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Purpose: This study investigated vowel and sibilant productions in noise to determine whether responses to noise (a) are sensitive to the spectral characteristics of the noise signal and (b) are modulated by the contribution of vowel or sibilant contrasts to word discrimination. Method: Vowel and sibilant productions were elicited during serial recall of three-word sequences that were produced in quiet or during exposure to speaker-specific noise signals. These signals either masked a speaker's productions of the sibilants /s/ and /[voiceless palato-alveolar fricative]/ or their productions of the vowels /a/ and /ae/. The contribution of the vowel and sibilant contrasts to word discrimination in a sequence was manipulated by varying the number of times that the target sibilant and vowel pairs occurred in the same word position in each sequence. Results: Spectral noise effects were observed for both sibilants and vowels--Responses to noise were larger and/or involved to more acoustic features when the noise signal masked the acoustic characteristics of that phoneme class. Word discrimination effects were limited and consisted of only small increases in vowel duration. Interaction effects between noise and similarity indicated that the phonological similarity of sequences containing both sibilants and/or both vowels influenced articulation in ways not related to speech clarity. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that sensorimotor control of speech exhibits some sensitivity to noise spectral characteristics. However, productions of sibilants and vowels were not sensitive to their importance in discriminating the words in a sequence. In addition, phonological similarity effects were observed that likely reflected processing demands related to the recall and sequencing of high-similarity words.

Graduating from a liberal arts college leads to meaningful economic mobility (Hill & Pisacreta, 2019). College graduates typically lead longer and healthier lives, are more engaged civically, and generate more economic output (Committee on Education and Labor Report, 2019). Despite these facts, there continues to be widespread doubt about the value of a college degree. Only half of graduates report, unequivocally, that their degree was worth the cost (Gallup, 2015). Only 28 percent of liberal arts majors are confident they will be ready for workplace success (Gallup & Strada Education Network, 2017). Less than one in 10 U.S. business leaders believe that graduates are well prepared (Gallup, 2016). These and other concerns contribute to troubling declines in public confidence (Jaschik, 2018). Doubts about higher education's value are a clarion call to "create" more value, more equitably, for millions more Americans. Much more attention must be given to the role of faculty and the quality of instruction--especially the use of evidence-based teaching practices--in efforts to improve student retention, degree completion, and learning. The degree to which students learn to think critically, work productively with each other, communicate effectively, solve complex problems, and develop a passion for a field of study or work depends on a faculty member's ability to teach well. Excellent teaching will create the learning conditions that promote the outcomes employers prize and represent a quality, "valuable" education.

Previous work has established that neural oscillations can temporally synchronise with the occurrence of multi-unit linguistic representations but that neural synchrony to phrase boundaries is reduced in the absence of lexical content. In this study, we extend these findings to test whether reducing parsing ambiguity eliminates the reduction in phrase tracking associated with a lack of lexical content. Building on previous work, we reduced word-level parsing ambiguity by visually presenting sentences, and we reduced phrase-level parsing ambiguities by using the caused-motion construction for all sentences. Results indicated no difference in word or phrase-level tracking when comparing English and jabberwocky stimuli. We interpret this finding as indicating that tracking phrase structure can take place in the absence of content words if parsing ambiguities are sufficiently reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges' Kellogg Commission notes the perception that "despite the resources and expertise available on our campuses, our institutions are not well organized to bring them to bear on local problems in a coherent way." This article suggests some organizational patterns and relationships that address the problem, with examples drawn from several major universities. It also presents a vision of how a re-energized, repositioned, comprehensive extension and outreach function can burnish the reputation and performance of an institution committed to fulfilling the promise of engagement.

Asserting the importance of universities reengaging with their communities, details how the University of Wisconsin-Extension built on the core principles presented in Boyer's "Scholarship Reconsidered" (1990) and Glassick, Huber, and Maeroff's "Scholarship Assessed" (1997) to develop a robust definition of the scholarship of engagement and a rigorous model to assess it. (EV)

Purpose: Responses to intensity perturbation during running speech were measured to understand whether prosodic features are controlled in an independent or integrated manner. Method: Nineteen English-speaking healthy adults (age range = 21-41 years) produced 480 sentences in which emphatic stress was placed on either the 1st or 2nd word. One participant group received an upward intensity perturbation during stressed word production, and the other group received a downward intensity perturbation. Compensations for perturbation were evaluated by comparing differences in participants' stressed and unstressed peak fundamental frequency (F0), peak intensity, and word duration during perturbed versus baseline trials. Results: Significant increases in stressed-unstressed peak intensities were observed during the ramp and perturbation phases of the experiment in the downward group only. Compensations for F0 and duration did not reach significance for either group. Conclusions: Consistent with previous work, speakers appear sensitive to auditory perturbations that affect a desired linguistic goal. In contrast to previous work on F0 perturbation that supported an integrated-channel model of prosodic control, the current work only found evidence for intensity-specific compensation. This discrepancy may suggest different F0 and intensity control mechanisms, threshold-dependent prosodic modulation, or a combined control scheme.

Given limited resource availability in a developing nation like India, faced with high incidences of crime, it is important to optimize on the resources spent in combating crime by channelling them to proper direction. This requires an understanding of the actual and overall level of crime across India. Our paper provides a complete understanding of the various indicators of violent crime and the determinants of these crimes in India using district level data for three census years, namely, 1981, 1991 and 2001. We construct three alternative crime-burden indices. Including a variable like voter turnout in state election at the district level, we document significant impact of public awareness to reduce and combat crime. The constructed crime burden index shows that states located in northern parts of India have more incidences of crime compared to states in the south. We also find that our estimated crime-burden indices tend to report in general a higher level of crime-burden than the average based index. This suggests controlling for the factors beyond population while constructing the aggregate crime-burden index for any country is essential. Our work although is limited to the Indian data, we however, believe that this can be easily applied to various other countries.

Successful language comprehension requires the combination of individual words into larger linguistic units. In the present minimal‐phrase study, we used electroencephalography (EEG) to investigate whether syntactic combination is indexed by changes in neural synchrony, while testing for both token‐based and type‐based effects. To do this, we analysed intertrial phase coherence (ITPC) elicited by reading two item (words or pseudowords) phrases that were either unifiable or nonunifiable. Results indicated that type‐based unifiable phrases elicited increased ITPC relative to all other conditions in the frequency band corresponding to the rate of phrases (0.5 Hz) but not the rate of words (1 Hz). Conversely, we observed a complementary pattern for the N400, which was more sensitive to token‐based effects. These findings provide evidence that the combination of single words into larger syntactic structures may be indexed by the synchronous firing of assemblies of neurons oscillating at the rate of phrases during reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: A feedback perturbation paradigm was used to investigate whether prosodic cues are controlled independently or in an integrated fashion during sentence production. Method: Twenty-one healthy speakers of American English were asked to produce sentences with emphatic stress while receiving real-time auditory feedback of their productions. The fundamental frequency (F0) of the stressed word in each 4-word sentence was selectively shifted in a sensorimotor adaptation protocol. Speakers experienced either an upward or a downward shift of the stressed word, which gradually altered the perceived stress of the sentence. Results: Participants in the Up and Down groups adapted to F0 shifts by altering the contrast between stressed and unstressed words differentially, such that the two groups deviated from each other in the perturbation phase. Furthermore, selective F0 perturbation in sentences with emphatic stress resulted in compensatory changes in both F0 and intensity. Conclusions: Present findings suggest that F0 and intensity are controlled in an integrated fashion to maintain the contrast between stressed and unstressed words. When a cue is impaired through perturbation, speakers not only oppose the perturbation but enhance other prosodic cues to achieve emphatic stress.