hospitalized patients and the most important and common pathogen in nosocomial outbreaks worldwide. In animals, A. baumannii has been associated with respiratory infections in a group of minks, leading to pneumonia and acute mortality. This report documents a case of aspiration bronchopneumonia in a wild European hare caused by A. baumannii. A free-ranging, adult male European hare was submitted to necropsy after acute trauma due to being hit by a car. Its lungs showed consolidation with abscess in the middle and cranial lobes. Histopathologic evaluation revealed liquefactive necrosis associated with neutrophilic infiltration, cellular debris, plant material, and bacterial myriads surrounded by moderate neutrophils, macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cell inflammation. Acinetobacter baumannii was isolated from lung tissue.

Among multiresistant Gram-positive microorganisms, stands out methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS), an opportunistic pathogen associated with hospital acquired and community infections reported in medicine and large increase in reports of veterinary medicine. In veterinary medicine, numerous reports regarding several species of animals have been described. MRS is intrinsically resistant to all ?-lactam drugs. In veterinary medicine, numerous reports regarding several species of animals have been described, but Staphylococcus aureus with intermediate resistance and resistant to vancomycin (VISA/VRSA) has not yet been reported in veterinary medicine, still need further study. Staphylococcus spp. are also related to antimicrobial resistance of macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B (MLSB) group, that has the same mechanism of action, although the drugs belong to different classes. In veterinary medicine, clindamycin (lincosamide class) is widely used for skin infections, wounds, bone infections, pneumonia, infections of the oral cavity, and infections caused by anaerobic bacteria, besides being used for treatments of MRS infections. Enterococcus is another resistant Gram-positive microorganism, from which vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VREs) are the most important strains. There are several reports of VREs in veterinary medicine due the use of a similar antimicrobial (avoparcin) in livestock; therefore this group of microorganisms has now acquired great prominence since vancomycin is considered as the last resort for the treatment of MRS and Enterococcus associated with nosocomial infections in humans. The biggest problem these microorganisms and their resistance mechanisms cause is related to its huge impact on public health due to the increasing close contact between animals and humans. The objective of this review was to identify the main Gram-positive microorganisms associated with animals, describing their mechanisms of action that lead to antimicrobial resistance, as well as their impact on public health through their zoonotic and anthropozoonotic potential.

Otitis is one of the most frequent infections in dogs. This is attributed to the misuse of drugs enabling generation of multi-resistant micro-organisms. The emergence of multiresistant bacterial strains in veterinary medicine is a reality that must be studied and evaluated by the professionals. The objective of this study was to isolate and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens of otitis in dogs. Otologic swabs were collected from 36 dogs with clinical otitis. 41 bacterial strains were isolated and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by disk diffusion method with 34 antimicrobial agents. Presence of the resistance gene mecA of Staphylococcus was examined for 22 strains of staphylococci by PCR. A total of 1108 ratings antimicrobial agents were performed. The percentage of drug resistance was 34.66% (n = 384) of the assessments with partial or total resistance. Major bacterial pathogens were Staphylococcus spp. (65.85%), Pseudomonas spp. (12.19%) and Enterobacteria species (19.51%). 53.66% of the isolates were considered multiresistant. Antimicrobial agents considered most resistant in the strains studied were penicillin (75.00%), tetracyclin (50.00%), amoxicillin (48.78%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (46.15%), clindamycin and rifampicin (43.24%). 11 strains were phenotypically characterized as MRS, 4 genotypically as MRS, 2 as MLSB-MRS and 2 as gram negative ESBL-producing.

Yersinia enterocolitica is a foodborne pathogen and pigs are the main reservoir of it in their tonsils. As Brazil is a large producer and exporter of pork meat and information regarding this pathogen is still quite scarce, this study aimed at evaluating the direct detection of Y. enterocolitica followed by pathogenic Y. enterocolitica (PYE) determination in tonsils of slaughtered pigs. For this purpose, 400 pig tonsils were collected from 15 farms in four federally certified slaughterhouses in Southern Brazil. Initially, samples were screened using conventional PCR targeting of the 16sRNA gene, followed by multiplex PCR (mPCR) in order to detect three virulence genes (ail, yadA, and virF) and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) for the detection of the ail gene. One hundred and one (25.2%) of the samples tested positive for the 16sRNA gene. However, a PYE was detected in one out of the 101 Y. enterocolitica positive samples. The three virulence genes were determined by mPCR and confirmed by partial DNA sequencing. Thus, a significant occurrence of Y. enterocolitica was observed in pig tonsils from federally inspected slaughterhouses in Brazil, although the presence of pathogenic strains was quite low.

O propofol é um agente hipnótico de ultracurta duração amplamente utilizado para anestesia e sedação. Comercialmente, apresenta-se acondicionado em frascos-ampola e ampolas, contendo produtos orgânicos o que favorece a contaminação microbiana após sua abertura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar o tempo de permanência sem contaminação bacteriana de propofol em frasco-ampola após sua abertura e manipulação. De forma controlada foram utilizados cinco frascos-ampola de propofol avaliados diariamente para a contagem de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas e psicrotrófilas. As contagens bacterianas encontradas mostraram que ocorreu contaminação por bactérias aeróbicas mesófilas a partir do terceiro dia da abertura do medicamento. Entre o quarto e o sexto dia ocorreram contaminações consideráveis em 60% dos frascos. As contagens bacterianas das amostras nos dias consecutivos após o início da contaminação não foram homogêneas e logarítimicas, apesar de contínuas em sua maior parte. Segundo os resultados obtidos neste estudo, sugere-se que o propofol em frasco-ampola, pode ser manipulado por até três dias após aberto, sem contaminação bacteriana. No entanto, deve-se levar em consideração que os resultados deste experimento foram controlados.

O objetivo deste projeto foi de avaliar in vitro a eficacia de diferentes protocolos de desinfeccao hospitalar na area veterinaria. Foram testados tres desinfetantes comerciais, com principios ativos Cloreto de Benzalconio, Cloreto de alquil dimetil benzil amonio e o-benzil p-clorofenol, sendo este ultimo testado o produto puro (para desinfeccao) e na diluicao 1:30 (para limpeza geral de superficies). Para o teste dos desinfetantes foi utilizado um pool de bacterias na concentracao de 10 5 com as seguintes cepas padrao: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) , Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) e Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Os principios ativos foram testados nos tempos de 30 segundos, 1 minuto, 2,5 minutos, 5 minutos, 10 minutos, 15 minutos e 20 minutos. Avaliando-se a acao dos desinfetantes na presenca de materia orgânica (leite), observou-se que os produtos a base de amonia quaternaria apresentaram resultados variaveis. A partir do tempo de 2,5 minutos o cloreto de benzalconio obteve melhor acao antibacteriana, eliminando todos os micro-organismos. As analises realizadas com o principio o-benzil p-clorofenol mostraram que o principio puro mostrou-se eficiente em todos os tempos, nao apresentando contagem bacteriana em nenhum teste, resultado diferente do que ocorreu com o principio diluido, que apresentou contagem de micro-organismos variando de 2,64 log/mL (20 minutos) a 3,21 log/mL (2,5 minutos). A partir dos testes realizados com os diferentes tipos de desinfetantes comerciais, concluiu-se que Cloreto de Benzalconio e o o-benzil p-clorofenol foram os que apresentaram os melhores resultados quando comparados com os demais. O Cloreto de Benzalconio apresentou maior eficacia depois do terceiro tempo (5 minutos). O o-benzil p-clorofenol mostrou-se eficaz em todos os tempos alcancando assim seu objetivo, que foi a reducao total de todos os micro-organismos.

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar Staphylococcus spp. Resistente à Meticilina (MRS) em um Centro Cirúrgico de Grandes Animais. Foram coletadas 24 amostras deste local, em pontos estratégicos, antes e após limpeza e desinfecção. A detecção de MRS foi realizada pela técnica de disco-difusão com discos de penicilina, oxacilina e cefoxitina. Os resultados das coletas feitas no ambiente sem desinfecção mostram a presença de Staphylococcus spp. em 58,3% das amostras, sendo 85,7% destas MRS. Dentre as seis amostras oxacilina-resistentes, todas foram resistentes a penicilina e duas foram resistentes a cefoxitina. Na coleta após a desinfecção foram identificados estafilococos em 33,33% das amostras, sendo dois MRS. Com este estudo pode-se concluir que a presença de MRS é uma realidade na Medicina Veterinária Hospitalar, semelhante ao ocorrido em Hospitais Humanos. Trata-se de um patógeno de fácil transmissão, devendo-se tomar medidas profiláticas, como limpeza de mãos e utensílios médicos para evitar sua disseminação, além do uso correto da antibioticoterapia.

Background: Endocarditis is one of the most important heart diseases in cattle and a rare disease in sheep. This illness could be caused by any bacteria when related to bacteremia, being Staphylococcus aureus one uncommon cause for this disorder in ruminants. The clinical sings at the early stages are unspecific and many cases are only diagnosed just at thefinal stages of the disease, resulting in heart insufficiency with bad prognosis. The aim of this study is to report two cases of endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus spp. leading to sepsis in a sheep and osteoarthritis in a cow, showing the importance of this bacteria in the pathogenesis of this disease.Cases: Case 1. A 8-month-old sheep, female, Texel showed lameness in the left thoracic limb, and even treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug had anorexia, locomotion difficulty and on the day before of death showed neurological sings, with less than one week of total clinical course. At necropsy, in the heart was observed thrombus in the tricuspid,mitral and aortic valves and pale areas in the myocardium. Multiples abscesses were observed in the lungs, liver and kidneys and infarcts in kidneys, spleen and brain. At the histopathology exam was observed in the tricuspid, mitral and aortic valves subacute endocarditis with intralesional coccoids bacteria Gram positives. There were multifocal fibrinonecrotic myocarditis, abscess in lung, liver and kidney with intralesional bacterial myriads. In kidneys, spleen and brain was observedthrombosis associated to multiple infarct areas. Samples of cardiac thrombus, heart, spleen, kidney and meningeal swabs were submitted for bacterial cultivation and was isolated Staphylococcus aureus in all samples, in pure culture.Case 2. A 2-year-old cow, female, mixed breed Angus and Charolais showed a wound in the distal part of the thoracic limb that was done topical treatment. After a month, was noted submandibular and dewlap edema, prostration, lethargy and fever. Antibiotic treatment was performed having remission of edema and fever, however being lethargic yet. Aftera month post antibiotic treatment, the animal showed bilateral increased of joint volume and a new antibiotic treatment was performed. The X-ray and cytology of the synovial fluid presented septic osteoarthritis in both radiocarpal joint. At necropsy was observed a thrombus in the tricuspid valve of approximately 20x4cm ascending to caudal and cranial cavaveins and a pulmonary abscess. In the left carpometacarpal joint, right antebrachiocarpal joint and stifle joint were observed severe purulent exudation and erosions. At histopathology evaluation of the heart was noted subacute septic endocarditis in tricuspid valve and in the joints was observed subacute fibrinopurulent osteoarthritis. In the swabs of joints and thrombus was identified Staphylococcus coagulase positive.Discussion: Despite the fact of to be skin commensal, S. aureus can enter in the bloodstream and to cause endocarditis, sepsis, abscesses and arthritis. Regard to possible entryways, interdigital pododermatitis and skin superficial lesions can be the entrance of the agent. In both cases the animals showed lesions on the limbs, as possible cause. The relationshipbetween endocarditis and osteoarticular infections is not fully known. In cattle with heart disease was noted that lameness is an important clinical sign and osteoarthritis could be related with endocarditis. Staphylococcus aureus rarely is reported in endocarditis cases in ruminants and the outcomes showed here are uncommon and poorly studied.Descritores: estafilococose, doença cardíaca, poliartrite, bacteremia, ruminantes.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is described as a condition in which a micro-organism is able to survive when exposed to an antimicrobial agent. The resistance rates to antimicrobials in companion animals have risen considerably. Studies of local antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are needed as well as education and warning about the use of tests for the identification and susceptibility of pathogenic bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to identify the main antimicrobial resistance in clinical samples of dogs, and to detect multidrug-resistant strains of importance to public health.Materials, Methods & Results: Bacterial pathogens of 77 dog infections were isolated and their sensitivity profile to antimicrobials was determined. One hundred bacterial isolates were identified. Of these, 61 were Gram-positive (55 Staphylococcus spp., 4 Enterococcus spp. and 2 Streptococcus spp.) and 39 Gram-negative (36 fermenters and 3 non-fermenters). Seventy-nine isolates were considered multiresistant following individual assessment of drugs, and 85 following the evaluation of classes. Only 3 were sensitive to all drugs. Four isolates were resistant to all classes and only sensitive to some antibiotics. Of the 55 samples of Staphylococcus spp., 36 (65.45%) were identified as phenotypically MRS. Two isolates of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin (VRE). Also 66.67% (26/39) of the samples were positive for the presumptive test for ESBL. For the MRS-positive isolates detected in this study, chloramphenicol was the antimicrobial that showed superior sensitivity in 74.29% of the cases (27/36); therefore it is considered the most appropriate for treatment of this type of micro-organism. In case of aminoglycosides, when their resistance was checked in MRS isolates, all resistance percentages increased, implying a limited use of this class for such a type of multi-resistant micro-organism. Contrarily, in case of ESBL, a superior sensitivity was observed towards MRS isolates, thus making them a prime treatment choice for the infection caused by these micro-organisms.Discussion: Literature have reported a gradual increase in multidrug resistance towards antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine over the past decades. In this study, 64% of multiresistant strains were considered of significant importance, notably MRS (36), VRE (2) and ESBL (26). The early identification of pathogens in animals has become an important step in order to minimize the transmission of antibacterial resistance. The increase in the number of multidrug-resistant bacteria in animals and humans demonstrates the need to develop and implement measures in order to monitor and control the spread of this resistance. It is possible that the increased drug resistance is linked to the constant exposure to these drugs and the subsequent selective pressure, causing the transfer of resistant genes between strains. Carbapenems and glycopeptides should be used with caution in veterinary medicine in order to prevent such processes of selection that develop resistance in micro-organisms to these two classes, which can result in cross-resistance between animals and humans and create obstacles in the treatment of patients, especially for the two drugs mentioned, since they are important for the treatment of nosocomial infections in humans. The resistance percentage towards fluoroquinolones was identified to be higher in Gram-positive isolates, particularly in MRS, which showed 75% resistance against this class (according to the CLSI, resistance to one fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent provides resistance to other antimicrobials of this class). For ESBL isolates, the resistance was shown to be 50%. The resistance towards the fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides class can be associated with the expression of the genes that produce ESBL.

Vacuum-packed and frozen of ostrich (Struthio camelus), alligator (Caiman latirostris) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat samples were obtained in an authorized commercial store in Maringá/Paraná. Of each kind meat were analyzed 6 samples, where were studied counts of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, aerobic bacteria psichrophilic, coliforms, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp., and protein and fat analysis. The results of aerobic mesophilic bacteria ranged between

The serrano artisan cheese produced from raw milk of dairy cattle is a typical product of high-altitude farms in the states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. However, marketing of the cheeses occurs illegally because they lack the minimum maturation period required for cheese produced from raw milk. The production of artisan cheeses is required to follow strict hygiene standards. This study aimed to test the quality and safety of cheeses that were produced in 31 farms of the Serrana region in Santa Catarina after 14 and 28 days of maturation. Coliform count was measured at 35 °C, and presence of other microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Listeria spp., and Salmonella spp. were also tested. Fat and protein percentages, acidity, salt content, and humidity were also evaluated. Data were subjected to statistical analyses using the SAS® software. After 14 and 28 days of maturation, 74.19% (23/31) and 64.52% (20/31) of samples, respectively, showed higher numbers of coliforms at 35 °C than those permissible by law. Higher than permissible numbers of E. coli were observed in 45.16% (14/31) and 48.39% (15/31) of the samples analyzed after 14 and 28 days of maturation, respectively. Coagulase-positive staphylococci values above 103 CFU/g were observed in 54.84% (17/31) and 51.61% (16/31) of cheese samples after 14 and 28 days of maturation, respectively. Contamination with Salmonella spp. was not detected. However, Listeria monocytogenes serovar 4b was isolated in 3.23% (1/31) and 6.45% (2/31) of samples after 14 and 28 days of maturation, respectively. The results of humidity tests classified the cheese samples into three categories: low, medium, and high humidity. Semi fat cheeses were predominant in both maturation periods, although the samples were classified in thin, semi fat, and fat cheeses. The main variations in the compositions of analyzed samples occurred for salt and acidity levels. The maturation process has not proven to be effective in reducing microbiological contamination to compliance levels. Considering the heterogeneity of the analyzed cheese samples, the frequency of non-conformities with respect to microorganisms and pathogens present in the samples, this study indicates the necessity to improve the Serrano artisan cheese production system through adoption of good manufacturing practice measures. O queijo artesanal serrano, produzido a partir de leite cru de bovinos, é um produto típico dos campos de altitude dos estados de Santa Catarina e do Rio Grande do Sul. No entanto, a sua comercialização na grande maioria ocorre às margens da legislação, por ser fabricado com leite cru e não possuir um período mínimo de maturação. Tendo em vista que a produção de queijos artesanais necessita seguir normas rigorosas de higiene, o presente estudo objetivou desenvolver um diagnóstico da qualidade e inocuidade dos queijos com 14 e 28 dias de maturação produzido em 31 propriedades da Serra Catarinense. Foram realizadas contagens de coliformes a 35°C, Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva; pesquisa de Salmonella sp. e Listeria monocytogenes. Os percentuais de gordura, acidez, sal, umidade e proteína também foram avaliados. Os dados foram submetidos as análises estatísticas realizadas no software SAS®. Após 14 e 28 dias de maturação, 74,19% (23/31) e 64,52% (20/31) das amostras de queijo analisadas, respectivamente, apresentaram limites acima do disposto para coliformes a 35 °C. Contagens de E. coli superiores ao aceitável foram observadas em 45,16% (14/31) e 48,39% (15/31) das amostras analisadas após 14 e 28 dias de maturação, respectivamente. Quanto à contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, 54,84% (17/31) e 51,61% (16/31) das amostras de queijos apresentaram após 14 e 28 dias de maturação valores acima de 103 UFC/g. Nenhuma das amostras avaliadas estava contaminada com Salmonella spp., porém Listeria monocytogenes sorovar 4b foi isolada em 3,23% (1/31) e em 6,45% (2/31) das amostras aos 14 e 28 dias de maturação, respectivamente. Em relação à umidade, os queijos foram classificados como de baixa, média e alta umidade. Em relação aos teores de gordura houve a predominância de queijos semigordos nos dois períodos de maturação, embora as amostras tenham sido enquadradas como queijos magros, semigordos e gordos. As principais variações na composição entre as amostras avaliadas ocorreram nos teores de sal e acidez. O processo de maturação não demonstrou ser efetivo na redução de contaminações microbiológicas a níveis de conformidade. A heterogeneidade dos queijos analisados, as frequências de não conformidades em relação a micro-organismos indicadores, e a presença de bactérias patogênicas nas amostras analisadas indicam a necessidade de adequação do sistema de produção do queijo artesanal serrano mediante a profissionalização do produtor e adoção de medidas de boas práticas de fabricação.

Rosangela Estel Ziech, Camila Lampugnani, Ana Paula Perin, Mallu Jagnow Sereno, Ricardo Antonio Pilegi Sfaciotte, Cibeli Viana, Luciano dos Santos Bersot. Sensibilidade A Antimicrobianos e Producao de Esbl por Salmonella Sp. Isoladas de Salas de Cortes de Plantas Processadoras de Aves do Oeste Paranaense. In: Anais do 12o Congresso Latinoamericano de Microbiologia e Higiene de Alimentos MICROAL 2014 [= Blucher Food Science Proceedings, num.1, vol.1]. Sao Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2014. DOI 10.5151/foodsci-microal-273 Sensibilidade a Antimicrobianos e Producao de ESBL por Salmonella sp. Isoladas de Salas de Cortes de Plantas Processadoras de Aves do Oeste Paranaense

Por ser considerado um ambiente de risco para infeccoes hospitalares, os Hospitais Veterinarios devem sofrer uma desinfeccao e uma esterilizacao tao eficaz ou ate mesmo superior aos hospitais humanos, ja que o risco de contaminacao cruzada e grande e tambem pelo fato de doencas infecto-contagiosas poderem contaminar o proprio Medico Veterinario e as pessoas envolvidas no hospital. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficacia dos procedimentos de desinfeccao utilizados no Hospital Veterinario da Universidade Estadual de Maringa, Campus Regional de Umuarama, empregados na rotina dos locais de circulacao dos animais. Foram distribuidas placas com agar para contagem padrao (PCA), agar Baird Parker (BP), agar Sangue de ovelha desfibrinado a 5% (AS), agar Bile Vermelho Violeta (VRB), agar Sabouraud Dextrose (SB), agar Azul de Eosina Azul de Metileno (EAM) e agar MacConkey (MC). Para avaliacao da eficacia da higienizacao antes e apos a limpeza e desinfeccao do ambulatorio, da sala de raio X e US, secretaria, esterilizacao e internamento utilizou-se a tecnica de swabs de superficie. Os pontos de coleta foram variados, sendo eles: mesas de atendimento aos animais, pias de aco inoxidavel e mesas de trabalho dos veterinarios, chao, paredes, gaiolas, balancas. A amostragem e semeadura dos meios foram realizadas antes e apos o processo de limpeza concorrente e desinfeccao das superficies com hipoclorito de sodio com diluicao desconhecida e produto a base de pinho, rotina no Hospital Veterinario da UEM. Os resultados dos swabs de superficie e da avaliacao das contagens de sedimentacao simples (contaminacao do ambiente) realizados antes e apos a limpeza e desinfeccao dos locais onde ha circulacao de animais dentro do Hospital Veterinario mostram que a rotina e o procedimento de limpeza e desinfeccao devem ser mudados, ja que a maioria dos resultados encontraram-se fora do padrao permitidos pela APHA, ainda, muitas vezes os valores encontrados apos a desinfeccao foram maiores do que antes da mesma. O primeiro passo a ser tomado e ter o conhecimento previo do produto a ser utilizado assim como sua diluicao, concentracao e tempo de atuacao, uma vez que no hospital o produto chega ja pronto para o uso, sem rotulo e sem nenhuma informacao. Um treinamento para o pessoal responsavel pela limpeza tambem e recomendado, ja que a forma de limpeza e uma rotina adequada sao importantes para o processo.

Amostras embaladas a vacuo e congeladas de carne de avestruz ( Struthio camelus ), jacare ( Caiman latirostris ) e javali ( Sus scofra ) foram obtidas em um estabelecimento autorizado para a venda no Municipio de Maringa/PR. Foram analisadas 6 amostras de cada tipo de carne, sendo realizadas as contagens de bacterias aerobias mesofilas, bacterias aerobias psicrofilas, coliformes , Escherichia. coli e Staphylococcus spp.; e analises de proteina e gordura. Os valores de bacterias aerobias mesofilas variaram de

O objetivo deste estudo foi de identificar as principais drogas antimicrobianas resistentes em amostras clínicas de animais e detectar a multirresistência dos patógenos bacterianos envolvidos. Amostras de 25 animais, atendidos entre fevereiro e dezembro de 2011 no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, foram utilizadas. Das 19 amostras que mostraram crescimento bacteriano, oito foram identificadas como cocos gram positivos (40%) e 10 (55%) como bacilos gram negativos, uma amostra não foi identificada. O índice de resistência a antimicrobianos (MAR) variou de 0 e 1, com média de 0,647 (0,516 para gram positivos e 0,768 para gram negativos). Dos isolados bacterianos estudados, 15 apresentaram pelo menos uma droga resistente em 2 ou mais classes. Um total de 140 testes com drogas antimicrobianas foram realizados neste estudo, dos quais, 84 (60%) foram considerados resistentes. 100% das amostras testadas foram resistentes a ampicilina, sulfonamida, sulfazotrim, azitromicina, ampicilina, eritromicina, clindamicina e doxicilina; 92% a amoxacilina; 78% a norfloxacina; 75% a penicilina; 60% a estreptomicina; 56% ao cloranfenicol; 54% a cefalexina; 52,6% a enrofloxacina; 50% a ceftriaxona, levofloxacina e amicacina; e 12,5% a gentamicina. Os resultados do presente trabalho demonstraram a necessidade do monitoramento constante do perfil de resistência bacteriana, que varia ao longo dos anos e difere de local para local.

As bacterias Gram-positivas sao os principais microrganismos encontrados na microbiota conjuntival dos animais (TOLAR et al., 2006), porem os microrganismos Gram-negativos tambem podem ser isolados em animais saudaveis, mas quando em grande numero pode indicar um estado anormal de saude ocular (SPINELLI et al. 2010). O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e determinar o perfil de resistencia dos principais microrganismos em casos de conjuntivite canina atendidos no Hospital Veterinario da Universidade Estadual de Maringa. Foram utilizadas 21 amostras e o perfil de resistencia aos antibioticos foi realizado segundo as normas recomendadas pelo CLSI veterinario (2008) para disco-difusao. Das 21 amostras, 15 (71,4%) foram identificadas como bacterias Gram-positivas e dessas, 14 pertencentes ao genero dos Staphylococcus e uma ao genero Streptococcus , o que corrobora com Tolar et al, 2006. Foram identificadas tambem seis amostras (28,6%) de bacterias Gram-negativas, sendo tres Escherichia coli , uma Enterobacter spp. e outras duas como Cocos Gram-negativas. As quatro amostras pertencentes a familia das Enterobacteriaceae foram negativas no teste presuntivo para deteccao de ESBL (Betalactamases de espectro ampliado) e todas foram sensiveis aos antimicrobianos pertencentes a classe dos carbapenemicos (meropenem e imipenem), porem houve 100% de resistencia a rifampicina, azitromicina e sulfazotrim. A amostra de Streptococcus foi resistente apenas a neomicina, tetraciclina e levofloxacina, de 29 antibioticos testados. Ja as amostras de Staphylococcus spp ., seis apresentaram resistencia a oxacilina, o que indica uma resistencia intrinseca aos antimicrobianos beta-lactâmicos. Quanto a penicilina e a ampicilina, 92,85% das amostras mostraram-se resistentes e 78,6% apresentaram resistencia a amoxacilina, tetraciclina, sulfazotrim e clindamicina, porem nao houve resistencia aos carbapenemicos e houve baixa resistencia as cefalosporinas (cefalexina, cefalotina e ceftriaxona), amicacina, levofloxacina, tobramicina e cloranfenicol (28,5%, 14,3%, 28,5%, 35,7% e 35,7% respectivamente). Esses resultados mostram a importância do controle aos agentes antimicrobianos na medicina veterinaria, levando em conta os altos indices de resistencia. SUMMARY Gram-positive bacteria are the microorganisms primarily found in the conjunctival microflora of animals (TOLAR et al., 2006), but the Gram-negative microorganisms can also be isolated from healthy animals. However, the presence of a large number of Gram-negative microorganisms may indicate ocular health problems (SPINELLI et al., 2010). This study aimed to identify and determine the resistance profile of the major microorganisms in cases of canine conjunctivitis treated at the Hospital Veterinario of the Universidade Estadual de Maringa (HV- UEM). We collected 21 samples that were used to determine the antibiotic resistance profile according to the standards recommended by veterinarian CLSI (2008) for disk diffusion. Of the 21 samples, 15 (71.4%) were identified as Gram-positive, of which 14 belonged to the Staphylococcus genus and one to the Streptococcus genus, thus corroborating Tolar et al., 2006. Gram-negative bacteria were also identified in six samples (28.6%), of which three Escherichia coli , one Enterobacter spp. and two other as Cocos Gram-negative. The four samples belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae were negative for the presumptive test to detect ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactamases) and all were sensitive to antibiotics belonging to the class of carbapenems (meropenem and imipenem), but there was a 100% resistance to rifampicin, azithromycin and sulfazotrim. Out of the 29 antibiotics tested the Streptococcus sample was resistant only to neomycin, tetracycline and levofloxacin. On the other hand, of the Staphylococcus spp. samples six were resistant to oxacillin, indicating an intrinsic resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials. Regarding penicillin and ampicillin, 92.85% of the samples were resistant while 78.6 % were resistant to amoxicillin, tetracycline, sulfazotrim and clindamycin, but there was no resistance to carbapenems and low resistance to cephalosporins (cephalexin, cephalothin and ceftriaxone), amikacin, levofloxacin, tobramycin and chloramphenicol (28.5%, 14.3%, 28.5%, 35.7% and 35.7%, respectively). These high levels of resistance show the importance of controlling the use of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine.

Os patogenos oportunistas que passam pela cervix e alcancam o utero podem levar ao desenvolvimento da piometra (ROCHA et al., 2004). Os principais micro-organismos associados as infeccoes genitais dos animais sao: Escherichia coli , Proteus sp. , Staphylococcus spp. e Streptococcus sp . (JOHNSTON et al., 2001). O tratamento para piometra pode ser cirurgico ou clinico, e em ambas as condutas inclui a administracao de antibioticos de largo espectro, dentre os de maiores sensibilidade estao a norfloxacina (94%), polimixina B (82,8%), sulfazotrim (76,8%), enrofloxacina (75,5%) e cloranfenicol (75,5%) (COGGAN et al., 2008). O objetivo do trabalho foi estabelecer o perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana em casos de piometra. As amostras foram obtidas de casos clinicos atendidos no Hospital Veterinario da Universidade Estadual de Maringa. Foram utilizadas 12 amostras sendo essas: Staphylococcus spp. (4), Streptococcus spp. (2), Providencia spp. (2), E. coli (1), Entorobacter spp. (1), Serratia spp. (1) e Proteus spp. (1). O perfil de resistencia a antibioticos foi realizado segundo as normas recomendadas pela Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Veterinary (CLSI, 2008) para disco-difusao de acordo com o genero bacteriano. Em relacao a norfloxacina e a enrofloxacina a sensibilidade encontrada corrobora aos resultados de Coggan et al., 2008, as quais foram de 92% e 84%, respectivamente. Entretanto, a sensibilidade para o sulfazotrim e cloranfenicol estao abaixo dos indices determinados pelos mesmos autores (58% e 67%, respectivamente). Das quatro amostras de Staphylococcus avaliadas, tres (75%) foram sensiveis a oxacilina, e uma (25%) resistente, determinando resistencia a outros antimicrobianos beta-lactâmicos. Os antibioticos da classe dos aminoglicosideos, amicacina, gentamicina e estreptomicina tambem apresentaram boa sensibilidade (83%, 83% e 75%, respectivamente). Todas as amostras avaliadas foram sensiveis aos carbapenemicos (meropenem e imipenem). Esses resultados mostram a importância do controle aos agentes antimicrobianos na medicina veterinaria, uma vez que os indices de resistencias sao crescentes. SUMMARY The opportunistic pathogens which pass through the cervix and reach the uterus can lead to the development of pyometra (Rocha et al., 2004). The main micro-organisms associated with genital infections of animals are: Escherichia coli , Proteus sp., Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus sp. (JOHNSTON et al., 2001). The treatment for pyometra may be surgical or clinical, and in both cases broad-spectrum antibiotics are used. Among the antibiotics with the highest sensitivity are norfloxacin (94%), polymyxin B (82.8%) sulfazotrim (76.8%), enrofloxacin (75.5%) and chloramphenicol (75.5%) (Coggan et al., 2008). The aim of the study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile in cases of pyometra. The samples were obtained from clinical cases seen at the Veterinary Hospital of the Maringa State University. A total of 12 samples were used, as follows: Staphylococcus spp. (4), Streptococcus spp. (2), Providencia spp. (2), E. coli (1), Entorobacter spp., (1) Serratia spp. (1) and Proteus spp. (1). The profile of antibiotic resistance was performed according to the standards recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Veterinary Institute (CLSI, 2008) for disk diffusion according to the bacterial genus. Regarding sensitivity results to enrofloxacin and norfloxacin, the data confirm the results found by Coggan et al. (2008), which were 92% and 84%, respectively. However, the sensitivity to chloramphenicol and sulfazotrim are below the levels determined by the same authors (58% and 67%, respectively). Of the four strains of Staphylococcus assessed, three (75%) were susceptible to oxacillin, and one (25%) resistant, determining resistance to other beta-lactam antimicrobials. The antibiotics of the aminoglycoside class, amikacin, gentamicin and streptomycin also showed high sensitivity (83%, 83% and 75%, respectively). All strains were susceptible to carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem). These results show the importance of controlling antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine, as resistance indices are increasing.

A cicatrizacao de feridas quando manejadas corretamente evolui rapidamente, porem fatores como idade, imunossupressao e doencas concomitantes podem influenciar na recuperacao das lesoes. O uso de antimicrobianos e importante para controle da microbiota da pele e previne infeccoes secundarias e septicemias. Gracas a complexidade dos mecanismos de resistencia, a escolha dos antimicrobianos tornou-se uma dificil missao, aumentando a morbidade e mortalidade dos pacientes tratados indevidamente (ARIAS et al., 2008). Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o indice de resistencia multipla a antimicrobianos (MAR) de 28 amostras de feridas de animais atendidos no HV-UEM. Foram identificados os seguintes grupos de bacterias: cocos (15 Staphylococcus spp.; 2 Streptococcus spp. e 5 cocos gram negativos) e bacilos (3 Escherichia coli ; 1 Providencia spp.; 2 Proteus spp). O perfil de resistencia foi realizado segundo as normas recomendadas pela CLSI animal (2008) para disco-difusao com 30 antimicrobianos, divididos entre 10 classes, que foram escolhidos de acordo com seu espectro de acao. O indice MAR e determinado pelo numero de antibioticos resistentes pelo total testado, considerando-se valores iguais ou superiores a 0,2 como indicativos de resistencia multipla. Do total de 28 amostras bacterianas, 25 apresentaram o MAR≥0,2, com media de 0,43; minima de 0,03; maxima 0,8 e moda 0,35. Entre as amostras identificadas, os cocos apresentaram resistencia multipla de 90,9%, sendo que entre eles os Staphylococcus spp. tiveram 93,3%, os Streptococcus spp. 100% de resistencia, os cocos gram negativos 80% apresentaram-se resistentes. Ja entre os bacilos 80% do total apresentaram resistencia aos antimicrobianos testados, sendo que a Escherichia coli mostrou 66,7% e a Providencia spp e Proteus spp evidenciaram ser 100% resistentes. Os resultados mostram a importância do controle dos antimicrobianos no uso em feridas, uma vez que os indices de resistencias multiplas encontrados nas amostras avaliadas foram considerados altos. SUMMARY Wound healing progresses rapidly when handled correctly, but factors such as age, concomitant diseases and immunosuppression may influence recovery. The use of antibiotics is important in controlling the microbiota of the skin and prevents secondary infections and sepsis. The choice of antimicrobial has become a difficult task due to the complexity of antibiotics resistance mechanisms, leading to increased morbidity and mortality of patients treated inappropriately (ARIAS et al., 2008). This study aimed to verify the level of multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR) of 28 samples of wounds from animals treated at HV- UEM. We identified the following groups of bacteria: cocci (15 Staphylococcus spp.; 2 Streptococcus spp.; 5 cocci gram-negative) and bacillus (3 Escherichia coli ; 1 Providencia spp.; 2 Proteus spp.). The resistance profile was performed according to the standards recommended by the Animal CLSI (2008) for disk diffusion with 30 antimicrobials, divided among 10 classes, which were chosen according to its spectrum. The MAR index is given by the ratio between the number of antibiotic resistant by total tested, considering values ​​equal to or greater than 0.2 as indicative of multidrug resistance. Of the 28 bacterial samples, 25 had MAR≥0.2, with an average of 0.43, minimum 0.03, maximum 0.8 and mode 0.35. Among the identified samples, cocci showed multiple resistance of 90.9%, and among them Staphylococcus spp. had 93.3 %, Streptococcus spp. 100% resistance, of the Gram-negative cocci 80% were resistant. Among the bacilli, 80% of the total displayed resistance to antimicrobials while Escherichia coli showed 66.7% and Providencia spp and Proteus spp were 100% resistant. The results show the importance of controlling the use of antibiotics to treat wounds since the multiple resistance levels found in the samples evaluated were considered high.

Os estudos de vigilância bacteriologica sao ferramentas para se determinar as tendencias da sensibilidade antimicrobiana das bacterias e investigar a ocorrencia de linhagens multirresistentes em virtude da possibilidade de transmissao cruzada entre homens e animais. O monitoramento constante do perfil de resistencia bacteriana e essencial, pois esta varia com o tempo e difere de local para local (SIQUEIRA et al., 2008; ISHII et al., 2011). O indice de multipla resistencia a antimicrobianos (indice MAR) e determinado pelo numero de antimicrobianos ao qual o isolado foi resistente sobre o numero total testado, valores maiores ou iguais a 0,2 indicam resistencia multipla (KRUMPERMAN, 1983). O presente estudo teve como intuito determinar o indice de resistencia multipla aos antimicrobianos visando alertar os riscos do aparecimento de cepas multirresistentes. As amostras avaliadas sao de casos clinicos atendidos no Hospital Veterinario da Universidade Estadual de Maringa onde foram utilizadas 109 amostras sendo essas: Staphylococcus spp. (60), E. coli (14), cocos Gram-negativos (12), Streptococcus spp. (6), Proteus spp. (5), Providencia spp. (4), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3), Entorobacter spp. (3) e Serratia spp. (2). O perfil de resistencia a antibioticos foi realizado segundo as normas recomendadas pela Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Veterinary (CLSI, 2008) para disco-difusao de acordo com o genero bacteriano. Os resultados mostraram que 72,5% das amostras apresentaram indice MAR maior ou igual a 0,2, indicando multipla resistencia. Do total de 43 amostras Gram-negativas e 66 amostras Gram-positivas, 74,4% e 72,2%, respectivamente, apresentaram multirresistencia, mostrando indices relativamente proximos aos dos resultados de Arias, et al, 2008, onde 100% dos isolados Gram-negativos e 83,3% dos Gram-positivos obtidos apresentaram indice MAR maior que 0,2. Por isso, e necessaria a realizacao de testes de identificacao das bacterias e sua sensibilidade antimicrobiana para evitar o surgimento de resistencia precoce de microrganismos potencialmente patogenicos. SUMMARY Bacteriological studies are tools used to determine trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria and to investigate the occurrence of multiresistant strains that may result from cross-transmission between humans and animals. Constant monitoring of bacterial resistance profile is essential, for it varies with time and differs from place to place (Siqueira et al., 2008; ISHII et al., 2011). The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MAR Index) is the ratio between the number of antimicrobials to which the isolate was resistant and the total number tested, values ​​greater than or equal to 0.2 indicate multiple resistance (KRUMPERMAN, 1983). This study aims to determine the multiple-antibiotic resistance index as an alert to the risk of emerging multidrug-resistant strains. The 109 samples were collected from clinical cases seen at the Hospital Veterinario of the Universidade Estadual de Maringa, of which: Staphylococcus spp. (60); E. coli (14); Gram- negative (12); Streptococcus spp. (6); Proteus spp. (5); Providencia spp. (4); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3); Entorobacter spp. (3); and Serratia spp. (2). Antibiotic resistance profile was determined according to the standards recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Veterinary Institute (CLSI, 2008) for disk diffusion according to the bacterial genus. The results showed that 72.5% of the samples had MAR index greater than or equal to 0.2, indicating multiple resistance. Of the 43 Gram-negative samples and 66 Gram-positive samples, 74.4% and 72.2%, respectively, were multidrug resistant. These values are relatively close to the results of Arias et al., 2008, where 100% of Gram-negative and 83.3% of Gram-positive isolates displayed MAR index values ​​greater than 0.2. Therefore, it is necessary to perform tests to identify the bacteria and their antimicrobial sensitivity to avoid the emergence of early resistance of potentially pathogenic microorganisms.

Nas ultimas decadas, tem-se observado a emergencia de microrganismos resistentes aos antibioticos, dentre os quais se destaca o genero dos Staphylococcus spp. resistente a meticilina (MRS). Essas linhagens nao sao comumente relatadas em animais, entretanto, nos ultimos anos, ha registros de aumento de casos de infeccoes em animais domesticos (RICH et al., 2005; MIDDLETON et al., 2005). O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar isolados de MRS e verificar o indice de resistencia multipla a antimicrobianos (MAR). As amostras foram obtidas de casos clinicos atendidos no Hospital Veterinario da Universidade Estadual de Maringa, onde foram utilizadas 48 amostras de Staphylococcus spp triadas por disco-difusao com oxacilina e cefoxitina. O perfil de resistencia a antibioticos foi realizado segundo as normas recomendadas pelo CLSI veterinario (2008) para disco-difusao com 27 antimicrobianos. O indice MAR e determinado pelo numero de antibioticos resistentes pelo total testado, considerando-se valores iguais ou superiores a 0,2 como indicativos de resistencia multipla (KRUMPERMAN, 1983). Das 48 amostras, 29 (60,4%) apresentaram resistencia a oxacilina, sendo que 26 dessas amostras tambem apresentaram resistencia a cefoxitina, o que indica amostras positivas para MRS e mostrando indices mais elevados do que encontrados por Coelho et al, 2007, 33,8%. Das 29 amostras resistentes a oxacilina, 27 (93,1) apresentaram indice MAR maior ou igual a 0,2 (entre 0,26 e 0,8), uma vez que isolados resistentes a oxacilina tendem a apresentar resistencia a outras classes de antibioticos. Ja as 19 amostras sensiveis aos discos de cefoxitina e oxacilina, apenas 3 (15,8%) obtiveram indice MAR maior ou igual a 0,2 (entre 0,32 a 0,56). O uso incorreto, associado a selecao natural dos microrganismos, provavelmente, resultou no fenomeno da resistencia, tanto na medicina veterinaria quanto na humana, o que mostra a importância do controle aos agentes antimicrobianos uma vez encontrados altos indices de resistencia pelos microrganismos. SUMMARY The recent decades have seen the emergence of antibiotic resistant microorganisms, among which stands out the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (MRS). These strains are not commonly reported in animals; however, in recent years, there are reports of increasing cases of infections in domestic animals (RICH et al., 2005; MIDDLETON et al., 2005). This study aimed to identify MRS isolates and check the index of multiple antimicrobial resistance (MAR). The samples were obtained from clinical cases seen at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Estadual de Maringa, where 48 strains of Staphylococcus spp. were screened by disk diffusion with oxacillin and cefoxitin. The profile of antibiotic resistance was performed according to the standards recommended by the veterinarian CLSI (2008) for disk diffusion with 27 antimicrobials. The MAR index is determined by the ratio of the number of antibiotic resistant by the total tested, considering values ​​equal to or greater than 0.2 as indicative of multiple resistance (KRUMPERMAN, 1983). Of the 48 samples, 29 (60.4%) were resistant to oxacillin while 26 were also resistant to cefoxitin, which indicates MRS positive samples. These rates were higher than the 33.8% reported by Coelho et al., 2007. Of the 29 oxacillin-resistant samples, 27 (93.1%) had MAR index greater than or equal to 0.2 (between 0.26 and 0.8) since oxacillin- resistant strains tend to be resistant to other classes of antibiotics. On the other hand, of the 19 samples sensitive to oxacillin and cefoxitin disks, only 3 (15.8 %) displayed MAR index greater than or equal to 0.2 (from 0.32 to 0.56). Misuse of antibiotics associated with the natural selection of organisms probably resulted in the resistance phenomenon, both in human and in veterinary medicine, which shows the importance of controlling antimicrobial agents once high rates of resistance by the microorganisms are determined.