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ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the viability of the porcine vas deferens as a realistic microsurgical training model for vasectomy reversal Methods: The model uses swine testicles (vas deferent), which are usually discarded in large street markets since they are not part of Brazilian cuisine. The spermatic cord was carefully dissected, and the vas deferens were isolated, measuring 10 cm in length. A paper quadrilateral with 5 cm2 was built to delimit the surgical training field. The objective of the model is to simulate only the microsurgical step when the vas deferens are already isolated. The parameters analyzed were: feasibility for reproducing the technique, patency before and after performing the vasovasostomy, cost of the model, ease of acquisition, ease of handling, execution time, and model reproducibility. Results: The simulator presented low cost. All models made were viable with a texture similar to human, with positive patency obtained in 100% of the procedures. The internal and external diameters of the vas deferens varied between 0.2-0.4 mm and 2-3 mm, respectively, with a mean length of 9 ± 1.2 cm. The total procedure time was 43.28 ± 3.22 minutes. Conclusions: The realistic model presented proved to be viable for carrying out vasectomy reversal training, due to its low cost, easy acquisition, and easy handling, and providing similar tissue characteristics to humans.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe the technique of sublay correction of incisional hernia in Wistar rats under videomagnification system. Methods: Five male rats of the species Rattus norvegicus, of the Wistar lineage, with body weight between 250–350 g and 60 days old were used. Incisional hernia was inducted in all animals. After that, the incisional hernia was immediately corrected by the sublay method. Results: There were no cases of recurrence of the incisional hernia after placement of the polypropylene mesh using the sublay technique. No postoperative complications were observed. Conclusions: The technique is suitable for execution in Wistar rats.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To study the anatomorphometry of the plexus brachialis (PB) of rats under a high-definition video system. Methods: Ten male Wistar rats discarded from other research that did not interfere in the morphology of the animal, respecting the principle of reduction, were used. All animals were submitted to the same protocol. Initially, the cervical region was shaved. The animals were placed in a dorsal position. A single elbow-to-elbow incision was performed and dissection started at the deltopectoral sulcus. The procedures were performed under a video system. To measure the structures, the Image J software was used. Results: All the PB evaluated originated from the C5-T1 spinal nerves. C5 and C6 converged to form the truncus superior, the root of C7 originated the truncus medius, and the confluence of C8 and T1 originated the truncus inferior. It was found the union of C7, C8, and T1 to form truncus inferomedialis instead of separate medial and inferior truncus. C8 (1.31 mm) was the thickest root, the truncus inferior (1.80 mm) and the nerve radialis (1.02 mm), were the thickest. Conclusions: The anatomy of the PB is comparable to humans, admitting variations. The videomagnification system is useful to perform microsurgical dissection.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe a new anesthetic protocol medullary and nerve roots access and in Rattus norvegicus. Methods: Seventy female Wistar rats (n=70) were used. The animals were randomly divided into two laminectomy groups: cervical (n=40) and thoracic (n=30). In cervical group, a right posterior hemilaminectomy was performed to access the nerve roots. In thoracic group, a laminectomy of the eighth thoracic vertebra was accomplished. Thirty-five rats (20 cervical and 15 thoracic) were submitted to old anesthetic protocol (ketamine 70 mg/kg plus xylazine 10 mg/kg); and the 35 other animals (20 cervical and 15 thoracic) were submitted to a new anesthetic protocol (ketamine 60 mg/kg,xylazine 8 mg/kg and fentanyl 0.03 mg/kg). Results: The time to complete induction was 4.15 ±1.20 minin ketamine, xylazine and fentanyl group, and it was 4.09 ±1.47 min in the ketamine and xylazine group. There was no correlation in the time required to perform the cervical laminectomy in the old anesthetic protocol. In all groups, the animals submitted to the old anesthetic protocol had a higher level of pain on the first and third postoperative days than the animals submitted to the new anesthetic protocol. Conclusions: The new anesthetic protocol reduces the surgical time, allows better maintenance of the anesthetic plan, and brings more satisfactory postoperative recovery.

Resumo Objetivo: Desenvolver um modelo treinamento utilizando tomates para aquisição de habilidades microcirúrgicas oftalmológicas. Métodos: Duas espécies de tomates (Tomate longa vida e cereja) foram utilizados, sendo utilizados tomates verdolengos e maduros. Delimitou-se com marcador permanente um círculo de raio de 0,5cm. Sob magnificação de um sistema de vídeo, foi realizado a separação da casca, tentando evitar lesionar a fruta. Após a dissecção, foi realizado a rafia da região removida com fio de mononáilon 10-0. Resultados: Os modelos utilizados mostraram-se viáveis para a realização do treinamento de dissecção microcirúrgica independente da espécie. O custo médio de cada simulador foi de menos de R$2,00. O tempo médio de dissecção foi de 10,40 ±1,84 minutos no tomate maduro e 15,20 ±2,25 minutos no verdolengos. Apenas nos tomates verdolengos foi possível realizar a rafia. Conclusão: O modelo de treinamento desenvolvido mostrou-se adequado para o treinamento inicial de várias habilidades oftalmológicas. Além disso, apresenta um baixo custo e fácil aquisição e confecção.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the influence tramadol on functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in rats. Methods: Ten rats were divided into two groups (n = 5). All animals were submitted by a laminectomy and spinal cord injury at eighth thoracic vertebra. In control group, the rats didn’t receive any analgesic. In tramadol group, the rats received tramadol 4mg/Kg at 12/12h until 5 days by subcutaneous. Animals were following by fourteen days. Was evaluated the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan scale (locomotor evaluation) and Rat Grimace Scale (pain evaluation) at four periods. Results: There no difference between the groups in locomotor evaluation in all periods evaluated (p>0.05) and in both groups there was a partial recover of function. The tramadol group show a lower pain levels at the first, third and seventh postoperatively days when comparing to the control group. Conclusion: The tramadol as an analgesic agent don’t influence on functional recovery of acute spinal cord injury in rats

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the normality pattern in functional tests of peripheral nerves. Methods Sixty female and sixty male Wistar rats were submitted to vibrissae movement and nictitating reflex for facial nerve; grooming test and grasping test for brachial plexus; and walking tracking test and horizontal ladder test for lumbar plexus. The tests were performed separately, with an interval of seven days between each. Results All animals showed the best score in vibrissae movement, nictitating reflex, grooming test, and horizontal ladder test. The best score was acquired for the first time in more than 90% of animals. The mean of strength on the grasping test was 133.46±12.08g for the right and 121.74±8.73g for the left anterior paw. There was a difference between the right and left sides. There was no difference between the groups according to sex. There is no statistical difference comparing all functional indexes between sex, independent of the side analyzed. The peroneal functional index showed higher levels than the sciatic and tibial functional index on both sides and sex. Conclusions The behavioral and functional assessment of peripheral nerve regeneration are low-cost, easy to perform, and reliable tests. However, they need to be performed by experienced researchers to avoid misinterpretation.

Abstract Background Ischemia-reperfusion injury contributes to morbidity after revascularization procedures. Along with early reperfusion, tissue conditioning by alternating intervals of brief ischemia-reperfusion episodes is considered the best approach to limit tissue damage. Remote ischemic conditioning is conducted remotely, in tissues other than those under ischemia. Despite this, remote ischemic conditioning protection mechanisms are poorly understood, which can lead to misapplication. Objectives To assess whether remote ischemic conditioning works in the heart and brain through enhancement of cells’ antioxidant defenses and whether the response is sustained or temporary. Methods Twenty-one male Wistar rats were assigned to three groups (n = 7): SHAM: same procedure as the other groups, but no remote ischemic conditioning was carried out. RIC 10: heart and brain were harvested 10 minutes after the remote ischemic conditioning protocol. RIC 60: heart and brain were harvested 60 minutes after the remote ischemic conditioning protocol. The remote ischemic conditioning protocol consisted of 3 cycles of 5 min left hindlimb ischemia followed by 5 min left hindlimb perfusion, lasting 30 min in total. Heart and brain samples were used to measure the tissue antioxidant capacity. Results Remote ischemic conditioning increased heart and brain antioxidant capacity after 10 minutes (0.746 ± 0.160/0.801 ± 0.227 mM/L) when compared to SHAM (0.523 ± 0.078/0.404 ± 0.124 mM/L). No enhancement of heart or brain antioxidant capacity was detected 60 minutes after remote ischemic conditioning (0.551 ± 0.073/0.455 ± 0.107 mM/L). Conclusions Remote ischemic conditioning temporarily enhances heart and brain antioxidant defenses in male Wistar rats.

Abstract Purpose: To verify the influence of oophorectomy on lipidogram and glycemia. Methods: Fifty six female rats were divided into the following 7 groups (n = 8): group 1 - sham group, group 2 - oophorectomy 30 days, group 3 - oophorectomy 35 days, group 4 - oophorectomy 40 days, group 5 - oophorectomy 45 days, group 6 - oophorectomy 70 days, group 7 - oophorectomy 55 days. Animals were following by number of days according the group. Was evaluated the serum levels of glucose and lipid profile. Results: The oophorectomized rats presented higher glycemia. Groups 3, 4, 6 and 7 had a higher glycemia and LDL levels (except for group 6) and groups 6 and 7 had lowest levels of HDL. Group 7 had highest level of VLDL than oophorectomy groups. There was no difference in triglycerides levels. Conclusion: Oophorectomy was related to dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, mainly after 50th days.

Abstract Purpose: To compare the continuous and interrupted suture technique on femoral artery on rats after vessel repair and 14 days after. Methods: Twenty rats were operated randomly divided into two group matched according to the suture technique used: interrupted or continuous. We performed a femoral anastomosis on the right femoral artery. We analyzed weight, arterial caliber, anastomosis time and patency after vessel repair and 14 days after. Results: There was no significant difference between groups in the weight (p=0.64), diameter of the femoral artery (p=0.95) and patency (p=1.00). The time spent in the anastomosis was 451 seconds in the continuous group and 718 seconds in the interrupted group, presenting significant difference (p

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate if combination of perconditioning and postconditioning provides improved renal protection compared to perconditioning alone in a model of renal reperfusion injury. Methods: Thirty rats were assigned into 6 groups: normality; sham; ischemia and reperfusion; postconditioning; perconditioning; perconditioning + postconditioning. Animals were subjected to right nephrectomy and left renal ischemia for 30 minutes. Postconditioning consisted of 3 cycles of 5 min renal perfusion followed by 5 min of renal ischemia after major ischemic period. Perconditioning consisted of 3 cycles of 5 min hindlimb ischemia followed by 5 min of hindlimb perfusion contemporaneously to renal major ischemic period. After 24 hours, kidney was harvested and blood collected to measure urea and creatinine. Results: Perconditioning obtained better values for creatinine and urea level than only postconditioning (p0.05). Regarding tissue structure, perconditioning was the only technique to protect the glomerulus and tubules (p0.05). Conclusions: Perconditioning had promising results on ischemia and reperfusion induced kidney injury, enhanced kidney function and protected glomerulus and tubules. There was no additive protection when postconditioning and perconditioning were combined.

Resumo Anastomoses vasculares são procedimentos comuns realizados por grande parte dos cirurgiões e cujo treinamento ocorre principalmente em seres humanos, contrariando os princípios éticos vigentes. Esse fato se deve, sobretudo, à carência e ao alto custo relacionados aos atuais modelos de treinamento. Assim, este estudo visa avaliar a viabilidade de três vegetais para a realização de anastomoses vasculares. Foram utilizadas cinco unidades de cebolinha, vagem e feijão-verde. Em cada uma tentou-se realizar uma anastomose término-terminal. Conseguiu-se a realização da anastomose apenas na vagem e no feijão-verde. Contudo, por apresentar uma menor espessura, o feijão-verde assemelhou-se mais aos vasos humanos.

ABSTRACT Background: Hypovolemic shock is a common disease in polytrauma patients and may develop ischemia in various organs, increasing morbidity and mortality. The bowel is usually most affected by this condition. Aim: To evaluate the effects of copaiba oil on the intestinal mucosa’s injury of rats submitted to hypovolemic shock. Method: Fifteen rats were divided into three groups: sham - simulated surgery; ischemia - animals submitted to hypovolemic shock; and copaiba - animals submitted to hypovolemic shock previously treated with copaiba oil. Mean blood pressure, arterial blood gas after shock induction, degree of intestinal lesion and villus length were evaluated. Results: The sham presented the lowest values of lactate and PaCO2 and the highest values of mean arterial pressure, pH and bicarbonate in relation to the other groups. The degree of mesenteric lesion was zero in the sham group; 3.00±1.00 in the ischemia group; and 3.00±0.71 in the copaiba group. The villus length was 173.60±8.42 in the sham, 142.77±8.33 in the ischemia and 143.01±9.57 in the copaiba group. There was a significant difference between the sham and the other groups (p

Abstract Purpose: To develop a new low-cost, easy-to-make and available training model using chickens’ intestine for infant intestinal anastomosis. Methods: Segments of chicken intestine were used to create an intestinal anastomosis simulator. We tried to perform an end-to-end, end-to-side and side-to-side anastomosis. Handsewn sutured anastomosis were performed in single layered with interrupted prolene 5-0 suture. The parameters analyzed were cost, intestine's diameter and length, anastomosis patency and flow-through and leakage amount. Results: In all cases it was possible to make the anastomosis in double layered without difficulties, different from the usual ones. There was a positive patency at all anastomoses after the end of the procedure, with no need for reinterventions. Conclusion: The new training model using chickens’ intestine for infant intestinal anastomosis is low-cost, easy-to-make and easy available.

Abstract Acute compartment syndrome of the lower extremities after urological surgery in the lithotomy position is a rare but potentially devastating clinical and medicolegal problem. We report the case of a 67-year-old male who underwent laparoscopic prostatectomy surgery to treat cancer, spending 180 minutes in surgery. Postoperatively, the patient developed acute compartment syndrome of both legs, needing emergency bilateral four-compartment fasciotomies, with repeated returns to the operating room for second-look procedures. The patient also exhibited delayed wound closure. He regained full function within 6 months, returning to unimpaired baseline activity levels. This report aims to highlight the importance of preoperative awareness of this severe complication which, in conjunction with early recognition and immediate surgical management, may mitigate long-term adverse sequelae and improve postoperative outcomes.

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate if the type of electrode (needle vs. surface) affects the electromyoneurography parameters in rats. Methods: Twenty male rats were anesthetized, then compound muscle action potential were recorded using a Neuropack S1 MEB- 9400©. All animals were submitted to two electroneuromyography analysis: first with surface electrode and then by needle electrode. We evaluated the latency, amplitude, duration and area of the negative peak of the gastrocnemius and cranial tibial muscles. Results: There were no significant differences between the groups in the mean of duration, latency, amplitude or area of the negative peak in gastrocnemius and cranial tibial muscles. Conclusion: The type of electrode does not affect the electroneuromyography parameters.

Resumo As veias femorais de 30 ratas da linhagem Wistar foram estudadas por método histológico com objetivo de investigar a presença de válvulas. Na análise histológica não foram identificadas projeções do endotélio ou recessos valvares que poderiam sugerir a presença de válvulas venosas nessa espécie de animal.

ABSTRACT Background: Mesenteric ischemia is a challenging diagnosis. Delay in diagnosis can lead to extent bowel necrosis and poor outcomes. Ischemia and reperfusion syndrome plays an important role in this scenario. Aim: To access effects of different post-conditioning cycles on mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion syndrome. Method: Twenty-five rats were assigned into five groups: Sham, used to establish normal parameters; control group, submitted to mesenteric ischemia for 30 min; in groups GP3, GP1 and GP30, ischemia was followed by post-conditioning protocol, which consisted of 1 cycle of 3 min (GP3), 3 cycles of 1 min (GP1) or 6 cycles of 30 s (GP30), respectively. Ileum samples were harvested after one hour of reperfusion. Intestinal mucosal injury was evaluated through histopathological analysis. Results: The average of mesenteric injury degree was 0 in the sham group, 3.6 in the control group, 3.4 in GP3, 3.2 in GP1, and 3.0 in GP30; villous length average was 161.59 in sham group, 136.27 in control group, 135.89 in GP3, 129.46 in GP1, and 135.18 in GP30. Was found significant difference between sham and other groups (p

ABSTRACT Background: The best site for splenic implant was not defined, mainly evaluating the functionality of the implant. Aim: To evaluate the effects of autogenous splenic implantation on the subcutaneous tissue in the survival of splenectomized rats. Method: Twenty-one randomly assigned rats were studied in three groups (n=7): group 1 - manipulation of the abdominal cavity and preservation of the spleen; group 2 - total splenectomy; group 3 - splenectomy and implant of the tissue removed in the subcutaneous. The animals were followed for 90 days postoperatively. Results: There was a higher mortality in groups 2 (p=0.0072) and 3 (p=0.0172) in relation to group 1. There was no difference between groups 2 and 3 (p=0.9817). Conclusion: The splenic implant in the subcutaneous is ineffective in the survival of rats submitted to splenectomy.

Background: The use of meshes in hernia surgical repair promoted revolution in the surgical area; however, some difficulties had come, such as a large area of fibrosis, greater postoperative pain and risk of infection. The search for new substances that minimize these effects should be encouraged. Medicinal plants stand out due possible active ingredients that can act on these problems. Aim: To check the copaiba oil influence in the repair of abdominal defects in rats corrected with Vicryl(c) mesh. Method: Twenty-four Wistar rats were submitted to an abdominal defect and corrected with Vicryl(c) mesh. They were distributed into two groups: control and copaíba via gavage, administered for seven days after surgery. The analysis of the animals took place on 8, 15 and 22 postoperative days. It analyzed the amount of adhesions and microscopic analysis of the mesh. Results: There was no statistical difference regarding the amount of adhesions. All animals had signs of acute inflammation. In the control group, there were fewer macrophages in animals of the 8th compared to other days and greater amount of necrosis on day 8 than on day 22. In the copaiba group, the number of gigantocytes increased compared to the days analyzed. Conclusion: Copaiba oil showed an improvement in the inflammatory response accelerating its beginning; however, did not affect the amount of abdominal adhesions or collagen fibers.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of fasting on gastric emptying in mice.METHODS:Twenty-eight mice were distributed into three study groups: a normal group (N=4): normal standard animals; a total fasting group (N=12): subjected to food and water deprivation and a partial fasting group (N=12): subjected to food deprivation only. The fasting groups were subdivided into three subgroups of four animals each, according to the date of euthanasia: 24, 48 and 72 hours. Was analyzed: the gastric volume, degree of the gastric wall distention and the presence of food debris in gastrointestinal tract.RESULTS:The mean gastric volume was 1601 mm3in the normal group, 847 mm3in total fasting group and 997 mm3in partial fasting group. There was difference between the fasting groups in any analyzed period (p0.05).CONCLUSION:Total fasting or only-solids deprivation does not induce gastric emptying in mice.

PURPOSE: To investigate the copaiba oil on the hepatic damage induced by acetaminophen, comparing against corn oil. METHODS: Fifty four rats were distributed into nine study groups (N=6): control group, that didn't receive the acetaminophen; Acetaminophen Group, that only received the acetaminophen; Prophylactic Copaiba Group 1, that received copaiba oil two hours before the acetaminophen; Prophylactic Copaiba Group 7, that received copaiba oil seven days, once by day, before the acetaminophen; Therapy Copaiba Group, that received the copaiba oil two hours after the acetaminophen, the corn's groups were similar than copaiba oil groups; and N-Acetyl-Cysteine Group, that received the N-Acetyl-Cysteine two hours after the acetaminophen. Euthanasia was performed after 24 hours. The serum levels transaminases, bilirubin and canalicular enzymes were analyzed. RESULTS: The prophylactic copaiba group 7, therapy copaiba group and N-Acetyl-Cysteine Group showed amounts of AST and ALT similar to the control group; and the prophylactic copaiba group 1 and corn's groups showed similar levels to the acetaminophen group. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the amount of alkaline phosphatase and ɤ GT (p>0.05). The therapy copaiba group showed the highest levels of total bilirubin and was statistically different from the other groups (p

Background: The instructions to authors are the only means of communication between researchers and the editorial standards of a scientific journal. One of the mandatory items to be contained therein is about the ethical part, to prevent new research to carry out abuses with the enrolled on the research are published and stimulated. Aim: To verify the ethical questions on the guidelines of Brazilian surgical journals Method: Thirteen selected journals were divided into two groups: general surgery (n=3), and surgical specialty (n=10). The instructions to authors were analyzed by the quote of ethical requirements based on a specific research protocol, ranging from zero to six points. Results: The average score of the general surgery group was similar than that of the surgical specialty group (3.66±0.57 vs 3.30±1.15, p=0.6154). When each ethical requirement was compared between the groups, there was no significant difference between the ethical requirements (p

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of copaiba oil administered by different routes on survival of mices subjected to cecal ligation and puncture.METHODS:Thirty two mice were distributed into four study groups (N=8): Sham group: normal standard animals; Control group: submitted a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP); Gavage group: submitted a CLP, and treat with copaiba oil by gavage; and Subcutaneous group: submitted a CLP, and treat with copaiba oil by subcutaneous injection. After the death of the histological analysis were performed. The Kaplan-Meier curves of surviving time were realized.RESULTS:All animals that received copaiba, regardless of the route used, survived longer when compared to the control group (p0.05)CONCLUSION:Prophylactic subcutaneous administration of copaiba in mice subjected to severe sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture, resulted in a survival time higher than non-use or use of this oil by gavage.

Considerando-se que o segredo médico é característica moral obrigatória da medicina e pilar da relação médico-paciente, e o pensamento ético do médico o reflexo de sua formação acadêmica, viu-se a necessidade de pesquisar o conhecimento ético do estudante de medicina da Universidade do Estado do Pará. O estudo caracteriza-se pela aplicação de um questionário com situações onde os alunos deveriam julgar em quais o sigilo poderia ser quebrado. Foi ainda questionado se haviam lido o Código de Ética Médica ou o juramento de Hipócrates. Foram entrevistados 207 acadêmicos de medicina, do 1º ao 4º ano da Universidade do Estado do Pará. Foi observado que 25 estudantes apresentaram domínio sobre o sigilo médico, 135 possuíam conhecimento insatisfatório e 27 desconheciam o assunto. Assume importância fundamental a orientação ética dos alunos de medicina em busca da formação de egressos, capazes de cultuar, praticar e respeitar o sigilo do paciente.

PURPOSE: To describe a new model to passive smoking for rodents. METHODS: Twenty rats were distributed into two study groups (N=10): control group (CG), that was not exposed to tobacco smoke and used as normal standard for biochemical and histological analysis; Experimental Group (EG), that Animals were exposed to the passive smoking; Euthanasia was performed after 14 days of exposure. The serum level of nicotine and histological analysis were performed. RESULTS: There was a statistical difference on the nicotine serum levels between Experimental and Control group, with level of 286 ±23 nanograma/mL in the EG and undetectable on CG (p

Objective:To evaluate whether there is any preference for citing journals from other countries to the detriment of Brazilian journals, in three Brazilian orthopedics journals.Methods:All the References of articles published in 2011 by the journals Acta Ortopédica Brasileira, Coluna/Columna and Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia were evaluated to as certain how many of these came from Brazilian journals and how many from foreign journals.Results:3813 References distributed among 187 articles were analyzed. Out of this total, 306 (8.02%) were from Brazilian journals. There was no difference between the three journals analyzed. There were 76 articles (40.64%) without any citations of articles in Brazilian journals and only two articles (1%) cited more Brazilian articles than articles published elsewhere.Conclusion:There is a need for Brazilian researchers to cite articles from Brazilian journals more often.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of copaiba oil on the hepatic damage induced by paracetamol. METHODS: Thirty six rats were distributed into six study groups (N=6): control group, that didn't receive the acetaminophen; Acetaminophen Group, that only received the acetaminophen; Prophylactic Copaiba Group 1, that received copaiba oil two hours before the acetaminophen; Prophylactic Copaiba Group 7, that received copaiba oil seven days, once by day, before the acetaminophen; Therapy Copaiba Group, that received the copaiba oil two hours afther the acetaminophen; and N-Acetyl-Cysteine Group, , that received the N-Acetyl-Cysteine two hours afther the acetaminophen. Euthanasia was performed after 24 hours. The serum levels of AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, GT, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin and histological analisis were analized. RESULTS: The prophylactic copaiba group 7, therapy copaiba group and N-Acetyl-Cysteine Group showed amounts of AST and ALT similar to the control group; and the prophylactic copaiba group 1 showed similar levels to the acetaminophen group. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the amount of alkaline phosphatase and GT (p>0.05). The therapy copaiba group showed the highest levels of bilirubin and was statistically different from the other groups (p

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of andiroba oil on the periodontitis in rats. METHODS: The periodontitis was induced by the placement of cotton ligatures around the cervix of the second upper molars on fifteen rats, and waiting fifty days. The animals were randomly distributed into three groups: saline group, andiroba oil group and meloxican group, differentiated by substance used in the treatment of periodontitis. The groups received the respective substance by gavage for seven days, after the periodontitis induced. It was analyzed the score of inflammatory cells and the measurement from the cemento-enamel junction to the bone crest. RESULTS: The andiroba oil group (p=0.008) and meloxican group (p=0.0347) show a less score of inflammatory cells than saline group, however there weren't difference between them (p=0.2754). Regarding the analysis of measurement from the cemento-enamel junction to the bone crest, there was no difference between groups studied (p=0.3451). CONCLUSION: Andiroba oil decreased the quantity of inflammatory cells, however, it didn't have an effect on the measurement of alveolar bone loss, like the treatment with Meloxican®.

PURPOSE: To investigate the immunohistochemistry of the uterine cervix of 20 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) bearing the Walker 256 tumor, treated with copaiba oil (Copaifera officinalis). METHODS: The animals were grouped into four subgroups, with five rats each: the GCT and GCopT received distilled water and topically copaiba, respectively, while the GCG and GCopG received distilled water and copaiba by gavage, respectively. The substances were administered for nine days. On the 12th day, after euthanasia, the tumor pieces were sent to the identification of T CD4+, T CD8+ and Natural Killer cells. RESULTS: It was found that the pattern of expression for specific markers of phenotypes of cells involved in tumor immune response was similar in all groups, regardless the administration way of copaiba oil (topical or gavage). CONCLUSION: Copaiba balsam, administered either topically or by gavage, did not alter the pattern of tumor immune response in rats bearing Walker 256 Tumor.

RACIONAL: O sucesso de um transplante depende, principalmente, da viabilidade do enxerto, sendo que, atualmente, o maior ponto de dificuldade concentra-se na tríade preservação-rejeição-infecção. Existem diversos componentes específicos das soluções de preservação que previnem danos. Destes componentes o fator osmótico tem se destacado como de prevenção do edema e posterior morte celular, sugerindo possível vantagem na utilização de soluções hipertônicas para preservação de órgãos. OBJETIVO: Comparar soluções hipertônicas como alternativas para preservação hepática. MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 105 ratas Wistar distribuídas em Grupo Padrão (GP, n=5) para controle e cinco grupos experimentais com 20 animais cada, a saber: Grupo Eurocollins (GE), Grupo Soro Fisiológico 0,9% (GF), Grupo Glicose 50% (GG), Grupo Manitol 20% (GM), Grupo Salgadão - NaCl 7,5% (GS). Todos os animais dos grupos experimentos foram ainda distribuídos em quatro subgrupos de acordo com o seu tempo de coleta em: 0 h, 2 h, 6 h e 12 h. Foram avaliados a viabilidade celular a partir da reação com Methyl Thiazolyl Blue (MTT), além das dosagens de lactato e de alanino amino-transferase (ALT). RESULTADOS: Em relação à dosagem de lactato, foi possível observar relativa melhora das soluções hipertônicas em comparação à eurocollins, sendo que em 12 h, o GE e o GS não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante (p>0,05). Quando avaliada a viabilidade celular, as absorbâncias ao MTT também demonstraram resultados favoráveis ao GS, visto que, não apresentou diferença estatística em relação ao GE. CONCLUSÃO: A solução de NaCl 7,5% apresentou resultados mais promissores para preservação de órgãos com capacidade de preservação comparável à solução de eurocollins.BACKGROUND: The success of a transplant depends mainly on the viability of the graft, which is currently the main point of difficulty focuses on the triad preservation-rejection-infection. There are several specific components of preservation solutions that could prevent certain tissue damage. From these components, the osmotic factor has been highlighted as a factor in preventing edema and subsequent cell death, suggesting a possible advantage in the use of hypertonic solutions for organ preservation. AIM: To compare different hypertonic solutions as alternative to liver preservation. METHOD: A total of 105 Wistar rats were divided in Standard Group (GP, n=5 rats), to verify the normal range of the study, and five experimental groups of 20 rats each, according to the preservation solution used: Group Eurocollins (GE), Group Saline 0.9% (GF), Group Glucose 50% (GG), Group Mannitol 20% (GM), Group Salty - NaCl 7.5% (GS). All animals in experimental group were also divided into four subgroups according to the time of collection in: 0 h, 2 h, 6 h and 12 h. Was assessed cell viability by the reaction with Methyl Blue Thiazolyl (MTT) and the dosages of lactate and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). RESULTS: Regarding the lactate level, was observed a relative improvement of hypertonic solutions compared to eurocollins, and in 12 h, the GE and GS showed no statistically significant difference (p> 0.05). When assessed cell viability, absorbance at MTT also demonstrated favorable results to the GS, since no statistically significant difference in relation to GE. CONCLUSION: The 7.5% NaCl solution showed promising results for organ preservation, presenting parameters and capability comparable to eurocollins preservation solution.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of copaiba oil on the correction of abdominal defect treated with the use of polypropylene/polyglecaprone mesh in rats. METHODS: A defect in the abdominal wall was created and corrected with polypropylene/polyglecaprone mesh in 36 rats. They were randomly distributed into three groups: control, copaiba by oral administration (gavage) and copaiba oil dip in the mesh. Euthanasia was performed after seven, 14 and 21 post-operative days. The healing process was analyzed regarding the meshes and macroscopic and microscopic aspects. RESULTS: All animals had abdominal adhesions, which were smaller in the copaiba (gavage) group (p

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do conhecimento sobre morte encefálica relacionada à doação de órgãos dos pacientes do Centro de Saúde Escola do Marco, órgão vinculado à Universidade do Estado do Pará. MÉTODOS: Foram entrevistados 136 pacientes, com base em um protocolo de pesquisa, no qual foi analisado o conhecimento sobre morte encefálica e doação de órgãos, além de dados sociodemográficos. RESULTADOS: A maioria por pacientes era do gênero feminino e favorável à doação de órgãos, apresentando média de idade de 39 anos. Apenas 19,9% souberam informar o que era morte encefálica, 85,3% acreditavam que o médico pode se equivocar na firmação do estado de morte encefálica de um paciente e 18,4% confiavam no diagnóstico de morte encefálica. Observou-se relação estatisticamente significante (p

PURPOSE: To evaluate the key words used in Acta Cirurgica Brasileira from 1997 to 2012. METHODS: All the key words of all articles published in regular issues between 1997 and 2012 were analyzed, ensuring that these key words were in the MeSH database (Medical Subjects Headings) and the most used subject headings and most wrong repeated key words were ranked. RESULTS: > 4230 key words used in 990 articles were analyzed. Only 579 key words (13.68%) were not in the MeSH database, considering that there was a statistically significant decrease over the years (pOBJETIVO: Avaliar os descritores utilizados na Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira entre os anos de 1997 até 2012. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os descritores de todos os artigos publicados em fascículos regulares entre os anos de 1997 a 2012, verificando se estes constavam no MeSH e foi feito um ranking dos descritores mais utilizados e dos termos equivocados mais repetidos. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 4230 descritores, presentes em 990 artigos. Apenas 579 (13,68%) dos descritores estavam fora da base do MeSH, sendo que houve uma diminuição estatisticamente significante com o passar dos anos (p

Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento e a opinião de pacientes do Centro de Saúde Escola do Marco (CSE-Marco), em Belém do Pará, sobre doação e transplante de órgãos. Método: Trata-se de estudo transversal observacional. Foi aplicado um questionário padronizado aos pacientes cadastrados no CSE-Marco contendo perguntas sobre doação e transplante de órgãos e dados sócio-demográficos. Resultados: Foram entrevistadas 136 pessoas, sendo a maioria dos pesquisados do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 39 anos, solteiros, possuindo ensino fundamental e católicos. A maior parte dos entrevistados era a favor da doação de órgãos. Um número um pouco menor de pesquisados doaria seus órgãos; desses, poucos informaram seu desejo aos familiares. A maioria da amostra acredita que há venda de órgãos no Brasil e que pessoas ricas têm mais chances de receber um órgão. Os pesquisados apresentam baixo conhecimento sobre os órgãos que podem ser transplantados entre seres humanos. Os mais jovens estão mais propensos à doação de órgãos, e grande parte das mulheres que normalmente são responsáveis pela decisão de doar órgãos de parentes não autorizariam o transplante. Conclusão: Apesar da maioria da população afirmar que é favorável à doação de órgãos, poucos potenciais doadores convertem-se em doadores efetivos. Isso se deve ao desconhecimento da população acerca da doação e transplante de órgãos e ao fato da maioria das pessoas não informar aos familiares sua vontade de doar órgãos.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se há preferência pela citação de periódicos estrangeiros em detrimento dos brasileiros, em três revistas brasileiras de cirurgia, em dois períodos distintos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas todas as referências dos artigos publicados nos anos de 2011 e 2007, pelas revistas Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira, Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva e Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões, verificando a quantidade de artigos provenientes de revistas brasileiras e estrangeiras. RESULTADOS: Foram analisadas 7343 referências dispostas em 348 artigos nas três revistas analisadas, desse total, 856 (11,65%) eram de periódicos brasileiros. Não houve diferença entre as três revistas analisadas, nem entre os dois períodos analisados. Cento e onze (31,9%) artigos não citaram artigo de periódico brasileiro e 36 (10,34%), citaram mais os de brasileiros do que os de estrangeiros. CONCLUSÃO: há necessidade de o pesquisador brasileiro valorizar mais os periódicos brasileiros aumentando a citação do Brasil, sem uma xenofobia científica.

Resumo As metodologias ativas vêm se mostrando a melhor alternativa para o ensino médico. Ainda assim, não há na literatura pesquisas que comparem sua utilização no ensino da ética e bioética. Nessa perspectiva, este estudo busca relacionar o conhecimento de alunos de medicina de duas modalidades de ensino distintas (tradicional e ativa) sobre o Código de Ética Médica. O tipo de metodologia não se mostrou impactante no grau de leitura ou de conhecimento do Código de Ética Médica, e os estudantes acreditaram ter o mesmo grau de conhecimento. No entanto, os discentes da metodologia ativa deram mais importância à disciplina de bioética e ética médica e apresentaram maior conhecimento em uma das questões sobre a normatização do Código de Ética Médica.

Abstract The right femoral vessels of 80 rats were identified and dissected. External lengths and diameters of femoral arteries and femoral veins were measured using either a microscope or a video magnification system. Findings were correlated to animals’ weights. Mean length was 14.33 mm for both femoral arteries and femoral veins, mean diameter of arteries was 0.65 mm and diameter of veins was 0.81 mm. In our sample, rats’ body weights were only correlated with the diameter of their femoral veins.

Dentre os conceitos relacionados à terminalidade da vida, encontram-se a distanásia e a ortotanásia. Distanásia significa a obstinação terapêutica para adiar a morte iminente. Ortotanásia significa morte em seu processo natural, não prolongando o tratamento. Este estudo objetivou analisar a percepção de familiares de pacientes internados acerca da ortotanásia e distanásia, avaliando a alternativa mais aceita. Trata-se de estudo transversal e observacional, no qual foram entrevistados 190 familiares por meio de questionário padronizado contendo perguntas sobre aspectos sociais e conhecimento da temática. A maioria (64,2%) manifestou preferência pela distanásia como conduta para seu familiar. Entre 122 participantes que desconheciam o significado de "estado terminal", 85,2% optariam pela distanásia. Porém, entre os que conheciam o significado, 70,9% optariam pela ortotanásia. O estudo indica a necessidade de trazer o tema para discussão da sociedade, sensibilizando-a a entender implicações individuais e coletivas do prolongamento da vida em situação de sofrimento.

Considerando-se que o segredo médico é característica moral obrigatória da medicina e pilar da relação médico-paciente, e o pensamento ético do médico o reflexo de sua formação acadêmica, viu-se a necessidade de pesquisar o conhecimento ético do estudante de medicina da Universidade do Estado do Pará. O estudo caracteriza-se pela aplicação de um questionário com situações onde os alunos deveriam julgar em quais o sigilo poderia ser quebrado. Foi ainda questionado se haviam lido o Código de Ética Médica ou o juramento de Hipócrates. Foram entrevistados 207 acadêmicos de medicina, do 1º ao 4º ano da Universidade do Estado do Pará. Foi observado que 25 estudantes apresentaram domínio sobre o sigilo médico, 135 possuíam conhecimento insatisfatório e 27 desconheciam o assunto. Assume importância fundamental a orientação ética dos alunos de medicina em busca da formação de egressos, capazes de cultuar, praticar e respeitar o sigilo do paciente.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the effects of blocking the regulation of vascular tone on the ischemia and reperfusion syndrome in rats through the use of lidocaine in the postconditioning technique. Methods: we randomized 35 rats into seven groups of five animals: Group 1- Control; Group 2- Ischemia and Reperfusion; Group 3- Ischemia, Reperfusion and Saline; Group 4- Ischemic Postconditioning; Group 5- Ischemic Postconditioning and Saline; Group 6- Lidocaine; Group 7- Ischemic Postconditioning and Lidocaine. Except for the control group, all the others were submitted to renal ischemia for 30 minutes. In postconditioning groups, we performed ischemia and reperfusion cycles of five minutes each, applied right after the main ischemia. In saline and lidocaine groups, we instilled the substances at a rate of two drops per minute. To compare the groups, we measured serum levels of urea and creatinine and also held renal histopathology. Results: The postconditioning and postconditioning + lidocaine groups showed a decrease in urea and creatinine values. The lidocaine group showed only a reduction in creatinine values. In histopathology, only the groups submitted to ischemic postconditioning had decreased degree of tubular necrosis. Conclusion: Lidocaine did not block the effects of postconditioning on renal ischemia reperfusion syndrome, and conferred better glomerular protection when applied in conjunction with ischemic postconditioning.

Um laboratório de cirurgia experimental representa um dos pontos chave para a universidade, principalmente na área biomédica. Este aborda em sua estrutura o tripé primordial de uma universidade que é o ensino, a pesquisa e a extensão, elementos essenciais para a formação prática e humanística de um bom médico, que se baseia, principalmente, em evidências científicas e no pensamento crítico. A importância de um laboratório de cirurgia experimental para centros de ensino médico foi regulamentada a partir das novas diretrizes curriculares do Ministério da Educação e Cultura, que institui a obrigatoriedade de um laboratório dentro dos campi universitários. Portanto, é de grande importância a contribuição dos laboratórios de cirurgia experimental na grade curricular, tanto na disciplina de Técnica Operatório de Cirurgia Experimental, como no incentivo à pesquisa básica. Assim, o estudo expõe a experiência de 15 anos do Laboratório de Cirurgia Experimental da Universidade do Estado do Pará, com o objetivo de lucidar e frisar a importância deste para a graduação médica e para a universidade.

Resumo Objetivo: Desenvolver um modelo de treinamento de cirurgias corneanas utilizando uvas. Métodos: Foram empregadas uvas como estruturas que mimetizam o tamanho do globo ocular humano, recobertas com materiais de látex, simulando a pratica de cirurgias de córnea utilizando um sistema de videomagnificação. Foram realizados oito pontos simples. Foi avaliado o tempo de confecção do procedimento. Resultados: Foram realizadas 25 simulações como o modelo descrito. O tempo médio de realização da rafia foi de 34,56 ±5,79 minutos. A análise da correlação entre o tempo e a ordem das cirurgias mostrou uma redução no tempo de confecção. Conclusão: O modelo de treinamento oftalmológico utilizando uvas mostrou-se capaz de simular as etapas básicas do treinamento de suturas microcirúrgicas.