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To investigate if there was an association between genetic polymorphisms in tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-⍺ and its receptors TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B with persistent apical periodontitis (PAP) in Brazilian subjects.Patients who had pulpal necrosis and apical periodontitis at the time of treatment, with at least 1-year of follow-up after non-surgical root canal treatment were recalled. Three hundred and seventy eight subjects were included, 150 subjects with signs/symptoms of PAP and 228 subjects with root canal-treated teeth exhibiting healthy perirradicular tissues (healed). Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva and used for TNF-⍺ (rs1800629), TNFRSF1A (rs1800693) and TNFRSF1B (rs1061622) genotyping by real-time PCR. Genotypes and alleles frequencies were evaluated by c2 or Fisher's exact tests and odds ratios were implemented (α = 5%).The genetic polymorphism in TNF-α (rs1800629) was associated as a protective factor for the development of PAP (p .05), once subjects who presented at least one allele A (AA+AG X GG), had a higher chance to lesion repair (p .05). The polymorphisms rs1800693 and rs1061622 in TNF receptors (TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B, respectively) were not associated with the development of PAP (p .05).The observed results demonstrate that polymorphism in TNF-α but not in its receptors is associated with PAP.

Objectives: High expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in periapical lesions plays an important role in the degradation of the extracellular matrix. This study aimed to investigate the effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)-based endodontic paste as an intracanal dressing on the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in periapical lesions. Materials and Methodss: Periapical lesions were experimentally induced in 35 mature beagle dog premolars randomly divided into healthy teeth, untreated periapical lesions, periapical lesionstreated in a single session, and periapical lesions treated in two sessions with EGCG or calcium hydroxide-based pastes. The operator monitored the animals and performed euthanasia after 120 days for histopathologic and immunofluorescence analyses to assess the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Then we perform the statistical analysis. Results: Endodontic treatment in two sessions using EGCG and calcium hydroxide-based pastes provided similar levels of repair of the apical and periapical tissues and neoformation of periodontal ligament fibers, cementum and alveolar bone. In both groups, the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was minimal,and it was observed in the cytoplasm of fibroblasts, osteoblasts, cementoblasts, cementocytes and vascular endothelium. In healthy teeth, the expression of MMPs was minimal and was found in odontoblasts. Endodontic treatment in a single session did not result in full repair of periapical lesions, and they presented intense expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, including in the cytoplasm of persistent inflammatory cells, similar to untreated lesions. In both groups treated in two sessions, the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was similar to that in healthy teeth, and it was significantly lower than that in periapical lesions treated in a single session or untreated (p Conclusions: The use of EGCG-based endodontic paste reduced the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and allowed for the repair of periapical lesions, similar to calcium hydroxide-based paste, and it was superior to treatment performed in a single session. Clinical Relevance: This study was the first one that evaluated the use of EGCG- based paste as intracanal treatment resulted in a reduction of the expression of MMPs 2 and 9 and repair of periapical lesions, similarly to calcium hydroxide-based paste.

Introduction: The 2q37.3 deletion syndrome is a disorder caused by the microdeletion of a subband on chromosome 2, whose epidemiology is approximately 150 cases worldwide, and the prevalence of 1: 10000. Its characteristics are developmental delay, facial dysmorphia, musculoskeletal abnormalities, and increased risk of congenital diseases. The purpose is to present, for the first time in the literature, the oral and dental clinical findings associated with the syndrome. Case report: The main physical characteristics of the syndrome were identified during the physical examination: thin upper lip, prominent columella, and epicanthic folds. In the intraoral examination, dental characteristics were reported, which may be associated with the syndrome: accumulation of dental calculus, hypomineralization and hypoplasia, crossbite, open bite, agenesis, taurodontism, and dentigerous cyst. The dental treatment consisted of the application of behavior management techniques, hygiene and diet instruction, prophylaxis, supragingival scraping, topical fluoride application, and extraction of the lower second molar. This is the first report of oral characteristics of the 2q37.3 deletion syndrome, giving importance to the characteristics observed in this patient. Such findings will be useful in the characterization of the syndrome, which is extremely rare, and may contribute to the clinical diagnosis of these patients, in addition to subsidizing the dental treatment of other individuals. Conclusion: We present oral clinical findings such as hypomineralization and hypoplasia, crossed and an open bite, agenesis, taurodontism, and dentigerous cyst present in the patient with the syndrome and we suggest that the involved gene or its deletion may be responsible for such findings., Introdução: A síndrome de deleção 2q37.3 é uma desordem causada pela microdeleção de uma sub-banda no cromossomo 2, cuja epidemiologia é de aproximadamente 150 casos no mundo, e a incidência de 1:10000. As características da síndrome são: atraso no desenvolvimento, dismorfia facial, anormalidades musculoesqueléticas e aumento ao risco de doenças congênitas. O objetivo deste relato de caso é apresentar, pela primeira vez na literatura, os achados clínicos orais e dentários associados à síndrome. Relato de caso: As principais características físicas da síndrome foram identificadas na paciente durante o exame físico: lábio superior fino, columela proeminente e dobras epicânticas. No exame intraoral, relatou-se as características odontológicas, que podem estar associadas à síndrome: acúmulo de cálculo dental, hipomineralização e hipoplasia, mordida cruzada, mordida aberta, agenesias, taurodontia e cisto dentígero. O tratamento dental consistiu na aplicação de técnicas de manejo de comportamento, instrução de higiene e de dieta, profilaxia, raspagem supragengival, aplicação tópica de flúor, além da extração do segundo molar decíduo inferior. Este é o primeiro relato de características orais da síndrome de deleção 2q37.3 dando importância às características observadas nesta paciente. Tais achados também serão úteis na caracterização da síndrome, que é extremamente rara, podendo contribuir para o diagnóstico clínico desses pacientes, além de subsidiar o tratamento odontológico de outros indivíduos. Conclusão: Apresentamos os achados clínicos orais como hipomineralização e hipoplasia, mordida cruzada e aberta, agenesia, taurodontia e cisto dentígero presentes na paciente com a síndrome e sugerimos que o gene envolvido ou sua deleção possam ser responsáveis por tais achados.

Aim: To evaluate the psychological impact of COVID-19 on undergraduate and graduate students of the Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Methods: Three questionnaires were used: sociodemographic, WHO Abbreviated Quality of Life Inventory, and General Anxiety Disorder-7. Data were analyzed using Graph Pad Prism 7a (α = 5%). Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn post-tests were used for statistical comparisons. The Spearman test was used as the correlation test. Results: 257 students responded to the online form that assessed their quality of life and anxiety level. On a scale from 1 to 100, with 100 being the best quality of life, the average obtained was 64.71 (± 13.36). In addition, 87.6% of the students rated their quality of life as good or very good. 74.7% reported good or very good health. The anxiety analysis resulted in an average of 10.04 (± 4.5), indicating moderate anxiety levels. There was an inversely proportional correlation between age and degree of anxiety (p = 0.008, r = -0.1628) and self-perceived learning and student commitment (r = 0.69). Conclusion: Despite the good quality of life and the students’ good self-perception of health, they showed a moderate degree of anxiety during the social distancing caused by COVID-19, also demonstrating a decrease in interest and commitment during distance education.

The development, establishment and repair of apical periodontitis (AP) is dependent of several factors, which include host susceptibility, microbial infection, immune response, quality of root canal treatment and organism's ability to repair. The understanding of genetic contributions to the risk of developing AP and presenting persistent AP has been extensively explored in modern Endodontics. Thus, this article aims to provide a review of the literature regarding the biochemical mediators involved in immune response signaling, osteoclastogenesis and bone neoformation, as the genetic components involved in the development and repair of AP. A narrative review of the literature was performed through a PUBMED/MEDLINE search and a hand search of the major AP textbooks. The knowledge regarding the cells, receptors and molecules involved in the host's immune-inflammatory response during the progression of AP added to the knowledge of bone biology allows the identification of factors inherent to the host that can interfere both in the progression and in the repair of these lesions. The main outcomes of studies evaluated in the review that investigated the correlation between genetic polymorphisms and AP in the last five years, demonstrate that genetic factors of the individual are involved in the success of root canal treatment. The discussion of this review gives subsides that may help to glimpse the development of new therapies based on the identification of therapeutic targets and the development of materials and techniques aimed at acting at the molecular level for clinical, radiographic and histological success of root canal treatment. Resumo O desenvolvimento, estabelecimento e reparo da periodontite apical (PA) depende de vários fatores, que incluem a susceptibilidade do hospedeiro, infecção microbiana, resposta imune, bem como a qualidade do tratamento do canal radicular e a capacidade de reparo do organismo. A compreensão das contribuições genéticas para o risco de desenvolver a PA e apresentar PA persistente tem sido extensivamente explorada na Endodontia moderna. Assim, este manuscrito pretende fornecer uma revisão da literatura em relação aos mediadores bioquímicos envolvidos na sinalização da resposta imune, osteoclastogênese e neoformação óssea, bem como os componentes genéticos envolvidos no desenvolvimento e reparo da PA. Uma revisão narrativa da literatura foi realizada através de uma pesquisa nas bases PUBMED/MEDLINE e uma pesquisa manual nos principais livros sobre a PA. O conhecimento sobre as células, receptores e moléculas envolvidas na resposta imuno-inflamatória do hospedeiro durante a progressão da PA somado ao conhecimento da biologia óssea, especialmente o papel dos osteoblastos, osteócitos e osteoclastos no turnover ósseo, permite a identificação de fatores inerentes ao hospedeiro que podem interferir tanto na progressão como no reparo destas lesões. Os principais resultados dos estudos avaliados na revisão que investigaram a correlação entre polimorfismos genéticos e PA, nos últimos cinco anos, demonstram que os fatores genéticos do indivíduo estão envolvidos no sucesso do tratamento do canal radicular. A discussão desta revisão fornece subsídios que podem ajudar a vislumbrar o desenvolvimento de novas terapias baseadas na identificação de alvos terapêuticos e no desenvolvimento de materiais e técnicas destinadas a atuar a nível molecular para o sucesso clínico, radiográfico e histológico do tratamento endodôntico.

Objectives to investigate the association between dental caries, developmental defects of enamel (DDE) and genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor (VDR) in Brazilian children. Methods Children examination to access the DMFT index was performed according to the World Health Organization's recommendations and the children were classified according their caries experience into ‘No caries experience’ (DMFT = 0), and ‘Caries experience’ (DMFT ≤1), and ‘Low caries experience’ (DMFT ≤3) or ‘High caries experience’ (DMFT≥4) groups. DDE were diagnosed using the modified DDE index based on the Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) recommendation. Children were included in the DDE group when presented at least one tooth with a DDE. Genomic DNA was extracted and genetic polymorphisms (rs2228570 and rs739837) were genotyped by TaqMan chemistry and end-point analysis. Chi-square or Fisher exact tests were used to compare genotype and allele distribution among the groups. Epi Info 7 was used to analyze data. The established alpha of this study was 5%. Results Among 157 included children, 19 children (12.1%) were caries free and were in the ‘No caries experience’ group, while 138 children (87.9%) were in the ‘Caries experience’ group. Sixty-seven children (42.7%) were in the ‘Low caries experience’ group while 90 children (57.3%) were in the ‘High caries experience’ group. Five children presented primary dentition, 29 presented mixed dentition and 123 presented permanent dentition. Forty-one (26.1%) children presented at least one tooth with DDE. Caries experience was not associated with DDE (p = 0.71). The polymorphisms rs2228570 and rs739837 were not associated with dental caries, neither DDE (p > 0.05). Allele distributions were also not associated with dental caries, neither DDE (p > 0.05). Conclusions The genetic polymorphisms rs2228570 and rs739837 were not associated with dental caries and developmental defects of enamel in Brazilian children.

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate, in pediatric patients, the concordance of intraoral scanner for dental measurements, comparing the measurements obtained clinically with digital models, 3D printed filament models, and conventional plaster models. Materials and Methods: For this study, 31 patients with mixed dentition were selected, with at least the upper central incisors and upper first permanent molars erupted. The dental size measurement obtained with 3Shape Trios Scanner was compared with that obtained clinically with the aid of a digital caliper, as well as the measurements made with plaster models and filament printed models. For data analysis, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was performed and the agreement was categorized according to it. The Bland–Altman analysis was also applied to the data to graphically display the concordance. Results: There was no difference in agreement between measurements made in plaster and filament models compared to the reference method, and for measurements in the digital model, the agreement was low or zero in the molar region. Conclusion: According to the present study, we can conclude that both plaster and filament models presented values that are faithful to those obtained clinically and that the evaluated region affected the agreement with the reference method.

The aim of the present in vivo study was to evaluate the bacterial contamination of sports mouthguards, surface roughness, and the efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate spray in the disinfection of these devices. A randomized, blinded cross-over clinical trial was performed with twenty 9 to 13 years old children who practiced martial arts and participated in all phases of the study. They were instructed to wear mouthguards 3 alternated days a week for 1 hour and, after use, to spray sterile tap water or chlorhexidine 0.12%. The mouthguards were analyzed by MTT assay, Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization, and confocal laser microscopy prior and after use for 2 weeks. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon and t-Student, and Pearson correlation tests, with 5% significance level. Were observed that mouthguards of the control group were more contaminated with cariogenic microorganisms than those of the chlorhexidine group (p

Background: Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent lipid mediator that stimulate the immune response. Because dental pulp inflammation and dentin repair are intrinsically related responses, the aim of this research was to investigate the potential of LTB4 in inducing differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. Methods: Microspheres (MS) loaded with LTB4 were prepared using an oil emulsion solvent extraction evaporation process and sterility, characterization, efficiency of LTB4 encapsulation and in vitro LTB4 release assay were investigated. Mouse dental pulp stem cells (OD-21) were stimulated with soluble LTB4 or MS loaded with LTB4 (0.01 and 0.1 μM). Cytotoxicity and cell viability was determined by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and MTT (methylthiazol tetrazolium) assays . Gene expression were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) after 3, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h. Results: Mineralized nodule formation was assessed after 28 days of OD-21 cell stimulation with LTB4. Groups were compared using the one-way ANOVA test followed by Dunnett's post-test (α = 0.05). Treatment with LTB4 or MS loaded with LTB4 (0.01 and 0.1 micrometer- μM) were not cytotoxic to OD-21 cells. Treatment with LTB4 modulated the expression of the Ibsp (integrin binding sialoprotein) and Runx2 (runt-related transcription factor 2) genes differently depending on the experimental period analyzed. Interestingly LTB4 loaded in microspheres (0.1 μM) allowed long term dental pulp cell differentiation and biomineralization. LTB4 loaded in MS was not cytotoxic and induced an odontoblastic cell phenotype differentiation. Conclusion: These findings shed light on a novel pharmacological strategy to induce dental pulp cell differentiation.

Leukotriene BMicrospheres (MS) loaded with LTBTreatment with LTBLTB

The outcome of root canal treatment has been reported as intimately related to the host response. Genetic polymorphisms might be associated with apical periodontitis repair. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) genetic polymorphisms with persistent apical periodontitis (PAP) in Brazilian subjects.Subjects with at least 1 year of follow-up after nonsurgical root canal therapy were recalled. Sixty-four subjects with signs/symptoms of PAP and 86 subjects with root canal-treated teeth exhibiting healthy periradicular tissues (healed) were included. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva and used for RANK (rs3826620), RANKL (rs9594738), and OPG (rs2073618) genotyping by real-time exact tests, and odds ratio were implemented using Epi Info 3.5.2 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA). A logistic regression analysis was also performed using the time of follow-up as the covariate. All tests were performed with an established alpha of 0.05 (P = .05).An association between allele distribution and the polymorphism in RANK was observed. Subjects who carry the T allele had a lower risk of having PAP (P.05). In RANKL polymorphism, the genotype distribution was statistically significant different between the PAP and healed groups (P = .05). The time of follow-up was associated with PAP (P.05). In the logistic regression analysis using time as a covariant, RANK (P.05) and RANKL (P.05) were associated with PAP. The polymorphism rs2073618 in OPG was not associated with PAP (P.05).These findings suggest that polymorphisms in RANK and RANKL genes are associated with PAP.

Recent studies suggested that genetics contribute to differences in dental fluorosis (DF) susceptibility among individuals having the same environmental exposure. This study evaluated if MMP2, MMP9 and MMP20 are expressed during enamel development and assessed the association between polymorphisms in these genes with DF. Mice susceptible and resistant to DF were used to evaluate if MMPs were candidate genes for DF. The animals received fluoride and their enamels were used for immunohistochemistry. Additionally, 481 subjects from a city with fluoridation of public water supplies were recruited. Genotyping was performed using real time PCR. Allele/genotype frequencies were compared between groups. MMP2, MMP9 and MMP20 immunostaining was detected in both animal groups. DF was observed in 22.4% of the subjects. A borderline association was observed in MMP2 (rs243865), MMP9 (rs17576) and in MMP20 (rs1784418) (p = 0.06, p = 0.08 and p = 0.06 respectively). Briefly, MMPs were expressed during enamel maturation and genetic polymorphisms were not associated with DF.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms in MMP8, MMP13, and MMP20 with caries experience and developmental defects of enamel (DDE) in children from the Amazon region of Brazil. Den tal caries and DDE data were collected through clinical examination from 216 children. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva, and genotyping of selected polymorphisms in MMP8 (rs17099443 and rs3765620), MMP13 (rs478927 and rs2252070), and MMP20 (rs1784418) was performed using TaqMan chemistry and endpoint analysis. χ2 or Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare allele and genotype distributions between children with caries experience and caries-free children and between DDE-affected and -unaffected children with an established alpha of 5%. The polymorphism rs478927 in MMP13 was associated with caries experience and DDE (p < 0.05). The analysis performed comparing children with both conditions (caries experience plus DDE) and children with neither of the conditions (caries-free chil dren without DDE) demonstrated that children carrying the MMP13 rs478927 TT genotype were more likely to have concomitant occurrence of these two conditions (OR = 5.8, 95% CI 2.1–15.8; p = 0.0003). In conclusion, the genetic polymorphism rs478927 in MMP13 was associated with caries experience and DDE.

In addition to essential clinical parameters, orthodontic treatment outcomes should also consider patients' opinions and perceptions, which could be comprehensively clarified with a qualitative scientific approach. Considering that the information on younger patients' views is scarce, the objective of this study was to investigate how adolescent orthodontic patients perceive malocclusion, and their motivations and expectations concerning orthodontic corrective treatment.In this descriptive qualitative study, 12 adolescents aged 12 to 14 years and of both genders, covering a heterogeneous collection of malocclusions, were recruited from the waiting list of an Orthodontics Graduate Course. They were individually interviewed before the appliance insertion by an experienced researcher using an interview guide and photographic records to stimulate patients' self-perception of their oral condition. The interviews proceeded simultaneously with transcription analyses until saturation. After the transcription evaluation, the framework analysis technique was performed.Data derived from the transcription analyses were grouped into 3 major themes: perceptions concerning the concepts of normality and abnormality regarding oral health; self-perceptions regarding malocclusion and other discrepancies; and motivations for seeking orthodontic treatment and expectations related to the results.Attractiveness was exceptionally relevant among adolescent patients. Most interviewees seemed to focus their attention on esthetically upsetting dentofacial traits, which they expected to be corrected by orthodontic treatment. In addition to self-oriented appearance-driven motivations, parents, other health professionals, friends, and peers also influenced adolescents' perception of their need for treatment. The achievement of a normal dentofacial status seems to be closely attached to social and individual aspirations.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an inflammatory myeloid neoplasia commonly affecting children with frequent somatic mutations in MAPK pathway genes including BRAFV600E and MAP2K1. Some studies suggest that LCH cells can recruit and modulate inflammatory cells, which could provide reciprocal survival signals. To characterize the immune profile of infiltrating inflammatory cells, and to clarify their participation in LCH pathogenesis, a detailed immunohistochemical analysis was performed. Fifteen (10 children, 5 adults) LCH cases were assessed through macrophage (CD68 and CD163), mature dendritic cell (mDC; CD83 and CD208), regulatory T cell (Treg; CD4, CD25 and FOXP3) and cytotoxic lymphocyte (CL; CD56, CD57, perforin and granzyme B) immunomarkers. Moreover, lymphocytic and LCH markers were also analysed. All cases were S100, CD1a, CD207 and CD4-positive. Bcl-2 and cyclin D1 expression was observed in 13 of 15 cases. In the immune microenvironment, M2-polarized macrophages and Tregs were the predominant cell populations, followed by significantly (P < .005) smaller levels of mDCs and CLs. Additionally, the number of CD3 + cells was significantly higher than that of CD20 + cells. In the CD3 + cell population, there were a significantly higher number of CD4 + cells than CD8 + cells. While there were no differences when comparing the paediatric and adult populations, FOXP3 + cells were significantly higher in patients with multisystem involvement and treated with chemotherapy, than single-site cases and those without chemotherapy. Our results suggest that M2-polarized macrophages and Treg infiltration can promote LCH development and survival, probably through pro-tumoral, immunosuppressive and/or cytokine-mediated mechanisms. This work highlights the need for further exploration of immune-targeted therapy for LCH.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:48:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-11-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) We report a 7-year-old boy who presented with a nodule on the upper lip. A previous clinical history of mechanical trauma in the lesional area had been noted. After surgical excision, microscopy revealed fibrocollagenous fascicles associated with neurovascular bundles and skeletal striated muscle fibers in diffuse subepithelial distribution, suggesting rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma. However, strict clinicopathological correlation favored a healing process with trapped striated skeletal muscle tissue. After three years of follow-up, an improvement in the aesthetic appearance of the upper lip was observed. To the best of our knowledge, a case of pseudo-rhabdomyomatous mesenchymal hamartoma has not been reported to date. Department of Pediatric Dentistry School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto FORP/USP University of Sao Paulo Oral Medicine Department of Diagnosis and Surgery Araraquara Dental School Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Oral Pathology Department of Stomatology Public Oral Health and Forensic Dentistry School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto FORP/USP University of São Paulo Oral Medicine Department of Diagnosis and Surgery Araraquara Dental School Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) FAPESP: 2016/02713-2

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between timing of permanent tooth emergence with overweight and obesity in children from Brazilian Amazon region. The studied population consisted of 192 children, 09 to 12 year-old, from public schools at Manaus, Amazonas-Brazil. Clinical examination was performed and the tooth emergence was evaluated according to the number of permanent erupted teeth. Body mass index z-score was calculated. For the statistical analysis ‘Overweight/obese’ group was compared with ‘Normal weight’ group in a case to control ratio 1:2. The t-test based on age was used for means comparison between the groups. A linear regression analysis using age and gender as co-variants was used. The established alpha was 5%. One hundred twenty-seven children were classified as normal weight and 65 were classified as overweight/obese (49 were overweight and 16 were obese). Overweight/obesity condition was associated with the gender, in which boys had a higher chance to present higher weight conditions (OR=1.84; CI 95% 1.06-3.37; p=0.04). The mean number of permanent teeth was higher in the overweight/obesity group (p

O objetivo desse estudo in vivo foi avaliar a intensidade de expressão de moléculas indicadoras da diferenciação celular com fenótipo mineralizador em dentes de cães com rizogênese incompleta e lesão periapical induzida experimentalmente submetidos à irrigação dos canais radiculares por pressão apical negativa (EndoVac®) e à irrigação por pressão apical positiva (irrigação convencional). Foram utilizados 30 dentes (60 raízes), divididos em 3 grupos: Grupo EndoVac® Irrigação com pressão apical negativa (n=20), Grupo Convencional Irrigação com pressão apical positiva (n=20); e Grupo Controle com Lesão Periapical (n=20). Após indução de lesões periapicais, os canais radiculares dos grupos Endovac e Convencional foram instrumentados com limas manuais, empregando o sistema de irrigação correspondente. Decorridos 90 dias, os animais foram eutanasiados e os espécimes submetidos ao processamento histotécnico. Cortes representativos de cada grupo foram corados com hematoxilina e eosina (HE), para descrição histopatológica das regiões apical e periapical. Os cortes foram submetidos à para marcação de osteopontina (OPN), fosfatase alcalina (ALP) e fator de transcrição RUNX2 nas regiões apical e periapical das raízes. Para avaliação da intensidade da expressão desses marcadores foi realizada uma análise semi-quantitativa por meio de um sistema de escores. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis e pós-teste de Dunn e o nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Com relação à descrição histopatológica, achados distintos foram observados em cada grupo. Resumidamente, o grupo Endovac demonstrou um tecido conjuntivo bem organizado, invaginando-se para o interior do canal radicular, e exibiu um processo de reparo mais avançado, com relação aos demais grupos. A avaliação das imunomarcações para RUNX2 revelou que no grupo Endovac® houve marcação significantemente mais intensa (p=0,03), em comparação ao grupo controle. Com relação à expressão de OPN, não foi possível encontrar diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos (p=0,15). Após análise das imunomarcações para ALP, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos (p=0,0021), sendo que o grupo Endovac® apresentou marcação significantemente mais intensa com relação ao grupo controle. Os resultados do presente estudo in vivo permitiram concluir que a irrigação por pressão apical negativa (EndoVac®) apresentou potencial mineralizador, indicando ser o melhor sistema de irrigação para dentes com ápice incompleto e lesão periapical The objective of this in vivo study was to evaluate the expression intensity of molecules indicating cell differentiation with mineralizing phenotype in immature dogs teeth with experimentally induced apical periodontitis subjected to irrigation of root canals using negative apical pressure (EndoVac®) and positive apical pressure (conventional irrigation). Thirty teeth (60 roots) were divided into 3 groups: EndoVac® Group - negative apical pressure irrigation (n=20), Conventional Group - positive apical pressure irrigation (n=20); and Control Group with apical periodontitis (n=20). After induction of periapical lesions, the root canals of the EndoVac ® and Conventional groups were instrumented with hand files, using the corresponding irrigation system. After 90 days, the animals were euthanized and the specimens were submitted to histotechnical processing. Representative sections of each group were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for histopathological description of the apical and periapical regions. The sections were submitted to osteopontin (OPN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and RUNX2 transcription factor Immunostaining in the apical and periapical regions of the roots. A semi-quantitative analysis was performed to evaluate the expression intensity of these markers, using a score system. Data were statistically analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test and Dunn post-test, and the significance level was set at 5%. Regarding the histopathological description, different findings were observed in each group. Briefly, the EndoVac® group demonstrated a well-organized connective tissue, invaginating into the root canal, and exhibited a more advanced repair process in relation to the other groups. RUNX2 immunostaining revealed that in the EndoVac® group there was a significantly stronger (p=0.03) immunostaining in comparison to the control group. Regarding the OPN expression, it was not possible to find a statistically significant difference between the groups (p=0.15). After analyzing ALP immunostaining, a statistically significant difference was observed between the groups (p=0.0021), and the EndoVac® group showed a markedly stronger mark immunostaining than the control group. The results of the present in vivo study allowed concluding that negative apical pressure irrigation (EndoVac®) presented mineralizing potential, indicating that it is the best irrigation system for teeth with an open apex and apical periodontitis

Hypophosphatemic rickets is a rare genetic disorder involving the regulation of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), a phosphaturic agent, clinically showing bowing of the legs, short stature and dentoalveolar abscesses. A 7-year-old boy, with previous hypochondroplasia diagnosis, was referred to our pediatric dentistry clinic presenting short stature, bone deformities and sinus tracts at deciduous teeth apex levels not related with trauma, restorations or dental caries. After deciduous teeth extraction, due to root resorption and mobility, light microscopy exhibited typical hypophosphatemic dentin, and micro-computed tomography revealed tubular clefts and porosities throughout the teeth. Laboratory tests confirmed the HR diagnosis, after which the treatment was initiated.

This study evaluated the association between polymorphisms in genes encoding estrogen receptors 1 (ESR1) and 2 (ESR2), vitamin D receptor (VDR) and in microRNA17 (which binds to ESR1 and VDR) with persistent apical periodontitis (PAP) after the endodontic treatment. We included 162 patients who completed endodontic treatment at least one year ago and presented apical periodontitis at the beginning of the root canal therapy. Clinical and radiographic exams were performed to evaluate the presence of PAP or healthy periradicular tissues (healed). Saliva samples were collected as a genomic DNA. The genotyping of ESR1 (rs2234693 and rs9340799), ESR2 (rs1256049 and rs4986938), VDR (rs739837 and rs2228570) and miRNA17 (rs4284505) were performed by real-time PCR. Chi-square test was used to the distribution of genotype and allele frequencies. Haplotype analysis was also performed. Eighty-nine patients were included in the “healed” group and 73 in the “PAP” group. No association was found between the allelic and genotypic polymorphisms studied and PAP (p>0.05). Haplotype analysis also did not demonstrated an association (p>0.05). In conclusion, the genetic polymorphisms in ESR1, ESR2, VDR and miRNA17 are not associated with PAP.

Sex hormones have an effect on bone metabolism. However, it remains unclear how estrogen hormone affects mandible and maxilla growth and development. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review to evaluate if estrogen is associated with developmental alterations in the maxilla/mandible phenotype. Material and methods: A computer search of the literature was performed using: Pubmed Medline (1966 – August 2018), Google Scholar and manual searching. A combination of the terms ‘estrogens', ‘mandible’, ‘dental arch’, ‘maxilla’, ‘craniofacial’, ‘growth’ and ‘development’ was used. Studies that used animal models to evaluate the role of estrogen during growth and development on the dimensions of the maxilla and/or mandible were included. Results: 5 studies were selected to compose this systematic review. One study used zebrafish as a model. Two studies used female mice and 2 studies used female rats as a model. Two studies treated the animals with estrogen. Four studies demonstrated that estrogen has an effect on mandible dimension and 2 studies demonstrated that estrogen has an effect on maxilla. One study did find an association between estrogen deficiency and mandible/maxilla dimensions Conclusion: The current evidence suggested that both, increased and decreased levels of estrogen, have an effect on the maxilla and mandible dimensions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms in MMP8, MMP13, and MMP20 with caries experience and developmental defects of enamel (DDE) in children from the Amazon region of Brazil. Den tal caries and DDE data were collected through clinical examination from 216 children. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva, and genotyping of selected polymorphisms in MMP8 (rs17099443 and rs3765620), MMP13 (rs478927 and rs2252070), and MMP20 (rs1784418) was performed using TaqMan chemistry and endpoint analysis. χ2 or Fisher's exact tests were used to compare allele and genotype distributions between children with caries experience and caries-free children and between DDE-affected and -unaffected children with an established alpha of 5%. The polymorphism rs478927 in MMP13 was associated with caries experience and DDE (p0.05). The analysis performed comparing children with both conditions (caries experience plus DDE) and children with neither of the conditions (caries-free chil dren without DDE) demonstrated that children carrying the MMP13 rs478927 TT genotype were more likely to have concomitant occurrence of these two conditions (OR = 5.8, 95% CI 2.1-15.8; p = 0.0003). In conclusion, the genetic polymorphism rs478927 in MMP13 was associated with caries experience and DDE.

Objectives: To evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of Haas appliances through micronuclei test and cytogenetic damage analysis in buccal mucosa epithelial cells of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight patients, 6–12 years of age and of both genders, who required a Haas appliance for the correction of a posterior crossbite were included. Epithelial cells from the mucosa were collected by gently scraping the inside of both the right and left cheeks. The cells were collected before the insertion of the appliance (T0), 1 month after the device was installed (T1), and again 3 months after the appliance was immobilized (T2). The cells were processed to obtain slides. Feulgen/Fast Green was used as the staining method, and the number of normal, karyolytic, pyknotic, nuclear buds, bi/trinucleated, and micronucleus cells were counted under light microscopy. Cellular abnormalities were evaluated with parametric and nonparametric tests for comparison of the means by analysis of variance testing, Tukey posttest, or the Kruskal-Wallis test and then by Dunn's posttest. The significance level was 5%. Results: There were no statistically significant changes in the micronuclei in the evaluated periods (P > .05). Nuclear buds increased at T1 (P < .05), returning to baseline levels at T2. Other abnormalities (cariolytic, pyknotic, and bi/trinucleated cells) showed a significant increase at T1 and T2 (P < .0001). Conclusions: The Haas appliance did not cause an increase in micronuclei in cells of the buccal mucosa. However, statistically significant increases in cariolytic, pyknotic, and bi/trinucleated cells were observed during treatment, suggesting possible DNA damage.

Introduction: The study aimed to correlate the Periapical Index (PAI), obtained by way of periapical radiographs, with the volume of chronic periapical lesion, obtained through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), in the permanent teeth. Methods and Materials: Radiographs and CBCT images were selected from 35 single-rooted permanent teeth, with fully formed apices, with a diagnosis of pulp necrosis and chronic apical periodontitis that was radiographically visible. Two independent raters evaluated the radiographs on two separate occasions and classified the periapical lesions in accordance with Ørstavik’s PAI. The periapical lesion volume was calculated in the CBCT images. The correlation between the PAI and the lesion volume was calculated using Spearman’s correlation test. Results: There was a positive, moderate correlation between the PAI and the volume (rs=0.596; P

Persistent apical periodontitis (AP) is a situation involving an inflammatory and immune response caused mainly by anaerobic polymicrobial infection of the root canal system and the outcome and follow-up of the root canal treatment has been reported as intimately related to host response. The apical periodontitis repair might be associated with genetic polymorphisms. This study aimed to evaluate the association between HIF1A genetic polymorphisms (rs2301113 and rs2057482) with PAP in Brazilian patients. Subjects with at least 1 year of follow-up after root canal therapy (RCT) were recalled. Sixty-four subjects with signs/symptoms of PAP and 84 subjects with root canal-treated teeth exhibiting healthy perirradicular tissues (healed) were included. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva and used for HIF1A genotyping by real-time PCR. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared by c2 or Fisher’s exact tests and odds ratio was implemented, using Epi Info 3.5.2. All tests were performed with an established alpha of 0.05. There was no association between allele and genotype distribution for HIF1As polymorphisms and PAP (p>0.05). The genetic polymorphisms in HIF1A were not associated with persistent apical periodontitis. Resumo A periodontite apical persistente (PAP) é uma condição que envolve uma resposta inflamatória e imunológica causada principalmente por infecções polimicrobianas de origem anaeróbia no sistema de canais radiculares, tornando o resultado e o acompanhamento do tratamento do canal radicular intimamente relacionados à resposta do hospedeiro. O reparo da periodontite apical pode estar associado a polimorfismos genéticos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associação entre os polimorfismos genéticos do HIF1A (rs2301113 e rs2057482) com a PAP em pacientes brasileiros. Indivíduos com pelo menos 1 ano de acompanhamento após o tratamento do canal radicular (TCR) foram agendados para consulta de acompanhamento. Sessenta e quatro indivíduos com sinais/sintomas de PAP e 84 indivíduos com dentes tratados endodonticamente e tecidos perirradiculares saudáveis (cicatrizados) foram incluídos no presente estudo. O DNA genômico foi extraído da saliva e utilizado para a genotipagem do HIF1A por PCR em tempo real. O genótipo e as frequências alélicas foram comparados por teste c2 ou exato de Fisher e odds-ratio foi implementado por meio do software Epi Info 3.5.2. Todos os testes realizados foram estabelecidos com a=0,05. Não houve associação entre alelo e distribuição genotípica para polimorfismos do HIF1A e PAP (p> 0,05). Os polimorfismos genéticos em HIF1A não foram associados à periodontite apical persistente.

Objective This replication study aimed to evaluate an association between caries experience and polymorphisms in DEFB1 and miRNA202 in two different Brazilian groups. Design The population consisted in 312 Brazilian children. Genomic DNA for was extracted from buccal cells isolated from saliva. The genotyping analysis of the polymorphisms in DEFB1 and miRNA202 was performed by real-time polymerase chain reactions. The associations between caries experience, genotype and allele distribution was performed, with an alpha of 0.05. Results A statistical significant difference was observed between allele distribution and the polymorphism rs12355840 in the miRNA202 for permanent dentition in the Manaus group, in which individuals that carry the allele C had almost three times more chance to have caries (p = .021; OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.1–6.7). In the Ribeirao Preto group there was a statistical significant difference for the polymorphism rs11362 in the DEFB1 for both dentition in alleles (p = .043) and genotype (p = .020) distributions. The T allele increased in two times the chance to have caries (OR = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.05–4.07). Conclusion In conclusion, the allelic distribution of the polymorphism rs12355840 in miRNA202 was associated with caries experience in the Manaus group. In the Ribeirao Preto group, the allelic and genotypic distributions in the polymorphism rs11362 in DEFB1 were associated with caries experience.

Permanent teeth that remain impacted could lead to the early loss of primary teeth and cause space problems in dental arches. We present two cases of ectopic eruption of the permanent maxillary first molars treated with soft distal movements using a modified Nance palatal arch (NPAm). The wire was soldered to the band and positioned distally to serve as support for the elastic chain, which was attached to a bonded button on the occlusal surface. After a few months, the ectopic eruption was corrected, preserving the adjacent primary teeth and restoring the occlusion. An NPAm is a viable option for distalization and space recovery in the maxillary arch.

This study evaluated physiochemical proprieties of a calcium hydroxide-based paste (Calen(r)) combined with a zinc oxide cement at different ratios (1:0.5, 1:0.65, 1:0.8 and 1:1). Materials were compared regarding setting time, pH variation, radiopacity, solubility, dimensional changes, flow and release of chemical elements. Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). Longer setting time and higher dimensional changes and solubility values were exhibited by 1:0.65 and 1:0.5 ratios (p0.05). Considering the evaluated proprieties, combinations of Calen(r) paste with ZO at 1:0.5 and 1:0.65 ratios had the best results as root canal filling materials for use in primary teeth. Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar propriedades físico-químicas da pasta à base de hidróxido de cálcio (Calen(r)) combinado com diferentes proporções de óxido de zinco (OZ) (1:0,5 e 1:0,65, 1:0,8 e 1:1) (Calen(r) /OZ). Os materiais foram comparados quanto ao tempo de endurecimento, variação do pH, radiopacidade, solubilidade, alterações dimensionais, escoamento e liberação de elementos químicos. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância (nível de 5% de significância). Maior grau de endurecimento, valores de alterações dimensionais, e solubilidade foram encontrados para Calen(r) /OZ 1:0,65 e 1:0,5. Calen(r) /OZ 1:0,5 e 1:0,65, apresentaram os maiores valores de pH em todos os momentos. Todos os materiais apresentaram valores elevados de radiopacidade com diferenças significativas (p>.05). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas apenas entre Calen(r) /OZ de 1:0,5 e 1:1 na liberação de cálcio e zinco (p< 0,05), enquanto que a quantidade de zircônia foi semelhante entre todos os grupos analisados (p>.05). Em relação às propriedades avaliadas no presente estudo, as combinações de Calen(r) com óxido de zinco nas proporções 1:0,5 e 1:0,65 são mais adequadas como material obturador para os canais radiculares de dentes decíduos.

O Brasil tem recebido milhares de refugiados venezuelanos que, em sua grande maioria, entra no território nacional pela fronteira com o estado de Roraima em busca de melhores condições de vida ou mesmo para escapar da fome. Fica evidente que o fenômeno da imigração tem representado um importante desafio na área da saúde pública, com impacto ao nível das dinâmicas dos serviços de saúde dos países de acolhimento. As unidades observacionais consideradas foram crianças imigrantes em Boa Vista, capital do estado de Roraima. A amostra foi constituída por todas as crianças que residem nos abrigos para refugiados, de 2 a 13 anos, que aceitaram a participar da pesquisa no período de outubro a dezembro de 2021, caracterizando amostra por conveniência. Diante dos resultados, podemos concluir que existe a necessidade de políticas públicas voltadas para a saúde bucal dos imigrantes e refugiados. Tendo em vista a realidade ser de difícil acesso aos serviços de saúde oferecidos pelo Estado de acolhimento, tanto por questões de idioma, cultural, financeiro, e até mesmo a falta de informação. Com isso, mostra a necessidade de implantar medidas de políticas públicas, a fim de planejar e executar ações de saúde, de forma curativa e preventiva. Afinal, em nossa constituição e pelo regimento do SUS, todo e qualquer ser humano em território nacional temo direito à saúde. É dever do estado promover esta saúde nos refugiados que acolhemos. Brazil has received thousands of Venezuelan refugees who, for the most part, enter the national territory through the border with the state of Roraima in search of better living conditions or even to escape hunger. It is evident that the phenomenon of immigration has represented an important challenge in the area of public health, with an impact on the dynamics of health services in host countries. The observational units considered were immigrant children in Boa Vista, capital of the state of Roraima. The sample consisted of all children residing in shelters for refugees, aged 2 to 13 years, who agreed to participate in the research from October to December 2021, characterizing a convenience sample. In view of the results, we can conclude that there is a need for public policies aimed at the oral health of immigrants and refugees. In view of the reality that access to health services offered by the host State is difficult, due to language, cultural, financial, and even lack of information. Thus, it shows the need to implement public policy measures in order to plan and execute health actions, in a curative and preventive way. After all, in our constitution and by the SUS regiment, every human being in the national territory has the right to health. It is the duty of the state to promote this health in the refugees we host.

O escaneamento intraoral apresenta vantagens em relação à moldagem com alginato, uma vez que é menos propenso a erros técnicos e provenientes das características do material de moldagem, além de proporcionar um conforto maior ao paciente. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar em pacientes pediátricos a concordância do escaneamento intraoral em relação a mensurações dentárias, comparando as medidas obtidas clinicamente aos modelos digitais, modelos impressos de filamento e modelos convencionais de gesso. Para a realização desse estudo, foram selecionados pacientes em dentição mista, com idades entre 7 a 12 anos, apresentando pelo menos os incisivos centrais e molares permanentes superiores irrompidos e respeitando outros critérios de inclusão previamente estabelecidos. A mensuração do tamanho dentário obtida com o equipamento Scanner 3Shape Trios (3Shape A/S, Copenhague, Dinamarca) foi comparada com aquela obtida clinicamente com auxílio de paquímetro digital (método de referência), assim como as medidas realizadas em modelos de gesso provenientes de moldagem com alginato e modelos de filamento impressos a partir da moldagem digital. Para a análise dos dados, foi realizado o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse e a concordância foi categorizada segundo o mesmo. Todas as análises foram realizadas no programa R versão 3.6.0 (Universidade de Auckland, Nova Zelândia). De acordo com o presente estudo, não houve diferença na concordância entre as medidas realizadas nos modelos de gesso e nos modelos de filamento, em relação ao método de referência e para as medidas no modelo digital, a concordância em relação ao método de referência foi baixa ou nula na região dos molares. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que houve uma alta concordância entre as medidas realizadas nos modelos de gesso obtidos via moldagem com alginato e nos modelos de filamento obtidos via impressão de moldagem digital, em relação ao método de referência (avaliação intrabucal) e para todos os métodos avaliados, a concordância com relação ao método de referência foi alta para as medidas na região de incisivos. Intraoral scanning has advantages over alginate molding since it is less prone to technical errors and from the characteristics of the molding material, in addition to providing greater comfort to the patient. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the agreement of intraoral scanning for dental measurements, comparing digital models, printed filaments models and conventional gypsum models to the clinically evaluated measures (intrabuccal evaluation - reference method), in pediatric patients. To perform this study patients with mixed dentition (7 to 12 years of age) with at least central incisors and permanent maxillary molars were selected and followed the inclusion criteria previously determined. The measurement of the tooth size obtained with the Scanner 3Shape Trios equipment (3Shape A / S, Copenhagen, Denmark) was compared with that obtained clinically with the aid of a digital caliper (reference method), as well as the measurements performed on gypsum models from molding with alginate and filament models printed from the digital molding. For the data analysis, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was performed and the agreement was categorized according to the same. All analyzes were performed in the R program 3.6.0 (University of Auckland, New Zealand). According to the present study, there was no difference in agreement between the measurements performed on gypsum models and on filament models, in relation to the reference method, and for the measurements in the digital model, the agreement in relation to the reference method was low or null in the molar region. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that there was a high concordance between the measurements made in the plaster models obtained by alginate molding and in the filament models obtained by digital impression printing, in relation to the reference method (intraoral evaluation). And for all evaluated methods, concordance with the reference method was high for measurements in the incisor region.

O câncer de cabeça e pescoço (CCP) é um dos tipos mais comuns de câncer, e a Radioterapia (RT) e Quimiorradioterapia (QRT) são os tipos mais comuns de tratamento. Ambos são muito eficientes, porém podem causar efeitos colaterais inclusive aos substratos dentais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as alterações ocorridas no esmalte e na dentina coronária de dentes permanentes, provenientes de indivíduos submetidos à RT, à QRT e que não foram submetidos a nenhum tratamento antineoplasico, após indução de desenvolvimento de lesões de cárie (in situ), de erosão (in situ), e de abrasão por escovação (in vitro). Foram selecionados dentes extraídos de pacientes que realizaram RT ou QRT para tratamento do CCP no Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto e no Hospital do Câncer de Barretos. Os dentes foram divididos em grupos de acordo com o tratamento antineoplásico a que os pacientes foram previamente submetidos, n=84 fragmentos para cada fase (42 fragmentos de esmalte e 42 fragmentos de dentina): Controle (CO): fragmentos de dentes extraídos de pacientes que não foram submetidos à RT ou QRT; Radioterapia (RT): fragmentos de dentes extraídos de pacientes que já concluíram a RT para CCP, acima de 45Gy; Quimiorradioterapia (QRT): fragmentos de dentes extraídos de pacientes que já concluíram a RT combinada a quimioterapia a baseada em platina. Todos fragmentos de esmalte e dentina foram aletoriamente distribuídos. O estudo foi dividido em três fases: Na primeira fase foi realizado o processo DES/RE nos substratos dentais, in situ; na segunda fase a suscetibilidade dos tecidos à erosão, in situ; e na 3ª fase o teste de abrasão por escovação, in vitro. As variáveis de resposta foram: perfil de desgaste, degrau formado, contagem de túbulos dentinários, perímetro dos túbulos dentinários, rugosidade da superfície, volume perdido e microdureza longitudinal. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados por meio de testes estatísticos apropriados para comparação entre os grupos, com nível de significância estabelecido em 5% (p

Novas soluções a base de compostos naturais podem ser utilizadas no substrato dental antes do procedimento restaurador a fim de inibir a atividade das metaloproteinases (MMPs) e melhorar da estabilidade da interface adesiva, especialmente em dentes submetidos à biocorrosão endógena ou exógena. Este estudo avaliou o efeito do pré-tratamento com a solução experimental de chá verde encapsulada com nanoquitosana (NanoQ) na resistência adesiva da interface e na inibição de metaloproteinases (MMPs) em dentina submetida à biocorrosão in vitro. Setenta e oito molares humanos hígidos foram seccionados e divididos aleatoriamente de acordo com o substrato: hígido (controle) e biocorroído (ácido cítrico 0,3% por 2h). Os espécimes foram subdivididos de acordo com o pré-tratamento da dentina: água destilada (controle), CHX (digluconato de clorexidina) a 2%, e solução de chá verde + NanoQ. As soluções foram aplicadas de modo ativo (10 mL, 1 min) e secas com papel absorvente. Em seguida, aplicou-se o adesivo Single Bond Universal (3M), os espécimes foram restaurados (FilTek Z350, 3M) e termociclados (2000 ciclos). Sessenta molares (10 dentes por grupo) foram seccionados em palitos (0,8 ± 0,2 mm²), obtendo-se no mínimo 6 palitos por dente. Realizou-se o teste de resistência à microtração (µTBS) em Máquina Universal de Ensaios (0,5 mm/min, 50 kgf), e as falhas foram análisadas em microscopia confocal a laser (n=10 dentes, 4 palitos por dente). O ensaio de zimografia foi realizado (n=10 dentes, 1 palito por dente) para avaliar a atividade das MMPs por microscopia de fluorescência (Leica DMI 6000). Para a quantificação das MMPs, determinou-se a área de fluorescência da interface (software Image J). A expressão da MMP-20 e MMP-9 foram avaliadas por imunofluorescência (n=10 dentes, 1 palito por dente). Os 18 dentes restantes restaurados foram seccionados ao meio, polidos e a interface foi analisada em microscopia confocal a laser (n=3 dentes). Os dados de µTBS (MPa) foram analisados por ANOVA a dois critérios e teste de Tukey HSD. As áreas aferidas (µm2) em zimografia foram analisadas por ANOVA e Holm-Sidak (α = 0,05). As imagens de imunofluorescência e microscopia confocal foram analisadas qualitativamente. A dentina hígida (24,26 ± 9,96) apresentou maior resistência adesiva que biocorroída (13,62 ± 7,56). O tratamento da dentina promoveu diferença significante entre os grupos (p = 0,011). Os maiores valores foram encontrados na dentina tratada com chá verde + NanoQ e os menores, na tratada apenas com água. O pré-tratamento da superfície antes da aplicação do adesivo com CHX 2% ou chá verde + NanoQ inibiu a atividade enzimática da MMPs (p < 0,0001) em dentina biocorroída. A imunofluorescência revelou a expressão de MMP-20 em maior intensidade que a MMP-9, independentemente do substrato ou tratamento. Conclui-se que a aplicação da solução de chá verde + NanoQ previamente ao adesivo aumentou a resistência de união da resina nas dentinas hígida e biocorroída, e que essa solução experimental reduziu a atividade das MMPs em dentina biocorroída de modo semelhante à clorexidina. New natural composite-based solutions are used in dentin before the restorative procedure to inhibit the activity of metalloproteinases (MMPs) and improve the stability of the adhesive interface, especially in teeth for endogenous or exogenous biocorrosion. This study was to assess the effect of pretreated with experimental assay green tea-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Gt + Nchi) on bond strength (µTBS) and inhibition activity of MMPs on biocorrosion in vitro study. Seventy-eight caries-free human molars were sectioned, and randomly divided according to the substrate: sound (control) and biocorroded (0.3% citric acid for 2h). Samples were subdivided according to dentin pretreatment: distilled water (control), 2% CHX (chlorhexidine digluconate), and Gt + Nchi. The solutions were actively applied (10 mL, 1 min) and dried with absorbent paper. After, Single Bond Universal (3M) adhesive was applied, the samples were restored (FilTek Z350, 3M) and thermocycled (2000 cycles). Sixty molars (10 teeth per group) were sectioned into sticks (0.8 ± 0.2 mm²), obtaining 6 sticks per tooth. The microtensile strength test (µTBS) was performed in the Universal Testing Machine (0.5 mm/min, 50 kgf), and failures were analyzed in confocal laser microscopy (n=10 teeth, 4 toothpicks per tooth). The zymography assay was performed (n=10 teeth, 1 toothpick per tooth) to evaluate the activity of MMPs by fluorescence microscopy (Leica DMI 6000). For the quantification of MMPs, the fluorescence area of the interface was determined (Image J software). The expression of MMP-20 and MMP-9 were evaluated by immunofluorescence (n=10 teeth, 1 toothpick per tooth). The remaining 18 restored teeth were sectioned in half, polished and the interfaces were analyzed on confocal laser microscopy (n=3 teeth). µTBS (MPa) data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey\'s HSD test. The measured areas (µm2 ) in situ zymography were analyzed by ANOVA and Holm-Sidak (α = 0.05). Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy images were qualitatively analyzed. Sound dentin (24.26 ± 9.96) showed greater bond strength than biocorroded (13.62 ± 7.56). The dentin pretreatment promoted a significant difference between the groups (p = 0.011). The highest values were found in dentin treated with Gt + Nchi and the lowest in dentin treated with water only. Pretreatment of the surface before application of the adhesive with CHX 2% or Gt + Nchi inhibited the enzymatic activity of MMPs (p < 0.0001) in biocorroded dentin. Immunofluorescence revealed the expression of MMP-20 at a higher intensity than MMP-9, regardless of the substrate or treatment. It was concluded that applying Gt + Nchi prior to the adhesive increased the bond strength of the resin in sound and biocorroded dentin, and that this experimental solution reduced the activity of MMPs in biocorroded dentin in a similar way to chlorhexidine.

A indoleamina 2,3-dioxigenase (IDO) é uma enzima com propriedades imunossupressoras, a qual também parece regular a angiogênese. A expressão de IDO em lesões periapicais crônicas (LPCs) afetando dentes decíduos (DDs) e permanentes (DPs), é desconhecida. 22 LPCs (7 granulomas periapicais [GPs] e 15 cistos radiculares [CRs]) e 30 LPCs (15 GPs e 15 CRs) decorrentes de DDs e DPs, respetivamente, foram avaliados por imuno-histoquímica através dos anticorpos IDO; CD1a e CD207 para células de Langerhans (CLs); CD123 para células dendríticas plasmocitoides (CDp); FOXP3 para linfócitos T regulatórios (LTregs); CD8 para linfócitos T citotóxicos (LTCs); e CD34 para angiogênese. No geral, os LTCs, seguidos por CDp, foram as células mais frequentemente detectadas em ambas as dentições. CLs foram prevalentes em CRs do que GPs, em ambas as dentições. Exceto LTCs nos GPs afetando DPs, a distribuição de CDp e LTCs foi semelhante em ambas as dentições. LTregs foram significativamente maiores em CRs do que GPs afetando DPs. CRs do que GPs, e preferencialmente nos DPs do que DDs, apresentaram maior expressão de IDO. Nesses casos, a expressão de IDO foi observada preferencialmente em neutrófilos e no epitélio cístico em cerca de um terço dos CRs em ambas as dentições. O perfil de angiogênese foi semelhante em ambas as dentições. Não houve uma correlação estatísticamente significativa entre IDO e todos os outros marcadores; no entanto, houve uma correlação positiva entre IDO e angiogênese. Nossos resultados mostram discretas variações no perfil de distribuição de células imunes em LPCs afetando ambas as dentições, sugerindo que a expressão de IDO esteja modulando respostas inflamatórias, provavelmente através da regulação de LTregs e angiogênese, preferencialmente em CRs provenientes de DPs. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme with immunosuppressive properties, which also appears to regulate angiogenesis. The expression of IDO in chronic periapical lesions (CPLs) affecting deciduous (DTs) and permanent (PTs) teeth is unknown. 22 LPCs (7 periapical granulomas [PGs] and 15 radicular cysts [RCs]) and 30 CPLs (15 PGs and 15 RCs) arising from DTs and PTs, respectively, were evaluated by immunohistochemistry using the antibodies IDO; CD1a and CD207 for Langerhans cells (LCs); CD123 for plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs); FOXP3 for regulatory T cells (Tregs); CD8 for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs); and CD34 for angiogenesis. Overall, CTLs, followed by pDCs, were the most frequently detected cells in both dentitions. LCs were more prevalent in CRs than GPs, in both dentitions. Except CTLs in GPs affecting PTs, the distribution of pDCs and CTLs was similar in both dentitions. Tregs were significantly higher in RCs than PGs affecting PTs. RCs than PGs, and preferably in PTs than DTs, showed greater expression of IDO. In these cases, IDO expression was observed preferentially in neutrophils and in the cystic epithelium in about one third of RCs in both dentitions. The angiogenesis profile was similar in both dentitions. There was no statistically significant correlation between IDO and all other markers; however, there was a positive correlation between IDO and angiogenesis. Our results show slight variations in the distribution profile of immune cells in CPLs affecting both dentitions, suggesting that IDO expression is modulating inflammatory responses, probably through the regulation of Tregs and angiogenesis, preferentially in RCs arising from PTs.

Uma nutrição adequada é de extrema importância na manutenção óssea, especialmente nas mulheres após a menopausa, nas quais a incidência de doenças osteometabólicas é maior. Em grande maioria, apenas uma nutrição apropriada não é capaz de suprir os efeitos deletérios causados no tecido ósseo pelo déficit hormonal. Os exercícios físicos são altamente indicados como prevenção e tratamento por gerarem estímulos necessários aos ossos com mínimos efeitos colaterais. Sendo assim, o objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos do exercício físico de alto impacto como meio profilático e terapêutico em ossos osteopênicos de ratas submetidas à ovariectomia (OVX) e dieta hiperprotéica (DH). Foram utilizados 64 ratas Wistar, totalizando oito grupos (n=8), tratadas por 12 semana: os ratos submetidos a OVX foram divididos nos seguintes subgrupos: OVX, sedentárias e dieta padrão (DP); OVXE, treinadas e DP; OVXP, sedentárias e DH; OVXEP, treinados e DH; e os ratos submetidos a cirurgia simulada (SHAM): SH, sedentário e DP; SHE, treinados e DP; SHP, sedentárias e DH; SHEP, treinadas e DH. Foram realizadas no sangue as análises de imunoabsorção enzimática (RANKL e OPG), no fígado a glutationa reduzida (GSH), malondialdeido (MDA) e vitamina E, e no tecido ósseo densitometria, ensaio mecânico, histologia e imunoistoquimica (Osteocalcina e Osteopontina). Os dados foram analisados por teste estatístico em modelo linear generalizado (p

Pulpotomia consiste na remoção da porção coronal de uma polpa vital como forma de preservar a vitalidade da porção radicular restante. Após esse procedimento, diversos materiais têm sido utilizados para o recobrimento da polpa radicular. Desses materiais, destacam-se o agregado trióxido mineral (MTA) e a BiodentineTM. Estudos têm avaliado e comparado a resposta inflamatória de ambos os materiais, a fim de identificarem um material capaz de promover um adequado processo de reparo, sem ação citotóxica ou irritante ao organismo. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta tecidual, resposta imune e participação de citocinas pró- e anti-inflamatórias induzidas pelos materiais BiodentineTM e MTA em tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo de camundongos isogênicos. Para isso, foram utilizados 120 camundongos isogênicos da linhagem BALB/c divididos em 4 grupos, sendo 2 experimentais (BiodentineTM e MTA nos períodos de 7, 21 e 63 dias) e 2 controles (Óxido de Zinco e Eugenol e sham, nos mesmos períodos). Decorridos os períodos experimentais, os blocos de tecido conjuntivo contendo o corpo de prova com o material foram removidos. A parte superior do tecido foi removido, fixado em formol e enviado para o processamento histotécnico de rotina para posterior análise microscópica com H&E. Já a parte inferior do bloco foi mergulhada em solução de RNAlater® para posterior análise da expressão gênica pela técnica de qRT-PCR. Foi realizada a descrição da reação tecidual em contato com cada material, análise semi-quantitativa do fibrosamento e do infiltrado inflamatório e análise quantitativa da espessura do tecido reacional granulomatoso em contato com o material testado ou o tecido conjuntivo do grupo sham. Foi realizado, também, o qRT-PCR para análise de expressão gênica de Il10, Infg, Il6, Tnf e receptor Il1r1. Os resultados foram comparados por meio do teste de KruskalWallis seguido do Pós-teste de Dunn ou pela análise de variância (ANOVA) de duas vias seguido pelo pós-teste de Bonferroni (α=5). Inicialmente os materiais BiodentineTM, MTA induziram um discreto fibrosamento do tecido conjuntivo, mas aos 21 dias ele tornou-se maior ao redor do MTA. Finalmente, no período final, todos os grupos apresentaram um fibrosamento discreto. Em relação ao infiltrado inflamatório, aos 7 dias, BiodentineTM e MTA induziram o recrutamento de células inflamatórias de intensidade moderada a intensa, e nos tempos seguintes a maioria dos espécimes mantiveram-se com infiltrado discreto. A espessura da cápsula fibrosa apresentou-se aumentada ao redor dos espécimes de BiodentineTM aos 7 dias, mas aos 21 e 63 dias, o tecido ao redor dos materiais não apresentou aumento de espessura. Ainda, observou-se que a BiodentineTM e o MTA foram capazes de inibir, ao longo dos períodos experimentais, a expressão dos marcadores pró-inflamatórios Tnf e Infg. Tanto a BiodentineTM quanto o MTA estimularam a expressão de Il6 nos períodos iniciais, mas aos 63 dias, o MTA inibiu a expressão dessa citocina, o que não aconteceu com a Biodentine. Para a Il1r1, a BiodentineTM e MTA não apresentaram efeito aos 7 dias. Aos 21 dias nenhum material modulou a expressão gênica, diferentemente do período de 63 dias quando BiodentineTM, MTA e ZOE induziram Il1r1. Observou-se ainda que a Il-10 teve sua expressão diminuída após estímulo com MTA e ZOE no período de 7 dias. Já aos 21 dias, a Biodentine foi capaz de estimular a expressão de Il-10 e no período final de avaliação apenas o ZOE foi capaz de modular a inibição dessa interleucina. Após análise dos dados, conclui-se que de maneira geral os materiais avaliados, MTA e BiodentineTM, mediaram a inflamação, com aumento do fibrosamento e produção de citocinas pró- e anti-inflamatórias. Pulpotomy consists of the vital pulp from coronal portion remoting so as to preserve the vitality of the remaining root portion. After this procedure, several materials have been used to cover the root pulp. Of these materials, the mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and BiodentineTM stand out. Studies have evaluated and compared the inflammatory response induced by both materials, in order to identify a material capable of promoting an adequate repair process, without cytotoxic or irritating action to the body. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the tissue response, immune response and participation of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines induced by BiodentineTM and MTA materials in subcutaneous connective tissue of isogenic mice. For this purpose, 120 isogenic mice of the BALB/c were divided into 4 groups, being 2 experimental (BiodentineTM and MTA in the experimental periods of 7, 21 and 63 days) and 2 controls (Zinc Oxide and Eugenol and sham, using the same periods). After the experimental periods, the blocks containing connective tissue and the used material were removed. The upper part of the tissue was removed, fixed in formaldehyde and sent for routine histotechnical processing for further microscopic analysis with H&E. The lower part of the block was immersed in RNAlater® solution for further analysis of gene expression using the qRT-PCR technique. Were carried out the description of the tissue reaction in contact with each material; semi-quantitative analysis of the collagen fibber formation and inflammatory infiltrate; and quantitative analysis of the connective tissue in contact with the tested material or the sham group. QRT-PCR was also performed for analysis of gene expression of Il10, Infg, Il6, Tnf and Il1r1 receptor. The results were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Dunn post-test or by the two-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post-test (α=5%). Initially, BiodentineTM and MTA induced a slight collagen fibber formation, but at 21 days it became larger around the MTA. Finally, in the final period, all groups had a slight collagen fibber formation. Regarding the inflammatory infiltrate, at 7 days, BiodentineTM and MTA induced the inflammatory cells recruitment from moderate to intense, and in the following times most specimens remained with discrete inflammatory infiltration. The fibrous capsule thickness was increased around the BiodentineTM specimens at 7 days, but at 21 and 63 days, the tissue around the materials did not increase. Furthermore, it was observed that BiodentineTM and MTA were able to inhibit, over the experimental periods, the pro-inflammatory markers, Tnf and Infg, expression. Both, BiodentineTM and MTA, stimulated Il6 expression in the initial periods, but at 63 days, MTA inhibited the expression of this cytokine, which did not happen with Biodentine. For Il1r1, BiodentineTM and MTA had no effect at 7 days. At 21 days, no material modulated gene expression, unlike the 63-day period when BiodentineTM, MTA and ZOE induced Il1r1. It was also observed that IL-10 had its expression decreased after stimulation with MTA and ZOE in the period of 7 days. At 21 days, BiodentineTM was able to stimulate the expression of Il-10 and in the final evaluation period only ZOE was able to modulate the inhibition of this interleukin. After analyzing the data, it was concluded that, in general, the evaluated materials, MTA and BiodentineTM, mediated inflammation, with increased fibrous tissue and production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

O diagnóstico diferencial do ameloblastoma é de grande interesse entre clínicos e pesquisadores, uma vez que sabe-se que o diagnóstico presuntivo inadequado pode acarretar em sérios problemas ao paciente. A busca por estabelecer critérios radiográficos para essa neoplasia é um desafio ainda atual. Dentro desse contexto, as reabsorções dentárias têm sido relatadas como um achado frequente e característico nas análises de ameloblastomas, mas ainda traz consigo certa insegurança quando a especificidade deste sinal. Esse trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar a presença das reabsorções dentárias no ameloblastoma e seu padrão de aparecimento pela análise retrospectiva e revisão sistemática. Para o estudo retrospectivo foram selecionados 40 pacientes, com diagnóstico de ameloblastoma e 14 estudos foram incluídos na revisão sistemática. Com exceção da faixa etária, todos os resultados encontrados na casuística são consonantes com os da revisão sistemática. Não foi observado predileção por gênero e a localização mais comum foi a mandíbula. A reabsorção dentária foi observada em 95% dos 40 casos analisados e em 64,8% dos casos obtidos pela revisão sistemática. O padrão imaginológico mais frequente foi o em plano, seguido pelo irregular, e superficial, respectivamente. As lesões em sua grande maioria eram grandes no momento do diagnóstico, sendo que essas duas últimas variáveis foram avaliadas somente no estudo retrospectivo. Foi possível concluir que as reabsorções dentárias são uma característica frequente nos ameloblastomas e devem ser consideradas como um sinal importante e diferencial no momento de realização do diagnóstico presuntivo dessa neoplasia The differential diagnosis of ameloblastoma is of great interest among clinicians and researchers, since it is known that inadequate presumptive diagnosis can lead to several problems in the patient. The search for establishing radiographic criteria for this neoplasm is still a challenge in science. Within this context, dental resorptions have been reported as a frequent finding in ameloblastoma analyzes, but still carry some controversy. This study aims to evaluate the presence of dental resorptions and their pattern of appearance through retrospective analysis and a systematic review. For the retrospective study, 40 patients with a diagnosis of ameloblastoma were selected and 14 studies were included in the systematic review. Exception for age group, all the results found in the series agreed with those found in the systematic review. No predilection by gender was observed, the most common location was the mandible. Dental resorption was observed in 95% of the 40 cases analyzed and in 64,8% of the cases obtained by the systematic review. The most frequent pattern was flat-cutting, followed by irregular and superficial, respectively. The majority of lesions were large at the time of diagnosis, and the latter two variables were evaluated only in the retrospective study. It was possible to conclude that dental resorptions are a frequent feature in ameloblastomas and should be considered as an important sign at the time of the presumptive diagnosis of this neoplasm

O sistema imune inato representa a primeira de linha de defesa do nosso organismo. Receptores de Reconhecimento de Padrões (PRRs) são expressos pelas células desse sistema, como os macrófagos, reconhecendo os micro-organismos e apresentando os antígenos ao sistema imune adaptativo. Dentre os PRRs destaca-se o IFI16 (Proteína induzível por interferon gama 16), uma proteína multifuncional com ação anti-inflamatória. No entanto, o papel da IFI16 na Odontologia ainda é pouco conhecido. Assim, o primeiro o objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar a fonte celular da IFI16 na progressão da periodontite induzida experimentalmente em camundongos, a fim de verificar se as células derivadas da medula óssea poderiam ser a fonte da expressão da IFI16 na periodontitite. Inicialmente foi realizada a depleção da medula óssea de animais wild-type (WT) e de animais Ifi204-/- (ortólogo para IFI16). Em seguida, foi realizado o transplante de medula óssea entre animais Ifi204-/- e WT. Após 21 dias do transplante, a periodontite foi induzida em ambos os grupos experimentais pelo modelo de ligadura. Decorridos 9 dias, foi realizada citometria de fluxo da medula óssea utilizando o CD45 como um marcador hematopoiético para determinar o sucesso do transplante. A perda óssea alveolar foi medida pela análise de µCT. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste \"t\" usando o software GraphPad Prism 7.0a (a=5%). Trinta dias após o transplante, a eficiência de reconstituição encontrada foi de cerca de 80% com base no CD45.1/2. Camundongos com as células transplantadas do animal Ifi204-/-, não mostraram diferença significativa de perda óssea média em comparação com camundongos com as células transferidas de animal WT [0,35mm (DP=0,058mm) vs. 0,43mm (DP=0,104mm) respectivamente, p>0,05]. Assim, o transplante de medula óssea demonstrou que a origem das células que expressam IFI16 durante a progressão da periodontite não são de origem hematopoiética. O segundo objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar, por meio de imunohistoquímica, a participação da IFI16 e IFN-α/β na gênese e no desenvolvimento da lesão periapical induzida em dentes de camundongos. De um total de 45 camundongos C57BL/6, foi realizada a indução da lesão periapical nos primeiros molares inferiores em 40 animais divididos nos períodos experimentais de 2, 7, 14, 21 e 42 dias. Oito animais de cada período experimental e 5 animais do grupo controle foram eutanasiados e os espécimes submetidos ao processamento histotécnico para imunomarcação para a descrição da presença/ausência e localização da IFI16 e IFN-α/β (análise qualitativa). Após análise dos resultados, concluiu-se que a IFI16 e os IFN-α/β participaram da progressão da lesão periapical induzida experimentalmente em dentes de camundongos. Paralelamente, os macrófagos são células fagocíticas, conhecidas por apresentarem uma considerável heterogeneidade em termos morfológicos, funcionais e expressão de marcadores. Dependendo do microambiente ao qual os monócitos, suas células progenitoras, estão expostos, há a definição do seu fenótipo em \"classicamente ativado\" (M1) ou \"alternativamente ativado\" (M2). Os macrófagos M1 promovem um ambiente altamente microbicida e têm papel na mediação da destruição de patógenos e células tumorais. Já os macrófagos M2 desempenham um papel central nas respostas frente às infestações parasitárias, remodelação tecidual, angiogênese e doenças alérgicas. Assim, o terceiro objetivo desse trabalho foi a caracterização fenotípica de macrófagos M1 e M2 no desenvolvimento da lesão periapical induzida em dentes de camundongos. Um total de 130 camundongos C57BL/6 foram divididos em grupos controle (dentes hígidos; n=50 animais) e experimental (dentes com lesão periapical experimentalmente induzida; n=80 animais). Decorridos os períodos de 2, 7, 14, 21 e 42 dias, animais controles e experimentais foram eutanasiados e os espécimes submetidos ao processamento histotécnico, para a descrição das características dos tecidos apicais e periapicais em cortes corados com HE, sob microscopia convencional. Além dissa, sob microscopia de fluorescência foi realizada a morfometria para medir a área das lesões periapicais. Foi realizado, também, o qRT-PCR para análise de expressão gênica de Cxcl10, CxCL9, iNos2, Arg1, Ym1, Fizz1 e MRC1 e ensaio Luminex®, para a marcadores de macrófagos M1 e M2 (GM-CSF, IFN-g, IL-4, IL-13, IL- 10, IL-6, IL-1β e TNF-α). Para os dados da morfometria realizou-se o teste ANOVA, seguido pelo pósteste de Tukey. Para os valores obtidos de qRT-PCR e Luminex®, realizou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido do pós-teste de Dunn. Todos os dados foram analisados usando o software GraphPad Prism 7.0a (a=5%). Os resultados permitiram concluir que no decorrer dos períodos, a lesão periapical progrediu. Além disso, com base nos resultados de expressão gênica e quantificação das citocinas, observou-se que a progressão da lesão periapical ocorreu de maneira dinâmica. Além disso, houve predomínio do fenótipo M1 nos períodos iniciais da lesão periapical, passando pela tentativa de reparo com o fenótipo M2 aos 14 e 21 dias e voltando ao fenótipo M1 quando a lesão está estabelecida e é caracterizada como crônica. Por fim, o quarto objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a capacidade de diferentes materiais utilizados no tratamento endodôntico de dentes portadores de necrose pulpar e lesão periapical em modular o fenótipo de macrófagos M1 e M2. Em cultura de células de macrófagos derivados da medula óssea de animais, foi realizada a análise da expressão gênica de marcadores de macrófagos M1 e M2 por meio do qRT-PCR (Cxcl10, CxCL9, iNos2, Arg1 , Ym1, Fizz1 e MRC1) e quantificação de citocinas pelo Luminex® (GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-13, IL- 10, IL-6, IL-1β e TNF-α), após exposição aos cinco cimentos endodônticos AH PlusTM, Sealapex XpressTM, EndosequenceTM, BioRootTM, EndomethasoneTM e a pasta Calen®. Para os valores normais utilizou-se ANOVA, seguido pelo pós-teste de Tukey. Para os valores não normais, utilizou-se o teste de Kruskall-Wallis. Todos os dados foram analisados usando o software GraphPad Prism 7.0a (α=5%). Conclui-se que os materiais avaliados foram capazes de induzir a produção de citocinas pró e anti-inflamatórias, além de estimularem um padrão misto de macrófagos (M1/M2). The innate immune system represents the first defense line of our body. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) are expressed by cells in this system, such as macrophages. They recognize microorganisms and present the antigens to the adaptive immune system. Among the PRRs, IFI16 (interferon gamma inducible protein 16) stands out. It is a multifunctional protein with anti-inflammatory function. However, the role of IFI16 in dentistry is still poorly understood. Thus, the first aim of this study was to characterize the cellular source of IFI16 in the progression of periodontitis experimentally induced in mice. In order to verify if bone marrow-derived cells were the source of IFI16 expression in the periodontitis, was initially performed the bone marrow depletion of animals wild-type (WT) and Ifi204-/- (ortolog to IFI16). Then, bone marrow transplant (BMT) was performed between Ifi204-/- and WT animals. After 21 days of BMT, periodontitis was induced in both groups using the ligature model. In order to determine BMT success, after 9 days was performed flow cytometry using cells from bone marrow. CD45 was used as a hematopoietic marker. Alveolar bone loss was measured by µCT analysis. Data were analyzed using t-test with GraphPad Prism 7.0a software (α=5%). Thirty days after BMT, based on CD45.1/2, the reconstitution efficiency was about 80%. Mice with transplanted cells from animal Ifi204-/- showed no significant difference in mean bone loss compared to mice with animal transferred cells from WT [0.35mm (SD=0.058mm) vs. 0.43mm (SD=0.104mm), respectively p>0.05]. Thus, BMT experiment demonstrated that the source of the cells expressing IFI16 during the progression of periodontitis are not from hematopoietic origin. The second aim of this study was to evaluate, by immunohistochemistry, the participation of IFI16 and IFN-α/β in the genesis and development of apical periodontitis induced in mice teeth. From a total of 45 mice C57BL/6, in 40 animals the apical periodontitis was induced in the lower first molars. They were divided in experimental periods of 2, 7, 14, 21 and 42 days. Eight animals from each experimental period and 5 animals from the control group were euthanized and the specimens submitted to histological process and submitted to immunostaining. After was performed the description of the presence/absence and localization of IFI16 and IFN-α/β (qualitative analysis). After the results analysis, it was concluded that IFI16 and IFN-α/β participated in the progression of apical periodontitis experimentally induced mice teeth. At the same time, macrophages are phagocytic cells, known to have considerable morphological, functional and marker expression heterogeneity. Depending on the microenvironment to which the monocytes, their progenitor cells, are exposed, their phenotype is defined as \"classically activated\" (M1) or \"alternatively activated\" (M2). M1 macrophages promote a highly microbicidal environment and play a role in mediating the destruction of pathogens and tumor cells. M2 macrophages play a central role in responses to parasitic infestations, tissue remodeling, angiogenesis and allergic diseases.Thus, the third aim of this work was the phenotypic characterization of M1 and M2 macrophages in the development of apical periodontitis induced in mice teeth. A total of 130 mice C57BL/6 were separated into control (healthy teeth; n=50 animals) and experimental (teeth with experimentally induced apical periodontitis; n=80 animals) groups. After the periods of 2, 7, 14, 21 and 42 days, control and experimental animals were euthanized and the specimens submitted to histotechnical process in order to describe the apical and periapical tissue characteristics in HE stained sections under conventional microscopy. Besides that, under fluorescence microscopy, morphometry was performed to measure the area of the apical periodontitis. Also, were performed qRT-PCR for Cxcl10, CxCL9, iNos2, Arg1, Ym1, Fizz1 and MRC1 gene expression analysis and Luminex® assay for M1 and M2 macrophage markers (GM-CSF, IFN-g, IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α). For morphometry data, the ANOVA test was performed, followed by Tukey post-test. For the values obtained for qRT-PCR and Luminex®, the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed followed by the Dunn post-test. All data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 7.0a software (a=5%). The results allowed to conclude that during the experimental periods, the apical periodontitis progressed. In addition, based on the results of gene expression and cytokine quantification, it was observed that the progression of the apical periodontitis occurred dynamically. Besides that, there was a predominance of the M1 phenotype in the early periods of the apical periodontitis, attempting to repair the M2 phenotype at 14 and 21 days and returning to the M1 phenotype when the lesion is established and characterized as chronic process. Finally, the fourth aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of different materials used during endodontic treatment of teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis in modulate the M1 and M2 macrophage phenotype. In bone marrow-derived macrophage cell culture, gene expression analysis of markers to M1 and M2 macrophages was performed by qRT-PCR (Cxcl10, CxCL9, iNos2, Arg1, Ym1, Fizz1 and MRC1) and cytokine quantification by Luminex® (GM-CSF, IFN-g, IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α) after exposure to the five endodontic sealers AH PlusTM Sealapex XpressTM, EndosequenceTM, BioRootTM, EndomethasoneTM; and the Calen® paste. For normal values, ANOVA test was used, followed by Tukey post-test. For non-normal values, the Kruskall-Wallis test was used. All data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 7.0a software (a=5%). It was concluded that the evaluated materials were able to induce the expression of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, besides stimulating a mixed macrophage pattern (M1/M2).

Objetivo: Estudar e compreender aspectos topográficos e temporais do osso pré-maxilar e da sutura pré-maxilar - maxilar, por serem elementos anatômicos fundamentais pouquíssimos explorados clinicamente. Material e métodos: Foram avaliados 1138 crânios secos humanos, sendo que 116 (10,19%) dos espécimes eram crianças, e 1067 (89,81%) adultos. Os crânios foram fotografados e determinada a porcentagem de abertura da sutura pré-maxilar - maxilar. Posteriormente os dados foram tabulados e submetidos a análise estatística, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A progressão de fechamento da sutura pré-maxila - maxilar foi de 3,72% ao ano. Em 100% dos crânios até 12 anos observou-se a sutura pré-maxilar - maxilar abertas na região palatina, enquanto 6,16% dos adultos. Conclusões: A pré-maxila existe de forma independente dentro do complexo maxilar e a presença da sutura pré-maxila - maxilar justifica o sucesso de expansões anteroposterior para o crescimento do terço médio da face e solução problemas anatômicos e funcionais Objective: To study and understand topographic and temporal aspects of premaxillary bone and premaxillary-maxillary suture, because they are fundamental anatomical elements that are rarely explored clinically. Material and methods: 1138 human dry skulls were evaluated, of which 116 (10,19%) of the specimens were children, and 1067 (89,81%) were adults. The skulls were photographed and the percentage of opening of the premaxillary - maxillary suture was determined. Subsequently the data were tabulated and submitted to statistical analysis, adopting a level of significance of 5%. Results: The progression of premaxillary suture closure was 3.72% per year. In 100% of the skulls up to 12 years the premaxillary suture was observed open in the palatal region, while 6.16% of adults. Conclusions: The premaxilla exists in an independ way within the maxillary complex and the presence of the premaxilla-maxillary suture justifies the success of anteroposterior expansions of the maxillary complex and solves anatomical and functional problems

A histiocitose de células de Langerhans (HCL) é uma neoplasia mieloide inflamatória comumente afetando pacientes pediátricos e apresenta frequentemente mutações ativadoras somáticas em genes da via MAPK, incluindo BRAF e MAP2K1. Vários estudos sugerem que as células lesionais da HCL podem recrutar e modular células inflamatórias e cujas citocinas parecem fornecer sinais recíprocos de sobrevivência celular. Para o presente estudo foram selecionados 15 casos de HCL (10 crianças, 5 adultos), sendo as amostras de tecido avaliadas através de imunoistoquímica utilizando marcadores para macrófagos (CD68 e CD163), células dendríticas maduras (CDm) (CD83 e CD208), linfócitos T regulatórios (LTregs) (CD4, CD25 e FOXP3) e linfócitos citotóxicos (LCs) (CD56, CD57, perforina e granzima B). Além disso, marcadores de células B (CD20), células T (CD3, CD8) e confirmatórios de HCL foram analisados. Todos os casos de HCL foram positivos para S100, CD1a, CD207 e CD4; enquanto que Bcl-2 e Ciclina D1 foram positivos em 13/15 (86,7%) casos. No microambiente imune intralesional, macrófagos M2 (CD68+/CD163+), seguidos por LTregs, foram as populações celulares mais predominantes. Em quantidade significativamente menor, foram observadas CDm, seguidas por escassos LCs. Considerando a população linfoide, linfócitos T CD3+ foram mais numerosos do que linfócitos B CD20+. Dentro dos linfócitos T, linfócitos T CD4+ foram mais numerosos do que linfócitos T CD8+ (p0.05), the former presenting a higher number of CD4+ than CD8+ T-cells (p

A osteoporose é uma doença osteometabólica que atinge milhares de pessoas; e as doenças cardiovasculares são as principais causas de mortes no mundo. Estudos demonstram que pacientes com baixa densidade mineral óssea apresentam maior risco de desenvolverem doenças cardiovasculares. No entanto, os mecanismos patológicos, fisiológicos e moleculares que correlacionam a osteoporose e a aterosclerose ainda são desconhecidos. O objetivo deste estudo in vivo foi realizar avaliação histológica e imuno-histoquímica do osso fêmur de camundongos ovariectomizados e ateroscleróticos após tratamento com três drogas: doxiciclina, atorvastatina e vitamina D. Foram utilizados 36 camundongos fêmeas, como controle (linhagem C57BL/6), divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos: Grupo I: Água; Grupo II: Etanol; Grupo III: Azeite; Grupo IV: Doxiciclina; Grupo V: Atorvastatina e Grupo VI: Vitamina D; e 36 camundongos fêmeas knockout para Apolipoproteína E (ApoE-/-) divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos: Grupo VII: Água OVX; Grupo VIII: Etanol OVX; Grupo IX: Azeite OVX; Grupo X: Doxiciclina OVX; Grupo XI: Atorvastatina OVX e Grupo XII: Vitamina D OVX. Após indução dos quadros de osteoporose e aterosclerose foi realizado o tratamento conforme cada grupo. Decorrido o tempo experimental, os animais foram eutanasiados e o material coletado submetido ao processamento histotécnico para análise histológica, em cortes corados com Tricrômio de Masson e avaliação da expressão por imunohistoquímica de TRAP, IL-1β, TNF-α, RANKL e MMP-9. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio dos testes One-Way ANOVA, seguido pelo pósteste de Bonferroni (histologia e colesterol); Kruskal Wallis e Student-Newman-Keuls (imuno-histoquímica). O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram diferença significativa entre o número de células imunorreativas para MMP-9, TRAP, IL-1β, TNF-α e RANKL nos grupos VII e X; VIII e XI; demonstrando a ação da Doxiciclina e Atorvastatina sob tais moléculas. Os resultados histológicos evidenciaram a eficácia da vitamina D no tratamento da osteoporose, uma vez que promoveu aumento da área óssea Osteoporosis is an osteometabolic disease that affects thousands of people; and cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death in the world. Studies have shown that patients with low bone density are at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease. However, the pathological, physiological and molecular mechanisms that are correlated to osteoporosis and atherosclerosis are still unknown. The present work in vivo was to perform a histological and immunohistochemical evaluation of the femoral bone of ovariectomized and atherosclerotic mice after treatment with three drugs: doxycycline, atorvastatin and vitamin D. Thirty-six female mice were used as controls (C57BL/6 strain) randomly divided into six groups: Group I: Water; Group II: Ethanol; Group III: Olive oil; Group IV: Doxycycline; Group V: Atorvastatin and Group VI: Vitamin D; and the 36 knockout mice for Apolipoprotein E (ApoE-/-) randomly divided into six groups: Group VII: Water OVX; Group VIII: Ethanol OVX; Group IX: OVX olive oil; Group X: Doxycycline OVX; Group XI: Atorvastatin OVX and Group XII: Vitamin D OVX. After induction of osteoporosis and atherosclerosis, treatment was performed according to each group. After the experimental time, the animals were euthanized and the collected material submitted to histotechnical processing for histological analysis in stained sections with Masson\'s Trichrome and evaluation of the expression by immunohistochemistry of TRAP, IL-1β, TNF-α, RANKL and MMP-9. The results were submitted to statistical analysis using One-Way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-test (histology and cholesterol); Kruskal Wallis and Student-Newman-Keuls (immunohistochemistry). The level of significance was 5%. The results obtained showed a significant difference between the number of immunoreactive cells for MMP-9, TRAP, IL-1β, TNF-α and RANKL in groups VII and X; VIII and XI; demonstrating the action of Doxycycline and Atorvastatin on such molecules. The histological results evidenced the efficacy of vitamin D in the treatment of osteoporosis, since it promoted increased bone area