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1. A Severity Assessment of Python Code Smells

Author

Aakanshi Gupta, Rashmi Gandhi, Nishtha Jatana, Divya Jatain, Sandeep Kumar Panda, and Janjhyam Venkata Naga Ramesh

Subjects
Software maintenance, code smell severity, cognitive complexity code smell, class change proneness, open-source software, Python, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971
Abstract

Presence of code smells complicate the source code and can obstruct the development and functionality of the software project. As they represent improper behavior that might have an adverse effect on software maintenance, code smells are behavioral in nature. Python is widely used for various software engineering activities and tends tool to contain code smells that affect its quality. This study investigates five code smells diffused in 20 Python software comprising 10550 classes and analyses its severity index using metric distribution at the class level. Subsequently, a behavioral analysis has been conducted over the considered modification period (phases) for the code smell undergoing class change proneness. Furthermore, it helps to investigate the accurate multinomial classifier for mining the severity index. It witnesses the change in severity at the class level over the modification period by mapping its characteristics over various statistical functions and hypotheses. Our findings reveal that the Cognitive Complexity of code smell is the most severe one. The remaining four smells are centered around the moderate range, having an average severity index value. The results suggest that the J48 algorithm was the accurate multinomial classifier for classifying the severity of code smells with 92.98% accuracy in combination with the AdaBoost method. The findings of our empirical evaluation can be beneficial for the software developers to prioritize the code smells in the pre-refactoring phase and can help manage the code smells in forthcoming releases, subsequently saving ample time and resources spent in the development and maintenance of software projects.

Published
2023
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2. Effect of national guidance on survival for babies born at 22 weeks’ gestation in England and Wales: population based cohort study

Author

Bradley N Manktelow, Stavros Petrou, Jennifer J Kurinczuk, Richard Lindley, Victoria Nesbitt, Alan C Fenton, Sanjay Salgia, Sarah E Seaton, Matthew Babirecki, Anita Mittal, Ahmed Hassan, Karin Schwarz, Stephen Brearey, Mehdi Garbash, David Gibson, Pauline Adiotomre, Cath Seagrave, Hilary Dixon, Narendra Aladangady, Hassan Gaili, Matthew James, M Lal, Khalid Mannan, Dhaval Dave, Jennifer Birch, I Misra, Richard Nicholl, Charlotte Groves, Christos Zipitis, Joanne Fedee, Richa Gupta, Salim Yasin, Carrie Heal, Chris Knight, Hari Kumar, Delyth Webb, Sankara Narayanan, Elizabeth Eyre, Caroline Sullivan, Wynne Leith, Megan Eaton, Ambalika Das, Andrew Powls, Sanjeev Bali, Katharine Mcdevitt, Anna Gregory, Donovan Duffy, Shu-Ling Chuang, Lucy K Smith, Amit Gupta, Cheryl Battersby, Imran Ahmed, Chris Warren, Laura Stewart, Igor Fierens, Tristan Bate, Mark Johnson, Rashmi Gandhi, Nitin Goel, Artur Abelian, Shakir Saeed, Cheentan Singh, Hilary Conetta, Faith Emery, Vineet Gupta, Yee Aung, Vennila Ponnusamy, Pinki Surana, Caroline Delahunty, Anand Kamalanathan, Kavi Aucharaz, Matt Nash, Alex Allwood, Nigel Brooke, Jennifer Holman, Sobia Balal, Savi Sivashankar, Michael Grosdenier, Prakash Thiagarajan, Lidia Tyszcuzk, Bushra Abdul-Malik, Dominic Muogbo, Chrissie Oliver, Lucinda Winckworth, Naveen Athiraman, Jim Baird, Akinsola Ogundiya, Pamela Cairns, Porus Bastani, Giles Kendall, Puneet Nath, Yee Mon Aung, Ros Garr, Sundeep Sandhu, Anitha James, S Kinmond, Ruchika Gupta, Rebecca Winterson, Nick Barnes, AM Heuchan, Hannah Shore, Archana Mishra, DAMIEN ARMSTRONG, Oluseun Tayo, Carolina Zorro, J Coutts, Karen Turnock, David Deekollu, Victoria Sharp, Rajiv Chaudhary, Sam Wallis, Stan Craig, Lee Abbott, Shaveta Mulla, Penny Broggio, Peter McEwan, Divyen Shah, Grenville Fox, Alison Verner, Clare Cane, Clare Irving, Shelagh Parkinson, Ghada Ramadan, Ruth J Matthews, Ian Gallimore, Nigel Ruggins, Emily van Blankenstein, Penelope Young, Ramona Onita, Toria Klutse, Sonia Spathis, Sathish Krishnan, Samar Sen, Prem Pitchaikani, Jonathan Filkin, Ashok Karupaiah, Richard Heaver, Mohammad Alam, Patricia Cowley, Shilpa Ramesh, Julia Croft, Soma Sengupta, Anitha Vayalakkad, Arun Ramachandran, Se-Yeon Park, Bharath Gowda, Eleanor Bond, Daniel Dogar, Rebecca Kettle, Rathod Poorva, Maninder Bal, Mani Kandasamy, Claire Hollinsworh, Alaa Ghoneem, Girish Gowda, Abraham Isaac, Jo Behrsin, Ather Ahmed, Surendran Chandrasekaran, Tiziana Fragapane Muthukumar, Bivan Saha, Sangeeta Tiwary, Dush Batra, Sanath Reddy, Aesha Mohammedi, Salamatu Jalloh, Kemy Naidoo, Anjali Pektar, Adedayo Owoeye, Umapathee Majuran, Helen Purves, Esther Morris, Peter Curtis, Tayyaba Aamir, Angela Yannoulias, Edward Yates, Abijeet Godhamgaonkar, Abby Parish, Mario Martínez-Jiménez, LM Wong, Dr Morris, Dr Siramhatia, Nim Subhedar, Jo MacLeod, Arin Mukherjee, Dr Bird, Saulius Satas, Andrew Eccleston, Dominic O'Reilly, Dr Bhushan, P Van Der Heide, Helen Rhodes Ben Stenson, Ambrose Onibere, and Nita Saxena

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Objectives To explore the effect of changes in national clinical recommendations in 2019 that extended provision of survival focused care to babies born at 22 weeks’ gestation in England and Wales.Design Population based cohort study.Setting England and Wales, comprising routine data for births and hospital records.Participants Babies alive at the onset of care in labour at 22 weeks+0 days to 22 weeks+6 days and at 23 weeks+0 days to 24 weeks+6 days for comparison purposes between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2021.Main outcome measures Percentage of babies given survival focused care (active respiratory support after birth), admitted to neonatal care, and surviving to discharge in 2018-19 and 2020-21.Results For the 1001 babies alive at the onset of labour at 22 weeks' gestation, a threefold increase was noted in: survival focused care provision from 11.3% to 38.4% (risk ratio 3.41 (95% confidence interval 2.61 to 4.45)); admissions to neonatal units from 7.4% to 28.1% (3.77 (2.70 to 5.27)), and survival to discharge from neonatal care from 2.5% to 8.2% (3.29 (1.78 to 6.09)). More babies of lower birth weight and early gestational age received survival focused care in 2020-21 than 2018-19 (46% to 64% at

Published
2023
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3. Postnatal corticosteroid use for prevention or treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in England and Wales 2012–2019: a retrospective population cohort study

Author

Neena Modi, Chris Gale, Iyad Al-Muzaffar, Jonathan Cusack, Victoria Nesbitt, Sanjay Salgia, Matthew Babirecki, Aashish Gupta, L M Wong, Anita Mittal, Ahmed Hassan, Karin Schwarz, Graham Whincup, Abdul Hasib, Mehdi Garbash, David Gibson, Pauline Adiotomre, Abby Deketelaere, Stanley Zengeya, Cath Seagrave, Hilary Dixon, Narendra Aladangady, Hassan Gaili, Matthew James, M Lal, Lawrence Miall, Venkatesh Kairamkonda, J Kefas, Jennifer Birch, Gail Whitehead, I Misra, Subodh Gupta, Steven Wardle, Eleri Adams, Minesh Khashu, Charlotte Groves, Christos Zipitis, Peter De Halpert, Joanne Fedee, Stephen Jones, Kirsten Mack, Charlotte Huddy, Salim Yasin, Ngozi Edi-osagie, Carrie Heal, Jacqeline Birch, Hari Kumar, Chris Rawlingson, Delyth Webb, Sankara Narayanan, Elizabeth Eyre, Caroline Sullivan, Wynne Leith, Vimal Vasu, Katia Vamvakiti, Megan Eaton, Ambalika Das, Katharine Mcdevitt, Anna Gregory, Shu-Ling Chuang, Sabita Uthaya, Cheryl Battersby, Imran Ahmed, Chris Warren, Tristan Bate, Mark Johnson, Sunil Reddy, Rashmi Gandhi, Nitin Goel, Richard Hearn, Cheentan Singh, Faith Emery, Vineet Gupta, Yee Aung, Vennila Ponnusamy, Pinki Surana, Anand Kamalanathan, Kavi Aucharaz, Lindsay Halpern, Matt Nash, Alex Allwood, Nigel Brooke, Jennifer Holman, Geraint Lee, Sobia Balal, Poornima Pandey, Ravindra Bhat, Simon Rhodes, Savi Sivashankar, Michael Grosdenier, Ajay Reddy, Prakash Thiagarajan, Chinnappa Reddy, Lidia Tyszcuzk, Glynis Rewitzky, Bushra Abdul-Malik, Dominic Muogbo, Angela D'Amore, John McIntyre, Lucinda Winckworth, Jim Baird, Akinsola Ogundiya, Pamela Cairns, Porus Bastani, Marice Theron, Siba Paul, Giles Kendall, Puneet Nath, Ros Garr, Sundeep Sandhu, Michael Cronin, Alison Bedford Russell, Ruchika Gupta, Archana Mishra, Oluseun Tayo, Priya Muthukumar, Brendan Harrington, Victoria Sharp, Nicola Johnson, Sam Wallis, Prashanth Bhat, Lee Abbott, Raju Narasimhan, Kate Creese, Divyen Shah, Clare Cane, Ghada Ramadan, Sijia Yao, Alistair Ewing, Penelope Young, Ramona Onita, Joanne Dangerfield, Jocelyn Morris, Toria Klutse, Sonia Spathis, Sathish Krishnan, Samar Sen, Jez Jones, Geedi Farah, Prem Pitchaikani, Jonathan Filkin, Ashok Karupaiah, Richard Heaver, Mohammad Alam, Tiziana Fragapane, Jess Reynolds, Khadija Ben-Sasi, Patricia Cowley, Shilpa Ramesh, Julia Croft, Soma Sengupta, Nagendra Venkata, Anitha Vayalakkad, Ben Obi, Anjali Petkar, Arun Ramachandran, Se-Yeon Park, Sue Bird, Jageer Mohammed, and Sanjay Jaisal

Subjects
Medicine
Abstract

Objective Describe the population of babies who do and do not receive postnatal corticosteroids for prevention or treatment of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).Design Retrospective cohort study using data held in the National Neonatal Research Database.Setting National Health Service neonatal units in England and Wales.Patients Babies born less than 32 weeks gestation and admitted to neonatal units from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2019.Main outcomes Proportion of babies given postnatal corticosteroid; type of corticosteroid; age at initiation and duration, trends over time.Secondary outcomes Survival to discharge, treatment for retinopathy of prematurity, BPD, brain injury, severe necrotising enterocolitis, gastrointestinal perforation.Results 8% (4713/62019) of babies born

Published
2022
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4. Need for standardized vancomycin dosing for coagulase-negative staphylococci in hospitalized infants

Author

Eleanor J. Harvey, Diane Ashiru-Oredope, Louise F. Hill, Alicia Demirjian, Karthik Paranthaman, Elita Jauneikaite, Yu Wan, Russell Hope, Andrew Robb, Louise Thorn, Paul Fleming, Bruno Pichon, Derren Ready, Mustafa Elsayed, Heather Felgate, Ginny Moore, Santosh Pattnayak, Sakina Ali, Ted Gasiorowski, Timothy Watts, Louise Wooster, Vicky Payne, Colin Brown, Alleyna Claxton, Christina Kortsalioudaki, Mitul Patel, Nabeela Mughal, Olga Moncayo, Sujoy Banerjee, Liz McKechnie, Rashmi Gandhi, Rhys DCosta, Minesh Khashu, Natasha Ratnaraja, Kavita Sethi, Simon Drysdale, and Bharat Patel

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Infectious Diseases, General Medicine
Published
2023

11. Growth to early adulthood following extremely preterm birth: the EPICure study

Author

Joan K Morris, Yanyan Ni, Rashmi Gandhi, J Beckmann, Neil Marlow, and John R. Hurst

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Cephalometry, Gestational Age, Article, Body Mass Index, Young Adult, Child Development, Early adulthood, Humans, Medicine, Body Weights and Measures, Prospective Studies, Child, School age child, business.industry, Obstetrics, Extremely preterm, Multilevel modelling, Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Medicine, United Kingdom, Child, Preschool, Infant, Extremely Premature, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Gestation, Female, business, Birth cohort, Ireland, Body mass index, Cohort study
Abstract

ObjectiveTo investigate growth trajectories from age 2.5 to 19 years in individuals born before 26 weeks of gestation (extremely preterm; EP) compared with term-born controls.MethodsMultilevel modelling of growth data from the EPICure study, a prospective 1995 birth cohort of 315 EP participants born in the UK and Ireland and 160 term-born controls recruited at school age. Height, weight, head circumference and body mass index (BMI) z-scores were derived from UK standards at ages 2.5, 6, 11 and 19 years.Results129 (42%) EP children were assessed at 19 years. EP individuals were on average 4.0 cm shorter and 6.8 kg lighter with a 1.5 cm smaller head circumference relative to controls at 19 years. Relative to controls, EP participants grew faster in weight by 0.06 SD per year (95% CI 0.05 to 0.07), in head circumference by 0.04 SD (95% CI 0.03 to 0.05), but with no catch-up in height. For the EP group, because of weight catch-up between 6 and 19 years, BMI was significantly elevated at 19 years to +0.32 SD; 23.4% had BMI >25 kg/m2and 6.3% >30 kg/m2but these proportions were similar to those in control subjects. EP and control participants showed similar pubertal development in early adolescence, which was not associated with height at 19 years in either study group. Growth through childhood was related to birth characteristics and to neonatal feeding practices.ConclusionsEP participants remained shorter and lighter and had smaller head circumferences than reference data or controls in adulthood but had elevated BMI.

Published
2020

14. Optiflow vs Vapotherm as extended weaning mode from nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants ≤ 28 weeks gestational age

Author

Heike Rabe, J Ramon Fernandez-Alvarez, Liam Mahoney, and Rashmi Gandhi

Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Male, medicine.medical_treatment, Gestational Age, medicine.disease_cause, Antenatal steroid, medicine, Birth Weight, Humans, Continuous positive airway pressure, Retrospective Studies, Mechanical ventilation, Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Gestational age, medicine.disease, Delivery mode, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Anesthesia, Case-Control Studies, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Necrotizing enterocolitis, Female, business, Nasal cannula, Infant, Premature
Abstract

Introduction\ud Current evidence supports nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) weaning. Heated humidified high‐flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) reduces NCPAP time in infants less than 28 weeks gestational age (GA) without increasing morbidity. The aim of the study was to compare the two most frequently used HHFNC devices in weaning from NCPAP.\ud \ud Methodology\ud We performed a retrospective matched‐pair case‐control study of infants less than or equal to 28 GA born in a single tertiary neonatal center managed with Optiflow or Vapotherm after being weaned from NCPAP. Patients were matched for antenatal steroid doses, delivery mode, birth plurality, GA, birthweight, gender, surfactant doses, length of mechanical ventilation, and length of NCPAP. Outcome measures were duration of HHFNC, low‐flow nasal cannula, nasal bridge lesions, pneumothorax, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, postnatal steroids, necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, intraventricular hemorrhage, retinopathy of prematurity, length of stay, discharge weight, and mortality. Results were displayed as median (interquartile range) or ratio (percentage). Statistical analysis was performed using Mann‐Whitney U and χ 2 tests.\ud \ud Results\ud 70 patients were recruited retrospectively. Thirty‐five infants were weaned from NCPAP to Optiflow and 35 infants to Vapotherm with gestational ages and birthweights of 27 GA (26‐27) and 1010 g (835‐1165) and 27 GA (26‐28) and 960 g (788‐1191), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in any outcome measure. Infants managed with Vapotherm required a not statistically significant shorter length of time on HHFNC and low‐flow nasal cannula.\ud \ud Conclusions\ud Optiflow and Vapotherm seem to be equally effective and safe for weaning from NCPAP. However, infants weaned to Vapotherm appear to spend less time on non‐invasive respiratory support.

Published
2020

15. How to conduct a newborn examination

Author

Rashmi Gandhi, Rakesh Tailor, and Emma Parish

Subjects
Parents, Students, Medical, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Newborn Examination, Hygiene, General Medicine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, medicine.disease, Infant, Newborn, Diseases, Checklist, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Neonatal Screening, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Medical emergency, Clinical Competence, Guideline Adherence, business, Medical History Taking, Physical Examination
Published
2019

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