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Fusion will be and needs to be achieved. But when? Its primary fuel, deuterium, exists in sufficient quantity to satisfy any conceivable energy demands for thousands of millions of years. The cost of obtaining it from water is less than one per cent the present cost of coal. Is fusion power a distant dream or a near-term possibility? The first applications could come in the 1980s. Richard F. Post, a physicist, is head of the magnetic mirror program in controlled thermonuclear research at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, California. This report on progress in fusion research was adapted from his presentation on April 26, 1971 to the National Academy of Sciences Symposium on "Energy for the Future." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water gas shift (WGS) reaction commonly converts CO to CO 2 using H 2 O and produces H 2 and CO 2 in a catalytic fixed bed reactor. This study aims to develop a Cu/ZnO/ZSM-5 catalyst loaded in water gas shift reactor for converting typical synthesis gas produced from dry reforming of methane (DRM) at medium temperature shift (MTS, 200–350 oC) conditions and for preventing reverse reaction due to high feed concentrations of CO 2 and H 2. The Cu/ZnO/ZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by impregnation method with lower Cu metal loading of 5, 10, and 15 wt%, respectively, compared to commercial catalysts. The synthesized catalyst was characterized using XRF, XRD, SEM, H 2 -TPR, NH 3 -TPD, and TGA. The catalyst activity and stability for the WGS reaction were tested in the fixed bed reactor at atmospheric pressure and temperature of 325 °C. The experimental results show that CO conversion increases with increasing Cu loading. The 15 wt% Cu/ZnO/ZSM-5 catalyst showed the best results with a CO conversion of 35% and a yield of H 2 of 36% and showed good stability for 32 h. Based on the TGA, the 15 wt% Cu/ZnO/ZSM-5 catalyst forms a 0.04 g carbon/g catalyst, which is much lower when compared to commercial catalyst (0.105 g carbon/g catalyst). The relative activity of the synthesized catalyst indicates 2.4 times better when compared to commercial catalysts. High concentrations of H 2 and CO 2 in the feed may initiate side reactions, including reverse WGS, methanation, and carbon formation, which will decrease H 2 yield. • Cu/ZnO/ZSM-5 catalyst boosts CO conversion to 35% at 325 °C in WGS reaction. • 15 wt% Cu/ZnO/ZSM-5 achieves 36% H2 yield with 32-h stability in WGS. • Carbon formation is 0.04 g/g, lower than commercial catalyst's 0.105 g/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The programme to design plasma scenarios for the Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP), a reactor concept aiming at net electricity production, seeks to exploit the inherent advantages of the spherical tokamak (ST) while making conservative assumptions about plasma performance. This approach is motivated by the large gap between present-day STs and future burning plasmas based on this concept. It is concluded that plasma exhaust in such a device is most likely to be manageable in a double null (DN) configuration, and that high core performance is favoured by positive triangularity (PT) plasmas with an elevated central safety factor. Based on a full technical and physics assessment of external heating and current drive (CD) systems, it was decided that the external CD is provided most effectively by microwaves. Operation with active resistive wall mode (RWM) stabilization as well as high elongation is needed for the most compact solution. The gap between existing devices and STEP is most pronounced in the area of core transport, owing to high normalized plasma pressure in the latter which changes qualitatively the nature of the turbulence controlling transport. Plugging this gap will require dedicated experiments, particularly on high-performance STs, and the development of reduced models that faithfully represent turbulent transport at high normalized pressure. Plasma scenarios in STEP will also need to be such that edge localized modes (ELMs) either do not occur or are small enough to be compatible with material lifetime limits. The high current needed for a power plant-relevant plasma leads to the unavoidable generation of high runaway electron beam current during a disruption, where novel mitigation techniques may be needed. This article is part of the theme issue 'Delivering Fusion Energy – The Spherical Tokamak for Energy Production (STEP)'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining cellulose from forest residues develops sustainable processes in the biotechnology industry, especially in producing biopolymers, which could replace or add petroleum-derived polymers. This research seeks to optimize the ideal conditions of the mixing process to maximize the efficiency in obtaining cellulose through a process consisting of two treatment media for pine sawdust, specifically evaluating the impact of three types of impellers (propeller, flat blades, and 45° inclined flat blades) at speeds of (150, 250 and 350 rpm). DIN 28131 was used for the design of stirred tanks. Simulations were carried out with a volume of 50 L. CFD and FSI simulations of the agitation behavior of forest biomass in a stirred tank reactor were performed. The ALE method was applied, and the models were solved using the LS-DYNA computer program. The results indicate that agitation with propellers and flat blades inclined at 150 and 250 rpm was the most efficient, minimizing cell damage and optimizing energy consumption. The impeller with flat blades inclined at 45° proved to be the best option for cellulose extraction. The novelty of this research is that not only the flow fields and the agitation behavior were found, but also the stresses in the impellers were found, and the force, moment, and power required by the motor in each simulation were revealed at a different speed. The power curves shown help to understand how energy consumption varies under different conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The residence time distribution (RTD) is very reliable, providing valuable information about the performance of process equipment such as reactors and columns. The aim of this work is to study the effect of agitation in the hydrodynamic column of flow-rig. In this case, residence time distribution (RTD) is determined using the radiotracer approach. The radiotracer is the Technetium Tc-99m with half decay 6 h. It also emits gamma rays with an energy of 0.140 MeV. 2 mL of approximately 9 mCi activity Tc-99m was injected inside the column. The results show that in the conditions studied the column presents the anomaly, dead volume. The Intensity function A(t) confirms this result. Agitation has a beneficial effect in the reduction of dead volume. To revise the conception of the column or study other parameters like the variation flow rate can reduce or eliminate the dead volume. The RTD model indicated the column behaved as a Plug flow reactor (PFR) with mixing cells in serie (J = 4) model and the RTD experiment verified the model well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper investigates a novel triangular honeycomb thermochemical energy storage reactor for low- and medium-temperature applications in buildings, emphasizing its potential to enhance sustainable heating. Using a validated 3D numerical model, the reactor's performance is analyzed in depth across various configurations, focusing on key parameters such as energy storage density, pressure drop, internal air flow distribution, and round-trip efficiency. Results show that the reactor achieved an energy storage density of 872 kJ/kg and a round-trip thermal efficiency of 41.51% under optimal conditions. Additionally, the triangular honeycomb reactor (30°, 60, and 90°) configuration achieved the highest temperature lift of 48.7 °C. In a feasibility analysis for residential heating in northern China, the reactor with 30°, 60°, and 90° angles required 24.91% less volume to meet daily heating demands compared to other configurations. This study contributes valuable insights for the development of efficient, low-carbon heating solutions for low- and medium-temperature applications in buildings, offering interesting advancements in the field of thermochemical energy storage technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the ambient N2 reduction to ammonia (NH3) using H2O as hydrogen source (2N2+6H2O=4NH3+3O2) is known as a promising alternative to the Haber–Bosch process, the high bond energy of N≡N bond leads to the extremely low NH3 yield. Herein, we report a highly efficient catalytic system for ammonia synthesis using the low‐temperature dielectric barrier discharge plasma to activate inert N2 molecules into the excited nitrogen species, which can efficiently react with the confined and concentrated H2O molecules in porous metal–organic framework (MOF) reactors with V3+, Cr3+, Mn3+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions. Specially, the Fe‐based catalyst MIL‐100(Fe) causes a superhigh NH3 yield of 22.4 mmol g−1 h−1. The investigation of catalytic performance and systematic characterizations of MIL‐100(Fe) during the plasma‐driven catalytic reaction unveils that the in situ generated defective Fe−O clusters are the highly active sites and NH3 molecules indeed form inside the MIL‐100(Fe) reactor. The theoretical calculation reveals that the porous MOF catalysts have different adsorption capacity for nitrogen species on different catalytic metal sites, where the optimal MIL‐100(Fe) has the lowest energy barrier for the rate‐limiting *NNH formation step, significantly enhancing efficiency of nitrogen fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Petroleum Refinery Engineering is the property of Petroleum Refinery Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Photocatalysis is a promising technology for efficient sewage treatment, and designing a reactor with a stable loading technique is crucial for achieving long-term stability. However, there is a need to improve the current state of the art in both reactor design and loading techniques to ensure reliable and efficient performance. In this study, we propose an innovative solution by employing polydimethylsiloxane as a bonding layer on a substrate of 3D-printed polyacrylic resin. By means of mechanical extrusion, the active layer interacts with the bonding layer, ensuring a stable loading of the active layer onto the substrate. Simultaneously, 3D printing technology is utilized to construct a photocatalytic reactor resembling a "Kongming Lantern", guaranteeing both high activity and durability. The reactor exhibited remarkable performance in degrading organic dyes and eliminating microbes and displayed a satisfactory purification effect on real water samples. Most significantly, it maintained its catalytic activity even after 50 weeks of cyclic degradation. This study contributes to the development of improved photocatalysis technologies for long-term sewage treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Silicone Material is the property of Silicone Material Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose. Development and use of a mathematical model of the stages of formation of high-voltage pulse discharges in gas bubbles in the discharge gap «rod-plane» to identify the features of the electric field intensity distribution in the reactor and determine the current density in the load during disinfection and purification of liquid media by high-voltage pulse discharges and find the most rational treatment. Methodology. To achieve this goal, we used computer modeling using the finite element method as a method of numerical analysis. An experimental reactor model was created that takes into account the dynamics of discharges in gas bubbles in water. The equations describing the system include the generalized Ampere equation, the Poisson equation and the electric displacement equation, taking into account the corresponding initial and boundary conditions, as well as the properties of materials. The dependence of the potential of a high-voltage electrode on time has the form of a damped sinusoid, and the specific electrical conductivity in a gas bubble is a function of time. Processes occurring at the front of the voltage pulse from 0 to 20 ns are considered. Results. It is shown that with an increase in conductivity and high-voltage potential to amplitude values in a gas bubble, the electric field strength in the water layer in the reactor reaches 70 kV/cm, and it is in the water layer that there is a strong electric field. The calculations show that already by 19th ns the density of conduction currents in water prevails over that of displacement currents. At the same time, additional inclusions in the water significantly affect the distribution of electric field strength and current density, creating a significant difference in their values at the boundaries of the interface between the bubble, conductive element and water. Originality. A simulation of the dynamics of transient discharge processes in a gas bubble and a layer of water with impurities was carried out, including an analysis of the distribution of the electric field strength and current density in a system with rod-plane electrodes in the phase transition section of a gas bubble-water. This approach allows us to reveal the features of processes in reactors and to investigate the influence of phase transitions on the distribution of electrophysical quantities. Practical value. Computer simulations confirm the prospect of using nanosecond discharges generated in gas bubbles within a volume of water for widespread industrial use and are of great interest for further experimental and theoretical research. References 25, figures 9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Water Treatment is the property of CNOOC Tianjin Chemical Research & Design Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Environmental context: This manuscript focuses on the introduction of the conventional and modified Solvay processes. The Solvay process is used to produce sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, while also providing brine management and CO2 capture. Optimal values must be used for reactant contents, temperature, salinity of the brine and stirring rate to enhance efficiency. The Solvay process is used to produce sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate. Simultaneous brine management and CO2 capture occur by the Solvay process. In this review, the Solvay process based on different solutions (i.e. NH3, KOH, CaO, Ca(OH)2 and alcohol amines) is reviewed. The most efficient processes considering CO2 uptake and Na+/Cl− removal are introduced. The Solvay process benefits from increasing NH3 content, salinity, stirring rate, decreasing temperature and using inert mixing particles in the reactor. Adding NH4HCO3, extra KOH in subsequent stages and brine pretreatment are recommended. The results show that a Ca(OH)2-based Solvay process, an NH3-based process running in contactor and reactor, and a 2-amino-2-methylpropanol-based Solvay process obtain the highest CO2 capture efficiencies of 99, 98 and 80% respectively. Environmental context. This manuscript focuses on the introduction of the conventional and modified Solvay processes. The Solvay process is used to produce sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, while also providing brine management and CO2 capture. Optimal values must be used for reactant contents, temperature, salinity of the brine and stirring rate to enhance efficiency. (Image of the schematic diagram reproduced from with permission.) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a suitable half-life and abundant radiolabeling strategy, 225Ac has become one of the most promising radionuclides in the area of targeted alpha therapy. However, limited radionuclide supply is threatening the development of 225Ac related endoradiotherapy dramatically. As the parent nuclide of 225Ac, 229Th can be produced via 226Ra(3n, 2ß)229Th reaction in a nuclear reactor. However, related practice has not been conducted in large scale, since the nuclear reaction pathway for producing 229Th is complicated. In this work, the feasibility of producing 225Ac/229Th in a reactor was confirmed by systematic theoretical calculations, and a procedure that combines irradiation with separation process was proposed. The results show that 176 MBq of 229Th can be produced by irradiating 1.0 g of 226Ra with a neutron flux density of 1 × 1015 n cm-2 s1 for 90 days. This will generate 150 MBq of 225Ac monthly from a radionuclide generator, which is sufficient for the single treatment cycle of 200 patients each year considering the radioactivity loss in radiochemical separation, transfer and radiolabeling process. In addition, this irradiation process will also produce 37.8 GBq 227Ac for the preparation of 227Ac-227Th-223Ra generator. In general, the production of 225Ac by neutron irradiation of 226Ra in reactor is practicable and holds potential to alleviate the shortage of current supply of 225Ac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of economy and frequent industrial activities by humans, phosphorus is gradually transformed from phosphate ore to phosphate and into water bodies. The presence of phosphorus in wastewater can lead to water pollution and eutrophication. Moreover, due to the increasing consumption of phosphate rock, phosphate ore resources have gradually become a scarce resource. Therefore, the recycling and reuse of phosphorus resources is of great significance, and phosphorus containing wastewater is considered a potential source for phosphorus recovery. The induced crystallization method using a reactor for phosphorus resource recovery has the advantages of simple design, easy operation, high recovery efficiency, and minimal environmental impact, which makes it an ideal phosphorus recovery method. Firstly, the principle of induced crystallization method was briefly described from the perspectives of kinetics and thermodynamics. Secondly, the influencing factors of two commonly used induced crystallization methods, hydroxyapatite(HAP) and microbially available phosphorus(MAP), for phosphorus recovery were analyzed, including supersaturation, pH, ion ratio, hydraulic retention time(HRT), rising flow rate, and reactor type. Thirdly, the application of the two induced crystallization methods in the actual field of phosphorus recovery was introduced. Finally, the development prospects and optimization of process application conditions for the recovery and utilization of phosphorus resources by induced crystallization method were discussed.

Direct-drive laser inertial fusion is a potential producer of baseline power that has increased credibility following the achievement at the National Ignition Facility of ignition and net gain using indirect-drive via laser-produced X-rays. Ultraviolet broad band lasers such as argon fluoride, at 193 nm and 10 THz, are predicted by hydrocode simulations to enable energy gains greater than 100 with laser energies less than 0.5 MJ, stimulating renewed reactor design effort in anticipation of experimental verification. The present study attempts to create a reactor design with very few unknowns in materials, corrosion, first wall viability, tritium breeding and ease of servicing. A new variant of magnetic intervention has an increased ion dump surface area combined with a simple structure. Around an inner vacuum vessel an all-ceramic tritium breeder blanket is possible in an unconstrained volume, allowing helium coolant to be used without excessive pressure or flow power. The case is made for development of a lead (Pb) ceramic as the neutron multiplier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Development and use of a mathematical model of the stages of formation of high-voltage pulse discharges in gas bubbles in the discharge gap «rod-plane» to identify the features of the electric field intensity distribution in the reactor and determine the current density in the load during disinfection and purification of liquid media by high-voltage pulse discharges and find the most rational treatment. Methodology. To achieve this goal, we used computer modeling using the finite element method as a method of numerical analysis. An experimental reactor model was created that takes into account the dynamics of discharges in gas bubbles in water. The equations describing the system include the generalized Ampere equation, the Poisson equation and the electric displacement equation, taking into account the corresponding initial and boundary conditions, as well as the properties of materials. The dependence of the potential of a high-voltage electrode on time has the form of a damped sinusoid, and the specific electrical conductivity in a gas bubble is a function of time. Processes occurring at the front of the voltage pulse from 0 to 20 ns are considered. Results. It is shown that with an increase in conductivity and high-voltage potential to amplitude values in a gas bubble, the electric field strength in the water layer in the reactor reaches 70 kV/cm, and it is in the water layer that there is a strong electric field. The calculations show that already by 19th ns the density of conduction currents in water prevails over that of displacement currents. At the same time, additional inclusions in the water significantly affect the distribution of electric field strength and current density, creating a significant difference in their values at the boundaries of the interface between the bubble, conductive element and water. Originality. A simulation of the dynamics of transient discharge processes in a gas bubble and a layer of water with impurities was carried out, including an analysis of the distribution of the electric field strength and current density in a system with rod-plane electrodes in the phase transition section of a gas bubble-water. This approach allows us to reveal the features of processes in reactors and to investigate the influence of phase transitions on the distribution of electrophysical quantities. Practical value. Computer simulations confirm the prospect of using nanosecond discharges generated in gas bubbles within a volume of water for widespread industrial use and are of great interest for further experimental and theoretical research. References 25, figures 9.

Abstract Pyrolysis of two types of pellets (T1: 100% wheat straw, and T2: 70% wheat straw; 10% sawdust, 10% biochar, and 10% bentonite clay) was performed in a pilot‐scale reactor under a nitrogen environment at 20°C to 700°C. This was to investigate slow pyrolysis yields and gas composition as a function of temperature and residence time. The experimental data were obtained between 300°C and 600°C, with a residence time of 90 min, a nitrogen flow rate of 50 cm3/min, and a heating rate of 20°C/min. The results indicated that the maximum pyrolysis temperature is 605°C with a residence time of 55 min. The product analysis showed that the proportion of gas was higher than that of biochar and bio‐oil. The conversion efficiency increased with higher temperatures and varied between 66% and 76%. The results showed that carbon dioxide was the main component in the produced gas, and the maximum gas concentration was 63.6% at 300°C for T1. The higher temperature and longer residence time increased the syngas (CO + H2) composition for both T1 and T2 treatments. Nevertheless, the produced biochar had a high carbon content and retained a high calorific value, indicating slow pyrolysis is the ideal utilization route of wheat straw pellet biomass for biochar.

Ammonia is one of the most important industrial chemicals which is commonly used for producing fertilizers and cleaning solutions, as the refrigerant gas, and as the precursors for making various chemicals. With the goal of sustainable development, ammonia is also proposed as the clean fuel for decarbonized transportation. The current the Haber–Bosch process for ammonia synthesis has large footprint and operates under harsh conditions using fossil fuels as the feedstock, being recognized as the major carbon emission source. Accordingly, call for sustainable production of green ammonia using renewable energies is proposed. Ammonia synthesis assisted by nonthermal plasmas has emerged in recent years as a novel and mild electrified technology, which can potentially be coupled with intermittent renewable energies and green hydrogen. Although being promising, significant development is still needed to advance the technology towards practical applications at scales. Hence, this review comments the progression of key aspects of the plasma-assisted ammonia synthesis such as catalyst and reactor design, mechanistic understanding, and process parameters. The snapshot of the current developments and proposed perspectives hope to provide guidance for the future research efforts to drive the technology towards higher technology readiness levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study numerically investigated the effects of various contact strategies on the thermal hydraulic behavior within a structured bed of 100 explicitly modeled pebbles. Four contact strategies and two thermal hydraulic conditions were considered. The strategies to avoid contact singularities include decreasing the pebble diameter, increasing the pebble diameter, bridging the pebble surfaces near the contact region, and capping the pebble surfaces near the contact region. One strategy, Strategy 3a, which involves bridging with a cylinder equal to 10% of the pebble diameter, was selected as the baseline strategy because it addressed the contact singularity while minimizing the geometric changes that affect the bed porosity. The two thermal hydraulic conditions were full-power operation (Case 1) and pressurized loss of forced cooling or PLOFC (Case 2). Simulations of the conjugate heat transfer within the structured bed were performed using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes approach with the realizable k- ϵ turbulence model and two-layer all y + wall treatment. The thermal-fluid quantities of interest were compared between the contact strategies for each case. In Case 1, the hydraulic behavior was sensitive to the contact strategy, with large differences in the pressure drop (30%) and volume-average velocity (4%). The thermal behavior was not sensitive, with less than a 0.5% difference across the strategies. To better understand the separate effects of each heat transfer mode, Case 2 was divided into the following subcases: conduction (Case 2a); conduction/radiation (Case 2b); and conduction/radiation/convection (Case 2c). Case 2a represents an early phase of the PLOFC transient. Case 2b represents an intermediate phase of the PLOFC transient, with the pebble temperatures sufficiently high for the radiative heat transfer to be non-negligible. Case 2c represents a late phase of the PLOFC transient after the establishment of the natural circulation of the heat transfer fluid. For Case 2, large differences in the contact strategy were observed only in Case 2a with only conduction. The difference in the maximum pebble temperature was 23% in Case 2a, 2% in Case 2b, and 0.3% in Case 2c. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of the degradation of diclofenac (DCF) in an electrochemical reactor equipped with two carbon cloth (CC) electrodes operating in recirculation mode, is presented. The analysis of the effects of the operating variables on the degradation of the DCF showed that, as expected, the applied voltage has a direct influence on the reactions that take place at the anode and cathode. In fact, the addition of O2 and Fe(II) to the medium demonstrated that the electro-Fenton (EF) process was taking place and that under the following conditions, 4 V, 0.05 M Na2SO4, 50 mg/L DCF, 0.25 g Fe(II)-loaded resin, and 50 mL/min, 79.8% of DCF mineralization was obtained in a process described by a pseudo-first order kinetics (k = 0.0184 min−1). Using a simulated domestic wastewater effluent, the EF reactor under study not only showed a similar DCF mineralization value (81.8%), but also reasonable energy consumption (2.16 kWh/m3) as well as CC electrode stability upon several treatment cycles. These results suggest that an EF approach using low-cost CC electrodes and neutral pH conditions, constitute a technically and economically viable option for DCF wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an innovative double‐walled borosilicate glass reactor system for the efficient treatment of liquid and gaseous wastewater. This reactor system allows precise temperature control, continuous pH monitoring, and controlled dosing of reagents to optimize reaction conditions. Detailed characterization was carried out by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), BET (specific surface area) analysis, point of zero charge (PZC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the SCR, SCRT, and 5%Fe@SCRT materials. For Malachite Green adsorption, SRCT demonstrated a maximum adsorption capacity of 39.78 ± 0.5 mg/g using the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo‐second‐order kinetics. Optimum conditions for adsorption were found to be: an initial concentration of 50 ppm, an adsorbent dosage of 1 g/l, a pH of 8.5, and a temperature of 50°C. For the catalytic oxidation of phenol, 5%Fe@SRCT achieved a remarkable removal rate of 99.9 ± 0.1% under optimum conditions (50 ppm phenol, 1 g/l catalyst dosage, pH 3.5, H2O2 concentration 8.7 mM, and temperature 70°C). Intermediates identified during the reaction included hydroquinone, benzoquinone, catechol, and resorcinol, with degradation occurring over a 60‐minute reaction period. The 5%Fe@SCRT material showed excellent reusability in the removal of phenol by catalytic oxidation, with no significant loss of efficiency over three cycles, while the SRCT underwent three cycles of regeneration for the adsorption of Malachite Green. Scavenger tests confirmed the involvement of hydroxyl radicals in the catalytic oxidation process. In addition, fish survival tests after catalytic oxidation of phenol by 5%Fe@SRCT showed no impact on fish, underlining the environmental safety of this process. In addition, germination tests after decolorization of MG by SRCT demonstrated a good effect with no negative impact, reinforcing the ecological value of this innovative technology. These results highlight the innovative use of SCRT and 5%Fe@SCRT as versatile materials for environmental remediation, exploiting their effective adsorption capacities and efficient catalytic oxidation performance within the proposed double‐walled borosilicate glass reactor system. Practitioner Points: The study demonstrates the effectiveness of an innovative reactor system employing SRCT adsorbent and Fe@SRCT catalyst for efficient removal of malachite green and phenol from wastewater.Environmental impact assessment, including seed germination and fish survival evaluation, validates the method's eco‐friendly potential.Implementation of this approach could significantly contribute to sustainable water treatment practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrolysis of two types of pellets (T1: 100% wheat straw, and T2: 70% wheat straw; 10% sawdust, 10% biochar, and 10% bentonite clay) was performed in a pilot‐scale reactor under a nitrogen environment at 20°C to 700°C. This was to investigate slow pyrolysis yields and gas composition as a function of temperature and residence time. The experimental data were obtained between 300°C and 600°C, with a residence time of 90 min, a nitrogen flow rate of 50 cm3/min, and a heating rate of 20°C/min. The results indicated that the maximum pyrolysis temperature is 605°C with a residence time of 55 min. The product analysis showed that the proportion of gas was higher than that of biochar and bio‐oil. The conversion efficiency increased with higher temperatures and varied between 66% and 76%. The results showed that carbon dioxide was the main component in the produced gas, and the maximum gas concentration was 63.6% at 300°C for T1. The higher temperature and longer residence time increased the syngas (CO + H2) composition for both T1 and T2 treatments. Nevertheless, the produced biochar had a high carbon content and retained a high calorific value, indicating slow pyrolysis is the ideal utilization route of wheat straw pellet biomass for biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In short baseline reactor antineutrino experiment, the distance between the detector and the reactor is relatively short, the impact of reactor geometry effects on the neutrino spectrum and flux may not be neglected. In this paper, a volume neutrino source model and a point neutrino source model is established based on the structure of the EPR reactor core. The impact of the geometric effect to the antineutrino spectrum and flux in short baseline neutrino experiments is studied, the impact of the uncertainty of the power distribution in the core to the expected neutrino flux in the point model is also discussed. Because of the geometry effect of the core, the point source model can lead to a reduction in the expected neutrino event rate by approximately 0.08% to 0.40%, and the impact of the geometry effects on the shape of neutrino spectrum is on the order of 10-6. In a short baseline reactor antineutrino experiment, a point neutrino source model based on the geometric center of the reactor core can be used to calculate the neutrino flux, the uncertainty introduced by statistical and systematic uncertainties can be neglected in this model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria in natural ecosystems such as soil, dirt, or debris preferentially reside in the biofilm phenotype. When a traumatic injury, such as an open fracture, occurs, these naturally dwelling biofilms and accompanying foreign material can contaminate the injury site. Given their high tolerance of systemic levels of antibiotics that may be administered prophylactically, biofilms may contribute to difficult-to-treat infections. In most animal models, planktonic bacteria are used as initial inocula to cause infection, and this might not accurately mimic clinically relevant contamination and infection scenarios. Further, few approaches and systems utilize the same biofilm and accompanying substrate throughout the experimental continuum. In this study, we designed a unique reactor to grow bacterial biofilms on up to 50 silica beads that modeled environmental wound contaminants. The data obtained indicated that the reactor system repeatably produced mature Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on the silica beads, with an average of 5.53 and 6.21 log10 colony-forming units per mm2, respectively. The bead substrates are easily manipulable for in vitro or in vivo applications, thus improving translatability. Taken together, the bead biofilm reactor presented herein may be a useful system for repeatably growing established biofilms on silica beads that could be used for susceptibility testing and as initial inocula in future animal models of trauma-related injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating demand for renewable energy solutions and the imperative for efficient energy storage mechanisms have catalyzed the evolution of Power-to-X (PtX) technologies. Germany has the most PtX projects, accounting for 44% of all projects that have been reported. PtX encompasses a spectrum of processes engineered to convert surplus renewable energy into versatile energy carriers or chemical commodities, such as hydrogen, methane, or synthetic fuels. The Paramount to this domain is to synergistically harness renewable energy sources and hydrogen carriers to curtail waste and bolster sustainability. Central to achieving this synergy is the effective control of PtX processes, ensuring optimal performance, cost efficiency, and seamless integration within existing energy frameworks. This paper delves into the control processes and environmental prerequisites within the PtX landscape, elucidating key challenges, and strategies within this dynamic realm. While providing an initial overview of fundamental PtX process chains, this paper accentuates the critical role of geographical considerations. Subsequently, it conducts a thorough analysis of equipment modeling challenges, addressing performance metrics, operational requisites, and capital investments, particularly focusing on methanol and hydrogen production and storage. Through holistic examination, this paper endeavors to delineate the evolving landscape of PtX control processes and conditions, advancing our understanding of this expanding field. [Display omitted] • Comprehensive overview of PtX control process, challenges, strategies, and advancements. • Overview of PtX process chains and geographical conditions. • Analysis of equipment modeling challenges for methanol and hydrogen. • Addressing crucial storage challenges in PtX system. • Exploration of diverse influences on PtX control processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents catalytic cracking to evaluate the characteristics of the used finely dispersed publicly available industrial catalysts in the reactor-regenerator unit of an installation for the production of gasoline that meets the requirements of the EURO 4 and EURO 5 standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Petroleum Machinery is the property of China Petroleum Machinery Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A magnetic core of a reactor applied to the boost converter of hybrid vehicle was developed. The core is made of High-Density Magnetic Composite, which is a kind of the powder magnetic core. A great cost reduction was achieved while keeping the magnetic properties equal to conventional magnetic steel. In order to achieve both high magnetic flux density and mechanical properties of the core, high compaction density and high bending strength were coped with by developed warm compaction technique using die wall lubrication. The great decrease of a core loss was achieved by adopting the Fe-Si alloy, developing the particle shape of the raw material powder made by the new controlled atomization method and enabling the annealing at the high temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research projects conducted in biogas show that the type of reactor and the composition of different animal wastes directly affect the amount of biogas extraction. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to design and build a multi-bed reactor with a new capability and investigate the effect of the combination of livestock and poultry waste on the gas production process. For this purpose, a multi-bed cylindrical reactor equipped with a separate stirrer for each bed was designed and built, and the effect of different combinations of livestock and poultry wastes in three levels, including 60% by weight of chicken waste and 40% by weight of cow waste, 50% by weight of chicken waste and 50% by weight of cow waste, and finally 40% by weight of chicken waste and 60% by weight of cow waste. The compound concentration at two levels of TS=10% and TS=15% and the reactor temperature at 37 and 40 degrees Celsius levels were examined based on the pH and percentage of extracted biogas. The results showed that using a bed stirrer in this type of reactor increased the volume of produced gas by 17%. Increasing the ratio of animal waste to poultry balanced the acidity of the environment and finally increased the percentage of extracted biogas. Diluting the composition from TS=15% to TS=10% led to an increase in the pH level and approaching the neutral environment. Also, reducing the temperature of the reactor from 40°C to 37°C increased the percentage of extracted biogas by 8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of energy technology, hydrogen is gradually becoming widely used. China is also rapidly developing its own hydrogen energy industry in an effort to accomplish the "dual carbon target'. Hydrogen from methane is one of the mainstream sources, of which hydrogen from methane cracking is the decomposition of methane into hydrogen and solid carbon, with the solid carbon also having a high economic value. In particular, this technology does not emit carbon dioxide, which is very friendly to the environment, but it cannot avoid larger energy consumption. In contrast, hydrogen production from methane cracking driven by solar energy not only combines the characteristics of no CO 2 emission, but also greatly reduces the consumption of primary energy, which is the future development trend of hydrogen production from methane. This paper provides a brief overview of the various technological pathways for methane to hydrogen production in the context of China's actual development, focusing on the current status of the development and application of solar methane cracking to hydrogen production technologies at home and abroad. Among them, this paper mainly discusses the characteristics of solar reactors of different sizes and structures, and summarizes the results of related optimization studies. Meanwhile, the application of catalysts in solar reactors and the problem of carbon deposition are analyzed, and the practical application of solar methane cracking hydrogen production system is outlined. Finally, the future development of solar methane cracking hydrogen production technology is prospected from the national situation of China. [Display omitted] • Solar methane cracking for hydrogen can reduce emissions and energy consumption. • The current state of research on solar reactors is summarized. • Solar methane cracking requires higher performing catalysts. • Providing insights into the future development of solar methane cracking in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this industrialized world, in which the daily consumption of fossil fuels occurs, companies seek to prioritize energy generation through renewable energy sources with minimal environmental impact to improve their energy efficiency. The research objective was to calculate CO2 emissions for the pyrolysis process (conventional low-temperature pyrolysis) in two types of reactors, electric and traditional, where solar panels power the electric reactor. In addition, the amount of polluting gases and the energy consumption necessary to convert biomass into biochar were compared. Residual lignocellulosic biomass (RLB) from various species present in the southern region of Ecuador (eucalyptus, capuli, and acacia) was used, with three replicates per reactor. The electrical reactor (ER) consumed 82.60% less energy than the primary forest biomass fuel "traditional reactor (TR)" and distributed heat better in each pyrolytic process. The TR generated more pollution than the ER; it generated 40.48% more CO, 50% more NO2, 66.67% more SO2, and 79.63% more CH4. Undoubtedly, the pyrolysis process in an ER reduces environmental pollution and creates new bioproducts that could replace fossil fuels. This study provides relevant information on the residual biomass pyrolysis of plant species. These species are traditionally grown in the southern Ecuadorian region. In addition, an analysis of polluting gases for the TR and ER is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficiently converting methane into valuable chemicals via photocatalysis under mild condition represents a sustainable route to energy storage and value‐added manufacture. Despite continued interest in this area, the achievements have been overshadowed by the absence of standardized protocols for conducting photocatalytic methane oxidation experiments as well as evaluating the corresponding performance. In this review, we present a structured solution aimed at addressing these challenges. Firstly, we introduce the norms underlying reactor design and outline various configurations in the gas–solid and gas–solid–liquid reaction systems. This discussion helps choosing the suitable reactors for methane conversion experiments. Subsequently, we offer a comprehensive step‐by‐step protocol applicable to diverse methane‐conversion reactions. Emphasizing meticulous verification and accurate quantification of the products, this protocol highlights the significance of mitigating contamination sources and selecting appropriate detection methods. Lastly, we propose the standardized performance metrics crucial for evaluating photocatalytic methane conversion. By defining these metrics, the community could obtain the consensus of assessing the performance across different studies. Moving forward, the future of photocatalytic methane conversion necessitates further refinement of stringent experimental standards and evaluation criteria. Moreover, development of scalable reactor is essential to facilitate the transition from laboratory proof‐of‐concept to potentially industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Energy Chemical Industry is the property of Energy Chemical Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Plastic waste in Indonesia remains a significant unresolved issue, particularly due to the extensive use of plastic bags in the food sector, industry, and other areas, which adversely affects the environment. Addressing this, one effective approach is converting plastic waste into fuel oil through the pyrolysis process. The process involves preparing pyrolysis equipment and extracting oil by conducting laboratory tests on the properties of pyrolysis oil, including Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and droplet combustion tests. Pyrolysis is performed by heating plastic waste at temperatures ranging from 250°C to 400°C. This study focuses on pyrolysis oil derived from Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) plastic, which can be used as an alternative fuel. The results show that pyrolysis oil can be ignited with sparks at a heating temperature of 300°C, exhibiting a viscosity of 1.1378 cP and a calorific value of 10,965.2 cal/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of wastewater worldwide generates substantial quantities of sewage sludge (SS), prompting concerns about its environmental impact. Various approaches have been explored for SS reuse, with energy production emerging as a viable solution. This study focuses on harnessing energy from domestic wastewater treatment (WWT) sewage sludge through plasma gasification. Effective syngas production hinges on precise equipment design which, in turn, depends on the detailed feedstock used for characterization. Key components of plasma gasification include the plasma torch, reactor, heat exchanger, scrubber, and cyclone, enabling the generation of inert slag for landfill disposal and to ensure clean syngas. Designing these components entails considerations of sludge composition, calorific power, thermal conductivity, ash diameter, and fusibility properties, among other parameters. Accordingly, this work entails the development of an experimental setup for the plasma gasification of sewage sludge, taking into account a comprehensive sludge characterization. The experimental findings reveal that domestic WWT sewage sludge with 40% humidity exhibits a low thermal conductivity of approximately 0.392 W/mK and a calorific value of LHV = 20.78 MJ/kg. Also, the relatively low ash content (17%) renders this raw material advantageous for plasma gasification processes. The integration of a detailed sludge characterization into the equipment design lays the foundation for efficient syngas production. This study aims to contribute to advancing sustainable waste-to-energy technologies, namely plasma gasification, by leveraging sewage sludge as a valuable resource for syngas production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilm reactors, known for utilizing biofilm formation for cell immobilization, offer enhanced biomass concentration and operational stability over traditional planktonic systems. However, the dense nature of biofilms poses challenges for substrate accessibility to cells and the efficient release of products, making mass transfer efficiency a critical issue in these systems. Recent advancements have unveiled the intricate, heterogeneous architecture of biofilms, contradicting the earlier view of them as uniform, porous structures with consistent mass transfer properties. In this review, we explore six biofilm reactor configurations and their potential combinations, emphasizing how the spatial arrangement of biofilms within reactors influences mass transfer efficiency and overall reactor performance. Furthermore, we discuss how to apply artificial intelligence in processing biofilm measurement data and predicting reactor performance. This review highlights the role of biofilm reactors in environmental and energy sectors, paving the way for future innovations in biofilm-based technologies and their broader applications.

With growing desire to destroy per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) now known to be detrimental to human health, a sound understanding of fluorocarbon combustion chemistry is important to efficient thermal destruction within incinerators. While most fluorocarbon combustion models and the sets of reactions contained within them were originally developed for the high temperatures encountered in flame suppression applications, they have often been used to assess PFAS destruction in incinerators, which emphasize a lower range of temperatures. We present results that demonstrate that low-temperature fluorocarbon oxidation pathways—not yet known to play a role in fluorocarbon combustion—impact key incinerator performance metrics, including: PFAS surrogate mole fractions, products of incomplete destruction, and waste destruction efficiencies. The results further point to the utility of NO as a potential additive. The present results show the influence of these pathways for CF3O2, for which some data are available, but analogous pathways would also occur for other fluoroalkylperoxy radicals, for which little is known. The results demonstrate the need for future work to identify and characterize low-temperature pathways more generally, consider such pathways in kinetic model development, and experimentally probe intermediate temperature conditions to better understand, design, and control thermal destruction technologies for improved PFAS management.

In the present study, a novel fixed-bed continuous reactor with a preheating chamber was designed to be utilized for the practical application of removal studies of dangerous pollutants, especially NOX removal by NOX Storage Reduction (NSR) catalysts on a laboratory scale. The reactor's design and operational parameters, including outer wall temperature (50–600 °C), volumetric flow rate (0.3–3 L/min), wall temperature time (0.16–10 min), and granule surface area inside the preheating chamber (0–270 cm2), were statistically modeled and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). For more logical and effective parameter optimization, the ratio of gas and catalyst temperatures and pressure drop to the reactor outer wall temperature (GT/ROWT, CT/ROWT, and PD/ROWT) were also included in the optimization process. Experimental results showed that gas temperature, catalyst temperature, and pressure drop ranged from 31 to 177 °C, 51–585 °C, and 7–153 Pa, respectively. Optimal conditions were determined to be an outer wall temperature of 230 °C, a volumetric flow rate of 3 L/min, a wall temperature time of 0.16 min, and a granule surface area of 67.3 cm2. The results demonstrated that outer wall temperature, flow rate, time, and surface area of granules have significant and interaction effects on the responses and should be considered when researchers assess the removal efficiency of thermal catalysts.

The treatment of wastewater worldwide generates substantial quantities of sewage sludge (SS), prompting concerns about its environmental impact. Various approaches have been explored for SS reuse, with energy production emerging as a viable solution. This study focuses on harnessing energy from domestic wastewater treatment (WWT) sewage sludge through plasma gasification. Effective syngas production hinges on precise equipment design which, in turn, depends on the detailed feedstock used for characterization. Key components of plasma gasification include the plasma torch, reactor, heat exchanger, scrubber, and cyclone, enabling the generation of inert slag for landfill disposal and to ensure clean syngas. Designing these components entails considerations of sludge composition, calorific power, thermal conductivity, ash diameter, and fusibility properties, among other parameters. Accordingly, this work entails the development of an experimental setup for the plasma gasification of sewage sludge, taking into account a comprehensive sludge characterization. The experimental findings reveal that domestic WWT sewage sludge with 40% humidity exhibits a low thermal conductivity of approximately 0.392 W/mK and a calorific value of LHV = 20.78 MJ/kg. Also, the relatively low ash content (17%) renders this raw material advantageous for plasma gasification processes. The integration of a detailed sludge characterization into the equipment design lays the foundation for efficient syngas production. This study aims to contribute to advancing sustainable waste-to-energy technologies, namely plasma gasification, by leveraging sewage sludge as a valuable resource for syngas production.

Radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals produced by reactors are important components and main material foundations of the nuclear healthcare industry. Therefore, summarizing the current status of reactor-produced radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals is practically significant for accelerating the development of these products in China and promoting the construction of a self-reliant full-chain system. Through literature review, questionnaire survey, field research, and industry discussions, this study analyzes the supply and demand situation, current status, and trends of reactor-produced radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals in China and abroad. Currently, China has achieved independent supply of a small number of reactor-produced radionuclides such as 131I, 177Lu, and 89Sr; however, the production capacity of these radionuclides cannot meet domestic demand, and most commonly used radionuclides in clinical practice still rely on imports. Meanwhile, the current reactor-produced radiopharmaceuticals face bottlenecks such as a limited variety of drugs, insufficient research and development innovation, and limited production capacity, making it difficult to meet actual clinical needs. Therefore, the supply and diversification of reactor-produced radionuclides should be ensured considering the current status and trends of their supply and demand. It is necessary to promote the large-scale preparation of reactorproduced radionuclides based on clinical needs, support the development and application of more innovative radiopharmaceuticals, and further accelerate the formation of a self-reliant development system for the reactor-produced radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals in China. Additionally, it is urgent to enrich development models and form innovative concepts, providing reliable support for the sustainable development of nuclear medicine in China.

The dissimilar metal welds in the most of the reactors are connections between low alloy steel parts and stainless steel piping. There is a high possibility of primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) damage attributed to residual stress caused by the difference in material properties in the dissimilar metal weld joints. A number of accidents such as leakage of radioactive coolant due to PWSCC have been reported around the world, posing a great threat to nuclear safety. The objective of this study is to develop a technology that can fundamentally remove dissimilar metal welds by replacing the existing dissimilar metal parts with the functionally graded material (FGM) manufactured by metal 3D printing consisting of low alloy steel and austenitic stainless steel. A powder production, mixing ratio calculation, and metal 3D printing were performed to fabricate the low alloy steel-stainless steel FGM, and microstructure analysis, mechanical properties, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) measurement of the FGM were performed. As a result, it is observed that CTE tended to increase as the austenite content increased in FGM. The gradual change of coefficient of thermal expansion in a FGM showed that the additive manufacturing using 3D printing was effective for preventing an abrupt change in thermal expansion properties throughout their layers.