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This study conducted a detailed investigation on the influence of the culture medium type on the permeability reduction effect through microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology in a single rough fracture. The differences between the Sporosarcina pasteurii cultured by two mediums were compared in terms of bacterial growth properties, permeability treatment effects, distribution characteristics of induced CaCO3, and microscopic crystal characteristics. The study revealed that the culture medium did indeed impact the permeability reduction effect when treated with MICP technology, primarily related to whether urea is added in the culture medium. Two distinct permeability reduction modes were proposed for the treatment process using Sporosarcina pasteurii cultured by different mediums through one-phase injection (mixing bacterial solution and cementing solution). The permeability decreased rapidly, and the distribution of induced CaCO3 was uneven after treatment with Sporosarcina pasteurii cultured in medium containing urea, while the permeability decreased relatively slowly and the induced CaCO3 distribution was relatively uniform when treated with Sporosarcina pasteurii cultured in medium without urea. Additionally, differences in crystal morphology were observed due to variations in seepage characteristics during the treatment process with the Sporosarcina pasteurii cultured by different mediums. Finally, some investigations were given to the treatment effect optimization for the treatment process of Sporosarcina pasteurii cultured in medium containing urea. This study gave an insight to the regulation mechanism of culture medium and treatment method for the process of permeability reduction by MICP technology in the rock fracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercritical water (SCW) gasification technology can enable the efficient utilization of coal by converting it to hydrogen-rich gas. However, poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy components, which are intermediates of supercritical water gasification, tend to generate char, hindering the complete gasification of coal. In this work, phenol is recycled to enhance the gasification process and reduce the formation of these intermediates during SCWG, and the regulation mechanism is investigated. The results demonstrate that both gas yield and gasification efficiency increase with the presence of phenol, reaching approximately 98.5% at 750 °C, concentration of 2%with the effect of phenol, which is 27% higher than that in the coal-water system. Organics removal rate reaches about 98% with the addition of phenol. Phenol can enhance the gasification performance by facilitating the conversion of heavy components to lightweight components. The transient reactivity of coal in the poly-condensation stage is increased by about 50 times with the presence of phenol. The regulation mechanism of phenol in the poly-condensation stage during coal gasification involves the decomposition of SCW forming hydroxyl radicals, which replaces the substituents on the benzene ring, facilitating the dissociation of benzene ring into small molecules that are prone to polymerize. The interacting force between phenol and multi-rings disrupts the conjugate structure, aiding in the decomposition of polycyclic organics into small molecules. • Investigated the regulating mechanism of phenol on the gasification process. • Hydrogen yield and gasification efficiency increases with the presence of phenol. • Nearly complete gasification (98.5%) is realized with the presence of phenol. • The organics removal rate reaches about 98% with the presence of phenol. • Reactivity of coal in the polycondensation stage increased by 50 times with phenol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planting density is an effective strategy for regulating both oat lodging and forage quality. To delve into the regulatory mechanisms of planting density on lodging and oat forage quality, lodging-resistant variety LENA and lodging-sensitive variety QY2 were grown in 2018 and 2019 growing seasons, and four planting densities were implemented: 2.25 × 106 plants/ha (D1), 4.5 × 106 plants/ha (D2), 6.75 × 106 plants/ha (D3), and 9 × 106 plants/ha (D4). At the milk stage, we measured the contents of potassium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, lignin, crude fiber, starch, soluble sugar, and soluble protein in the second and third stem internodes of the plants. The results revealed the lodging-resistant variety LENA demonstrated significantly higher contents of calcium, potassium, silicon, crude fiber, lignin, and lower contents of starch, soluble sugar, and soluble protein (p < 0.01). Similar trends in the physicochemical properties of stem internodes for both oat varieties with increasing planting density. Crude fiber, soluble sugar, magnesium, starch, potassium, and lignin were the key characteristics affecting the lodging coefficient, and variety and planting density affected the lodging coefficient mainly by regulating the synthesis of starch, soluble sugar, and crude fiber. At planting density D3, stem internodes exhibited higher physicochemical properties and a lower lodging coefficient, favoring oat forage production. The results offer a valuable theoretical foundation and practical reference for oat lodging-resistant cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

bZIP，one of the largest transcription factor families in plants, plays an important role in the response to stress and growth and development of plants. It has a conserved domain consisting of about 60-80 amino acids, including a highly conserved alkaline region and a relatively variable leucine zipper region. bZIP regulates the expressions of target genes by specifically binding to DNA sequences containing ACGT cores in target gene promoters in homologous or heterodimeric forms. When plants are stimulated by stress signals, bZIP is phosphorylated by the upstream signal-responsive kinases, and its stability is enhanced through phosphorylation. Under stresses（such as drought, salt, temperature, light, heavy metal, and plant disease）conditions, bZIP binds to the promoter regions of stress-related genes and interacts with other proteins to promote or inhibit the expressions of these genes, thus positively or negatively regulating the responses to abiotic stress and biotic stress. In addition, bZIP is involved in the synthesis and metabolism of many substances（such as anthocyanins, terpenes, flavonoids, and alkaloids）during plant growth and development, and also mediates the regulation of hormones（such as abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid）signaling pathways. In this paper, the discovery, structure, classification, regulation of the bZIP transcription factors and their roles in plant stress response and growth and development are reviewed, and the future research directions are also prospected. This paper may provide theoretical basis and technical support for genetic improvement of crops stress resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petunia hybrida is an economically important ornamental plant species. Branching in ornamental plants is closely associated with their ornamental traits, and branching is a significant agronomic trait in petunia, which shapes plant architecture and production cost. Although there are few studies regarding the involvement of the SPEAR genes in lateral branch development, they are known to regulate the development of plant organs. The PhSPEAR1 gene in petunia, an ortholog of Arabidopsis SPEAR1, was isolated for study. According to the results of real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), PhSPEAR1 was primarily expressed in the roots. The fluorescence signal indicated that PhSPEAR1 was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. An increase in PhSPEAR1 expression was induced by cytokinin or decapitation. Overexpression of PhSPEAR1 increased lateral branches in Arabidopsis. Based on our findings, PhSPEAR1 participates significantly in the regulation of branch number in petunia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biology Teaching is the property of East China Normal University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Rare Metals is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Single-molecule junctions, integrating individual molecules as active components between electrodes, serve as fundamental building blocks for advanced electronic and sensing technologies. The application of ionic liquids in single-molecule junctions represents a cutting-edge and rapidly evolving field of research at the intersection of nanoscience, materials chemistry, and electronics. This review explores recent advances where ionic liquids function as electrolytes, dielectric layers, and structural elements within single-molecule junctions, reshaping charge transport, redox reactions, and molecular behaviors in these nanoscale systems. We comprehensively dissect fundamental concepts, techniques, and modulation mechanisms, elucidating the roles of ionic liquids as gates, electrochemical controllers, and interface components in single-molecule junctions. Encompassing applications from functional device construction to unraveling intricate chemical reactions, this review maps the diverse applications of ionic liquids in single-molecule junctions. Moreover, we propose critical future research topics in this field, including catalysis involving ionic liquids at the single-molecule level, functionalizing single-molecule devices using ionic liquids, and probing the structure and interactions of ionic liquids. These endeavors aim to drive technological breakthroughs in nanotechnology, energy, and quantum research.

Development and utilization of high quality vegetable protein resources has become a hotspot. Food extrusion as a key technology can efficiently utilize vegetable protein. By changing the extrusion conditions, vegetable protein can obtain unique functional properties, which can meet the different needs of food processing. However, extrusion of single vegetable protein also exposes many disadvantages, such as low degree functional properties, poor quality stability and lower tissue fibrosis. Therefore, addition of polysaccharide has become a new development trend to compensate for the shortcomings of extruded vegetable protein. The unique functional properties of vegetable protein-polysaccharide conjugates (Maillard reaction products) can be achieved after extrusion due to regulation of polysaccharides and adjustment of extrusion parameters. However, the physicochemical changes caused by the intermolecular interactions between protein and polysaccharide during extrusion are complex, so control of these changes is still challenging, and further studies are needed. This review summarizes extrusion modification of vegetable proteins or polysaccharides. Next, the effect of different types of polysaccharides on vegetable proteins and its regulation mechanism during extrusion is mainly introduced, including the extrusion of starch polysaccharide-vegetable protein, and non-starch polysaccharide-vegetable protein. Finally, it also outlines the development perspectives of extruded vegetable protein-polysaccharide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tumor suppressor gene Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), possessing both protein and lipid phosphatase activities, is frequently mutated in various human cancers. PTEN aberrations disrupt critical cellular processes like proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion, thereby promoting tumor growth. In the cells, PTEN localizes to the nucleus, cytoplasm, or cell membrane, and its roles depends on the subcellular localization. PTEN is regulated at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels, implying that its functions on the tumors are complex. The relationship between PTEN abnormalities and tumors has garnered significant interest in recent years. PTEN regulates essential cellular processes involved in tumorigenesis. Mutations or deletions in the PTEN gene often correlate with unfavorable prognosis and increased cancer recurrence. Numerous studies suggest that PTEN expression levels in tumors could be a valuable biomarker for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and predicting patient outcomes. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the biological function, regulatory mechanisms, and post-translational modifications of PTEN. Furthermore, this review explores the expression and regulation of PTEN in different tumor types, as well as its interactions with environmental factors in tumorigenesis. This comprehensive analysis aims to deepen our understanding of the signaling pathways between PTEN and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background White-rot fungi are known to naturally produce high quantities of laccase, which exhibit commendable stability and catalytic efficiency. However, their laccase production does not meet the demands for industrial-scale applications. To address this limitation, it is crucial to optimize the conditions for laccase production. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying different conditions remain unclear. This knowledge gap hinders the cost-effective application of laccases. Results In this study, we utilized transcriptomic and metabolomic data to investigate a promising laccase producer, Cerrena unicolor 87613, cultivated with fructose as the carbon source. Our comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) aimed to identify changes in cellular processes that could affect laccase production. As a result, we discovered a complex metabolic network primarily involving carbon metabolism and amino acid metabolism, which exhibited contrasting changes between transcription and metabolic patterns. Within this network, we identified five biomarkers, including succinate, serine, methionine, glutamate and reduced glutathione, that played crucial roles in co-determining laccase production levels. Conclusions Our study proposed a complex metabolic network and identified key biomarkers that determine the production level of laccase in the commercially promising Cerrena unicolor 87613. These findings not only shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of carbon sources in laccase production, but also provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing laccase production through strategic reprogramming of metabolic pathways, especially related to the citrate cycle and specific amino acid metabolism.

Liver fibrosis is a common complication of chronic liver disease, significantly affecting patients' quality of life and potentially leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite advancements in modern medicine, the treatment of liver fibrosis remains limited and challenging. Thus, identifying new therapeutic strategies is of great clinical importance. Signaling pathways related to liver fibrosis play a crucial regulatory role in immune response and inflammation. Aberrant activation of specific pathways, such as the NF-κB signaling pathway, results in the overexpression of genes associated with liver inflammation and fibrosis, thereby promoting the progression of liver fibrosis. Chinese medicine offers unique potential advantages as a therapeutic approach. Recent studies have increasingly demonstrated that certain Chinese medicines can effectively treat liver fibrosis by regulating relevant signaling pathways. The active ingredients in these medicines can inhibit hepatic inflammatory responses and fibrotic processes by interfering with these pathways, thus reducing the severity of liver fibrosis. This paper aims to investigate the mechanisms of Chinese medicine in treating liver fibrosis and its modulation of related signaling pathways. Additionally, it discusses the prospects of the clinical application of these treatments and provides valuable references for further research and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The in-situ oxidation of manganese sulfate solution with H2O2, sodium hypochlorite, potassium permanganate and oxygen as oxidants was investigated by means of SEM, EDS, XRD, BET and infrared analysis, and the effects of different oxidants on the morphology, phase composition, surface properties and specific surface area of manganese oxides were investigated. The experimental results show that the diameter of manganese oxide particles prepared with H2O2 is the smallest, about 50 nm, and the specific surface area is the largest, 63.8764 m2/g. It has the advantages of abundant surface hydroxyl groups, no introduction of other impurities and large adsorption potential. It is most suitable to be used as an oxidant for oxidizing manganese sulfate solution to prepare manganese oxide by in-situ oxidation. Nano manganese oxide prepard by H2O2 in-situ oxidation method is used as adsorbent to adsorb cobalt and nickel impurities in manganese sulfate. When the reaction pH is 6, the reaction time is 30min and the amount of adsorbent is 1.0 g, the adsorption rates of cobalt and nickel impurities in 100ml manganese sulfate solution are 97.59% and 97.67%, respectively. The residual amounts of cobalt and nickel meet the industrial process standard of first-class products (Co, Ni ω/%⩽0.005) of high-purity manganese sulfate (Hg/t4823-2015) for batteries. The study plays a guiding role in the preparation and regulation of manganese oxide, and provides a new method with high efficiency, purity and adsorbent availability for the preparation of high-purity manganese sulfate solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water constitutes an important natural and strategic resource, crucial to sustainable development, as well as the social stability and  wellbeing of every economy. The coordinated development of water resource utilisation and economic growth  is currently the focus of attention of social scientists and other representatives of the scholarly community, being one of the key factors for the long‐term development of a country. Based on theories of sustainable development and water resource utilisation, this paper examines the ‘quantity’ and ‘quality’ of water resource utilisation in 19 provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government, and autonomous regions in the Yangtze River basin from 2006 to 2021, and explores the internal interaction mechanism. First, the decoupling model is used to explore the decoupling relationship between water resource use and economic growth in the Yangtze River Basin, and the LMDI additive index model is used to analyse the corresponding four driving factors. After discovering the interaction between the ‘quantity’ of water resources and economic growth, the ‘quality’ of water resources in the Yangtze River basin was explored, and after measuring the utilisation rate of water resources in the Yangtze River basin, the Tobit model was applied to introduce the explanatory and control variables to deeply analyse the influencing factors of water resources, and the two regulating variables of the digital economy and water endowment are introduced to further analyse the regulating mechanism. The results demonstrate that there is a corresponding ‘weak decoupling‐strong decoupling‐strong decoupling’ stage of development between water resource use and economic growth in the Yangtze River basin, with the corresponding technology effect factor being the most important driver. There is also a corresponding positive regulation impact of the digital economy on the relationship between the two, while water resources endowment has a corresponding negative regulation mechanism, as well as the role of corresponding influencing factors. Relevant recommendations for water resources use have been suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study explored the cognitive regulatory mechanism of error monitoring behavior and brain activity during the anticipatory processing of athletes from the perspective of error monitoring. Method: 40 expert group (elite basketball players) and novice group (college students majoring in sports but not basketball) athletes to watch different judgment time (shooting stage. rising stage, high point stage and falling stage) and shooting results (in, out) shooting video, predict the fate of the ball and report error consciousness leveL Latency and peak amplitude of subject accuracy, certainty, P3, 3400, ERN and Pe were recorded and analyzed. Results: In the early stageofthe shooting action. expert group had the higher accuracy forthe in shots, but lower accuracy forthe out shots, where the degree of certainty is positively correlated with the accuracy rate; the peak amplitude of ERN and P3 was greater than that of the novice group. In addition, the excellent group found the larger N400 peak amplitude in the out condition, the smaller Pe peak amplitude in the in condition. Conclusions: 1) sport expertise can promote the athletes' ability of error monitoring, and the time course of error monitoring in the expected movements of excellent athletes is manifested in the early stage of action execution. 2) The error monitoring of expert athletes shows advantages in both behavioral characteristics and cognitive neural changes, and thequality of the error monitoring of athletes affects the performance of action prediction. 3) The level oferror monitoring of elite athletes can regulate the influence of sport expertise on prediction performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: White-rot fungi are known to naturally produce high quantities of laccase, which exhibit commendable stability and catalytic efficiency. However, their laccase production does not meet the demands for industrial-scale applications. To address this limitation, it is crucial to optimize the conditions for laccase production. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying different conditions remain unclear. This knowledge gap hinders the cost-effective application of laccases. Results: In this study, we utilized transcriptomic and metabolomic data to investigate a promising laccase producer, Cerrena unicolor 87613, cultivated with fructose as the carbon source. Our comprehensive analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) aimed to identify changes in cellular processes that could affect laccase production. As a result, we discovered a complex metabolic network primarily involving carbon metabolism and amino acid metabolism, which exhibited contrasting changes between transcription and metabolic patterns. Within this network, we identified five biomarkers, including succinate, serine, methionine, glutamate and reduced glutathione, that played crucial roles in co-determining laccase production levels. Conclusions: Our study proposed a complex metabolic network and identified key biomarkers that determine the production level of laccase in the commercially promising Cerrena unicolor 87613. These findings not only shed light on the regulatory mechanisms of carbon sources in laccase production, but also provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing laccase production through strategic reprogramming of metabolic pathways, especially related to the citrate cycle and specific amino acid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on the role and underlying mechanisms of mitotic catastrophe (MC) in the regulation of drug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide, posing significant treatment challenges due to its high recurrence rates and drug resistance. Research suggests that MC, as a mechanism of cell death, plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficacy of HCC treatment by disrupting the replication and division mechanisms of tumor cells. The present review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of MC and its role in HCC drug resistance and explores the potential of combining MC with existing cancer therapies to improve treatment outcomes. Future research should focus on the in-depth elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of MC and its application in HCC therapy, providing new insights for the development of more effective treatments.

China’s traditional governance model, featuring localized management by local governments, has been unable to effectively manage the increasing cross-regional flow of food safety risks caused by the emerging trends in online food consumption. This weakness highlights the urgent need to reform the online food safety regulation mechanism. To support this effort, this study uses the social cogovernance framework to investigate the effects of regulation by logistics companies on the behavioral strategy choices of sellers and the social cogovernance level. This study constructs a three-party evolutionary game model among online food sellers, platforms, and logistics companies authorized by the government to regulate online food safety. The equilibrium points are verified by Matlab numerical simulation, and the relationship between equilibrium points and social cogovernance level is also examined. The results show that (1) The probability of sampling inspection, financial penalties imposed by the government, financial subsidies, and financial penalties within the supply chain influence logistics companies in fulfilling their responsibilities for regulating online food safety; (2)Utilizing logistics companies to regulate online food safety has a restraining effect on sellers’ risky behaviors, effectively mitigating online food safety risks;.(3)Different equilibrium points in the system represent varying levels of social cogovernance, and leveraging logistics companies to regulate challenging online food safety can enhance the system’s social cogovernance level. Based on these results, this study supports the feasibility and impacts of utilizing logistics companies to regulate online food safety.

In this review, several mechanisms of antihypertensive peptides derived from food and its by-products were summarized. Mechanisms based on the RAAS system such as ACE/Ang Ⅱ/AT1R signaling pathways and ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR signaling pathways were included. Mechanisms targeting at KNOS system including PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway, PPAR-γ/caspase3/MAPK/eNOS signaling pathway and L-type Ca2+ channel were also discussed. In addition, the pathways of reducing blood pressure by inhibiting endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE) activity discovered in recent years were also introduced.

Abstract Background Surfactin, a green lipopeptide bio-surfactant, exhibits excellent surface, hemolytic, antibacterial, and emulsifying activities. However, a lack of clear understanding of the synthesis regulation mechanism of surfactin homologue components has hindered the customized production of surfactin products with different biological activities. Results In this study, exogenous valine and 2-methylbutyric acid supplementation significantly facilitated the production of C14–C15 surfactin proportions (up to 75% or more), with a positive correlation between the homologue proportion and fortified concentration. Subsequently, the branched-chain amino acid degradation pathway and the glutamate synthesis pathway are identified as critical pathways in regulating C14–C15 surfactin synthesis by transcriptome analysis. Overexpression of genes bkdAB and glnA resulted in a 1.4-fold and 1.3-fold increase in C14 surfactin, respectively. Finally, the C14-rich surfactin was observed to significantly enhance emulsification activity, achieving an EI24 exceeding 60% against hexadecane, while simultaneously reducing hemolytic activity. Conversely, the C15-rich surfactin demonstrated an increase in both hemolytic and antibacterial activities. Conclusion This study presents the first evidence of a potential connection between surfactin homologue synthesis and the conversion of glutamate and glutamine, providing a theoretical basis for targeting the synthesis regulation and structure–activity relationships of surfactin and other lipopeptide compounds. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Background Plants mediate several defense mechanisms to withstand abiotic stresses. Several gene families respond to stress as well as multiple transcription factors to minimize abiotic stresses without minimizing their effects on performance potential. RNA helicase (RH) is one of the foremost critical gene families that can play an influential role in tolerating abiotic stresses in plants. However, little knowledge is present about this protein family in rapeseed (canola). Here, we performed a comprehensive survey analysis of the RH protein family in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Results A total of 133 BnRHs genes have been discovered in this study. By phylogenetic analysis, RHs genes were divided into one main group and a subgroup. Examination of the chromosomal position of the identified genes showed that most of the genes (27%) were located on chromosome 3. All 133 identified sequences contained the main DEXDC domain, the HELICC domain, and a number of sub-domains. The results of biological process studies showed that about 17% of the proteins acted as RHs, 22% as ATP binding, and 14% as mRNA binding. Each part of the conserved motifs, communication network, and three-dimensional structure of the proteins were examined separately. The results showed that the RWC in leaf tissue decreased with higher levels of drought stress and in both root and leaf tissues sodium concentration was increased upon increased levels of salt stress treatments. The proline content were found to be increased in leaf and root with the increased level of stress treatment. Finally, the expression patterns of eight selected RHs genes that have been exposed to drought, salinity, cold, heat and cadmium stresses were investigated by qPCR. The results showed the effect of genes under stress. Examination of gene expression in the Hayola #4815 cultivar showed that all primers except primer #79 had less expression in both leaves and roots than the control level. Conclusions New finding from the study have been presented new insights for better understanding the function and possible mechanism of RH in response to abiotic stress in rapeseed.

In drug discovery, selecting targeted molecules is crucial as the target could directly affect drug efficacy and the treatment outcomes. As a member of the CCN family, CTGF (also known as CCN2) is an essential regulator in the progression of various diseases, including fibrosis, cancer, neurological disorders, and eye diseases. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of CTGF in different diseases may contribute to the discovery of novel drug candidates. Summarizing the CTGF-targeting and -inhibitory drugs is also beneficial for the analysis of the efficacy, applications, and limitations of these drugs in different disease models. Therefore, we reviewed the CTGF structure, the regulatory mechanisms in various diseases, and drug development in order to provide more references for future drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to balance rice resistance and yield is an important issue in rice breeding. Plants with mutated necrotic lesion genes often have persistent broad-spectrum resistance, but this broad-spectrum resistance usually comes at the expense of yield. Currently, many necrotic lesion mutants in rice have been identified, and these genes are involved in disease resistance pathways. This review provides a detailed introduction to the characteristics, classification, and molecular mechanisms of necrotic lesion formation. Additionally, we review the molecular regulatory pathways of genes involved in rice disease resistance. Concurrently, we summarize the relationship between resistance and yield in rice using newly developed gene editing methods. We discuss a rational and precise breeding strategy to better utilize molecular design technology for breeding disease-resistant and high-yield rice varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seedling emergence is a crucial stage in plant production as it greatly impacts or even determines the final yield. For dicotyledonous plants, the growth of the hypocotyl and the development of the apical hook play a significant role in seedling emergence. Hypocotyl growth and apical hook development are a continuously dynamic process and are important guarantees for seedling emergence. The elongation of the hypocotyls provides the necessary force for seedlings to penetrate the soil, while the apical hook protects the delicate apical meristems and cotyledons from the damages during the soil topping process. Focusing on the development of the hypocotyl and apical hook, this paper summarized the molecular mechanisms regulating hypocotyl elongation and thickening by arranging themselves through the cytoskeleton in dicotyledonous plants, as well as the growth mechanisms of cellular differentiation involved in apical hook formation, maintenance, and unfolding. This paper examined the synergistic effects and mechanisms of major environmental factors such as light and temperature, as well as plant endogenous hormones, on hypocotyl and apical hook development. Furthermore, the paper explored agricultural practices, including optimizing environmental factors through sowing methods and seedling thinning to enhance hypocotyl growth and apical hook development, which in turn improves seedling emergence rate and stand establishment rate. Lastly, the paper provided suggestions for further research on the molecular mechanisms regulating hypocotyl and apical hook development, along with insights into the adaptation mechanism of apical hook and hypocotyl development to adversity, as well as for achieving effective control of seedling emergence and stand establishment in dicotyledonous plants. This paper serves as a valuable reference for a deeper understanding of the seedling emergence mechanism in dicotyledonous plants and innovative plant seeding and seedling preservation techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Surfactin, a green lipopeptide bio-surfactant, exhibits excellent surface, hemolytic, antibacterial, and emulsifying activities. However, a lack of clear understanding of the synthesis regulation mechanism of surfactin homologue components has hindered the customized production of surfactin products with different biological activities. Results: In this study, exogenous valine and 2-methylbutyric acid supplementation significantly facilitated the production of C14–C15 surfactin proportions (up to 75% or more), with a positive correlation between the homologue proportion and fortified concentration. Subsequently, the branched-chain amino acid degradation pathway and the glutamate synthesis pathway are identified as critical pathways in regulating C14–C15 surfactin synthesis by transcriptome analysis. Overexpression of genes bkdAB and glnA resulted in a 1.4-fold and 1.3-fold increase in C14 surfactin, respectively. Finally, the C14-rich surfactin was observed to significantly enhance emulsification activity, achieving an EI24 exceeding 60% against hexadecane, while simultaneously reducing hemolytic activity. Conversely, the C15-rich surfactin demonstrated an increase in both hemolytic and antibacterial activities. Conclusion: This study presents the first evidence of a potential connection between surfactin homologue synthesis and the conversion of glutamate and glutamine, providing a theoretical basis for targeting the synthesis regulation and structure–activity relationships of surfactin and other lipopeptide compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Plants mediate several defense mechanisms to withstand abiotic stresses. Several gene families respond to stress as well as multiple transcription factors to minimize abiotic stresses without minimizing their effects on performance potential. RNA helicase (RH) is one of the foremost critical gene families that can play an influential role in tolerating abiotic stresses in plants. However, little knowledge is present about this protein family in rapeseed (canola). Here, we performed a comprehensive survey analysis of the RH protein family in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Results: A total of 133 BnRHs genes have been discovered in this study. By phylogenetic analysis, RHs genes were divided into one main group and a subgroup. Examination of the chromosomal position of the identified genes showed that most of the genes (27%) were located on chromosome 3. All 133 identified sequences contained the main DEXDC domain, the HELICC domain, and a number of sub-domains. The results of biological process studies showed that about 17% of the proteins acted as RHs, 22% as ATP binding, and 14% as mRNA binding. Each part of the conserved motifs, communication network, and three-dimensional structure of the proteins were examined separately. The results showed that the RWC in leaf tissue decreased with higher levels of drought stress and in both root and leaf tissues sodium concentration was increased upon increased levels of salt stress treatments. The proline content were found to be increased in leaf and root with the increased level of stress treatment. Finally, the expression patterns of eight selected RHs genes that have been exposed to drought, salinity, cold, heat and cadmium stresses were investigated by qPCR. The results showed the effect of genes under stress. Examination of gene expression in the Hayola #4815 cultivar showed that all primers except primer #79 had less expression in both leaves and roots than the control level. Conclusions: New finding from the study have been presented new insights for better understanding the function and possible mechanism of RH in response to abiotic stress in rapeseed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: Auxin acts upstream of NO through NOA and XXT5 pathways to regulate the binding capacity of the root cell wall to Al. In our previous study, we identified an unknown mechanism by which 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) decreased the fixation of aluminum (Al) in the cell wall. Here, we observed that external application of the nitric oxide (NO) donor S-nitrosoglutathion (GSNO) increased the inhibition of Al on root elongation. Further analysis indicated that GSNO could induce Al accumulation in the roots and root cell walls, which is consistent with lower xyloglucan content. In comparison to the Columbia-0 (Col-0) wild type (WT), endogenous NO-reduced mutants noa1 (NOA pathway) and nia1nia2 (NR pathway) were more resistant to Al, with lower root Al content, higher xyloglucan content, and more Al accumulation in the root cell walls. By contrast, the xxt5 mutant with reduced xyloglucan content exhibited an Al-sensitive phenotype. Interestingly, Al treatment increased the endogenous auxin and NO levels, and the auxin levels induced under Al stress further stimulated NO production. Auxin application reduced Al retention in hemicellulose and decreased the xyloglucan content, similar to the effects observed with GSNO. In yucca and aux1-7 mutants, exogenous application of NO resulted in responses similar to those of the WT, whereas exogenous auxin had little effect on the noa1 mutant under Al stress. In addition, as auxin had similar effects on the nia1nia2 mutant and the WT, exogenous auxin and NO had little effect on the xxt5 mutant under Al stress, further confirming that auxin acts upstream of NO through NOA and XXT5 pathways to regulate the binding capacity of the root cell wall to Al. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT: The quality and flavor of chicken are affected by muscle metabolites and related regulatory genes, and the molecular regulation mechanism of meat quality is different among different breeds of chicken. In this study, 40 one-day-old Daweishan mini chicken (DM) and Cobb broiler (CB) were selected from each group, with 4 replicates and 10 chickens in each replicate. The chickens were reared until 90 d of age under the same management conditions. Then, metabolomics and transcriptomics data of 90-day-old DM (n = 4) and CB (n = 4) were integrated to analyze metabolites affecting breast muscle quality and flavor, and to explore the important genes regulating meat quality and flavor related metabolites. The results showed that a total of 38 significantly different metabolites (SDMs) and 420 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the breast muscle of the 2 breeds. Amino acid and lipid metabolism may be the cause of meat quality and flavor difference between DM and CB chickens, involving metabolites such as L-methionine, betaine, N6, N6, N6-Trimethyl-L-lysine, L-anserine, glutathione, glutathione disulfide, L-threonine, N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid, succinate, choline, DOPC, SOPC, alpha-linolenic acid, L-palmitoylcarnitine, etc. Important regulatory genes with high correlation with flavor amino acids (GATM, GSTO1) and lipids (PPARG, LPL, PLIN1, SCD, ANGPTL4, FABP7, GK, B4GALT6, UGT8, PLPP4) were identified by correlation analysis, and the gene-metabolite interaction network of breast muscle mass and flavor formation in DM chicken was constructed. This study showed that there were significant differences in breast metabolites between DM and CB chickens, mainly in amino acid and lipid metabolites. These 2 kinds of substances may be the main reasons for the difference in breast muscle quality and flavor between the 2 breeds. In general, this study could provide a theoretical basis for further research on the molecular regulatory mechanism of the formation of breast muscle quality and flavor differences between DM and CB chickens, and provide a reference for the development, utilization and genetic breeding of high-quality meat chicken breeds.

As a bulk industrial solid waste, coal gangue has caused serious pollution to the environment, and its application in the field of soil amendments has been widely studied, but the mechanism of pore structure regulation of coal gangue as soil substrate has not been reported in the literature. In this paper, the physical and chemical properties of coal gangue are analyzed, and its particle size, element content, and occurrence state are defined. The regulation mechanism of pores and pores in preparing matrix soil with coal gangue is revealed, and an efficient and energy-saving fluidizing activation technology is proposed to prepare active matrix soil. The results show that matrix soil with optimal pore structure can be obtained by fluidized bed calcination at 700 °C for 15 min, with a porosity of 55.0 %, volumetric water content of 28.7 %, and gas phase rate of 24.8 %. The technology also removes carbon, which is prone to natural fires, and fixes sulfur, which is good for plant growth. The formation and regulation mechanism of pores structure of soil matrix prepared by fluidized calcination of coal gangue is as follows: The oxidation reaction of carbon and the decomposition of minerals in coal gangue will form pore structures. Adjusting the reaction temperature and time, controlling the rate of carbon oxidation reaction, and the rate of mineral decomposition can achieve the goal of regulating the pore structure. Large pores with a pore size greater than 0.03 mm are formed by the oxidation of carbon and the decomposition of kaolinite. The pores with a diameter of 0.0001–0.03 mm are formed by the overflow of carbon dioxide gas, which is generated by the oxidation reaction of carbon embedded in coal gangue particles and the decomposition of calcium carbonate. The results of this study will provide technical and theoretical support for promoting the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue and improving environmental protection.

Planting density is an effective strategy for regulating both oat lodging and forage quality. To delve into the regulatory mechanisms of planting density on lodging and oat forage quality, lodging-resistant variety LENA and lodging-sensitive variety QY2 were grown in 2018 and 2019 growing seasons, and four planting densities were implemented: 2.25 × 106 plants/ha (D1), 4.5 × 106 plants/ha (D2), 6.75 × 106 plants/ha (D3), and 9 × 106 plants/ha (D4). At the milk stage, we measured the contents of potassium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, lignin, crude fiber, starch, soluble sugar, and soluble protein in the second and third stem internodes of the plants. The results revealed the lodging-resistant variety LENA demonstrated significantly higher contents of calcium, potassium, silicon, crude fiber, lignin, and lower contents of starch, soluble sugar, and soluble protein (p < 0.01). Similar trends in the physicochemical properties of stem internodes for both oat varieties with increasing planting density. Crude fiber, soluble sugar, magnesium, starch, potassium, and lignin were the key characteristics affecting the lodging coefficient, and variety and planting density affected the lodging coefficient mainly by regulating the synthesis of starch, soluble sugar, and crude fiber. At planting density D3, stem internodes exhibited higher physicochemical properties and a lower lodging coefficient, favoring oat forage production. The results offer a valuable theoretical foundation and practical reference for oat lodging-resistant cultivation.

To realize the high‐efficiency utilization of iron‐rich coal (ZC), it is necessary to conduct in‐depth research on its ash fusion characteristics and regulation mechanism. In this paper, the fusion temperature test of ZC coal ash was first carried out in a weak reducing atmosphere, and diatomite (GZT) and Naomaohu high‐calcium coal (NMH) were selected as additives. The results show that the four characteristic temperatures of ZC coal ash are all low under weak reducing conditions. The addition of NMH ash lowered the fusion temperature of ZC coal ash, while the GZT ash increased the fusion temperature to varying degrees. When the addition ratio of NMH ash is less than 40 %, the effect of increasing the difference between the deformation temperature and flow temperature of ZC coal ash is still positive. The addition of NMH ash made the slag system generate a high content of calcium‐magnesium feldspar and calcium‐iron feldspar, decreasing the fusion temperature of the blended coal ash. The addition of GZT ash increased the content of SiO2 in the slag system and promoted the increase of the iron‐pyroxene content, and the formation of the iron‐aluminum pyroxene and cordierite mineral phases, thereby increasing the coal ash fusion temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blocking the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis can alter the biological functions of leukaemia cells. We hypothesise that interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 play an important role in this process. To test this hypothesis, we established a co-culture model of leukaemia cells and bone marrow stromal cells. Treatment of cells with AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, and G-CSF blocked the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, inducing biological changes in the leukaemia cells and altering IL-8 and IL-6 levels. Subsequently, after stimulating the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, specific pathway blockers were employed to assess the role of four candidate signalling pathways in this process. ELISA results confirmed that MG-132 (10 μm) inhibits IL-8 expression and that the NF-κB signalling pathway contributes to this effect. Moreover, treatment with Perifosine, an AKT inhibitor, inhibited IL-6 expression. In addition, changes in the NF-κB signalling pathway inhibited IL-8 expression. Treatment with SP600125, a Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor, and Perifosine also inhibited IL-8 expression; however, this effect occurred later. IL-6 expression was also lower in the Perifosine group; hence, inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signalling pathway can reduce IL-6 expression. This process requires the participation of multiple signalling pathways to regulate IL-8 and IL-6 expression. Therefore, the associated mechanism is likely to be highly intricate, with potential cross-effects that may impact leukaemia pathogenesis. IL-6 and IL-8 are physiologically regulated by the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, while the NF-κB and JNK/AP-1 pathways are required for IL-8 expression in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Accordingly, by upregulating IL-8, the bone marrow microenvironment and CXCL12/CXCR4 axis may contribute to T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pre-harvest sprouting refers to the phenomenon that rice tends to induce seed germination on the spike if it encounters continuous cloudy and rainy weather or high-temperature and humid environmental conditions before harvest. Pre-harvest sprouting leads to decreased seed vigor and quality of rice, resulting in huge losses to rice production. In addition to expanding the screening of pre-harvest sprouting mutants, excavating and cloning some new genes controlling pre-harvest sprouting and analyzing their spike germination regulatory mechanisms are important tasks for breeding rice for pre-harvest sprouting resistance. During the process of pre-harvest sprouting, rice amylase activity is enhanced, soluble sugar content is elevated, and the content and balance of phytohormones ABA and GA in rice seeds are the key factors determining pre-harvest sprouting. Some key genes such as OsVP1 control rice seed dormancy through the ABA signaling pathway, while GA regulates seed germination through the activation of GA-associated transcription factors. The article reviews the four areas, i.e., internal physiological factors and environmental conditions of rice pre-harvest sprouting, genetic mechanisms of rice pre-harvest sprouting, molecular mechanisms of rice pre-harvest sprouting, and trait improvement of rice pre-harvest sprouting, and thus aiming to provide theoretical references for the selection of varieties that are resistant to pre-harvest sprouting in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is an important plant, utilized for both medicine and food. It has become a current research hotspot due to its rich content of flavonoids, which are beneficial for human health. Anthocyanins (ATs) and proanthocyanidins (PAs) are the two main kinds of flavonoid compounds in Tartary buckwheat, which participate in the pigmentation of some tissue as well as rendering resistance to many biotic and abiotic stresses. Additionally, Tartary buckwheat anthocyanins and PAs have many health benefits for humans and the plant itself. However, little is known about the regulation mechanism of the biosynthesis of anthocyanin and PA in Tartary buckwheat. In the present study, a bHLH transcription factor (TF) FtTT8 was characterized to be homologous with AtTT8 and phylogenetically close to bHLH proteins from other plant species. Subcellular location and yeast two-hybrid assays suggested that FtTT8 locates in the nucleus and plays a role as a transcription factor. Complementation analysis in Arabidopsis tt8 mutant showed that FtTT8 could not recover anthocyanin deficiency but could promote PAs accumulation. Overexpression of FtTT8 in red-flowering tobacco showed that FtTT8 inhibits anthocyanin biosynthesis and accelerates proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. QRT-PCR and yeast one-hybrid assay revealed that FtTT8 might bind to the promoter of NtUFGT and suppress its expression, while binding to the promoter of NtLAR and upregulating its expression in K326 tobacco. This displayed the bidirectional regulating function of FtTT8 that negatively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and positively regulates proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. The results provide new insights on TT8 in Tartary buckwheat, which is inconsistent with TT8 from other plant species, and FtTT8 might be a high-quality gene resource for Tartary buckwheat breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ke Mi, Lizhong Zeng, Yang Chen, Shuanying Yang Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Shuanying Yang, Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China, Email yangshuanying66@163.comBackground: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a group of cancers with poor prognosis. The combination of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) can identify important genes involved in cancer development and progression from a broader perspective.Methods: The scRNA-seq data and bulk RNA-seq data of LUAD were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Analyzing scRNA-seq for core cells in the GSE131907 dataset, and the uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) was used for dimensionality reduction and cluster identification. Macrophage polarization-associated subtypes were acquired from the TCGA-LUAD dataset after analysis, followed by further identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the TCGA-LUAD dataset (normal/LUAD tissue samples, two subtypes). Venn diagrams were utilized to visualize differentially expressed and highly variable macrophage polarization-related genes. Subsequently, a prognostic risk model for LUAD patients was constructed by univariate Cox and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), and the model was investigated for stability in the external data GSE72094. After analyzing the correlation between the trait genes and significantly mutated genes, the immune infiltration between the high/low-risk groups was then examined. The Monocle package was applied to analyze the pseudo-temporal trajectory analysis of different cell clusters in macrophage clusters. Subsequently, cell clusters of data macrophages were selected as key cell clusters to explore the role of characteristic genes in different cell populations and to identify transcription factors (TFs) that affect signature genes. Finally, qPCR were employed to validate the expression levels of prognosis signature genes in LUAD.Results: 424 macrophage highly variable genes, 3920 DEGs, and 9561 DEGs were obtained from macrophage clusters, the macrophage polarization-related subtypes, and normal/LUAD tissue samples, respectively. Twenty-eight differentially expressed and highly mutated MPRGs were obtained. A prognostic risk model with 7 DE-MPRGs (RGS13, ADRB2, DDIT4, MS4A2, ALDH2, CTSH, and PKM) was constructed. This prognostic model still has a good prediction effect in the GSE72094 dataset. ZNF536 and DNAH9 were mutated in the low-risk group, while COL11A1 was mutated in the high-risk group, and they were highly correlated with the characteristic genes. A total of 11 immune cells were significantly different in the high/low-risk groups. Five cell types were again identified in the macrophage cluster, and then NK cells: CD56hiCD62L+ differentiated earlier and were present mainly on 2 branches. While macrophages were present on 2 branches and differentiated later. It was found that the expression levels of BCLAF1 and MAX were higher in cluster 1, which might be the TFs affecting the expression of the characteristic genes. Moreover, qPCR confirmed that the expression of the prognosis genes was generally consistent with the results of the bioinformatic analysis.Conclusion: Seven MPRGs (RGS13, ADRB2, DDIT4, MS4A2, ALDH2, CTSH, and PKM) were identified as prognostic genes for LUAD and revealed the mechanisms of MPRGs at the single-cell level.Keywords: lung adenocarcinoma, macrophage polarization-related genes, prognostic risk model, single-cell RNA sequencing, regulation mechanism

ABSTRACTThe current study applied 2-(4-methoxyphenoxy) propionic acid (HPMP) to prepare its alkylated and esterified derivatives and then investigated their corresponding sweetness inhibitory effect. The structure of these substituted derivatives were characterized by NMR and IR for ensuring their individual modification. The electronic tongue was used to predict the sweetness inhibitory effect of the derivatives, and a sweet prediction model was established via a three-dimensional measurement in term of sweetener type, sweetener and derivative concentrations. Furthermore, the interaction of sweetness inhibition with other taste properties was also studied. The current results indicated that, for alkylated derivatives, the sweetness inhibition rate of methyl-modified derivatives was higher than that of ethyl and propyl derivatives, and the inhibition rate of para-substituted derivatives was greater than that of ortho- and meta-positions. Interestingly, this study revealed that the esterification led to a minor sweetness inhibitory effect. Based on the current results, it is proposed that the ratio of hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups on the HPMP molecules plays the key role in regulating their corresponding sweetness inhibition via a binding capacity with the active site of sweet taste receptors.

Petunia hybrida is an economically important ornamental plant species. Branching in ornamental plants is closely associated with their ornamental traits, and branching is a significant agronomic trait in petunia, which shapes plant architecture and production cost. Although there are few studies regarding the involvement of the SPEAR genes in lateral branch development, they are known to regulate the development of plant organs. The PhSPEAR1 gene in petunia, an ortholog of Arabidopsis SPEAR1, was isolated for study. According to the results of real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), PhSPEAR1 was primarily expressed in the roots. The fluorescence signal indicated that PhSPEAR1 was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. An increase in PhSPEAR1 expression was induced by cytokinin or decapitation. Overexpression of PhSPEAR1 increased lateral branches in Arabidopsis. Based on our findings, PhSPEAR1 participates significantly in the regulation of branch number in petunia.

Purpose. To make a comprehensive analysis and review the main aspects of the formation of the resistance of hydrobiont bodies under the influence of various factors. To show the mechanism of action of the main physiological and biochemical processes in the context of understanding the general functionality of hydrobiont bodies. To summarize the basic concepts and opinion regarding the activity of metabolic processes, regulation of enzymatic activity in hydrobiont bodies against the background of the conditions of influence of abiotic and biotic factors. Findings. An overview of modern scientific publications is presented, showing the idea of the hydrobiont body as a single functional system. Supplemented by the author’s own judgments regarding the role of physiological and biochemical processes in the formation of adaptive and compensatory mechanisms of fish, the main mechanisms of adjustment of vital processes in view of the influence of stress factors. In general, open literature data on the studies on the adaptive capacity of hydrobiont bodies against the background of the introduction of adaptogens, developmental stimulants, and immunomodulators. The general aspects of ways to solve the problem in the context of increasing the resistance of hydrobiont bodies under various exposure conditions, including growing conditions, are considered. Experimental studies were analyzed, in particular, the effectiveness of the influence of the feed factor, technological elements of cultivation on the general functional status of hydrobiont bodies. The main physiological and biochemical mechanisms of influence on metabolic processes, enzymatic activity and adaptive capabilities of fish under the influence of biologically active substances and the conditions of the aquatic environment were studied. Aspects of neurohumoral regulation in fiosh body are highlighted, which reflect the general mechanism of action and mechanisms for adjusting the vital functions of the functional system of hydrobionts. Practical value. The review carried out on the presented topic can be useful for scientists, students of higher education, practitioners, private entrepreneurs who are related to the fishery industry, research works in aquaculture.

The article is devoted to the issue of developing the interaction of participants in the system of long-term care for senior citizens. The solution of this problem will improve the quality and level of provision of social care services and will help to meet the existing interests and individual needs of the recipients of social services. The purpose of the article is to develop a mechanism for regulating the system of longterm care for older people using financial, personnel, organizational, managerial, information and technological components in the Stavropol Krai of the Russian Federation. The authors used such research methods as a systematic approach, analysis and systematization of information, methods of processing and displaying the information received. The article analyzes the existing definitions of the “mechanism”, “regulatory mechanism” concepts. Based on the analysis of definitions, considering industry specifics, the authors’ definition of the mechanism for regulating the longterm care system is formulated. Based on the results of the article, the authors concluded that the formed mechanism is able to ensure coordinated and interdepartmental interaction between all participants in the long-term care system at the regional and municipal levels, as well as attracting additional financial, human, organizational resources to provide social care services of proper quality, which will fully satisfy the need for them among the recipients of services.

Heart failure has become a public health problem that we cannot avoid choosing to face in today's context. In the case of heart failure, pathological cardiac hypertrophy plays a major role because of its condition of absolute increase in ventricular mass under various stresses. Ferroptosis, it could be defined as regulatory mechanisms that regulate cell death in the absence of apoptosis in iron-dependent cells. This paper introduces various new research findings on the use of different regulatory mechanisms of cellular ferroptosis for the treatment of heart failure and cardiac hypertrophy, providing new therapeutic targets and research directions for clinical treatment. The role and mechanism of ferroptosis in the field of heart failure has been increasingly demonstrated, and the relationship between cardiac hypertrophy, which is one of the causes of heart failure, is also an area of research that we should focus on. In addition, the latest applications and progress of inducers and inhibitors of ferroptosis are reported in this paper, updating the breakthroughs in their fields.

Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical labile gas, is involved in the regulation of various biological functions and physiological processes during animal reproduction. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that the biological role and chemical fate of NO is dependent on dynamic regulation of its biosynthetic enzyme, three distinct nitric oxide synthase (NOS) according to their structure, location and function. The impact of NOS isoforms on reproductive functions need to be timely elucidated. Here, we focus on and the basic background and latest studies on the development, structure, importance inhibitor, location pattern, complex functions. Moreover, we summarize the exactly mechanisms which involved some cell signal pathways in the regulation of NOS with cellular and molecular level in the animal reproduction. Therefore, this growing research area provides the new insight into the important role of NOS male and female reproduction system. It also provides the treatment evidence on targeting NOS of reproductive regulation and diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recalcitrant rice blast disease is caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, which has a significant negative economic reverberation on crop productivity. In order to induce the disease onto the host, M. oryzae positively generates many types of small secreted proteins, here named as effectors, to manipulate the host cell for the purpose of stimulating pathogenic infection. In M. oryzae, by engaging with specific receptors on the cell surface, effectors activate signaling channels which control an array of cellular activities, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The most recent research on effector identification, classification, function, secretion, and control mechanism has been compiled in this review. In addition, the article also discusses directions and challenges for future research into an effector in M. oryzae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is an important factor affecting plant growth and development. It will provide a theoretical basis for cultivating new stress-resistant varieties and improving water utilization rate of plants by studying the regulation mechanism of osmotic adjustment and water transportation under drought stress, and understanding the physiological and biochemical characteristics and stress resistance mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]