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Resistant maltodextrin (RMD) attenuates the blood glucose response in healthy adults, as supported by meta-analysis. One of the potential mechanisms is disaccharidase inhibition. We hypothesized that the conventional method determining released glucose might lead to misestimation of the inhibitory effects because RMD is partly digested and the glucose amount released from RMD could change in the presence or absence of substrates. We examined digestibility change of RMD and compared the inhibitory effects by determination of released glucose (Glu method), fructose (Fru method), and p-nitrophenol from p-nitrophenyl- α -D-glucopyranoside (pNPG method). The Glu method overestimated the inhibition rate (18.9 to 60.2% for maltase). The Fru method showed inhibition for sucrase by 6.46 to 10.9% and isomaltase by 14.4 to 28.6%. The pNPG method showed α-glucosidase inhibition of 11.0 to 28.1%. These results indicate that the Glu method is not suitable for inhibition assay of partially digestible dextrin and that RMD has disaccharidase inhibition.

Consuming resistant maltodextrin (RMD) decreases food intake and increase appetite-related gut hormones, but the underlying mechanisms have remained unknown. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the effects of RMD feeding on food intake (appetite) using Institute of Cancer Research male mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD-cellulose group) or HFD in which cellulose was replaced with RMD (HFD-RMD group). Feeding mice with an HFD-RMD for approximately 8 weeks inhibited excessive calorie intake and altered the gut microbiota composition. Excessive calorie intake was inhibited for several days in mice fed only with an HFD-cellulose and transplanted with fecal microbiota from the HFD-RMD group (FMT-HFD-RMD group). Moreover, in the HFD-RMD and FMT-HFD-RMD groups, serum active glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) levels were significantly higher, and appetite-related neuropeptide gene transcription in the hypothalamus were significantly altered, compared with the HFD-cellulose and FMT-HFD-cellulose groups. These results suggested that the long-term RMD intake changed the gut microbiota composition, increased the GLP-1 and PYY secretion, and altered the appetite-related neuropeptide gene transcription in the hypothalamus, leading to suppressed excessive calorie intake in an HFD.

A fine, hygroscopic, and poorly flowable probiotic powder encapsulating Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) was granulated using a high-shear granulation process, wherein a small amount of water (4%, w/w) was used for moisture-activation with or without 10% (w/w) resistant maltodextrin (RM). The process consisted of four steps; premixing, agglomeration, moisture absorption, and drying steps. The moisture content, water activity, and viable cell count were monitored during the granulation. The size, morphology, and flowability of the granules were determined. The powder was successfully converted to about 10-times-larger granules (mass mean diameter = 162–204 µm) by this process, and the granules had a 'snowball' morphology. The LGG cells were well preserved under the high-shear granulation conditions, and the viable cell count of the granules greatly exceeded the minimum therapeutic level recommended for probiotic powders. The addition of RM decreased the moisture content of the granules; improved cell resistance to drying stress; narrowed the particle size distribution, with reductions seen in both very fine and very large particles; and produced more flowable granules. Moisture sorption analysis and differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that these positive effects of RM on granulation were primarily attributed to its water distribution ability rather than its glass transition-related binding ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS), Ad-fructooligosaccharides (Ad-FOS), resistant maltodextrin (RMD), and maltooligosaccharides (MOS) are commercially available prebiotic oligosaccharides. In this study, the effects of prebiotics on the human gut microbial ecosystem were evaluated using an in vitro gut model. FOS and Ad-FOS showed tolerance to digestion, whereas RMD and MOS showed moderate digestion by digestive enzymes. In in vitro fecal fermentation, Bifidobacterium spp. increased in the following order: FOS, Ad-FOS, MOS, and RMD, whereas Bacteroides spp. increased in RMD medium. Bacteroides xylanisolvens exhibited cross-feeding by enabling the growth of other beneficial bacteria during co-culture in RMD medium. In metabolome analysis, total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were highly produced in the following order: RMD, FOS, MOS, and Ad-FOS; acetate in the order of FOS, MOS/RMD, and Ad-FOS; butyrate in the order of RMD, MOS, FOS, and Ad-FOS; and propionate only in RMD. In addition, the conversion of betaine to trimethylamine was rarely affected in the following order: MOS, RMD, FOS, and Ad-FOS. Lastly, the four oligosaccharides inhibited the adhesion of pathogenic Escherichia coli to human epithelial cells to a similar extent. The comparative analysis results obtained in this study will provide comprehensive information of these substances to manufacturers and customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We have previously reported that the addition of resistant maltodextrin (RMD), a fermentable functional fiber, to the diet increases fecal weight as well as the amount of fecal bifidobacteria. Here, we report on the targeted analysis of changes in potentially beneficial gut bacteria associated with the intervention. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of adding 0, 15 and 25 g RMD to the diets of healthy free-living adults on potentially beneficial gut bacteria. Methods: We expanded on our previously reported microbiota analysis in a double-blind, placebo-controlled feeding study (NCT02733263) by performing additional qPCR analyses targeting fecal lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans in samples from 49 participants. Results: RMD resulted in an approximately two-fold increase in fecal Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans (p = 0.024 for 15 g/day RMD and p = 0.017 for 25 g/day RMD). For Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, we obtained borderline evidence that showed increased amounts in participants that had low baseline levels of these bacteria (p < 0.1 for 25 g/day RMD). We did not detect any effects of RMD on LAB. Conclusions: RMD supplementation in healthy individuals increases Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans. Albeit to a lesser extent, RMD at the higher intake level may also increase Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in individuals with low baseline levels of those two species. Potential benefits associated with these microbiota changes remain to be established in studies with quantifiable health-related endpoints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there have been many reports on the effects of prebiotics on intestinal health. In particular, the consumption of resistant maltodextrin (RMD) has been reported to be beneficial. However, there has been no comprehensive quantification of the effect of RMD on the intestinal environment. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the effects of RMD on the intestine, especially the intestinal microbiome and metabolome profiles. A randomized, double-blind, and controlled trial was conducted in 29 Japanese subjects, whose hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are larger than 6% (Clinical trial no. UMIN000023970, https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr%5fe/ctr%5fview.cgi?recptno=R000027589). The subjects consumed RMD or placebo twice per day for 24 weeks. Blood and fecal samples were collected before and after the intake. The intestinal environment was assessed by a metabologenomics approach, involving 16S rRNA gene-based microbiome analysis and mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis. The intake of RMD increased the levels of Bifidobacterium and Fusicatenibacter and decreased deoxycholate levels. Additionally, intake of RMD lowered the levels of some opportunistic virulent metabolites, such as imidazole propionate and trimethylamine, in subjects with an initially high amount of those metabolites. RMD may have beneficial effects on the gut environment, such as commensal microbiota modulation and reduction of virulence metabolites, which is known as a causative factor in metabolic disorders. However, the effects of RMD partially depend on the gut environmental baseline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present work was to investigate the spray-dried characteristics such as physical properties, morphologies, glass transition temperatures (Tg), and prebiotic activity of white dragon fruit (WDF) powders produced using different wall materials, namely resistant maltodextrin (RMD) and maltodextrin (MD), at optimum spray drying conditions. Results showed that RMD decreased water activity and moisture content, and increased bulk density and true density of powder more than MD. In addition, the particle size of RMD-coated powder (WRMD) was smaller than that of MD-coated powder (WMD), and the morphology of the WRMD powder showed that it had a smooth surface as compared to WMD powder, where shrinkage and dent surfaces were observed. The Tg of WMD powder had higher value, but both types of powders were not significantly (p > 0.05) different. Then, both powders were further investigated for their ability to support the growth of Bifidobacterium longum BB536 and Lactobacillus casei Shirota. The growth of the anaerobic bacteria was determined every 6 h for 24 h at 37°C in six modified MRS media containing glucose, RMD, MD, WRMD powder, WMD powder, and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) as the substrates. Results indicated that all substrates significantly (p < 0.05) increased the growth of the probiotic bacteria, with WRMD powder yielding the highest bacterial count. Based on the findings, WRMD powder can be considerably used as a new prebiotic source for the functional food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In recent years, there have been many reports on the effects of prebiotics on intestinal health. In particular, the consumption of resistant maltodextrin (RMD) has been reported to be beneficial. However, there has been no comprehensive quantification of the effect of RMD on the intestinal environment. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the effects of RMD on the intestine, especially the intestinal microbiome and metabolome profiles. A randomized, double-blind, and controlled trial was conducted in 29 Japanese subjects, whose hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are larger than 6% (Clinical trial no. UMIN000023970, https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000027589). The subjects consumed RMD or placebo twice per day for 24 weeks. Blood and fecal samples were collected before and after the intake. The intestinal environment was assessed by a metabologenomics approach, involving 16S rRNA gene-based microbiome analysis and mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis. The intake of RMD increased the levels of Bifidobacterium and Fusicatenibacter and decreased deoxycholate levels. Additionally, intake of RMD lowered the levels of some opportunistic virulent metabolites, such as imidazole propionate and trimethylamine, in subjects with an initially high amount of those metabolites. RMD may have beneficial effects on the gut environment, such as commensal microbiota modulation and reduction of virulence metabolites, which is known as a causative factor in metabolic disorders. However, the effects of RMD partially depend on the gut environmental baseline.

A fine, hygroscopic, and poorly flowable probiotic powder encapsulating Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) was granulated using a high-shear granulation process, wherein a small amount of water (4%, w/w) was used for moisture-activation with or without 10% (w/w) resistant maltodextrin (RM). The process consisted of four steps; premixing, agglomeration, moisture absorption, and drying steps. The moisture content, water activity, and viable cell count were monitored during the granulation. The size, morphology, and flowability of the granules were determined. The powder was successfully converted to about 10-times-larger granules (mass mean diameter = 162–204 µm) by this process, and the granules had a ‘snowball’ morphology. The LGG cells were well preserved under the high-shear granulation conditions, and the viable cell count of the granules greatly exceeded the minimum therapeutic level recommended for probiotic powders. The addition of RM decreased the moisture content of the granules; improved cell resistance to drying stress; narrowed the particle size distribution, with reductions seen in both very fine and very large particles; and produced more flowable granules. Moisture sorption analysis and differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated that these positive effects of RM on granulation were primarily attributed to its water distribution ability rather than its glass transition-related binding ability.

Resistant maltodextrin (RMD), derived from the heat treatment of corn starch, is a water-soluble fermentable functional fibre. Its benefits include being a satiating prebiotic, reducer of glucose and triglycerides in the blood, and promoter of good gut health. Despite its functionality, there is still further need for investigations of its use as a food formulating ingredient and their physicochemical property changes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of RMD addition on the physicochemical and structural properties of spray-dried orange juice powders. The physicochemical properties evaluated were water content, hygroscopicity, bulk density, porosity, water solubility, water absorption index, colour, and microstructure. We found RMD addition improved the orange juice spray-dried powder productivity. Samples with RMD were more porous and less hygroscopic, and they presented low water content; physicochemical properties desirable for powders. Therefore, to reach a compromise between powders' functionality and physicochemical property changes, especially colour, the addition of 5 RMD% is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Celiac disease is considered an uncommon digestive disorder induced by gluten protein. The consumption of a gluten-free diet is the primary treatment for this disease. Rice flour has been applied in various gluten-free products. Resistant maltodextrin is a soluble dietary fiber with various physiological properties. This study aimed to investigate the potential of dietary fiber and low-calorie sweeteners on the development of gluten-free low-glycemic-index pancakes. The partial substitution of resistant maltodextrin for Jasmine or Sangyod rice flours and partial substitution of low-calorie sweeteners (stevioside/sucralose) for sucrose were performed and characterized for physicochemical characteristics, in vitro glycemic index, and consumer acceptance for the development of low-glycemic index and gluten-free rice pancakes. Resistant maltodextrin not only reduced glycemic index, but also promoted a soft texture in the rice pancakes by reducing the hardness of pancake samples. For pancake preparation, Jasmine rice flour was preferable with an overall liking score between 5.7 and 6.2. Partial substitution of 25 percent sucralose for bakery sugar, together with partial substitution of 10 percent resistant maltodextrin, provided the low-glycemic index pancake (51.9 ± 1.4 and 49.3 ± 1.7 for both Jasmine and Sangyod rice flour, respectively) and the panelists also assigned a higher overall acceptability score to the pancake prepared with this formula compared to the original formula. In terms of the nutritional profile, partial replacement of Jasmine rice flour and bakery sugar by resistant maltodextrin and sucralose (respectively) decreased the carbohydrate and energy of pancake by 7.34 g and 9.79 kcal, respectively.

Background: We have previously reported that the addition of resistant maltodextrin (RMD), a fermentable functional fiber, to the diet increases fecal weight as well as the amount of fecal bifidobacteria. Here, we report on the targeted analysis of changes in potentially beneficial gut bacteria associated with the intervention. Objective: The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of adding 0, 15 and 25 g RMD to the diets of healthy free-living adults on potentially beneficial gut bacteria. Methods: We expanded on our previously reported microbiota analysis in a double-blind, placebo-controlled feeding study (NCT02733263) by performing additional qPCR analyses targeting fecal lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans in samples from 49 participants. Results: RMD resulted in an approximately two-fold increase in fecal Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans (p = 0.024 for 15 g/day RMD and p = 0.017 for 25 g/day RMD). For Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, we obtained borderline evidence that showed increased amounts in participants that had low baseline levels of these bacteria (p < 0.1 for 25 g/day RMD). We did not detect any effects of RMD on LAB. Conclusions: RMD supplementation in healthy individuals increases Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans. Albeit to a lesser extent, RMD at the higher intake level may also increase Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in individuals with low baseline levels of those two species. Potential benefits associated with these microbiota changes remain to be established in studies with quantifiable health-related endpoints.

Norikazu Watanabe,1 Masataka Suzuki,1 Yoshitake Yamaguchi,2 Yukari Egashira3 1Yakujihou Marketing Jimusho Co Ltd., Tokyo, 2Research Laboratory, Matsutani Chemical Industry Co Ltd., Hyogo, 3Laboratory of Food and Nutrition, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan Abstract: It is well known that dietary fiber helps to relieve and prevent constipation, and there are a number of scientific papers, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the effects of naturally derived dietary fiber on bowel movements. In recent years, there has been an increase in the manufacture of dietary fiber ingredients obtained from food raw materials, and these are now commonly available in the market. Resistant maltodextrin (RMD), a soluble dietary fiber, is manufactured from starch, and industrially produced soluble dietary fiber is used worldwide. While there are many reports on the effects of RMD on bowel movements, no systematic review or meta-analysis has been reported. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the effect of RMD on bowel movements based on stool frequency and stool volume. We also investigated the subjective evaluation of RMD effects on bowel movements. Of a total of 314 potentially relevant articles, 28 articles met the eligibility criteria, and 29 randomized controlled trials were identified. As a result of integration analyses, we found that the intake of RMD significantly increased stool volume and stool frequency compared with placebo intake. Furthermore, RMD intake tended to improve sensation of complete/incomplete evacuation. In conclusion, the evidence suggests that RMD has a positive effect on bowel movements, contributing to normal bowel function. This finding will help in the development of new criteria for choice of dietary fiber in the process of developing food products. Keywords: resistant maltodextrin, dietary fiber, bowel movement, systematic review, meta-analysis

Introduction: Introduction: resistant starch (RS) is not completely digested in the human intestine but is fermented in the colon; intestinal pH decreases as short-chain fatty acids are produced. This is beneficial for health, and for preventing and treating rectal colon cancer. Pyrodextrinization and enzymatic hydrolysis are modifications to native starch (NS) that may increase the amount of RS. Objective: the objective of this project was to evaluate the effects of M. cavendish AAA native and both chemically and enzymatically modified starches on tumor markers in rats. Methods: modifications (chemical and enzymatic) were made to M. cavendish AAA NS, and were evaluated in rats with 1,2-DMH. Male Sprague Dawley rats (25) were used, divided into five experimental groups: PC, NC, NS, PI, and ERM. During 4 weeks they received the experimental diet assigned to each group. The PC, NS, PI and ERM groups received 2 weekly s.c. (subcutaneous) injections of 1,2-DMH (40 mg/kg) (third and fourth week). In feces, pH, β-glucuronidase enzyme, and short-chain fatty acids were evaluated, and a histopathological study was performed of the intestine to detect microscopic lesions. Results: the activity of β-glucuronidase decreased (p < 0.05) for NS, PI and ERM vs. PC. The highest proportion of butyric acid was observed in the NS (p < 0.05) vs. NC group. Sixty percent of enteritides were severe in grade in the PC group, and 40 % in the experimental groups. Conclusions: native starch granules resisted pyrodextrinization, but treatment with α-amylase broke the structure of the pyrodextrin granule. According to the treatments given to the rats, as the amount of RS present in the diet increases (NS), the neoplastic cells do not advance beyond the basement membrane, suggesting a possible cell-protective or anticancer effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistant maltodextrin (RMD) is a water-soluble and fermentable functional fiber. RMD is a satiating prebiotic, reducer of glucose and triglycerides in the blood, and promoter of good gut health, and its addition to food is increasingly frequent. Therefore, it is necessary to study its potential effects on intrinsic bioactive compounds of food and their bioaccessibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding RMD on the bioactive compounds of pasteurized orange juice with and without pulp, and the bioaccessibility of such compounds. RMD was added at different concentrations: 0 (control sample), 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. Ascorbic acid (AA) and vitamin C were analyzed using HPLC, whereas total phenols, total carotenoids (TC), and antioxidant capacity were measured using spectrophotometry. After that, sample in vitro digestibility was assessed using the standardized static in vitro digestion method. The control orange juice with pulp presented significantly higher values of bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity than the control orange juice without pulp (p < 0.05). RMD addition before the juice pasteurization process significantly protected all bioactive compounds, namely total phenols, TC, AA, and vitamin C, as well as the antioxidant capacity (AC) (p < 0.05). Moreover, this bioactive compound protective effect was higher when higher RMD concentrations were added. However, RMD addition improved phenols and vitamin C bioaccessibility but decreased TC and AA bioaccessibility. Therefore, the AC value of samples after gastrointestinal digestion was slightly decreased by RMD addition. Moreover, orange pulp presence decreased total phenols and TC bioaccessibility but increased AA and vitamin C bioaccessibility.

Resistant maltodextrin is a non-viscous dietary fiber that is fermentable in the colon by colonic bacteria. The objective of this review is to summarize the studies of resistant maltodextrin and its effect on metabolic profile, such as blood glucose, lipid profile, and body weight. Several studies support the idea that resistant maltodextrin may improve blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and obesity. However, the use of resistant maltodextrin should be limited to minimize the adverse effect on the gastrointestinal system. This review provides information regarding the benefits of resistant maltodextrin on metabolic health as well as its proposed mechanism to enhance the knowledge of this novel fiber. Key teaching points Resistant maltodextrin is a novel non-viscous dietary fiber classified as resistant starch type V that is produced by debranching of the starch structure. Resistant maltodextrin is fermentable in the colon and thus produces short-chain fatty acid. Resistant maltodextrin helps to maintain blood and lipid profiles as well as promote satiety and reducing food intake. High intake of resistant maltodextrin may cause gastrointestinal discomfort due to the gas production and increased osmotic pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Dietary fiber stimulates the growth of potentially beneficial bacteria (eg, bifidobacteria), yet most Americans do not meet daily fiber recommendations. Resistant maltodextrin (RMD), a fermentable functional fiber, may help individuals meet total fiber recommendations and potentially increase bifidobacteria. It was hypothesized that fecal bifidobacteria counts/ng fecal DNA would increase after adding 25 g RMD to inadequate fiber diets of healthy adults. In this double-blind, controlled crossover study, 51 participants (26.3 ± 6.8 years, mean ± SD) were randomized to consume 0, 15, and 25 g RMD daily for 3 weeks followed by a 2-week washout. Participants collected all stools for 2 days at weeks 0 and 3 of each intervention for stool wet weight (WW) measurements and fecal bifidobacteria counts. Weekly 24-hour dietary recalls assessed total fiber intake. Only 25 g RMD resulted in a change (final minus baseline) in bifidobacteria that was significant compared with 0 g (0.17 ± 0.09 vs −0.17 ± 0.09 log 10 [counts], respectively, mean ± SEM, P =.008). Stool WW increased only with 25 g (150 ± 11 vs baseline 121±11 g/d; P =.011). Mean daily total fiber intake (including RMD) was significantly higher (both P <.001) with 15 g (17.8 ± 0.6 g/1000 kcal or 4184 kJ) and 25 g (25.3 ± 1.1 g/1000 kcal) compared with 0 g RMD (8.4±0.4 g/1000 kcal). Mean daily total fiber intakes exceeded recommendations (14 g/1000 kcal) with 15 and 25 g of RMD, and 25 g RMD increased fecal bifidobacteria counts and stool WW, suggesting health benefits from increasing total fiber intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistant maltodextrin (RMD) is a water-soluble fibre that can be fermented in the colon and exert prebiotic effects. Therefore, its addition to food and beverage products could be beneficial from both technological and nutritional viewpoints. However, to date, most studies have focused on the stability of the prebiotic fibre rather than its impact in the original food matrices. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the addition of RMD on the physico-chemical properties of pasteurised orange juice (with and without pulp). °Brix, pH, acidity, particle size distribution, density, turbidity, rheology, and colour were measured in orange juices with increasing RMD concentrations (2.5, 5, and 7.5%). Control samples without RMD were also prepared. RMD added soluble solids to the orange juice, affecting the °Brix, density, turbidity, and rheology. Slight colour differences were observed, and lower citric acid content was achieved because of orange juice replacement with RMD. Differences in particle size distribution were exclusively because of pulp content. Further studies are needed to elucidate if potential consumers will appreciate such physico-chemical changes in organoleptic terms.

This study investigated the effects of incorporating a mixture of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and resistant maltodextrin (RMD) at a ratio of 1:2 on body fat accumulation and fecal bacterial parameters in rats. Our results indicated that high dietary fat consumption might effectively (p < 0.05) increase body fat, but consequently inducing a significantly (p < 0.05) higher growth of C. perfringens and retarded growth (p < 0.05) of the Bifidobacterium spp. in the large intestine. As compared with the high fat control, an incorporation of the FOS and RMD mixture at a high dose (0.97 and 1.94 g/kg body weight, respectively) could result in a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in feed efficiency (-16%), total visceral fat (-17.4%), non-visceral fat levels (-20.3%), and total body fat (-19.2%). Furthermore, feeding the FOS and RMD mixture at a high dose was capable to counter the above undesirable impacts by reducing the C. perfringens count (-14.8%) and increasing the total Bifidobacterium count (134.4%) and total fecal short chain fatty acids (195.4%). A supplementation of adequate amount of FOS and RMD might confer a concreted solution to the obesity and deteriorated fecal bacteria profiles due to high fat consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Increasing secretion and production of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) by continuous ingestion of certain food components has been expected to prevent glucose intolerance and obesity. In this study, we examined whether a physiological dose (5% weight in diet) of digestion-resistant maltodextrin (RMD) has a GLP-1-promoting effect in rats fed a high-fat and high-sucrose (HFS) diet.Methods: Rats were fed a control diet or the HFS (30% fat, 40% sucrose wt/wt) diet supplemented with 5% RMD or fructooligosaccharides (FOS) for 8 weeks or for 8 days in separated experiments. Glucose tolerance, energy intake, plasma and tissue GLP-1 concentrations, and cecal short-chain fatty acids concentrations were assessed.Results: After 4 weeks of feeding, HFS-fed rats had significantly higher glycemic response to oral glucose than control rats, but rats fed HFS + RMD/FOS did not (approx. 50% reduction vs HFS rats). HFS + RMD/FOS-fed rats had higher GLP-1 responses (~twofold) to oral glucose, than control rats. After 8 weeks, visceral adipose tissue weight was significantly higher in HFS-fed rats than control rats, while HFS + RMD/FOS rats had a trend of reduced gain (~50%) of the tissue weight. GLP-1 contents and luminal propionate concentrations in the large intestine increased (>twofold) by adding RMD/FOS to HFS. Eight days feeding of RMD/FOS-supplemented diets reduced energy intake (~10%) and enhanced cecal GLP-1 production (~twofold), compared to HFS diet.Conclusions: The physiological dose of a prebiotic fiber promptly (within 8 days) promotes GLP-1 production in rats fed an obesogenic diet, which would help to prevent excess energy intake and fat accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Resistant maltodextrin (RMD) inhibited rat intestinal disaccharidases. • The method measuring released glucose overestimated the inhibition rate of RMD. • Digestibility of RMD significantly changed in the presence or absence of substrates. • Difference in digestibility of RMD caused overestimation.The method measuring released fructose or p-nitrophenol evaluated the inhibition rate correctly. Resistant maltodextrin (RMD) attenuates the blood glucose response in healthy adults, as supported by meta -analysis. One of the potential mechanisms is disaccharidase inhibition. We hypothesized that the conventional method determining released glucose might lead to misestimation of the inhibitory effects because RMD is partly digested and the glucose amount released from RMD could change in the presence or absence of substrates. We examined digestibility change of RMD and compared the inhibitory effects by determination of released glucose (Glu method), fructose (Fru method), and p -nitrophenol from p -nitrophenyl- α -D-glucopyranoside (p NPG method). The Glu method overestimated the inhibition rate (18.9 to 60.2% for maltase). The Fru method showed inhibition for sucrase by 6.46 to 10.9% and isomaltase by 14.4 to 28.6%. The p NPG method showed α-glucosidase inhibition of 11.0 to 28.1%. These results indicate that the Glu method is not suitable for inhibition assay of partially digestible dextrin and that RMD has disaccharidase inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have shown that resistant maltodextrin (RMD) possesses blood cholesterol lowering and anti-obesity effects. In order to investigate the effect of RMD on lipid metabolism in the liver, rats were fed with a high-fat (HF) diet for 7 weeks to induce hyperlipidemia and fatty liver. Normal control rats were fed with a normal diet. HF-diet-fed rats were treated with 5% RMD for 8 weeks. The results showed that the increased plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, the increased hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, and fatty liver in HF-diet-fed rats were significantly decreased after supplementation with RMD. Supplementation with RMD significantly (1) induced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation; (2) inhibited the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR); (3) suppressed the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-γ; (4) increased β-oxidation of fatty acids by increasing the protein expression carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1α (CPT-1α) in the livers of HF-diet-fed rats. Taken together, supplementation of RMD was capable of inhibiting lipogenic enzyme activities and inducing fatty acid β-oxidation through increasing AMPK activation, thereby reducing lipid accumulation in the liver.

Quercetin is well known for its beneficial health effects on the human body. However, the slow dissolution rate leading to poor bioavailability constitutes a barrier to being further developed for nutritional products. In this work, quercetin was co-precipitated with dietary fibers into a fast-dissolving nanoformulation via antisolvent precipitation, followed by spray drying. With the help of cellulose fiber, resistant starch or resistant maltodextrin, a high dissolution rate and good storage stability was achieved for quercetin nanoformulations. In addition, nanoformulations exhibited higher level of antioxidant activities in contrast to raw quercetin. The developed quercetin/dietary fiber nanoformulations could be used as supplements or functional ingredients for food development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Digestion-resistant dextrin derivatives (DRDDs), including resistant maltodextrin (RM), polydextrose, and resistant glucan (RG), have been developed as low-energy foods. However, data on the resistance of DRDDs to small-intestinal digestion are scarce.Objective: We sought to determine the site and extent of DRDD breakdown in the rat intestine and to predict its energy contributions.Methods: In vitro small-intestinal resistance of DRDDs was evaluated by the AOAC method for dietary fiber measurement and by artificial digestion with the use of pancreatic α-amylase and brush-boarder membrane vesicles. In vivo small-intestinal resistance of DRDDs was determined from the feces of male ileorectostomized Sprague-Dawley rats fed a control diet or a diet containing one of the DRDDs at 50 g/kg for 9 d (period 1) and then for 10 d (period 2), during which they received 1 g neomycin/L in their drinking water. Separately, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed the same diets for 4 wk, and the whole-gut recoveries of DRDDs were determined from feces at days 8-10.Results: Small-intestinal resistances determined in vitro by artificial digestion (RM: 70%; polydextrose: 67%; RG: 69%) were lower than those measured by the AOAC method (RM: 92%; polydextrose: 80%; RG: 82%). In the ileorectostomized rats, fecal dry-matter excretions were consistently greater in the DRDDs than in the control. The small-intestinal resistances of the DRDDs were 68%, 58%, and 62% in period 1 and 66%, 61%, and 67% during period 2 for RM, polydextrose, and RG, respectively. The resistances did not differ among the DRDDs at either time. In the normal rats, food intakes and body weight gains did not differ among the groups. The whole-gut recovery of RM (13%) was lower than that of polydextrose (33%) and RG (29%), which did not differ.Conclusions: DRDDs were more digestible in the rat small intestine than the AOAC method. The energy contribution from small-intestine digestibility, not just large-bowel fermentability, must be considered in determining the energy contribution of DRDDs. Whether humans respond similarly needs to be tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Increased awareness of the importance of dietary fibre has led to increased interest in 'functional' fibre components like digestion-resistant maltodextrin (RMD). This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study assessed the effects of RMD in the colonic transit time (CTT) and defecation characteristics (frequency, stool volume and consistency). Methods: Sixty-six healthy adult volunteers (32 men) who did not have a daily defecation habit had a 7-day run-in period before the 21-day intervention period with RMD or placebo. CTT and segmental CTT (SCTT) were assessed by a single abdominal X-ray film taken at the end of both periods after radiopaque marker ingestion. Defecation characteristics and intestinal functions were also assessed, which were self-reported by patients. Intragroup comparisons were evaluated by Student's paired t test, Bonferroni test and Chi-square test, while time comparisons by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and time-by-treatment interaction by repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: Fifty-seven subjects were assessed for CTT (placebo, n = 28; RMD, n = 29). In the RMD group, the total CTT, left SCTT and rectosigmoidal SCTT decreased significantly compared to baseline ( p < 0.01 each; −13.3, −4.7, −8.7 h, respectively). Significant differences between groups were observed in total CTT and left SCTT. Significant time-by-treatment interaction was observed in the RMD group for stool volume ( p = 0.014), increasing 56 % compared to baseline ( p < 0.01), while remained unchanged in the placebo group. Stool consistency was improved only in the RMD group ( p < 0.01). No adverse effects related to study products were observed. Conclusions: The results show that RMD improved CTT, stool volume, stool consistency and some intestinal functions in a healthy population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of resistant maltodextrin (RMD) on reproduction in streptozotocin (STZ)-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic male rats. Forty male rats were induced with diabetes by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg kg-1) and nicotinamide (100 mg kg-1). Five groups were analysed in total: normal, diabetic rats without RMD, diabetic rats with RMD 1.2 g per 100 g diet (1?), with RMD 2.4 g per 100 g (2?), and with RMD 6.0 g per 100 g (5?). The groups of diabetic rats with the RMD supplement, compared to those without supplement, showed improved plasma glucose control, attenuated insulin resistance and recovery of testosterone level and spermatogenesis stage. The STZ-nicotinamide-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) caused a significant reduction in serum testosterone, testis androgen receptor (AR), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) protein, but a statistical recovery in each of these was observed in the 5? group. TUNEL-positive cells were observed in the diabetic without RMD group, and RMD treatment reduced apoptotic germ cells. The expression of Bax/Bcl2 was induced in the diabetic group and also significantly reduced in the 5? group. Dietary RMD may improve metabolic control in STZ-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats and attenuate hyperglycaemia- related impaired male reproduction and testicular function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistant carbohydrates, inulin, and Fibersol-2, belong to soluble dietary fibers and are considered important prebiotics that maintain biological functions, including glucose homeostasis, lipid regulation, colon disease prevention, and prebiotics characteristics. However, few studies have investigated Fibersol-2 alone or in combination with inulin to assess a pooled effect on modulation of hyperlipidemia. We aimed to investigate the effects of this combined supplement (defined as InF) on hamsters fed a 0.2% cholesterol and 10% lard diet (i.e., high-cholesterol diet, HCD) to induce hyperlipidemia. A total of 40 male hamsters were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 8 per group) for treatment: standard diet, vehicle (control); or vehicle or InF supplementation by oral gavage at 0, 864, 1727, or 2591 mg/kg/day for eight weeks, designated HCD, InF-1X, InF-2X, and InF-3X groups, respectively. The hypolipidemic efficacy and safety of InF supplementation was assessed by serum lipid indexes, hepatic and fecal lipid content, and histology. InF supplementation significantly improved serum levels of triacylglycerol (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the ratio of LDL-C/HDL-C after two-week treatment, and reduced serum total cholesterol (TC) levels after four-week administration. After eight-week supplementation, InF supplementation dose-dependently improved serum levels of TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C; LDL-C/HDL-C ratio; and hepatic TC and TG levels. It inhibited TC absorption by feces elimination. Our study provides experiment-based evidence to support that this prebiotics remedy may be useful in preventing or treating hyperlipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein is an essential nutrient that plays several roles in the maintenance of the human body. A high-protein diet is also known to play an important role in weight management in obese individuals and in maintaining muscle strength in the elderly. However, over-consumption of protein can have negative effects on health, including deterioration of the intestinal environment by the production of amino acid metabolites such as phenols. Interest in the regulation of the intestinal environment to maintain health has gained attention recently. Resistant maltodextrin (RMD) is a prebiotic dietary fiber. Therefore, we investigated whether RMD suppressed the production of amino acid metabolites through intestinal regulation in rats. Wistar rats were fed either an AIN-93G diet or a modified AIN-93G diet containing 5% tyrosine. RMD (2.5% or 5.0%) was provided with drinking water. The rats were fed these diets and water ad libitum for 3 wk. Urine was collected overnight, after which serum, liver, kidneys, and the whole cecum were collected from rats under anesthesia with isoflurane for analysis of phenols and microbiota. RMD decreased the cecal, serum, and urinary levels of phenols, especially phenol. Moreover, the relative abundance of intestinal Romboutsia ilealis showed a significant correlation with the cecal phenols levels, and RMD decreased the abundance of this species. Thus, RMD may suppress phenols production and decrease serum phenols levels by altering the intestinal environment in rats.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which is produced and released from enteroendocrine L cells, plays pivotal roles in postprandial glycaemia. The ingestion of resistant maltodextrin (RMD), a water-soluble non-digestible saccharide, improves the glycaemic response. In the present study, we examined whether the continuous feeding of RMD to rats affected GLP-1 levels and glycaemic control. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (6 weeks of age) were fed an American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93G-based diet containing either cellulose (5%) as a control, RMD (2·5 or 5%), or fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS, 2·5 or 5%) for 7 weeks. During the test period, an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed after 6 weeks. Fasting GLP-1 levels were significantly higher in the 5% RMD group than in the control group after 6 weeks. The IPGTT results showed that the glycaemic response was lower in the 5% RMD group than in the control group. Lower caecal pH, higher caecal tissue and content weights were observed in the RMD and FOS groups. Proglucagon mRNA levels were increased in the caecum and colon of both RMD and FOS groups, whereas caecal GLP-1 content was increased in the 5% RMD group. In addition, a 1 h RMD exposure induced GLP-1 secretion in an enteroendocrine L-cell model, and single oral administration of RMD increased plasma GLP-1 levels in conscious rats. The present study demonstrates that continuous ingestion of RMD increased GLP-1 secretion and production in normal rats, which could be stimulated by its direct and indirect (enhanced gut fermentation) effects on GLP-1-producing cells, and contribute to improving glucose tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the findings of a research which evaluates the energy of dietary fiber Hydrogenated resistant maltodextrin (H-RMD). It mentions that the methodology including in vitro digestion test, in vivo blood glucose measurement and in vitro fermentability test were used to conduct the research. The research reveals that the digestibility of H-RMD with human salivary amylase and mucosal enzymes of the rat small intestine is very low, when compared to digestible maltodextrin.

It has been reported that low-viscous and fermentable dietary fiber and nondigestible oligosaccharides enhance mineral absorption. Resistant maltodextrin, nonviscous, fermentable and soluble source of dietary fiber, has several physiological functions. However, influence of resistant maltodextrin on mineral absorption is unclear. We conducted balance studies in rats to investigate effects of resistant maltodextrin and hydrogenated resistant maltodextrin on apparent mineral absorption. In experiment 1 (Exp. 1), 40 rats were fed test diets based on AIN-93G with or without resistant maltodextrin or hydrogenated resistant maltodextrin for 2 weeks. In experiment 2 (Exp. 2), 32 rats were cecectomized (CX) or sham-operated (Sham) and fed diets with or without hydrogenated resistant maltodextrin for 1 week. In Exp. 1, ingestion of resistant maltodextrin and hydrogenated resistant maltodextrin dose-dependently enhanced apparent absorption rates of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn, and increased cecal fermentation with cecal expansion. In Exp. 2, the absorption rates of Ca and Mg were significantly enhanced by ingestion of hydrogenated resistant maltodextrin in Sham group but not in CX group. The promotion of Fe and Zn absorption was not affected by cecectomy. Ingestion of resistant maltodextrin and hydrogenated resistant maltodextrin increased apparent Ca and Mg absorptions dependent on cecal fermentation, while other mechanisms may also be involved in promotion of apparent Fe and Zn absorption by resistant maltodextrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]