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Music performance anxiety (MPA) is a common damaging phenomenon in musicians' careers. Mindfulness stands as a promising construct to prevent MPA. However, the relationships between mindfulness and MPA are scarcely explored, alongside other relevant attention-based (e.g., self-consciousness) or emotion-based constructs (e.g., negative affect). This study explores the relationships between these constructs. A sample of 151 musicians was assessed to explore the relationships between these constructs. Self-reports of mindfulness, MPA, negative affect, and self-consciousness were applied. We implemented network analysis following a general (second-order) and specific (first-order) framework. Networks showed dispositional mindfulness as negatively associated with negative affect and MPA in both general and facet levels, while mindfulness in past performances was only negatively associated with negative affect. MPA was positively associated with negative affect and self-consciousness. Mindfulness displayed light or no associations with self-consciousness. Therefore, mindfulness seems to be a relevant construct toward MPA. We propose a preliminary model to improve mindfulness research and interventions applied to music performers. We also outline limitations and future directions

Flexible use of emotion regulation (ER) strategies in daily life is theorized to depend on appraisals of occurring stressful events. Yet, to date, little is known about (a) how appraisals of the current situation modulate the use of ER strategies in daily life and (b) how individual differences in affective symptoms impact these relations among appraisals and ER strategy use. This study attempted to address these two limitations using a 5-day experience sampling protocol, with three surveys administered per day in a sample of 97 participants. Each survey measured momentary appraisals of stress intensity and controllability as well as ER strategy use (i.e., rumination, reappraisal, avoidance, and active coping). Results showed that, in situations of low-stress intensity, higher stress controllability was related to greater use of reappraisal and rumination. In situations of high-stress intensity, higher controllability was related to reduced use of rumination. This pattern of flexible use of ER strategies depending on momentary stress appraisals was found for both rumination and avoidance and occurred specifically in individuals reporting lower levels of depression and/or anxiety levels. These findings provide new insight into how flexible use of ER strategies in daily life is modulated by interactions between stress intensity and controllability appraisals at varying levels of affective symptoms.The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-022-00122-9.

Resumen Objetivo Proponer un modelo de predictores del estres traumatico secundario. Diseno Se trata de un diseno transversal descriptivo. Ambito El estudio se llevo a cabo en las unidades de cuidados intensivos de un hospital terciario de Madrid. Participantes La muestra estuvo formada por 103 profesionales sanitarios. Intervenciones Se creo una bateria de cuestionarios que fue rellenada por los profesionales. Respecto al analisis de datos, se utilizo una metodologia de redes y analisis de regresion jerarquica. Variables de interes Se evaluaron variables sociodemograficas tales como genero, anos de experiencia y puesto, el estres traumatico secundario, la pasion por el trabajo, los estresores laborales, el esfuerzo emocional, la empatia, la autocompasion. Resultados Se establece: a) para la fatiga por compasion, los anos de experiencia como factor de riesgo (β = 0,224 y p = 0,029) y la pasion armoniosa como protector (β = −0,363 y p = 0,001); b) para la sacudida de creencias, el esfuerzo emocional y la empatia como factores de riesgo (β = 0,304 y p = 0,004; β = 0,394 y p = 0,000, respectivamente) y c) para la sintomatologia, los estresores laborales y la empatia como factores de riesgo (β = 0,189 y p = 0,039; β = 0,395 y p = 0,000, respectivamente) y los anos de experiencia como protector (β = −0,266 y p = 0,002). Conclusiones Este modelo predictivo del estres traumatico secundario asienta factores protectores que podrian aumentarse, como la pasion armoniosa, y factores de riesgo que seria conveniente reducir, como la empatia y el esfuerzo emocional, con el fin de mejorar la calidad asistencial y de vida de los profesionales.

Objective: To explore socio-demographic, psychological and psychopathological characteristics, as well as to evaluate behaviour in a sample of inmates. Material and methods: A sample of 182 young and elderly inmates of the Madrid III Prison was used. The research was carried out with a battery of self-report psychological questionnaires and objective measurements obtained through the prison files. Comparisons of means were made to see if there are significant differences between the two groups (young and elderly inmates) in the variables analysed. Results: The analysis shows that there are no significant differences in wellbeing between young and elderly inmates. However, young people have higher levels of psychological distress, more presence of negative emotions and have a more maladjusted behaviour in prison (they consume more cannabis and have more disciplinary proceedings registered). Older people regulate their emotions better, adopt the perspectives of others more effectively and show themselves to be friendlier. Conclusions: The elderly inmates in prison, compared with the youngest ones, have better psychological adjustment, more internal resources and are better adapted to the prison environment despite there being no differences in related variables such as time in prison.

Objectives The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is one of the most common self-report instruments used in scientific literature to assess mindfulness. However, mixed evidence has been provided regarding its psychometric properties. Among them, the FFMQ seems to present latent classes or profiles with specific patterns in its facets, which might explain said mixed evidence. This study explores mindfulness profiles in the Spanish population using the short form of the FFMQ (FFMQ-SF) and its relations with relevant constructs (i.e., decentering, self-compassion, psychological well-being, psychopathology, positive and negative states). Methods A general population sample of 826 participants completed instruments measuring mindfulness and related constructs. Latent profile analyses were applied to the FFMQ-SF facets, and profile membership of participants was estimated for relations with related constructs. Results Three latent profiles were found: General Mindfulness, Judgmentally Observing, and Non-judgmentally Aware. General Mindfulness showed expected relations with other constructs, but the other two profiles showed some relations opposite to prior literature: The Judgmentally Observing profile displayed functional behaviors while the Non-judgmentally Aware profile showed an inverse mitigated pattern. Results could not be explained by gender, age, level of studies, or minimum experience with meditation. Conclusions Most people (68%) fall into mindfulness profiles that can be regarded as a continuum (e.g., an overall mindfulness factor). However, the FFMQ-SF shows heterogeneities in its facets due to two unique latent profiles, namely “Judgmentally Observing” (7.4%) and “Non-judgmentally Aware” (24.8%). While the structure of these profiles was replicated, relations with relevant psychological constructs contradicted previous literature. Implications and recommendations for future studies are discussed.

BACKGROUND Experience sampling methods (ESMs) are increasingly being used to study ecological emotion dynamics in daily functioning through repeated assessments taken over several days. However, most of these ESM approaches are only based on self-report assessments, and therefore, studies on the ecological trajectories of their underlying mechanisms are scarce (ie, cognitive biases) and require evaluation through experimental tasks. We developed a novel ESM tool that integrates self-report measures of emotion and emotion regulation with a previously validated app-based cognitive task that allows for the assessment of underlying mechanisms during daily functioning. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study is to test this new tool and study its usability and the possible factors related to compliance with it in terms of latency and missing responses. Among the compliance predictors, we considered psychological and time-related variables, as well as usability, measurement reactivity, and participants’ satisfaction with the tool. METHODS We conducted 2 extensive ESM studies—study 1 (N=84; a total of 3 assessments per day for 5 days) and study 2 (N=135; a total of 3 assessments per day for 10 days). RESULTS In both studies, participants found the tool highly usable (average usability score >81). By using mixed regression models, we found both common and specific results for the compliance predictors. In both study 1 and study 2, latency was significantly predicted by the day (PP=.003, respectively). Participants showed slower responses to the notification as the days of the study progressed. In study 2 but not in study 1, latency was further predicted by individual differences in overload with the use of the app, and missing responses were accounted for by individual differences in stress reactivity to notifications (P=.04). Thus, by using a more extensive design, participants who experienced higher overload during the study were characterized by slower responses to notifications (P=.01), whereas those who experienced higher stress reactivity to the notification system were characterized by higher missing responses. CONCLUSIONS The new tool had high levels of usability. Furthermore, the study of compliance is of enormous importance when implementing novel ESM methods, including app-based cognitive tasks. The main predictors of latency and missing responses found across studies, specifically when using extensive ESM protocols (study 2), are methodology-related variables. Future research that integrates cognitive tasks in ESM designs should take these results into consideration by performing accurate estimations of participants’ response rates to facilitate the optimal quality of novel eHealth approaches, as in this study.

The Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is a popular tool in mindfulness research. However, its psychometric qualities and its replicability have caused controversy. This study carried out a psychometric review and a conceptual replication of the FFMQ latent structure. The review showed that previous validation studies of the FFMQ used nonoptimal methods. In addition, this conceptual replication study tested the structure of the FFMQ using frequentist and Bayesian techniques. The original structure did not provide a good fit with both techniques, while the proposed alternative provided mixed results. We also found systematic fit improvements in both techniques when the Observe facet was excluded and method factors were included. With these findings, we conclude that the conceptual replication of the FFMQ’s structure failed. Alternatively, we propose a new provisional FFMQ model with a set of recommendations regarding its application. Future research proposals on improving techniques and models toward mindfulness assessment are also presented and discussed.

Interest in mindfulness practices aimed at children and adolescents in school and clinical contexts has increased. However, little research on the benefits of mindfulness in these age groups has been conducted. In Spanish-speaking countries, this lack of research may be due to the scarcity of reliable and valid instruments for assessing mindfulness in young people. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Child and Adolescent Mindfulness Measure (CAMM) in native Spanish-speaking children and adolescents. Two thousand one hundred thirteen children and adolescents from Spain (N = 490 children; N = 629 adolescents) and Chile (N = 307 children; N = 687 adolescents) were assessed. Factor structure, internal consistency, convergent validity, and measure invariance between countries were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) validated a unidimensional structure (10 items) that fitted the data better than the bidimensional structure both for children and adolescents in both countries. However, the factor loadings of some items were very low in all samples. After eliminating these items, a new, 7-item version of the CAMM proved to be more valid and reliable. The new version correlated negatively with several mental health measures, thereby supporting its construct validity. Also, the measurement invariance test showed that it is comparable between Spain and Chile, which makes transcultural research possible. This study shows that the Spanish version of the CAMM adequately assesses mindfulness in children and adolescents. The CAMM is the first mindfulness evaluation measure for children in Spanish.

Despite the emphasis of servant leadership theory on the attention provided to workers’ needs and goals, there is a lack of empirical knowledge on the relationship between servant leadership and employees’ goal attainment. We provide a theoretical model of the mechanism by which this strong focus of servant leadership on a worker’s individual development positively influences the worker’s goal attainment. Through a diary study with 126 workers over five consecutive working days, the results indicated a positive within-person indirect effect of servant leader behaviors on goal attainment a day later through two parallel paths: the meaning in life at night and vitality the next morning. These results provide the first empirical support for the assumption of servant leadership as a promoter of employees’ goals, and highlights how servant leadership positively influences the integration of work as part of life and the energy resources of workers to achieve their daily goals.

Objectives The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is a popular self-report instrument for mindfulness assessment. However, several studies report mixed evidence regarding its reliability and validity. While recent replication studies have shown several issues regarding its latent structure, first-order facets seemed to replicate successfully. This study proposes an exploratory approach to these facets on an item level in one sample, with cross-validation in another sample. Methods Using a snowball sampling, 1008 participants were recruited in the first sample. Psychometric networks were applied to explore relations between items and item clusters. We compared these exploratory latent variable proposals with previous literature. A second sample of 1210 participants was collected from an FFMQ validation study, and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to cross-validate findings on the first sample. Results The FFMQ showed a positively correlated network. Exploratory analyses suggested the 5-facet structure as stable with alternatives of 4-facet (merging Observe and Non-Judging) and 6-facet (splitting Acting with Awareness in two) solutions. However, the CFAs in the second sample did not provide clear support to any solution. Conclusions The FFMQ showed unclear evidence on its latent structure. We propose researchers and users of the FFMQ to use the most fitting solution between the 5 and 6-facet solutions in their data, since the 4-facet solution is difficult to interpret. We also propose cautionary notes and guidelines for researchers and applied users of the FFMQ and regarding this instrument. We conclude that more research is needed in mindfulness assessment to provide robust measurements.

A mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) to address emotional factors that may negatively impact the fluency of the subjects was implemented. A MBI consisting of 5 weekly 2-h sessions was designed and applied to two stuttering cases. The goals were to lower stuttering and to reduce anxiety through the acquisition of mindfulness skills. Participants were asked to video-record a speaking task and to fill out anxiety and mindfulness skills self-reports pre and post-intervention. Both participants diminished stuttering error rates from severe (participant 1) and moderate (participant 2) to mild. Participant 2, who showed high pre-treatment anxiety, showed a significant reduction. A year-follow-up revealed that therapeutic gains in anxiety, mindfulness skills, and stuttering were successfully maintained in both participants. This is the first study focused on emotional aspects of stuttering showing long-term improvements through a MBI. MBI programs could serve as a promising complement for stuttering treatments., Se utilizó una intervención basada en mindfulness (MBI) para abordar los factores emocionales que pueden afectar negativamente a la fluidez de los sujetos a través de un estudio de caso. Se diseñó un MBI que constaba de 5 sesiones semanales de 2 horas y se aplicó a dos casos de tartamudez. Los objetivos eran dismunuir la tartamudez y reducir los síntomas de ansiedad mediante la adquisición de habilidades de atención plena. Se pidió a los participantes que grabaran en video una tarea oral y que cumplimentaran los autoinformes de ansiedad y de habilidades de atención plena antes y después de la intervención. En ambos participantes disminuyó el índice de errores de tartamudeo de grave (participante 1) y moderado (participante 2) a leve. El participante 2, que mostró una elevada ansiedad previa al tratamiento, mostró una reducción significativa. Al año de seguimiento los beneficios terapéuticos en ansiedad, habilidades de atención plena y tartamudeo se mantuvieron con éxito en ambos participantes. Se trata del primer estudio centrado en los aspectos emocionales de la tartamudez que muestra mejoras a largo plazo a través de un MBI. Por lo tanto, los programas MBI podrían servir como complemento prometedor a los tratamientos de tartamudez, Jennifer E. Moreno-Jiménez was granted a predoctoral fellowship, FPI-UAM 2017 of the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

Background Secondary traumatic stress (STS), a construct formed by compassion fatigue, shattered assumptions, and symptomatology, has been scarcely studied in intensive care units (ICU). In these units, healthcare workers encounter daily work stressors which impact on their health and well-being. Also, previous literature revealed a passion for caring among these workers, finding two types: harmonious passion, which may protect them against negative outcomes, and obsessive passion, which may boost negative consequences. We aim to study whether both types of passion could moderate the relationships between daily work stressors and STS. Methods In all, 265 assessments were collected at ICUs from different hospitals in Spain through a diary approach (53 health workers × 5 days at two time points per day). Results First, daily work stressors were positive predictors of symptomatology; secondly, dispositional harmonious passion was a negative predictor of both compassion fatigue and shattered assumptions, also presenting a buffering effect between daily work stressors and daily shattered assumptions. Finally, dispositional obsessive passion showed positive relationships with both shattered assumptions and symptomatology, also presenting a boosting effect between daily work stressors and daily symptomatology. Conclusions This study allows us to deepen our understanding of STS in ICUs and to boost preventive proposals. Practical implications are discussed.

The Avoidance and Fusion Questionnaire for Youth-Short Form (AFQ-Y8) was designed to measure psychological inflexibility in children and adolescents. However, it has not yet been validated to the Spanish population. The present study examines the factorial structure, internal consistency, convergent and incremental validity, and measurement invariance between children and adolescents, male and female, and male and female across age of the AFQ-Y8 with 982 students from Spain (children = 459, adolescents = 523). The results confirmed, in both children and adolescents, a unifactorial structure of general psychological inflexibility. AFQ-Y8 was positively related to negative psychological health outcomes, and negatively related to positive psychological health outcomes and acceptance-related skills, such as mindfulness. In addition, psychological inflexibility showed incremental validity in the explanation of negative psychological health over mindfulness. Measurement invariance across age and gender groups was supported, suggesting that the scores in the AFQ-Y8 are comparable between children and adolescents, and between males and females. In conclusion, results show that the Spanish version of the AFQ-Y8 is a reliable and valid measure of psychological inflexibility in children and adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

RESUMEN Objetivo: valorar la factibilidad de una Intervención Breve Multicomponete de Enfermería para reducir el consumo de tabaco. Método: estudio de factibilidad de un solo grupo y de mediciones repetidas, llevado a cabo de marzo a noviembre del 2017, en 3 áreas universitarias del área metropolitana de Monterrey, Nuevo León. Se utilizaron frecuencias y porcentajes y un análisis de comparación de medias (t de student) para dar respuesta a los objetivos planteados. Resultados: se mostraron cambios positivos en cuanto al número de cigarrillos fumados diariamente, la dependencia a la nicotina y los síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés, los cuales disminuyeron significativamente al término de la intervención (p

Adolescents' aggressive behavior is a growing social problem with important implications for psychosocial adjustment. The teaching of emotional skills has an important impact on reducing aggression in schools. However, little scientific evidence has shown the explanatory mechanism through which this training reduces aggression during adolescence. This article aims to provide evidence for the effectiveness of a 3-year longitudinal intervention among adolescents in nine Spanish schools. A total of 476 adolescents participated. Results showed a reduction in physical and verbal aggression in Time 2 through the reduction in negative affect, anger, and hostile feelings, compared with an active control group. The training seems to be crucial for dealing with the emotional and cognitive components of aggression and, thus, their behavioral manifestations.

Objectives: Music performance anxiety (MPA) is a common damaging phenomenon for any musician’s career. Mindfulness stands as a promising construct to prevent MPA. However, the relationships between mindfulness and MPA are still not fully explored, alongside other relevant attention-based (e.g., self-consciousness) or emotion-based constructs (e.g., negative affect). This study explores the relationships between mindfulness, MPA, self-consciousness, and negative affect. Methods: A sample of 151 musicians were assessed to explore the relationships between these constructs. Self-reports of mindfulness, MPA, negative affect, and self-consciousness were applied. We implemented network analysis, a novel technique, following a general (second-order) and specific (first-order) framework. Results: The second-order network showed dispositional mindfulness as negatively associated with negative affect and MPA in both general and facet levels, while mindfulness in past performances was only negatively associated with negative affect. MPA was positively associated with negative affect and self-consciousness. Mindfulness displayed light or no associations with self-consciousness. The first-order network showed mindfulness facets with specific roles: Describe and acting with awareness were negatively associated with MPA components and general negative affect, while Non-Judging of Inner Experiences and ecentering in performance situations were negatively associated with negative affect in performance situations. Conclusions: Mindfulness seems to be a relevant construct towards MPA. We propose a preliminary model to improve mindfulness research and interventions applied to music performers. We also outline limitations and future directions.

Aim To propose a predictive model of secondary traumatic stress (STS). Design A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. Context The study was conducted in the Intensive Care Units of a hospital in Madrid (Spain). Participants The sample comprised 103 health professionals. Interventions A series of questionnaires were created and completed by the participants. Network analysis and multiple regression was used for data analysis. Variables of interest Sociodemographic variables such as gender, years of experience and position, STS, passion for work, work stressors, emotional effort, empathy and self-compassion were evaluated. Results The result identified the following: a) years of experience as a risk factor for compassion fatigue (β = 0.224 and P = 0.029), and harmonious passion as a protector (β = −0.363 and P = 0.001); b) emotional effort and empathy as risk factors for shattered assumptions (β = 0.304 and P = 0.004; β = 0.394 and P = 0.000, respectively); and c), work stressors and empathy as risk factors for symptomatology (β = 0.189 and P = 0.039; β = 0.395 and P = 0.000, respectively), and years of experience as a protector (β = −0.266 and P = 0.002). Conclusions This predictive model of STS identifies protective factors which could be reinforced, such as harmonious passion, and risk factors which should be reduced, such as empathy and emotional effort, with a view to promoting quality of care and quality of life among these professionals.

The Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is a popular tool in mindfulness research. However, some controversies are being upheld regarding its psychometric qualities and its replicability This study introduces novel evidence regarding two main issues: Firstly, questionable psychometric practices in validation studies confirmed previous concerns about the FFMQ’s properties. Secondly, a replication study using frequentist and bayesian techniques tested the structure of the FFMQ. The original structure did not provide a good fit with both techniques, while a proposed alternative provided mixed results. Systematic fit improvements were found in both techniques regarding the exclusion of the Observe facet and the inclusion of method factors. Therefore, a failed replication of the structure of the FFMQ was concluded. Alternatively, a new provisional FFMQ model was proposed. Future research proposals on improving techniques and models towards mindfulness assessment are presented and discussed.

espanolLos objetivos de esta investigacion son dos: explorar la contribucion de la reevaluacion cognitiva sobre el bienestar y como un recurso de resistencia general que contribuye a la formacion de un sentido de coherencia fuerte (SOC), y estudiar la posible interaccion entre reevaluacion cognitiva y SOC para explicar el bienestar. 214 estudiantes universitarios completaron un cuestionario de regulacion emocional, una escala de sentido de coherencia y una escala de afectividad. Los resultados mostraron un efecto directo de reevaluacion cognitiva y SOC sobre afecto positivo, ademas de un efecto indirecto de reevaluacion cognitiva sobre afecto positivo a traves de alguna dimension del SOC. Como conclusion, aquellos estudiantes que usualmente reevaluan cognitivamente dotan de mayor significado a sus experiencias, lo que directa e indirectamente explicaria su afectividad positiva. EnglishThe aims of this study are twofold: to explore the role of cognitive reappraisal to predict wellbeing and as a Generalized Resistance Resource that constitutes a strong sense of coherence (SOC), and to study the interaction between this reappraisal and SOC to explain well-being. The sample comprised 214 college students who completed an emotional regulation questionnaire, a sense of coherence scale and an affect scale. Hierarchical regression analysis showed a direct effect of cognitive reappraisal and SOC on positive affect, and an indirect effect of reappraisal on positive affect through some SOC dimensions. In conclusion, college students who usually reappraise situations build a more meaningful reality, which directly and indirectly explains the presence of positive emotions in their lives.

El bienestar psicológico (BP) es un indicador de calidad de vida a nivel individual y colectivo. La población universitaria es vulnerable a bajos niveles de BP. El sexo y los rasgos de personalidad afectan el BP. Profundizar en el conocimiento de estos factores sería de valor para el desarrollo de intervenciones acordes con las necesidades específicas de los universitarios. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar la capacidad predictiva del sexo y de los rasgos de personalidad sobre las dimensiones del BP y analizar si el sexo posee un efecto moderador en relación a la personalidad y el BP. Se evaluaron 407 estudiantes universitarios mediante cuestionarios de autoinforme. El sexo resultó un predictor significativo para autonomía y crecimiento personal. Los rasgos de personalidad mostraron capacidad predictiva sobre las dimensiones de BP: extraversión, neuroticismo y conciencia sobre autoaceptación y dominio del entorno; extraversión y agradabilidad sobre relaciones positivas; extraversión, neuroticismo y apertura a la experiencia sobre autonomía; conciencia, agradabilidad y apertura a la experiencia sobre crecimiento personal y los cinco rasgos sobre propósito en la vida. El sexo presentó un efecto moderador para la relación del rasgo conciencia con la dimensión crecimiento personal. Los rasgos de personalidad se asociaron con las dimensiones de BP siguiendo en su mayoría los perfiles de relaciones hipotetizados por la literatura. Este trabajo profundiza en el conocimiento de los factores que influyen sobre el BP. Se espera que contribuya a desarrollar intervenciones destinadas a mejorar la calidad de vida de este grupo poblacional. The psychological well-being (PW) is a quality of life indicator at individual and collective levels. The university population is vulnerable to low levels of PW. Sex and personality features affect the PW. To deepen one’s knowledge of these factors would be of value to the development of interventions - according to the specific requirements for college students. The objective of this paper is to compare the predictive capacity of sex and personality features on the dimensions of the PW, and analyze if sex has a moderating effect in relation to personality and PW. We evaluated to 407 college students through self-report questionnaires. Sex resulted a significant predictor for autonomy and personal growth. The personality features showed predictive capacity over the dimensions of PW: extraversion, neuroticism, self-acceptance awareness, and control of the environment; extraversion and pleasantness over positive relationships; extraversion, neuroticism, and openness to the experience over autonomy; awareness, pleasantness and openness to the experience over personal growth and the five features on the purpose in life. Sex presented a moderating effect on the relationship of the conscience features with the personal growth dimension. The personality features were associated with the dimensions of PW following most of the relations profiles hypothesized by the literature. This work delves into the knowledge of the factors that influence on PW. It is hoped that this will contribute to develop interventions destined to improve the quality of life of this population group.

WOS: 000418117900001, This paper tests and confirms the cross-cultural equivalence of the Servant Leadership Survey (SLS) in eight countries and languages: The Netherlands, Portugal, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Spain, Turkey and Finland. A composite sample consisting of 5201 respondents from eight countries that all filled out the SLS was used. A three-step approach was adopted to test configural invariance, measurement equivalence, and structural equivalence. For the full 30-item version of the SLS, configural invariance and partial measurement equivalence were confirmed. Implications of these results for the use of the SLS within cross-cultural studies are discussed.

Studies suggest that suppressing emotions required by occupational roles (i.e., surface acting [SA]) can lead to employees’ emotional exhaustion. In contrast, trying to experience the emotions required by the role (i.e., deep acting [DA]) appears to be a less harmful strategy for the employee. However, problems with 1 of the mainstream measures of DA call for a reexamination of the construct’s operationalization and a clarification of its consequences. Furthermore, an integrated model explaining the differential outcomes of the 2 main emotion regulation (ER) strategies (SA and DA) is also required. Building on eustress–distress literature, it was hypothesized that cognitive reappraisal (a suggested operationalization of DA) would be associated with perception of thriving customer interactions, eliciting the eustress response (i.e., increased efficacy and commitment). It was also expected that suppression would be associated with perception of draining customer interactions, emotional exhaustion, and turnover intentions. Importantly, in line with the eustress–distress model, no cross-relationships between the eustress and distress route were hypothesized. A cross-national study comprised theme park employees from Spain (N = 208) and the United Kingdom (N = 204) and multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was used. Hypotheses were supported therefore the eustress–distress model offers a plausible explanation of the work-related ER outcomes. As an ER strategy, cognitive reappraisal may promote perceptions of thriving customer interactions that in turn generates opportunities to develop valued personal resources and organizationally desirable attitudes. Organizations should invest in individually based interventions to assist employees in interpreting customer demands in less harming ways.

Mindfulness is defined as sustained, non-judgmental attention towards the world and the self. Several recent studies are bringing this concept into cutting-edge research and creating important contributions for the clinical context. In spite of this fact, there is a promising but unmapped field of research around specific contributions of mindfulness to music, and more specifically, for musicians. This article reviews this topic in order to show the state of the art of mindfulness related to music and help further advancement. A total of 27 publications were reviewed. The main conclusion is that despite its youth, this field is yielding some promising results in several dimensions: (1) effectiveness in mindfulness-based intervention programs for professional and hobby performers, (2) attention and concentration boost because of mindfulness induction in music audience, (3) effective induction of mindfulness states by music, and (4) promising contributions of mindfulness and music therapies. Finally, some guidelines and future lines are suggested for expanding and improving results, models, and methods.

There are more and more studies showing the effectiveness of Mindfulness-based interventions (MBI) in well-being. However, there are few studies that explore the mechanisms underlying this effect. The aim of this study is to present and validate the Integrative Model of Mindfulness (MIM). MIM main hypothesis is that mindfulness practice leads to an increment in mindfulness trait, which leads to an increase of selfcompassion, and these in turn, lead to increase positive mental states towards others and oneself. A MBI intensive three-week with non-randomized controlled group was designed. Participants (N = 87) were differentiated by meditation experience as well. The results show large effect sizes regarding the effect of MBI on mindfulness trait, self-compassion and positive mental states to oneself and to others. The data support the MIM, indicating that the practice of mindfulness meditation leads in a sequentially way to the cultivation of mindfulness and self-compassion, which subsequently appears to lead to the development of positive mental states towards others and oneself. Cada vez son más los estudios que muestran la eficacia de las Intervenciones Basadas en Mindfulness (MBIs) para el cultivo del bienestar. Sin embargo, son escasos los estudios que indagan en los mecanismos que explican su funcionamiento. El objetivo del presente estudio es presentar y validar el Modelo Integrador de Mindfulness (MIM), que plantea como principal hipótesis que los incrementos en mindfulness rasgo mediante la práctica de la meditación mindfulness lleva a incrementos en autocompasión, y éstos, a su vez, dirigen al incremento de los estados mentales positivos hacia los demás y hacia uno mismo. Se diseñó una MBI de práctica intensiva de tres semanas de duración con grupo control no aleatorizado. Para el análisis se dividió a la muestra en función de la experiencia previa en meditación. Los resultados muestran tamaños del efecto grandes para el efecto de la MBI sobre mindfulness rasgo, autocompasión y los estados mentales positivos hacia uno mismo y hacia los demás. Los datos respaldan a su vez el MIM, indicando que la práctica de la meditación mindfulness lleva al cultivo de mindfulness y autocompasión secuencialmente, lo que posteriormente parece llevar al desarrollo de estados mentales positivos hacia los demás y hacia uno mismo.

Purpose – Employees working in the leisure service industry are required to show positive emotions when dealing with customers. However, empirical evidence confirms that faking emotions can lead to burnout. In contrast, employees that try to experience the emotions required by the role (i.e. deep acting (DA)) can lead to healthier outcomes. However, little is known about the process that underpins the link between DA and positive outcomes. Building on Côte’s social interaction model of emotion regulation and evidence linking customer satisfaction and DA, it was hypothesized that DA would be associated with employees’ self-actualization through customer interactions. This, in turn, was expected to explain the influence that DA has on relevant job attitudes (i.e. commitment, efficacy, turnover intentions). The model was tested in two countries with different emotional culture: Spain (i.e. impulsive) and the UK (i.e. institutional). Although UK was expected to report higher levels of effortful DA, the hypothesized process was expected to be the same. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A cross-national design with theme park employees from Spain (n=208) and UK (n=204) was used. Hypotheses were tested with multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. Findings – The relationship between job commitment and DA was mediated by self-actualization, and commitment partially explained the association between DA and professional efficacy in both countries. The impulsive-oriented country showed lower levels of DA and more positive job attitudes. Originality/value – It is concluded that training employees to re-interpret costumer demands in less harming ways is required. The need to attend to cultural values is also discussed.

This study's general objective was to analyze whether different types of cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS), namely adaptive strategies-specifically positive refocusing and positive reappraisal-and maladaptive strategies-self-blame, catastrophizing, and rumination-mediated the neuroticism-depression relationship in children 9-12 years old, and whether gender and school transition moderated the relationships proposed. A self-reporting measure was administered to 315 children to evaluate said variables. The resulting data were analyzed using structural equations. The study verified that maladaptive CERS partially mediated neuroticism's relationship with depression, while adaptive CERS, though negatively associated with depression, did not show a mediating effect on this relationship. The results provide evidence of the mediating function of maladaptive CERS on the neuroticism-depression relationship. Gender and school transition did not moderate the relationships proposed. Because, by their very nature, these strategies are modifiable, these results constitute an important finding that can be transferred to the design and content of child mental health prevention and promotion programs. Fil: Andrés, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Richaud, Maria Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Castañeiras, Claudia Elena. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina Fil: Canet Juric, Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Rodríguez Carvajal, Raquel. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; España

Background: The experience of role stress has been linked to burnout as an important job stressor, but the impact of this stressor in the context of engagement (characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption) has not yet been sufficiently studied among nurses. Personal resources also appear to influence the process of burnout and engagement. Objectives: This study examines the influence of role stress and personal resources (optimism, hardy personality and emotional competence) in nursing on burnout and engagement dimensions. Design and results: Cross-sectional data from 508 nurses from general hospitals in Madrid (Spain) showed that both role stress and personal resources were related to burnout and engagement dimensions, although role stress was more closely related to nursing burnout, whereas personal resources were more closely related to nursing engagement. In addition, optimism as a personal resource, showed a moderator effect on exhaustion and the three dimensions of engagement. Conclusions: The study provides additional support about role stress as an important predictor of burnout and engagement in nursing, even after controlling for personal resources and socio-demographic variables.

El escenario laboral actual marcado por la globalidad y la inestabilidad genera unas condiciones que hace que muchos profesionales experimenten frustración y un alto nivel de tensión emocional, que conlleva un aumento de los niveles de estrés laboral y del desgaste profesional. La importancia del estudio del estrés laboral y el burnout ha incrementado en los últimos años la productividad científica en estos temas. Se ha realizado por ello una revisión de la literatura para ofrecer una visión global y actualizada de ambos procesos. Se muestran los principales modelos y las variables de estudio vigentes así como las principales líneas más actuales de intervención que se vienen desarrollando hasta la fecha.Today´s workplace is constantly changing. Organizations are confronted with multiple challenges, brought by globalization and instability. This situation causes many professionals to experience frustration and a high level of emotional tension, which may easily lead to increased levels of occupational stress and burnout. The importance of studying occupational stress and burnout has led to an increase in the scientific productivity in these areas during the last years. The present literature review provides an overview and update of both occupational stress and burnout processes. The main models are presented as well as the current variables in study. The main lines of intervention that have been developed to date are also reviewed.

Personality integration has been related to individual well-being. The present study focused on the combined influence of personality integration through the personal-striving goal construct, active-passive approach toward achieving one's goals, and inner resources on well-being. Specific attention was given to how this process works out in two culturally different countries: the Netherlands and Spain. Results indicated that goal integration, passive thinking, active thinking, and vitality were higher in the Netherlands compared to Spain. It was also shown that inner resources combined with active thinking to function as a buffer for the possible negative effects on vitality. Results were similar in both countries, a finding that provides an indication for possible cross-cultural generalization of this process. The overall results present active-passive thinking combined with inner resources as an influential factor in the relation between goal integration and well-being. © 2009 The Author(s).

Las investigaciones realizadas hasta el momento han identificado al burnout como una respuesta crónica de estrés, fruto del desajuste entre las demandas y los recursos laborales, y como unos de los principales predictores de las intenciones de abandono y en último término del propio abandono de la profesión. Con una muestra de 885 profesores universitarios representativa de tres universidades españolas se analizaron los posibles efectos de mediación del burnout en la relación entre demandas, conflicto interpersonal e intenciones de abandono. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que tanto el agotamiento emocional como el distanciamiento mediaron los efectos que las demandas y el conflicto tienen sobre las intenciones de abandono, mientras que los recursos laborales predijeron negativamente las intenciones de abandono de manera directa. Los resultados obtenidos apoyaron la aplicabilidad de un modelo extendido de demandas-recursos laborales (JD-R model) en profesores universitarios.

The theory of mood proposed by Thayer is examined in a sample of Spanish psychology students (N = 176). Results showed the existence of a circadian pattern of energy and tension levels, individual differences, such as gender, circadian type (morningness or eveningness), and some possible cross-cultural differences, though energy levels in American and Spanish samples were similar. Data also indicated differences in the assessment and interpretation of personal problems in relation to mood: according to energy level and mood, everyday problems and stress situations are interpreted in different ways. Finally, the results showed different manners in which people regulate mood. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed. Este estudo examinou a teoria do autocontrole emocional proposta por Thayer em uma amostra de estudantes de Psicologia da Espanha (N=176). Os resultados mostram a existência de um padrão dos níveis de energia em tensão, assim como diferenças individuais em função do sexo, ritmos cardíacos (matutino ou vespertino) e algumas diferenças possíveis entre as diferentes culturas, não obstante, as diferenças nos níveis de energia na amostra americana e espanhola não são significativos. Os dados obtidos indicam também diferenças na avaliação da interpretação dos problemas pessoais em relação ao estado de ânimo: em função dos níveis de energia e tensão, os problemas cotidianos e as situações estressantes são interpretadas de formas diferentes. Finalmente, os resultados mostram que as pessoas controlam a emoção de diferentes formas. Implicações dos resultados para investigação e futuras pesquisas são discutidas. El estudio examina la teoría de autorregulación emocional propuesta por Thayer en una muestra de estudiantes de psicología de España (N = 176). Los resultados muestran la existencia de un patrón de los niveles de energía y tensión, así como diferencias individuales en función del género, los ritmos circadianos (matutino o vespertino) y algunas posibles diferencias entre las distintas culturas, no obstante, las diferencias en los niveles de energía en la muestra americana y española no resultaron significativas. Los datos obtenidos indican también diferencias en la evaluación de la interpretación de los problemas personales en relación al estado de ánimo: en función de los niveles de energía y tensión, los problemas cotidianos y las situaciones estresantes son interpretadas de forma diferente. Finalmente, los resultados muestran que las personas autorregulan sus emociones de forma diferente. Las implicaciones de los resultados para la intervención y las futuras investigaciones son discutidas.

The present study shows the development and the factorial validation of the Mobbing at Work Questionnaire (MWQ), analyzing the internal structure of the questionnaire, as well as the internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) of its different scales and the structural interdependence between them. The questionnaire was completed by 103 Spanish employees of the Community of Madrid. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the three factor model of the MWQ provided a good fit to the data, with two indices (CFI and GFI) near 1,00 and the RMSEA and RMR below 0.05. Cronbach’s alphas were high for the different scales. The relations between them confirm the theoretical structure proposed in the questionnaire. Together, the three dimensions of the questionnaire were able to explain 72.6% of the variance. So far, present study shows that MWQ seems to be a valid and a reliable measure for mobbing.

Few studies have explored the long-term psychological effects on young adults of childhood transplants. The aim of the present work was to examine psychological adaptation related to self-concept, self-esteem and subjective well-being in young adults who had undergone solid organ transplantation in childhood. Twenty-four adults transplanted in childhood participated in the study (13 of them received kidney transplants, five heart transplants and six liver transplants). Participants were of both sexes, aged 18-22, and were selected from three public hospitals in Madrid. The results reveal no differences in psychological adaptation according to the transplant type (kidney, heart, or liver), and a significant difference in negative affect between women and men (women present more negative affect than men). Hierarchical regression analysis, after controlling for possible confounding effects of demographic and clinical variables, showed the predictive power of self-esteem to explain positive affect (60% of the total variance). Furthermore, physical self-concept, health status and time on waiting list explain 71% of the negative affect variance. Our data suggest the importance of self-esteem for the positive affect, and the power of clinical variables for the negative affect in young adults transplanted in childhood.

The aim of this article is known through literature review the existence or absence of gender bias in the exercise of the nursing profession in two specific problems such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and panic attacks. We want to know how these biases might be impacting clinical diagnosis and health care received by men and women. A search was performed in Medline, Psicodoc, Psycinfo and Cuiden under keywords: "gender bias", "gender differences", "nursing", "healthcare", acardiovascular disease), "anxiety", selected from a total of25 items are allowed to offer a global view on possibles gender bias in the performance of the health professions in the two pathology understudy

El síndrome de desgaste se ha identificado como un problema significativo en las profesiones asociadas con el cuidado de la salud; en particular, para quienes trabajan en cuidado crónico. El desgaste por el trabajo está conceptualizado como un tipo particular de estrés que ocurre primordiamente en contextos profesionales donde las demandas excesivas de trabajo, en especial las de naturaleza interpersonal, producen cansancio emocional crónico, despersonalización y reducen el sentido de logro personal explicando la mayoría de los problemas físicos y psicológicos en el trabajo. El tema de la quema en el trabajo en el área de las enfermedades asociadas con el SIDA se ha hecho cada vez más importante en la pasada década. Sin embargo, ha habido poca investigación sistemática en este campo. Este artículo es una revisión selecta de la literatura en más de 200 artículos sobre el síndrome en trabajadores de la salud que tratan pacientes con VIH/SIDA y que fueron publicados desde 1988. El propósito principal es proporcionar un marco teórico y un paradigma global del proceso de desgaste. Entre los procesos evaluados están los procesos, estresares, amortiguadores y las consecuencias del desgaste. El análisis muestra la presencia de inconsistencias metodológicas que han dificultado el desarrollo coherente en este campo específico y el establecimiento de programas efectivos de intervención.

En los últimos años, el acoso psicológico en el trabajo (bullying o mobbing) ha recibido una atención constante y ha sido reconocido como un importante problema social. El objetivo de este estudio consiste en analizar de forma exploratoria si existen diferencias de género tanto en el acoso psicológico como en sus dimensiones. Los datos fueron recogidos con el cuestionario de "Acoso Psicológico en el Trabajo" (Moreno-Jiménez, Rodríguez-Muñoz, Garrosa, Morante & Rodríguez, 2004), en una muestra de 103 trabajadores de la Comunidad de Madrid. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en Acoso Psicológico, Aislamiento Social y Desacreditación. Estos datos apoyan la hipótesis de que el hecho de ser mujer supone un riesgo adicional para sufrir acoso psicológico.Recently, workplace bullying has received increased attention and has been recognised as an important social problem. The aim of the present study was to analyze in an exploratory way whether exist gender differences as much on bullying as on its dimensions. Data were collected with the "Bullying at Work Questionnaire" (Moreno-Jiménez, Rodríguez-Muñoz, Garrosa, Morante & Rodríguez, 2004), in a sample of 103 employees of the Community of Madrid. The results showed significant differences between men and women in Bullying, Social Isolation and Discredit. These data support the hypothesis that the fact of being women supposes an additional risk of being bullied at work.

Subject to file availability and provided the posting includes a prominent statement of the full bibliographical details, a copyright notice in the name of the copyright holder (Cambridge University Press or the sponsoring Society, as appropriate), and a link to the online edition of the journal at Cambridge Journals Online., Servant Leadership emphasizes employee’s development and growth within a context of moral and social concern. Nowadays, this management change towards workers´ wellbeing is highlighted as an important issue. The aims of this paper are to adapt to Spanish speakers the Servant Leadership Survey (SLS) by van Dierendonck and Nuijten (2011), and to analyze its factorial validity through confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance in three countries. A sample of 638 working people from three Spanish-speaking countries (Spain, Argentina and Mexico) participated in the study. In all three countries, confirmatory factor analyses corroborate the eight factor structure (empowerment, accountability, standing back, humility, authenticity, courage, forgiveness and stewardship) with one second order factor (servant leadership) (in all three samples, CFI, IFI > .92, TLI > .91, RMSEA < .70). Also, factor loadings, reliability and convergent validity were acceptable across samples. Furthermore, through measurement invariance analysis, we detected model equivalence in all three countries including structural residual invariance (ΔCFI = .001). Finally, cultural differences in some dimensions were found and discussed, opening the way for future cross-cultural studies.

Researchers define Emotional Labour (EL) as the effort associated with meeting the emotional requirements of the job, yet nobody has ever directly tested this effort. Building on classic stress and ego depletion theory, this study develops the Emotional Effort Scale (EEF).In Study 1, exploratory (N = 197) and confirmatory factor analysis (N = 182) were conducted with a British sample. In Study 2, the instrument was adapted to Spanish and measurement invariance was tested (N = 304). In Study 3, (N = 185), we tested convergent and divergent validity with the EL strategies (i.e., surface acting and deep acting) and the relationship between EEF and emotional exhaustion.The final scale is a two-dimensional measure (explicit and implicit emotional effort) with good reliability levels in all samples (N = 818). Additionally, it shows adequate convergent, divergent and nomological validity.The Emotional Effort construct adds unique value to the literature. Thus, explicit effort seems to be the mechanism that explains the association between EL and exhaustion. Additionally, this study adapts and translates the measure to two of the most used languages in the world, enabling the emergence of cross-national studies in the field of emotions at work.

Research on burnout and turnover intentions offers some inconsistent findings about the effects of commitment. In addition, a factor which is insufficiently studied in the turnover field is the relationship with the recipient of physicians' work, that is, the patient. This study contributes to the research literature by examining how the moderating effect of commitment depends on difficult doctor-patient relations. A total of 480 physicians, representative of Madrid, completed the survey. According to the interaction effects and the three-way interaction analyses, the results support the argument that differences in commitment lead to differences in the way physicians perceive job, interpersonal, and chronic stress. These results add a new approach to the general assumption that commitment has a unilateral negative effect, and difficult patients have a positive effect on turnover intentions, suggesting an integrated perspective, rather than a diametrical one, that allows us comprehend the complexity of physicians' turnover intentions.