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Introduction. The composition of gut microbiota can be affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MS), its improvement is frequently ignored in metabolic disorders. The objective of the study was a comparative evaluation of the faecal microbiota of healthy controls and of T2DM and MS patients (n = 150). Materials and methods. A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed, between July 2019-December 2020 in the Bio-standard laboratory Oradea, Romania. A group of 75 patients with non-insulin dependent T2DM and MS (study group = SG) and 75 healthy subjects (control group = CG) has been included in the study. The composition of the microbiome and the influence of oral antidiabetic treatment on the microbiome in SG patients were compared. Results. 8 out of 19 species of the analysed bacteria had a different relative abundance in the SG, compared to CG; Enterococcus spp. were significantly higher (3.18×106 vs 1.94×106, p=0.004), while Akkermansia muciniphila (2.55×109 vs. 4.66×109, p

Introduction. Probiotics are well-known adjuvants, used as complementary therapeutic agents in health (e.g. metabolic or gastrointestinal) disorders, considering their beneficial role on gut microbiota, and their support in immunity. The objective of the study. This research followed the impact of probiotic supplementation on some clinical parameters related to metabolic syndrome (MS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (weight status, body mass index, carbohydrate/ lipid profiles). Materials and methods. The comparative monitoring of the parameters was conducted over a 3- month period, on 41 subjects diagnosed with both MS and T2DM, who were separated into two groups, as follows: the study group (probiotics associated with allopathic treatment) and the control group (without probiotics). Results. Administration of dietary probiotics had a major impact on body weight, weight loss being significantly enhanced in the probiotic group than in the diet-only group (p=0.01). The effect of dietary probiotic administration on glucidic and lipidic profile was small (effect size (ES) 0.26 and 0.33, respectively), but better than in the control group, in whom the evolution was insignificant (ES 0.10 and 0.10, respectively). From a statistical point of view, the differences were insignificant (p>0.05). Conclusions. In the metabolic profile management of patients suffering from both MS and T2DM, probiotics administration had beneficial results, as highlighted by the results of the present study.

Chronic kidney disease of diabetic cause is a highly prevalent complication in diabetes mellitus patients. Complex phenotypes of the disease start to be recognized, such as albuminuria (micro- or macroalbuminuria) and non-albuminuric phenotype reduced glomerular filtration rate

Introduction. Patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) frequently present alterations of paraclinical tests. The effectiveness of dietary intervention has been intensively studied in the last decade. The objective of the study. This research studied the correlation of uric acid with the evolution of paraclinical parameters (HOMA index, cholesterol, triglycerides and C-reactive protein) in patients with MS, following the evolution of specific imbalances in MS, after an anti-inflammatory diet, associated or not with sport. Materials and methods. The monitoring of the parameters was performed over a period of 12 months, on a number of 110 patients, aged> 18 years, with HOMA index> 2, divided into three groups: control group, diet therapy group, and diet therapy and sports group, respectively. Results. Following the statistical processing, the correlation of the paraclinical parameters indicates the following: uric acid and cholesterol – Pearson coefficient r=0.192, p

Introduction. Hyperuricemia is a strong predictor of an altered metabolic status. There are complex interrelationships between hyperuricemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome (MS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of hyperuricemia on the prevalence of MS and glomerular function in patients with T2DM. Materials and methods. This retrospective study included 300 patients with T2DM, hospitalized for one day in the diabetes clinic, between 01.01.2016-31.12.2018; all the data used for the analysis were obtained from the medical records. Results. The prevalence of hyperuricemia was 46%. MS was identified in 88.41% patients with hyperuricemia compared to 61.73% in patients with normo-uricemia (p

For a long time, algal chemistry from terrestrial to marine or freshwater bodies, especially chlorophytes, has fascinated numerous investigators to develop new drugs in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. As such, chlorophytes comprise a diverse structural class of secondary metabolites, having functional groups that are specific to a particular source. All bioactive compounds of chlorophyte are of great interest due to their supplemental/nutritional/pharmacological activities. In this review, a detailed description of the chemical diversity of compounds encompassing alkaloids, terpenes, steroids, fatty acids and glycerides, their subclasses and their structures are discussed. These promising natural products have efficiency in developing new drugs necessary in the treatment of various deadly pathologies (cancer, HIV, SARS-CoV-2, several inflammations, etc.). Marine chlorophyte, therefore, is portrayed as a pivotal treasure in the case of drugs having marine provenience. It is a domain of research expected to probe novel pharmaceutically or nutraceutically important secondary metabolites resulting from marine Chlorophyta. In this regard, our review aims to compile the isolated secondary metabolites having diverse chemical structures from chlorophytes (like Caulerpa ssp., Ulva ssp., Tydemania ssp., Penicillus ssp., Codium ssp., Capsosiphon ssp., Avrainvillea ssp.), their biological properties, applications and possible mode of action.

Reducing cardiovascular risk (CVR) is the main focus of diabetes mellitus (DM) management nowadays. Complex pathogenic mechanisms that are the subject of this review lead to early and severe atherosclerosis in DM patients. Although it is not a cardiovascular disease equivalent at the moment of diagnosis, DM subjects are affected by numerous cardiovascular complications, such as acute coronary syndrome, stroke, or peripheral artery disease, as the disease duration increases. Therefore, early therapeutic intervention is mandatory and recent guidelines focus on intensive CVR factor management: hyperglycaemia, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia. Most important, the appearance of oral or injectable antidiabetic medication such as SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 agonists has proven that an antidiabetic drug not only reduces glycaemia, but also reduces CVR by complex mechanisms. A profound understanding of intimate mechanisms that generate atherosclerosis in DM and ways to inhibit or delay them are of the utmost importance in a society where cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are predominant.

A well-functioning immune system of the host body plays pivotal role in the maintenance of ordinary physiological and immunological functions as well as internal environment. Balanced immunity enhances defense mechanism against infection, diseases and unwanted pathogens to avoid hypersensitivity reactions and immune related diseases. The ideal immune responses are the results of corrective interaction between the innate immune cells and acquired components of the immune system. Recently, the interest towards the immune system increased as significant target of toxicity due to exposure of chemicals, drugs and environmental pollutants. Numerous factors are involved in altering the immune responses of the host such as sex, age, stress, malnutrition, alcohol, genetic variability, life styles, environmental-pollutants and chemotherapy exposure. Immunomodulation is any modification of immune responses, often involved induction, amplification, attenuation or inhibition of immune responses. Several synthetic or traditional medicines are available in the market which promptly have many serious adverse effects and create pathogenic resistance. Phytochemicals are naturally occurring molecules, which significantly play an imperative role in modulating favorable immune responses. The present review emphasizes on the risk factors associated with alterations in immune responses, and immunomodulatory activity of phytochemicals specifically, glycosides, alkaloids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and sterols and sterolins.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are diseases that can be influenced by the structure of gut microbiota, whose improvement is often neglected in metabolic pathology. This review highlights the following main aspects: the relationship between probiotics/gut microbes with the pathogenesis of MetS, the particular positive roles of Akkermansia muciniphila supplementation in the onset of MetS, and the interaction between dietary polyphenols (prebiotics) with gut microbiota. Therefore, an extensive and in-depth analysis of the often-neglected correlation between gut microbiota and chronic metabolic diseases was conducted, considering that this topic continues to fascinate and stimulate researchers through the discovery of novel strains and their beneficial properties.

Obesity or overweight are not superficial problems, constituting a pressing issue. The obesity index has almost tripled since 1975, which is an alarming state. Most of the individuals are currently becoming overweight or have inappropriate body mass index (BMI) conditions. Obesity is characterized by increased fat accumulation and thus poses a higher health risk. There is increased size and volume of fat cells in the body, which usually accounts for obesity. Many investigations have been carried out in this area, such as behavioral improvements, dietary changes, chemical involvements, etc., but presently no such goals are established to manage these health concerns. Based on previous literature reports and our interpretation, the current review indicates the involvement of various transcriptional and transporter functions in modifying the above-mentioned health conditions. Various transcriptional factors such as Forkhead box O1 (FoxO1) impart a significant effect on the physiology and pathology of metabolic dysfunction such as obesity. FoxO1 plays a dual role whether in the progression or suppression of metabolic processes depending on its targets. Thus, in the current study, will be discussed the dual role of FoxO1 in metabolic conditions (such as obesity), also summarizing the role of various other transcriptional factors involved in obesity.