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Background The World Health Organization recommends vaccines for prevention and control of typhoid fever, especially where antimicrobial-resistant typhoid circulates. In 2018, the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC) implemented a typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) campaign. The campaign targeted all children aged 9 months through 14 years within NMMC boundaries (approximately 320 000 children) over 2 vaccination phases. The phase 1 campaign occurred from 14 July 2018 through 25 August 2018 (71% coverage, approximately 113 420 children). We evaluated the phase 1 campaign's programmatic effectiveness in reducing typhoid cases at the community level. Methods We established prospective, blood culture–based surveillance at 6 hospitals in Navi Mumbai and offered blood cultures to children who presented with fever ≥3 days. We used a cluster-randomized (by administrative boundary) test-negative design to estimate the effectiveness of the vaccination campaign on pediatric typhoid cases. We matched test-positive, culture-confirmed typhoid cases with up to 3 test-negative, culture-negative controls by age and date of blood culture and assessed community vaccine campaign phase as an exposure using conditional logistic regression. Results Between 1 September 2018 and 31 March 2021, we identified 81 typhoid cases and matched these with 238 controls. Cases were 0.44 times as likely to live in vaccine campaign communities (programmatic effectiveness, 56%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 25% to 74%; P =.002). Cases aged ≥5 years were 0.37 times as likely (95% CI,.19 to.70; P =.002) and cases during the first year of surveillance were 0.30 times as likely (95% CI,.14 to.64; P =.002) to live in vaccine campaign communities. Conclusions Our findings support the use of TCV mass vaccination campaigns as effective population-based tools to combat typhoid fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucocele is a benign oral lesion related to salivary glands and their ducts. Most frequently seen on the lower lip, it is usually asymptomatic, unilateral; dome shaped and may vary in color based on its location. The primary causative factor is trauma to lower lip which causes injury to salivary gland and its duct. Treatment of mucocele involves its complete excision along with associated salivary gland acini. Over the past few years, use of lasers has gained popularity in dental field, especially in the treatment of various soft tissue lesions. We report a case series of four patients diagnosed with mucocele and treated for complete excision of the lesion with diode laser. Patients were recalled after 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. In all the cases healing was uneventful, without scarring and with minimal or no postoperative discomfort. No recurrence was seen on follow up in all the cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papillon-Lefevre syndrome is a rare (1-4 cases per million) autosomal recessive disorder showing predominantly oral and dermatological manifestations in the form of aggressive periodontitis affecting both primary and permanent dentition and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis. Genetic studies have shown that mutations in the major gene locus of chromosome 11q14 with loss of function of cathepsin C gene are responsible for Papillon-Lefevre syndrome. This report presents two siblings with classic signs and symptoms of Papillon-Lefevre syndrome. The exact cause for periodontal destruction in patients with Papillon-Lefevre syndrome is not known but it is thought to be due to defect in neutrophil function, immune suppression and mutations in cathepsin C gene.

Context: Tooth surface polishing is an integral part of periodontal therapy. Enamel and cementum show a smooth surface clinically after debridement with the naked eye, but numerous surface irregularities can be detected microscopically. Air polishing is safe and effective when used by trained professionals. Aims: The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the surface roughness of cementum by using an air polishing device and conventional root planing with hand instruments. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 extracted teeth stored in saline were divided into three groups randomly – Group A (conventional root planing), Group B (hand instrumentation and air polishing), and Group C (air polishing alone) – with 15 samples each. Samples were evaluated for surface roughness by using profilometer. Six parameters were checked for surface roughness. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were collected, charted, and analyzed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc LSD method for pairwise comparisons. Results: Least amount of surface roughness was achieved with Group C when compared with Group A and Group B. These differences were statistical significant (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Air polishing can effectively smoothen the root surface by removing surface irregularities which are produced hand/ultrasonic instruments. Profilometer can be effectively used to measure the surface roughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bauhinia racemosa Lam. belongs to Family Fabaceae. It is a small tree commonly known as Apta which is found in India, Ceylon, and China. The Bauhinia racemosa Lam. is popular in India as tribal pulses. Roasted seeds are eaten by tribal people. The aim of the present study is to carry out the phytochemical study of immature seeds while proximate analysis of immature and mature seeds. Ash value was determined by the method of AOAC (1990). Crude fat, crude fiber contents were accomplished by a method of Sadasivam and Manickam (1992). Moisture content (69.5 ± 0.5 %) and crude fibre content (5.4 ± 0.31%) of the seed was higher in the immature stage. Powder behavior revealed the presence of alkaloid, tannin, cysteine, anthraquinone glycoside, xanthoprotein; steroids etc. The results obtained show the study is helpful for identification and authentication. Proximate analysis determining the nutritional value of seeds of B. racemosa Lam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The gingival biotype is of utmost importance for esthetics and biologic function. Anatomical characteristic of periodontium such as gingival thickness (GT), width of keratinized gingiva, and alveolar bone morphology will determine the behavior of periodontium when subjected to physical, chemical, or bacterial insult or during therapeutic procedure. Aims: The aim of this study was to correlate the GT with gingival width (GW), probing depth (PD), and papillary fill (PF) in relation to maxillary anterior region. Settings and Design: Undergraduate dental students and interns from a dental college in Navi Mumbai were enrolled in the study according to the inclusion criteria. Six teeth per subject were assessed; a total of 2178 maxillary anterior teeth were examined. Subjects and Methods: Subjects were examined clinically for GT, width of keratinized gingiva, pocket depth, and interdental PF. The data obtained was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Statistical Analysis Used: Spearman's correlation analysis test was performed to find the correlation of GT with GW, PD, and PF. Results: Positive correlation was found between GT and GW (r = 0.241). No significant correlation could be found between GT and PD; and between GT and PF. Conclusions: The present study confirmed a positive correlation between GT and GW. A weak negative correlation was found between GT and PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wild edible plant Antidesma acidum Retz. is large shrub belongs to family Euphorbiaceae. The leaves of Antidesma acidum Retz. are used as vegetable in rural area of Western Ghats and used against in dysentery and for appetizer. In present investigation macroscopic and microscopical characters of leaves were studied. The powder behaviour of leaves indicates the presence of starch, alkaloids, xanthoprotein, tannin, cystine and oil etc. The fluorescence analysis and phytochemical test were done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to evaluate smoking as a risk factor for periodontal disease in Mumbai in a large group of patients in Mumbai. A total of 457 male patients between the age group of 20-55 years with the habit of smoking either cigarette or bidi participated in this study. The patients were categorised as: age group(20- 25yrs,26-35yrs,36-45yrs &46-55yrs),frequency of smoking(>5units/day,6-10units/day,11-20units/day & ,20units/day).Duration of smoking (>2yrs, 3-5yrs, 6-10yrs & <10yrs).Periodontal status was assessed by community periodontal index. Results showed increase in gingival inflammation, calculus formation among younger age groups (20-35yrs) and moderate pocket formation between 36-55yrs of age. Calculus formation amongst 46-55yrs was 42% where as bleeding in age group of 20-35yrs was 31%.The duration of smoking had significant influence on periodontal health since smoking for more than 10yrs being more liable for presence of pockets(almost twice)than smokers for >5yrs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most frequent instrument used to begin tightening screws is a manually regulated screwdriver. Regarding manually regulated screwdrivers, predicted margins of error vary between fifteen percent to forty eight percent. Mechanical Torque restricting devices can consistently produce the requisite torques. As a result, devices like wrenches are needed to achieve the desirable values of torque. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the torque difference between handheld drivers and torque wrench and thereby its effect on the internal threads of implant surface.120 blocks was prepared from an autopolymerizing type of acrylic material each with a dimension of 1 inch. The centre of each block was affixed with analogue of dental impalnts with dimensions of 3.5 mm width and 13 mm length. With 60 specimens each, these models were split into two categories: hand torque specimens category and torque wrench specimens category. A stereomicroscope was used to look at the implant analog's internal threading architecture at a magnification of 100. At the bottom and top, four threads were spaced apart by a certain amount. Biowizard software was used for the assessment, and the results were recorded. Threads on the internal surface of dental implants were produced once more following torquing the implant's impression, and the stereomicroscope was used to quantify the separation between the 4 threads. Statistics were used to correlate the readings. All study participants' hand torque as well as torque wrench measurements were documented and statistical analysis was performed on them. When there was statistical analysis of the measurements then it was observed that mean values of torque in specimens included category of manual torque application was found out to be 33.6 ± 6.510 Ncm. On the other hand the mean values of torque in specimens included in category of torque application by torque wrench were found out to be 33.57 ± 3.472 Ncm. The outcome showed operator heterogeneity for both categories and operator variance when using a manual driver to generate torque. One independent - sample t test was used to contrast the mean data between the two categories, and P< 0.05 was chosen to determine whether the intergroup difference was meaningful. Because the torque values obtained with hand tightening were uneven, it may be concluded that different levels of hand torquing skill caused the torque to fluctuate. The torque wrench device displayed the desired torque data in the range that the manufacturer had advised. However, utilising manual drivers and a mechanical torque instrument did not cause any modifications to thread on the internal surface, and it rarely underwent significant deformation during the preliminary tightening torque readings. Thus, given that manually hand regulated drivers create a range of torques, it may be inferred that the employment of mechanical torque restricting instruments should be required., (© 2023 Biomedical Informatics.)