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Abstract The objective of this work was to quantify peach (Prunus persica) tree production in the Y-training and open-vase management systems, subjected to three summer pruning methods. The experiment was set up in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, with two management systems and three summer pruning methods (no summer pruning, summer pruning, and branch bending). The plants were arranged in two spacings: 1.5×5.0 m for the Y-training system, with 1,334 plants per hectare; and 4.0×5.0 m for open-vase system, with 500 plants per hectare. In the early summer of 2019, summer pruning was performed, being repeated in the three following years. In the branch bending treatment, new branches were twisted manually until reaching an angle of 110°. In the treatment without summer pruning, the branches were not removed. The Y-training system increases peach production. The methods of branch bending in summer and no prunning in summer provide an equivalent peach production, whereas the summer pruning treatment results in the lowest production.

ABSTRACT Mozambique is a country located in the southwest of the African continent. The country has great climatic diversity. The tropical monsoon (Am), tropical savanna (Aw), hot semiarid (BSh), and humid subtropical (Cwa and Cfa) and subtropical highland (Cwb) climates stand out. The regions classified a subtropical have climatic potential for the rational exploitation low and medium chill requirement of peach trees. There are already technologies for the cultivation of peach trees in subtropical regions in Brazil. The objective of this study was to identify the zoning of suitable areas and provide bases for the establishment and expansion of peach cultivation in Mozambique. Meteorological data from 108 stations and the geotechnological tool ArcGIS 10.1 were used to spatialize temperature, rainfall, and humidity data and then reclassify them for the generation of maps using the Geostatistical Analyst extension. In parallel, maps of mean annual temperatures and climate classification were used. Regions in the subtropical areas of Mozambique with suitable temperature and rainfall are viable for peach plantations. The results showed the Northwest, Central and South regions is more suitable for the economic exploitation of peaches trees.

The E. stipitata is a native fruit tree from the Amazon, currently in the domestication phase due to its high nutritional and economic potential. In this process, studies aiming at the technical feasibility of propagating materials with desirable agronomic qualities are necessary but still incipient. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate different grafting methods forE. stipitata propagation and the compatibility between scion and rootstock using anatomical analysis as a tool. For the experiment, a randomized block design was used in a split-plot scheme over time, with three replications. The plots consisted of three grafting types: cleft grafting, side-veneer grafting, and budding. The subplots were four evaluation times: 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after grafting (DAG). The evaluated variables were the grafting success rate, the number of shoots per graft, shoot length, and shoot diameter. There was a significant interaction between the factors under study. During the experimental period, an increasing grafting success rate and the number of shoots emitted were observed for budding, although with a low success rate. Through cleft grafting, there was a complete loss of shoots at 120 DAG, leading to the subsequent death of all tissues. Budding grafting appears as a promising method for E. stipitata propagation, demonstrating vascular tissue connection feasibility, although this effect did not reflect in the grafting success rate.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of silicon (Si) on the cultivation and quality of raspberries (Rubus idaeus). The experiment consisted of seven treatments and four blocks located in a subtropical region. Each plot consisted of three pots with one seedling of 'Batum' raspberry. In each pot, the treatment consisted of Si doses at 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, or 1600 mg dm-3, which were applied to the soil 15 days after the transplanting of the seedlings. Field analyses were performed by measuring chlorophyll a and b, water potential, and production. Fruit were analyzed for color, firmness, respiratory rate, soluble solids, and pH. Fertilization with Si stimulates the increase of fruit number and of the raspberry production per plant. The Si application increases the fruit production and fruit firmness; however, it reduces the water potential and respiration rate.

Abstract Blackberry fruits belong to the genus Rubus, are fruits more cultivated in temperate climate in the summer, with low luminosity and low temperature in the winter. These fruits have as characteristic the quickperishingafter harvest and regression models, more specifically, nonlinear models, single or double sigmoid growth curve, are more recommended to model the growth of living beings. Several authors have used these models, considering only the average data of individuals under study; however, they do not consider the variability between them. One way to better capture the variability between individuals is by using mixed-effects nonlinear models that, by definition, combine the fixed and random part in the same model. Data used in this work were diameter and length of ‘Choctaw’ blackberry fruits, . The random effects of models were tested on parameters, with some steps, in order to reach the most appropriate model. For fixed-effects models, the least squares method was used, and for mixed models, the restricted likelihood was used. To reach the model that best fits data, the fit quality criteria (R2, AIC c and TRV) were used. For fruit diameter, the simple sigmoid nonlinear model was the logistic with random effect in ß1 and ß2, and for fruit length, the model was the Logistic + Logistic, with random effect in ß1 and ß4.

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the genetic diversity, yield, and fruit quality of persimmon genotypes grown in the tropics, in order to select promising genetic materials. DNA extraction was performed on young leaves of 19 persimmon genotypes. For pomological characterization, 15 genotypes were selected. From each genotype, 50 fruit at the physiological maturity stage were harvested in the morning, in order to determine the following parameters: physicochemical characteristics; and the productive variables number of fruit per plant, average fruit fresh mass, average yield, and estimated average yield in two seasons. Twenty SSR markers were tested, out of which 12 were selected to evaluate genetic similarity, which allowed of the identification of distinct groups. The mean genetic diversity value found was 0.41, which is an indicative of low diversity among the analyzed persimmon genotypes. The 'Guiombo', 'Iapar 125', 'Kakimel', 'Mikado RJ', 'Rama Forte Tardio', and 'Taubaté' genotypes show a high yield. The genotypes classified as pollination-constant astringent ('Pomelo', 'Regina', 'Rubi', and 'Taubaté') and those classified as pollination-variant astringent ('Rama Forte', 'Guiombo', and 'Cereja') are potential materials for selection and genetic breeding programs due to their excellent fruit physicochemical characteristics. The investigation through molecular markers is an efficient approach to study the genetic diversity of persimmon genotypes grown in the tropics.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the pruning management of the BRS Tupy and Brazos blackberry cultivars, in order to extend their harvest seasonality and fruit yield. The experiment was performed in an altitude subtropical region in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Bushes were grown at 3.0x0.5 m spacing. The treatments consisted of the four following pruning seasons: one conventional pruning, with suppression of the produced stems in February and reduction of the stems in July; and three drastic pruning performed in the first two weeks of January, March, and May, with the application of 10% urea and 3% hydrogenated cyanamide five months later. The experimental design was in randomized complete blocks, in a 2x4 factorial arrangement, with two cultivars and four pruning managements, with four blocks. Fruit phenology, yield, and physicochemical quality were evaluated in two production cycles. It is possible to extend the harvest season of blackberry up to five months, in an altitude subtropical region in Lavras, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with drastic pruning in January and no irrigation. Drastic pruning in January or March increases the yield of the BRS Tupy and Brazos blackberry cultivars. The extended harvest season does not affect the quality of blackberries and does not create challenges for harvesting operations.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of decreased spacing between 'Roxo de Valinhos' fig (Ficus carica) trees with different numbers of fruiting branches on green fig production. Fig trees, with two or four fruiting branches, were distributed in four blocks, at a standard spacing of 2.5 m between rows, three spacing between plants in a row (0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 m), and densities of 8,000, 5,333, and 4,000 plants per hectare. The experiment was conducted during two cycles (2020/2021 and 2021/2022). Green fruits were harvested twice a week, and the total number of fruits per harvest and the total harvest weight per plant were quantified. The average production per plant and the estimated yield were calculated for each evaluation cycle. Decreasing the spacing between fig trees increases their yield. The spacing of 0.50 m decreases production per plant, but increases yield in 73%. There is no difference in the production of green figs between trees with two or four fruiting branches.

ABSTRACT In the tropics, water erosion is one of the most important factors leading to the degradation and deterioration of agricultural land. Olive orchards have a low canopy coverage, especially during the first years after planting, due to the low density of olive trees. Given the fast expansion of olive orchards in Brazil, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of cover vegetation on soil and water losses under natural rainfall. In addition, it was assessed the crop performance and the vegetation cover index in different management systems in olive orchards. The study was carried out in soil erosion plots, where water and sediment were sampled and measured over two crops season, under the following treatments: in the first season, bare soil with olive cultivation (OBS); olive trees intercropped with spontaneous vegetation (OSV); olive trees intercropped with jack beans (OJB); olive trees intercropped with millet (OM) and, as a control, only bare soil (BS). In the second season, the OM treatment was replaced by olive trees intercropped with sunn hemp (OSH). On bare soils, soil loss was the highest reaching 303.9 Mg ha-1 yr-1 and where the surface runoff amounted to 484.8 mm yr-1. However, in the absence of competition for resources with other crops, olive trees performed best under this system. The olive orchards planted in shallow and sloping soils without cover crops showed unsustainable soil loss, crusting, and sealing in the superficial soil layer, which can progress quickly for soil degradation in the future. The efficiency in the reduction of loss in relation to bare soil was 4.11 and 12.93 % for the soil loss and 12.15 and 25.17 % for water loss, respectively, for olive with spontaneous vegetation and olive with jack beans. Cover crops combined with olive trees, and reconciled with the crop performance aspects of cultivation in tropical regions, is of great relevance for improving sustainability, especially regarding the reduction of soil and water losses due to water erosion.

Abstract Blackberry is a small fruit with several properties beneficial to human health and its cultivation is an alternative for small producers due to its fast and high financial return. Studying the growth of fruits over time is extremely important to understand their development, helping in the most appropriate crop management, avoiding post-harvest losses, which is one of the aggravating factors of blackberry cultivation, being a short shelf life fruit. Thus, growth curves are highlighted in this type of study and modeling through statistical models helps understanding how such growth occurs. Data from this study were obtained from an experiment conducted at the Federal University of Lavras in 2015. The aim of this study was to adjust nonlinear, double Logistic and double Gompertz models to describe the diameter growth of four blackberry cultivars (‘Brazos’, ‘Choctaw’, ‘Guarani’ and ‘Tupy’). Estimations of parameters were obtained using the least squares method and the Gauss-Newton algorithm, with the “nls” and “glns” functions of the R statistical software. The comparison of adjustments was made by the Akaike information criterion (AICc), residual standard deviation (RSD) and adjusted determination coefficient (R2 aj). The models satisfactorily described data, choosing the Logistic double model for ‘Brazos’ and ‘Guarani’ cultivars and the double Gompertz model for ‘Tupy’ and ‘Choctaw’ cultivars.

Resumo do artigo "Campeonato Regional da 5ª Região Militar"

Standardized methods for quantifying rust severity (Cerotelium fici) on fig leaves (Ficus carica L.) are required, so this study aimed to develop and validate a diagrammatic scale to assessment the severity of this disease. Fig leaves that exhibited varying severities of rust symptoms were collected in the field. The actual severity, maximum and minimum limits, and intermediate levels of the scale were determined based on the frequency distribution of the severity values found in the field. In validation of the scale, eight evaluators estimated the severity in 50 leaves with different levels of symptoms with and without the use of the diagrammatic scale. Accuracy and precision of the data were evaluated, and linear regression was used to assess the repeatability and reproducibility of the estimates. The use of the diagrammatic scale provided adequate results for the parameters analysed when compared assessments made without use of the scale, confirming reliability of the estimates to evaluate rust severity on fig leaves.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the graft growth and the anatomical characterization of pear (Pyrus communis x P. pyrifolia) and quince (Cydonia oblonga) cultivars grafted on Pyrus calleryana and Chaenomeles sinensis rootstocks. Sprouted graft percentages at 60 days and the length and diameter of the graft sproutings at 120 days were evaluated. Stem cuttings from the grafting region were performed in transversal and longitudinal sections, and the secondary xylem was separated for tissue comparison. The pear trees showed good development on P.calleryana rootstock, and the anatomical sections showed that the vascular tissues were connected, which did not occur when the trees were grafted on C.sinensis, in which the grafts sprouted, but did not develop, and the vascular tissues did not connect. The quince trees showed good development on both rootstocks due to the good connection of the vascular tissues. The connection of vascular tissues is essential for the success of grafting. The evaluated species did not differ significantly as to their secondary xylem tissues. The incompatibility found between the pear trees and the C.sinensis rootstocks is not anatomical.

Fifty-eight cambuci fruit accessions were collected and propagated by seeds. Forty fruits of each accession were collected and evaluated for longitudinal and transverse diameter, fruit weight, number of seeds, seeds weight, total soluble solids, % citric acid, ratio, pH, firmness, vitamin C, and color. The phenotypic correlation between the characters and the relative contribution of the characters for the divergence among accessions were estimated and quantified by the Euclidean genetic distance, and cluster analysis was carried out according to the Neighbour Joining Tree. The significant correlations between the variables allowed the use of indirect selection as an auxiliary tool in the process of domestication and breeding of this species. Weight of 1000 seeds presented the greatest variation and contributed the most with genetic diversity. The expansion of the variability and the association of characters of interest can be promoted by the hybridization of the most divergent accessions, 14 and 43.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of fig (Ficus carica) cultivars grown in subtropical regions on the physicochemical, rheological, and sensorial characteristics of the canned figs. Fresh fruits of the cultivars were analyzed for length, diameter, unit mass, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids/total titratable acidity ratio, and color. Canned figs were evaluated for titratable acidity, pH, color, texture profile, and sensory characteristics. The different physicochemical characteristics of the fresh figs influenced those of the obtained canned fruits. The canned figs from 'Lemon' and 'Pingo de Mel' presented the lowest and highest pH, respectively, whereas those from 'Troiano' showed the highest total titratable acidity. As for color, after processing, the canned figs, in general, presented a more greenish and darker color than the fresh fruits. The canned figs from 'Brunswick' and 'Troiano' had the lowest acceptance, whereas those from 'Bêbera Branca' and 'Roxo de Valinhos', the greatest. Less acid and softer canned figs are more widely accepted, which can be obtained from all cultivars, except from Brunswick and Troiano.

Brazil is one of the largest importers of olive (Olea europaea L.) products, being the fourth largest importer of olive oil and the fifth of olives. In recent decades the introduction and growing of olive cultivars less chilling requirement in the South and Southeast made viable the olives production in the country. On the other hand, there are still shortages of information about the management of this crop in our country, especially in relation to studies about the nutritional needs of the olive tree, grown in subtropical regions, and it may enable advances in productivity of this fruit. The aim of study was to evaluate the growth, dry matter production and nutritional status of the olive tree under the effect of the omission of nutrients as well as establish visual diagnosis parameters. We used a completely randomized design with ten treatments and three repetitions, corresponding to growing in Hoagland – Arnon nutrient solution, and solutions with individual omissions of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe and Zn. Omission of nutrients that most limit the growth of the olive tree are N, Ca and B. Deficiencies of nutrients in olive seedlings presented by typical symptoms.

The present study aimed to review the advances in the production of temperate fruits to determine future research directions that improve production in the tropics. Temperate fruits are no longer only produced in regions characterized by a cold winter period. These fruits are also produced in the sub-tropical and tropical regions characterized by mild winter or even the absence of chilling conditions often required by the tree to break dormancy. Currently, temperate fruit production is possible in certain regions of South America, Africa and Asia that are near to the Equator. However, temperate tree fruit production in tropical regions requires modified techniques to overcome dormancy and allow adequate flowering, growth and productivity. The main approaches taken are the development of cultivars with low chilling requirement, chemical induction of budbreak, interruption of irrigation during the winter period, defoliation, orchard densification, and double pruning. Breeding has become a key tool in the advancement of temperate fruit growing in the tropics, especially with the development of low chilling requirement cultivars.

ABSTRACT: Plum growing is widespread in temperate zones. In Brazil, the exploitation of this fruit tree is extended from the colder regions of the state of Rio Grande do Sul to the south of the state of Minas Gerais. However, cultivars exploited at subtropical regions are scarce due to competition. The present study aimed to select productive cultivars of plums adapted to Brazilian subtropical conditions. In this respect, the plum cultivars ‘Fla 87-7’, ‘Gema de Ouro’, ‘Grancoure’, ‘Harry Pickstone’, ‘Januária’, ‘Santa Rosa’ and ‘Satsuma’ were grafted on the ‘Okinawa’ rootstock ‘and evaluated by two cycles in the municipality of Lavras, MG, Brazil. The phenological development, physical and chemical properties of fruits, average number of fruits per plant, average fruit mass and estimated yield were evaluated for each cultivar. It is concluded that plum cultivars ‘Januária’ and ‘Grancoure’ are the most promising for subtropical regions, mainly due to the volume of produced fruits and the quality of fruits.

ABSTRACT: In recent years "redness" has increasingly appeared in strawberry plants with leaves taking on a reddish color. No causal agent has been associated with plants. Since strawberries presented problems due to the incidence of nematodes, the purpose of this study was to look at the relationship between production, resistance to the Meloidogyne hapla nematode and the "redness" symptom in strawberry cultivars. Two experiments were performed, both with the 'Camino Real', 'Festival', 'Oso Grande', 'Albion' and 'Camarosa' cultivars. The first experiment was performed in the field, where the following were evaluated: strawberry production, fruit quality, macro and micronutrient contents in fruit and leaves, percentage of plant survival, incidence of nematodes, quantity of eggs in the roots and juveniles in the soil, and the incidence of Botrytis cinerea . In the second experiment, the strawberries were transplanted into pots and filled with pinus bark-based commercial substrate. Half the pots were inocculated with Meloidogyne hapla . Cultivars presented differences in fruit production and also in the incidence of "redness". Lowest performance in production was related to the high incidence of the nematode Meloidogyne hapla. 'Oso Grande' and 'Albion' presented nematode-resistant behavior. It was possible find a relationship between the incidence of the Meloidogyne hapla nematode, and the incidence of "redness" only 'Camino Real' cultivar.

ABSTRACT To support breeding programs of pear tree, on the selection of cultivars to subtropical area in Brazil, the objective of this research was to adjust the growth medium basic to pollen grain germination. The pollen grains of 'D'Água' cultivar were spread on the surface of Petri dishes containing 20 ml of culture medium in accordance with the following sequential experiments: 1) ágar (4; 6; 8 and 10 g L-1) and pH (3,5; 4,5; 5,5 and 6,5); 2) sucrose (0; 30; 60 and 90 g L-1); 3) calcium nitrate (0; 200; 400 and 800 mg L-1); 4) boric acid (0; 400; 800 and 1200 mg L-1); 5) temperature of incubation (15; 20; 25 e 30 ºC) and 6) emission time of the pollen tube (0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 and 6 hours after inoculation). After incubation, the germination rate of pollen grains of nine pear cultivars ('Rocha', 'Abate Fetel', 'Packham's Triumph', 'Atago', 'Hosui', 'Primorosa', 'Triunfo', 'Seleta' and 'D'Água') was evaluated, and number of stamens, the number of pollen grains per anther and per flower. The protocol for germination of pollen grains of pear tree consist in the culture medium have to be solidified with 10 g L-1 ágar, being the pH measured to 5,2 , added with 90 g L-1 sucrose, 145 mg L-1 calcium nitrate and 700 mg L-1 boric acid, with incubation temperature of 23 ºC. The readings germination percentage should be performed after five hours of incubation. The pollen grain 'Rocha' cultivar showed higher germination percentage.

RESUMO O caquizeiro é propagado por enxertia, em porta-enxertos obtidos por sementes. Devido à baixa germinação, este trabalho teve como objetivo aumentar a obtenção de porta-enxertos dos caquizeiros Dyospyros kaki eDyospyros lotus através da estratificação e tratamento das sementes com ácido giberélico e utilização de diferentes temperaturas ambientais. No primeiro experimento, as sementes foram colocadas entre camadas de areia umedecida em placas de Petri e mantidas em câmara tipo B.O.D. com temperatura de 4 ºC, por 15 e 30 dias, além do controle, onde as sementes foram imersas em água por 10 min. Em seguida as sementes foram colocadas em bandejas plásticas com areia grossa em câmara tipo B.O.D., com temperatura controlada e constante de 15; 20; 25 ou 30 ºC por 60 dias, onde se avaliou a porcentagem de emergência. No segundo experimento, as sementes foram estratificadas por 30 dias e posteriormente colocadas para embeber em beckers que continham soluções de ácido giberélico de 100; 200 e 300 mg L-1, além do controle composto somente com água destilada. As sementes foram colocadas em bandejas plásticas com areia grossa e mantidas em câmara tipo B.O.D., com temperatura controlada e constante de 20,5 ºC para Diospyros kaki e 24,6 ºC para Diospyros lotus, por 60 dias. O processo de estratificação por 30 dias aumenta em 13,94% a emergência das plântulas. A temperatura de 20,5 ºC possibilita a emergência de 47,62% para a espécie Diospyros kaki e a 24,6 ºC, 44,49% de emergência para aDyospyros lotus. Não há necessidade do tratamento das sementes com ácido giberélico.

RESUMO Physalis peruviana L. é uma espécie pertencente à família Solanaceae, que vem sendo incorporada em plantios de pequenas frutas, com alto potencial produtivo para regiões subtropicais. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a qualidade das frutas de P. peruviana L., produzidas com ou sem cobertura plástica sobre o dossel das plantas e em duas densidades de plantio (0,5 e 1,0 m entre plantas), sendo de 3,0 m o espaçamento entre linhas. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2, com seis blocos e dez plantas por parcela. Foram avaliadas as características qualitativas das frutas, como coloração, quantidade de antocianinas totais, vitamina C, cinzas, sólidos solúveis totais, sacarose, glicose, açúcares totais, acidez titulável, firmeza e umidade. A maior densidade de plantio e o plantio sem cobertura plástica sobre o dossel das plantas resultaram em melhor qualidade das frutas de P. peruviana L.

Physalis peruviana L. is a perennial plant, but commonly referred as annual in commercial crops. The cultivation of this species might be successful in Brazilian subtropical areas with an adequate and planned management. The objective of the present study was to quantify the production of Physalis peruviana L. with or without plastic covering over plant canopies, using two planting densities, managing the number of stems, and pruning side stems. This study was divided in two experiments; the first experiment evaluated the effect of spacing between each plant and the use of plastic covering in fruit production. The second experiment investigated the effect of the number of productive stems and of pruning in fruit production. The experimental design used for both experiments was randomized blocks, in 2 x 2 factorial scheme, which contained 6 blocks and 10 plants per plot. The following were analyzed for both experiments: production variables, estimated production, number of fruits per plant, mean fruit mass, mean fruit length and diameter, and chlorophyll relative index. Plastic covering and number of stems did not influence fruit production. The 3.0 x 0.5 m spacing without pruning side stems provided a larger production.

Framboesa é uma pequena fruta de grande importância econômica, que contém numerosos compostos fenólicos, com potenciais benéficos à saúde, porém, quando cultivada em regiões subtropicais possui baixa produtividade. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a produtividade de framboeseiras 'Batum', produzidas com ou sem cobertura plástica sobre o dossel das plantas, em duas densidades de plantio, sendo 0,25m e 0,5m entre plantas e 3,0m entre linhas e avaliadas por dois ciclos de produção (2012/13 e 2013/14), em região subtropical. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x2x2, com 6 blocos e 10 plantas por parcela. Foram avaliadas as características produtivas como número de frutos por planta, produção por planta e produtividade estimada. Além disso, foram demarcados os índices fenológicos, análises vegetativas e fisiológicas. O menor espaçamento de plantio entre as plantas (0,25m) e o plantio sem cobertura plástica sobre o dossel das plantas resultaram em maior produtividade das framboseiras 'Batum'.

Abstract The genus Physalis L. has great importance in the framework of Brazilian biodiversity especially in the Amazon region. The use of colored shading nets allow manipulating the light spectrum, and thus supplying the appropriate quantity and quality of light for each species and maximizing production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of shade nets on fruit production and qualitative parameters of four species belonging to genus Physalis. The experimental design was random blocks with a 4 x 5 factorial scheme, four species of Physalis (P. peruviana, P. pubescens, P. minima and P. ixocarpa) and four colors of shade nets (white, blue, red and black), besides the control treatment under full sun exposure. Fruits were collected weekly and evaluated for longitudinal and transversal diameter and biomass with and without a calyx. Finally the percentage of calyx biomass compared to the total fruit biomass, number of fruits per plant and production were determined. A differentiated response was found among the species regarding the coloring of the converter shade nets. Plants of P. peruviana had the best productive and qualitative parameters of fruits when cultivated in full sunlight or under white shade nets, P. pubescens and P. minima when cultivated in full sunlight or under white and blue shade nets, and P. ixocarpa under red or black shade nets.

Abstract With the purpose of adding value to the final product and aiming to identify which cultivars implanted in tropical regions are more appropriate for the processing of marmelade, the objective of this study was to characterize and evaluate the influence of different cultivars of quince (‘Fuller’, ‘Smyrna’, ‘Portugal’, ‘Provence’, ‘Mendonza Inta-37’, ‘Alaranjado’, ‘Lajeado’, ‘CTS 207’, ‘D’Angers’ and ‘Bereczy’) grown in tropical Brazilian regions, on the physical-chemical characteristics, rheological properties and the consumer acceptance of the obtained marmelade. The different quince cultivars presented great variability among themselves in relation to physical and physicochemical characteristics. However, the cultivars studied gave rise to marmelades that were similar to each other, which had a high sensory acceptance, except for the cultivar Mendonza Inta-37, which resulted in a less accepted marmelade.

ABSTRACT: In order to increase the availability to consumers and add even more value to peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) and to identify which cultivars grown in tropical regions are more suitable for jelly processing, the objective of this study was to characterize and evaluate the influence of different peach cultivars (‘Aurora’, ‘Biuti’, ‘Bonão’, ‘Centenário’, ‘Diamante’, ‘Douradão’, ‘Libra’, ‘Régis’ and ‘Tropical’) cultivated in tropical regions on the physicochemical characteristics, rheological properties and sensory acceptance of the resulting jelly. The evaluated cultivars presented great variability among themselves in relation to the physical and physicochemical characteristics. The jellies elaborated from these cultivars; although, presenting great variability in relation to the physicochemical and rheological parameters, presented similar, high acceptance. All cultivars studied are suitable for processing and can be used for industrialization.

O cultivo de amoras está amplamente difundido em zonas temperadas, porém, algumas cultivares são de baixa necessidade em frio e podem ser exploradas em locais com temperaturas mais elevadas. Assim, objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, avaliar a produção de amoras-pretas e amora-vermelha na região de Lavras-MG (clima Cwb). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro blocos e onze tratamentos (cultivares de amoreiras-pretas 'Arapaho', 'Xavante', 'Ébano', 'Comanche', 'Caingangue', 'Choctaw', 'Tupy', 'Guarani', 'Brazos', 'Cherokee' e a amoreira-vermelha, espécie nativa do Brasil). Em cada parcela, foram coletados dados fenológicos e produtivos no ciclo de produção 2010/11 e 2011/12, além da caracterização físico-química dos frutos. As cultivares de amoreira-preta apresentaram ciclo produtivo entre 66 e 133 dias, com colheitas se iniciando em setembro e se estendendo até janeiro; e a amoreira-vermelha com ciclo produtivo de 283 dias. 'Brazos' apresentou a maior produtividade estimada. As cultivares Brazos e Guarani possibilitaram a produção de frutos de maior massa, enquanto que 'Caingangue', 'Tupy' e 'Choctaw' apresentaram bom equilíbrio entre os sólidos solúveis e acidez. A amoreira-vermelha apresentou elevada produção de frutos (527g por planta no 1o ciclo e 344g por planta no 2o ciclo) e demonstrou-se uma excelente opção para o processamento

The objective of this research was to verify the potential rhizogenic stem cuttings and root of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). Cuttings of 'Batum' cultivar was stored cold (4°C) for 10, 20 and 30 days, and a control without storage. Subsequently, the cuttings were treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA) at 0, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000mg L-1 and root cuttings with benzylaminopurine (BAP) at 0, 300, 600, 900, 1200 and 1500mg L-1 by 10 seconds. The cuttings were buried in 2/3 of its length in the vertical position, and root was completely buried in the horizontal position at three inches deep. It was used vermiculite medium as substrate, and these experiments were conducted in a greenhouse with 50% shading. Evaluations were made ​​75 days after planting the cuttings. It was concluded that the use of cuttings is not feasible and that the root cuttings need not be stimulated by cold storage or treatment with BAP.

The areas planted with blackberry trees have expanded in Brazilian subtropical regions, but is still necessary to improve the crop management, especially regarding its nutritional needs, as well as establishing parameters of visual diagnosis of deficiency, what would allow to achieve higher yields. This study aimed to evaluate the visual deficiency and mineral composition of blackberry tree under omission effect of nutrients. The experimental design was completely randomized blocks, with nine treatments and three replications, corresponding to the cultivation in a complete Hoagland & Arnon’s nutritive solution and in a solution with individual omission of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe and B. The dry matter and chemical composition of shoot and root were evaluated, as well as the visual diagnosis. The nutrient deficiencies in seedlings of blackberry trees were pointed out by typical symptoms, while in the treatment with no nutrients restriction the nutritional contents found respectively in the leaves and roots were N = 11.4 g kg-1 and 16.1 g kg-1; P = 1.3 g kg-1 and 4.2 g kg-1; K = 9.8 g kg-1 and 13.2 g kg-1; Ca = 5.7 g kg-1 and 9.8 g kg-1; Mg = 2.3 g kg-1 and 2.6 g kg-1; S = 1.4 g kg-1 and 2.7 g kg-1; B = 37.8 mg kg-1 and 18.9 mg kg-1; Fe = 119.9 mg kg-1 and 1,603.9 mg kg-1. Individual omissions of N, Ca and B were the most limiting ones for the vegetative growth of this species.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o manejo de podas em cultivares de amoreira-preta (Rubus spp.), submetidas à poda drástica de verão, em regiões subtropicais. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x7 (podas x cultivares), no Município de Lavras, MG. Foram utilizadas as cultivares Comanche, Caingangue, Choctaw, Tupy, Guarani, Brazos e Cherokee, que receberam poda convencional (controle) e poda drástica de verão. Foram avaliados dados fenológicos, vegetativos e produtivos nos ciclos de produção 2012/2013 e 2013/2014, além de características físico-químicas dos frutos e da incidência de doenças, no último ciclo de produção. A poda drástica de verão aumenta a produção das cultivares em regiões subtropicais. Não há diferença na qualidade dos frutos colhidos de plantas submetidas aos sistemas de poda avaliados. A poda drástica de verão não é eficiente na redução ou no controle de doenças.

ABSTRACT: Aiming the selection of rootstocks to produce seedlings, the objective of this study was to quantify the seminiferous propagation in chestnut seeds, with or without incisions. Nine cultivars were used (‘Ibuki’, ‘Isumo’, ‘Kinshu’, ‘Moriwase’, ‘Okuni’, ‘Senri’, ‘Taishowase’, ‘Tamatsukuri’ and ‘Tiodowase’) and two selections (‘KM-1’ and ‘KM-2’) of hybrid chestnut trees (Castanea crenata x Castanea sp.). An incision was held in half of chestnuts and the other half remained intact. Percentage of germination, emergence and root length were quantified. The germinated nuts were transplanted and were quantified the diameter and height of seedlings. Then, the chestnut selections ‘KM-2’ and ‘Jacutinga’ were grafted by the cleft grafting method, and were quantified the percentage of sprouting, besides the diameter and height of grafts. Incisions increase the germination and seedling emergence in most cultivars and selections. ‘Taishowase’ and ‘Tamatsukuri’ stood out over the others to germination, growth of the rootstocks.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to characterize five different hybrid cultivars pears (‘Tenra’, ‘Centenária’, ‘Cascatence’, ‘Primorosa’ and ‘Seleta’) deployed in subtropical regions of Brazil regarding its physicochemical characteristics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, as well as to evaluate the influence of these cultivars on the characteristics physicochemical, rheological properties and sensory acceptance of the obtained jelly, for identifying varieties with higher potential for industrial use. Regardingthe bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity it was observed that ‘Seleta’ cultivar was characterized by a higher phenolic content (57.68mg GAEs 100g-1), higher antioxidant activity (13.56% of DPPH sequestration and 1.25µM of trolox g -1) and higher content of vitamin C (3.59mg 100g-1). As the acidity, it ranged from 4.09 to 5.81 g of malic acid 100g-1 (‘Tenra’ and ‘Seleta’, respectively). Regarding color, the color parameter L* varied from 32.14 to 36.83, a* ranged from 2.87 to 5.20, b* ranged from 16.57 to 20.42, Chroma ranged from 16.67 to 21.02 and °Hue ranged from 74.94 to 80.18. Regarding the texture, the jellies produced from ‘Centenária’ and ‘Tenra’ were characterized by having the highest values of hardness (1.21 and 1.23N, respectively), gumminess (0.42 and 0.45, respectively) and chewiness (0.40 and 0.45N, respectively). The jelly obtained from the ‘Centenária’ still showed the highest adhesiveness (2.27N s-1) and springiness (0.99). Already jellies prepared by ‘Cascatence’ showed the highest cohesiveness values (0.68). The jellies prepared with different pear cultivars showed good sensory acceptance for all measured properties, with average scores ranging between the hedonic terms “liked slightly” to “liked very much”. Cultivars of subtropical pear trees present different physicochemical characteristics, resulting in jellies with different physicochemical characteristics and rheological properties. Processing in the form of jelly is extremely viable due to the good acceptance by consumers of all formulations elaborated.

The peach tree (Prunus persica) is a fruit species native to temperate climates that requires a chill during its hibernal period to overcome dormancy. However, due to genetic breeding, varieties are currently grown in subtropical and tropical regions where there are low occurrences of chill during this phenological stage. This study evaluated the adaptability and stability of the reproductive and vegetative phases of peach tree cultivars in a subtropical climate. An experiment was designed in randomized blocks with split time plots, with 23 peach tree cultivars and four replications, with each replication consisting of one plant and four shoots. The years of evaluated (plots) and the cultivars (subplots) were considered to be treatments. The relative rates of budburst (RRB), flowering (RRF), shoot formation (SF) and fruit set (FS), average time of budburst (ATB) and flowering (ATF), duration of budburst (DB) and flowering (DF) and number of hours with temperatures below 7.20°C were evaluated during the experimental period. The cultivars ‘Bonão’, ‘Ouromel-4’, ‘Libra’ and ‘Maciel’ demonstrated greater adaptability during the vegetative phase, whereas‘Ouromel-4’ and ‘Libra’ demonstrated greater adaptability and stability during the reproductive phase of peach trees in a subtropical climate.

Blackberries are an important option for the diversification of fruit crops. However, there is currently no literature regarding plant cultivation in high-altitude tropical climates. Knowledge of the phenolic composition of blackberries is essential because variations in the levels of these components may exist between cultivars and may depend on environmental conditions. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to evaluate the total phenol content of different blackberry cultivars (Arapaho, Brazos, Cainguangue, Cherokee, Choctaw, Comanche, Ébano, Guarani, Tupy and Xavante). Free radical scavenging activity in these cultivars was assayed using a DPPH test. The HPLC-UV chromatogram of blackberry fruit extracts at 280 nm revealed the presence of phenolic compounds. The results showed significant differences in the levels of phenolic compounds in the blackberry cultivars tested. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the ABTS free radical and ranged from 2.7 ± 0.1 to 19 ± 2 μmole of Trolox equivalents per gram of sample (b.u.). These results are in good correlation with the phenolic contents of the blackberries tested. The Xavante blackberry cultivar had the highest levels of polyphenols that could be individually identified. Catechin polyphenols were found to be the main component in the blackberry varieties tested.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo e a qualidade pós-colheita de cultivares de pereira nas condições subtropicais da região leste paulista. Para tanto, um ensaio de competição de cultivares foi implantado no município de Jundiaí-SP, com cinco cultivares ('Centenária', 'Triunfo', 'Primorosa', 'Seleta' e 'Tenra'). O experimento foi implantado em 2007, no espaçamento de 3,0mx4,0m, com mudas enxertadas no porta-enxerto Pyrus calleryana. As avaliações foram realizadas em três ciclos vegetativos (2009/10, 2010/11 e 2011/12), analisando-se os aspectos fenológicos, produtivos e a qualidade pós-colheita das frutas. A pereira 'Tenra' apresentou a maior produção, com 6kg de frutos por planta. As cultivares estudadas produziram frutas com coloração típica e firmeza aceitável, porém pouco doces

Nove cultivares ('Taishowase', 'Tiodowase', 'Tamatsukuri', 'Isumo', 'Okuni', 'Moriwase', 'Kinshu', 'Senri' e 'Ibuki') e duas seleções ('KM-2' e 'KM-1') de castanheiro híbrido (Castanea crenata x Castanea sp.) foram analisadas em São Bento do Sapucaí-SP. Avaliaram-se o início e o término da colheita, a deiscência do fruto e a deiscência, as propriedades físicas, tais como dimensões e massas dos frutos e castanhas, além do formato das castanhas e a poliembrionia, e ainda as propriedades químicas e a composição mineral. Os dados apresentados indicam que as cultivares e seleções diferem quanto à deiscência dos frutos. A colheita das castanhas concentra-se entre a primeira quinzena de novembro e a segunda quinzena de abril. Algumas cultivares apresentaram reduzido número de castanhas dentro da cápsula, o que indica falta de sincronia no período de floração. Há diferença na constituição química das castanhas entre as cultivares e seleções. As castanhas analisadas possuem alta quantidade de proteínas e açúcares totais, baixa quantidade de sódio e extrato etérico, indicando que o amido é a principal substância de reservas das castanhas, das cultivares e seleções analisadas.

Raspberry is an economically important berry crop that contains numerous phenolic compounds with potential health benefits. It is known that the chemistry content is affected by processing factors, but limited information is available on the influence of cultural factors or genotype. To clarify this issue, this work aimed to characterize the following raspberry cultivars Polana, Autumn Bliss, Heritage,Batum, Golden Bliss, hybrid Boysenberry and black raspberry from MantiqueiraMountains (Campos do Jordão city, São Paulo State, Cwa climate, mesothermal with dry winter, commonly named tropical de altitude, according to Köppen classification) and Alto do Rio Grande (Lavras city, Minas Gerais State,Cwb climate, with dry winter and summer temperate), two areas subtropical in Brazil, and quality attributes. The fruits were used for the following analysis: mass, size, number of drupelets, color, total acidity, soluble solids, total soluble solids / titratable acidity (TSS / TA), moisture and ash. The results revealed strong influence of growing site on fruit quality as well as the existence of variation among cultivars. Fruits produced in Mantiqueira Mountains had larger and higher TSS / TA. On the other hand, the growing raspberries in Alto do Rio Grande provided greater color tone, increased acidity, and low ratio of total soluble solids and total acidity.

Visando a dar suporte aos trabalhos de melhoramento genético do marmeleiro (Cydoniaoblonga Mill.), voltados para a seleção de cultivares altamente produtivas, aptas a serem cultivadas em regiões subtropicais e produtoras de doces de qualidade superior, objetivou-se ajustar o meio de cultura básico para a germinação de grãos de pólen de diferentes cultivares dessa espécie e quantificar o número de estames, número de grãos de pólen por antera e por flor. O pólen utilizado foi da cultivar Portugal, obtido de anteras provenientes de flores em estádio de balão. Em seguida, com auxílio de um pincel, os grãos de pólen foram espalhados sobre a superfície de placas de Petri, contendo 20 mL de meio de cultura, de acordo com os seguintes experimentos: 1) concentrações de ágar (4; 6; 8 e 10 g L-1) e valores de pH (3,5; 4,5; 5,5 e 6,5); 2) concentrações de sacarose (0; 30; 60 e 90 g L-1); 3) concentrações de nitrato de cálcio (0; 200; 400 e 800 mg L-1); 4) concentrações de ácido bórico (0; 400; 800 e 1.200 mg L-1); e 5) tempo de emissão do tubo polínico (0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5 e 6 horas após a inoculação), os quais foram montados de forma sequencial. Após, avaliou-se a taxa de germinação dos grãos de pólen das 27 cultivares (Alaranjado, Alongado, Apple, BA29, Bereckzy, Champion, Cheldow, Constantinopla, CTS 207, Dangers, De Patras, De Vranja, Dulot, Fuller, Mendoza INTA 37, Kiakami, Lajeado, Meeck Profilic, Meliforme, Pineapple, Portugal, Provence, Radaelli, Rea's Mamouth, Smyrna, Van Deman e Zuquerineta), além do número de estames, número de grãos de pólen por antera e por flor. Realizando-se as leituras da porcentagem de germinação após cinco horas de incubação, conclui-se que o meio de cultura para a germinação de grãos de pólen do marmeleiro deve ser acrescido de 68 g L-1 de sacarose e 366 mg L-1 de ácido bórico, sendo o pH aferido para 5,8 e o meio solidificado com 10 g L-1 de ágar. Foram constatadas diferenças entre as cultivares quanto à quantidade de grãos de pólen e à capacidade germinativa dos mesmos, que variou de 37,83% a 82,23% entre as cultivares. Os grãos de pólen da cultivar Alaranjado apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação, além da maior quantidade de grãos de pólen por flor.

A nogueira macadâmia apresenta-se como uma importante alternativa para a fruticultura paulista, principalmente pela sua rusticidade e pelo valor alcançado por seus frutos. No entanto, estudos da propagação säo necessários para melhorar o sistema de produção de mudas. Com o objetivo de aumentar a emergência das plântulas, o enraizamento de estacas e a produção de alporques de porta-enxertos da nogueira- macadâmia, conduziram-se diferentes experimentos: emergência de plântulas de oito cultivares de nogueira-macadâmia ('HAES-344', 'HAES-660', 'IAC 1-21', 'HAES-816', 'IAC 4-20', 'IAC Campinas - B', 'Aloha' e 'IAC 4-12-B'); emergência de plântulas do porta-enxerto de nogueira-macadâmia 'Aloha' em diferentes temperaturas no substrato (23; 25; 27; 29 e 31ºC); enraizamento de diferentes tipos de estacas do porta-enxerto de nogueira-macadâmia 'Aloha' (estacas com uma folha inteira, duas folhas inteiras, uma folha reduzida e duas folhas reduzidas), tratadas com ou sem ácido indolbutírico (3.000 mg L-1) por 10 seg.; alporquia em ramos de nogueira-macadâmia 'Aloha', realizada em diferentes épocas (agosto, dezembro e abril) e tratadas com diferentes concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (0; 3.000;6.000 e 9.000 mg L-1 por 10 seg.). Os resultados mostraram que a maior massa da matéria seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular foi obtida com a cultivar Aloha; a maior emergência de plântulas foi obtida com a temperatura de 27 ºC; a maior porcentagem de enraizamento foi obtida em estacas com duas folhas inteiras e tratadas com AIB; os melhores resultados para a alporquia da cultivar Aloha foram obtidos em dezembro, sem o tratamento com AIB.

Frutífera originária do Hemisfério Norte, a castanheira pertence à família das Fagaceae. O gênero Castanea apresenta sete espécies, das quais se destacam C. sativa Miller, C. crenata Siebold & Zucc., C. molissima Blume e C. dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Tais espécies receberam denominações de acordo com o local de origem e säo conhecidas, respectivamente, por castanha-portuguesa (Portugal), castanhajaponesa (Japäo e Coreia do Sul), castanha-chinesa (China) e castanha-americana (América do Norte). Dada sua relevância como uma das mais importantes espécies frutícolas da antiguidade, as castanhas mantêm a tradição de consumo nas festas natalinas e, por conta de suas qualidades nutritivas e por ser um produto versátil, servem o ano todo, em alguns países, como alimento para pessoas e animais. O Núcleo de Produção de Mudas de Säo Bento do Sapucaí mantém uma coleção com algumas cultivares e seleção e, em parceria com a Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), vem estudando essa fruteira, que possui grande potencial para a fruticultura brasileira.

A framboesa é uma pequena fruta de grande importância econômica, que contém numerosos compostos fenólicos, com potenciais benéficos à saúde; porém, quando cultivada em regiões subtropicais, possui problemas com podridões pós-colheita. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a qualidade de framboesas cultivadas sem cobertura ou com o dossel coberto com cobertura plástica e em diferentes espaçamentos (3 x 0,50 m e 3 x 0,25 m). Foram avaliadas: a coloração dos frutos, a quantidade de antocianinas, vitamina C, cinzas, umidade, sólidos solúveis totais, açúcares, acidez, firmeza, incidência de ferrugem nos frutos e a composição mineral (nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, boro, cobre, manganês, zinco e ferro). Ao final, observou-se que cultivo com espaçamento 3 x 0,25 m e cobertas com cobertura plástica aumentou a qualidade das framboesas.

Frutos das cultivares Arapaho, Brazos, Caingangue, Cherokee, Choctaw, Comanche, Ébano, Guarani, Tupy e Xavante, e uma espécie de amoreira-vermelha (Rubus rosifolius Smith) foram avaliados quanto à composição química. Avaliou-se também a variação genética entre as cultivares de amoreira-preta e a espécie de amoreira-vermelha. Os resultados demonstraram variações na composição química dos frutos estudados. A amora- vermelha apresentou menor teor de umidade e maiores valores para os componentes cinzas, açúcares totais, açúcares redutores, açúcares näo redutores, pectina total, pectina solúvel, fenóis, flavonoides, licopeno, β-caroteno e vitamina A. Os teores de umidade e antocianinas, a porcentagem de solubilização e a atividade antioxidante foram maiores nos frutos da cultivar Ébano. Verificou-se que os frutos da amoreira-vermelha e da cultivar Ébano apresentaram o maior grau de divergência genética para as variáveis analisadas. Isto indica a possibilidade de uso das mesmas em programas de melhoramento que visem à melhoria da composição química.

A macadâmia apresenta-se como uma importante alternativa para a fruticultura paulista, principalmente pela sua rusticidade e pelo valor alcançado por seus frutos. No entanto, estudos relacionados ao seu desenvolvimento e às suas características produtivas e químicas säo necessários para a adequada escolha da cultivar. Com o objetivo de caracterizar o desenvolvimento e a produção de diferentes cultivares de macadâmia nas condições climáticas, no sudoeste do Estado de Säo Paulo, foram conduzidos experimentos instalados no município de Dois Córregos-SP, nos ciclos produtivos de 2009/2010 e 2010/2011, para avaliação do ciclo fenológico da cultivar HAES-344, o desempenho produtivo, a caracterização física e o perfil de ácidos graxos das cultivares HAES-344, HAES-660, IAC 1-21, HAES-816, IAC 4-20, IAC Campinas-B, Aloha e IAC 4-12 B de macadâmia. O intumescimento de gemas ocorreu de maio a junho, a antese de final de julho a início de agosto e a queda de frutos de fevereiro a março. As cultivares HAES-344, IAC 1-21 e IAC 4-12 B apresentaram a maior produção. A cultivar HAES-816 apresentou os maiores valores para as variáveis diâmetro da casca e da amêndoa e massa da amêndoa. Para a taxa de recuperação de noz (TR), os melhores resultados foram obtidos pelas cultivares HAES-344, HAES-660 e Aloha. As cultivares HAES-660 (68,48%), IAC 4-20 (66,88%) e IAC 1-21 (66,76%) apresentaram as maiores porcentagens de óleo. Todas as cultivares apresentaram em sua composição os ácidos palmitoleico, palmítico, oleico, linoleico e linolênico.

Understanding the growing process and fruit size differences among peach cultivars is extremely important in the technological domain of the crop and can provide information to improve the proper crop management (thinning and harvesting seasons) and the crop breeding of fruits with a larger caliber. However, this information is still incipient in subtropical regions and requires further research, especially in Brazil. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of temperature on the growing of four peach cultivars (Tropical, Aurora-2, Ouro Mel-4, and Biuti) under subtropical conditions of field cultivation. Fruit development was determined every two weeks throughout the cycle with 30 fruits from previously identified branches from six different plants of each cultivar. Regarding the thermal accumulation in growing degree-days (GDD), the cultivar ‘Tropical’ showed the lowest agronomic fruit properties (size and mass) and required a lower GDD accumulation during the development stages of the fruits, whereas the cultivar ‘Biuti’ showed higher thermal requirements and higher agronomic properties. The number of cells had greater influence on the final fruit size than the cell area.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características florais e carpométricas, a viabilidade dos grãos de pólen e a capacidade germinativa de sementes de cultivares de amoreira‑preta. Foram avaliadas as cultivares Brazos, Caingangue, Cherokee, Choctaw, Comanche, Guarani, BRS Tupy e Ébano. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com as oito cultivares e dez repetições. Foram feitas avaliações quanto a: número de estames, carpelos, pétalas e sépalas; composição do meio de cultura; número de grãos de pólen por antera e por flor; taxa de germinação de grãos de pólen; percentagem de frutificação; massa de matéria fresca, dimensões e número de sementes dos frutos; massa e dimensões dos drupetes; e percentagem de emergência de plântulas. O meio de cultura estabelecido para as cultivares de amoreira‑preta foi acrescido de 90 g L‑1 de sacarose e 400 mg L‑1 de ácido bórico, com pH aferido para 6,5 e meio solidificado com 8 g L‑1 de ágar. 'Caingangue', 'Ébano' e 'BRS Tupy' apresentaram baixa germinação de grãos de pólen. 'Ébano' apresentou frutos arredondados e com poucos drupetes. 'Choctaw' e 'Comanche' apresentaram baixa percentagem de emergência de plântulas. 'Brazos' destacou-se na maioria das características avaliadas e é considerada como boa progenitora para programas de melhoramento genético.

O abacateiro é uma frutífera altamente produtiva que possui diversas cultivares, as quais apresentam grande variação quanto à época de produção de frutos e quanto ao teor de óleo na polpa. Estudos têm indicado que o óleo de abacate assemelha-se ao azeite de oliva e pode ser empregado tanto na indústria de cosméticos como no setor alimentício. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características fenológicas, físico-químicas em cultivares de abacateiro nas condições das terras altas da serra Mantiqueira em São Bento do Sapucaí - SP, visando à extração de ��leo. As avaliações foram efetuadas nas cultivares 'Ouro Verde', 'Wagner', 'Campinas', 'Paulistinha', 'Fuerte', 'Pedroso', 'Margarida', 'Hass', 'Fortuna', 'Quintal' e 'Reis'. Foram avaliadas as características fenológicas nos ciclos 2008/09 e 2009/10, diâmetro longitudinal e transversal, percentagens de polpa, casca e caroço em relação à massa total, composição centesimal, além do perfil dos principais ácidos graxos presentes no óleo bruto extraído das cultivares ricas em lipídeos. Os resultados indicam que o período de florescimento variou de agosto a novembro e o de colheita de julho a novembro, sendo a cultivar 'Ouro Verde' a mais precoce e Fuerte, Campinas e Hass as mais tardias. Paulistinha e Reis apresentaram frutos de maior diâmetro longitudinal, sendo que Paulistinha se destacou com a maior porcentagem de polpa. Os maiores teores de lipídeos na polpa foram obtidos nas cultivares 'Fuerte' e 'Hass', com predomínio do ácido graxo oleico nas amostras analisadas.Avocado is a very productive plant. It has several cultivars that present great variation on time of fruit production and oil content in the pulp. Studies have indicated that the avocado oil is similar to olive oil, and can be used in cosmetics and also for human consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the phenological characteristics and fruit physico-chemical conditions in avocado cultivars from the highlands of Serra da Mantiqueira in São Bento do Sapucaí - SP aiming oil extract. The evaluations were conducted on the cultivars 'Ouro Verde', 'Wagner', 'Campinas', 'Paulistinha', 'Fuerte', 'Pedroso', 'Margarida', 'Hass', 'Fortuna', 'Quintal' and 'Reis'. Were evaluated the phenological characteristics in 2008/09 and 2009/10 cicles, longitudinal and transverse diameter, percentage of pulp, peel and seed against to the total mass, centesimal composition and main acids present in the crude oil extracted from cultivars rich in lipids. Results indicate that the flowering period ranged from August to November and harvesting from July to November, the cultivar 'Ouro Verde' was the earliest and Fuerte, Campinas and Hass were more delayed. Paulistinha and Reis fruit had higher longitudinal diameter. Paulistinha stood out with the highest percentage of pulp. The greatest concentration of lipids in the pulp were obtained in cultivars 'Fuerte' and 'Hass' with predominance of oleic acid in the samples.

Sensorial attributes such as color, texture, acidity and nutritional composition are essential quality components for blackberry (Rubus spp.). The mineral content and quality of fruits of different blackberry cultivars produced in Lavras, Southern Minas Gerais, in a tropical climate at an elevation (Cwb, according to Köppen) were analyzed. The analyzed minerals were phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and iron (Fe). Additionally, chemical characteristics, the total acidity (citric acid), pH, soluble solids (°Brix) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) level, and sensory characteristics, color (L*a*b) and firmness (N) were also evaluated. According to the results, the Choctaw and Xavante blackberry cultivars demonstrated the highest mineral contents, the Caingangue cultivar showed the highest soluble solid content, and the Ebano cultivar exhibited the highest vitamin C concentration and firmer fruits. The chemical variables in the fruits of the different blackberry cultivars presented little significant correlation with the contents of macrominerals present, whereas the opposite was obtained for the micronutrients. However, the chemical characteristics combined with the nutritional characteristics can be proposed as an excellent tool for the selection of cultivars of superior quality and high nutritional value.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a fenologia e a produção de cultivares de framboeseiras em condições subtropicais, no Brasil. O experimento foi realizado nos municípios de Lavras, MG, e Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR. Foram avaliadas sete cultivares, com as espécies Rubus idaeus (vermelhas, 'Heritage', 'Polana', 'Autumn Bliss' e 'Batum'; e amarelas, 'Golden Bliss', em Lavras, e 'Fall Gold', em Marechal Cândido Rondon) e R. niveus (framboesa-negra), além de um híbrido (Boysenberry) entre R. idaeus e amora-preta (R. ursinus). Foram coletados dados fenológicos (florescimento e período de colheita) e produtivos de dois ciclos de produção, e analisadas características físico-químicas dos frutos (dimensão, acidez titulável e conteúdo de sólidos solúveis). As cultivares de R. idaeus e o híbrido interespecífico não se adaptaram às condições climáticas do oeste paranaense, com baixa produção de frutos. No entanto, a framboesa-negra é uma excelente opção de cultivo na região, com alta produtividade (acima de 25 Mg ha-1) e qualidade de frutos (ratio de 9,3). No Sul de Minas, as framboeseiras apresentam boa adaptação, principalmente a framboesa-negra (18,2 Mg ha-1), a framboesa amarela (5 Mg ha-1) e a framboesa vermelha 'Batum' (4,4 Mg ha-1).

A nogueira-macadâmia produz nozes de alto valor no mercado internacional, devido às características nutricionais de suas amêndoas, consideradas uma excelente fonte energética. O objetivo do trabalho foi realizar a caracterização química e o perfil de ácidos graxos em 22 cultivares de nogueira-macadâmia. As cultivares utilizadas foram: 'Edson', 'HAES 788 (Pahala)', 'Beaumont 695', 'Flor Rosa', 'IAC 9-20X', 'HAES 344 (Kau)', 'Cannon', 'IAC 9-20', 'C160', 'HAES 849', 'IAC 4-12B', 'HAES 816', 'Doroti', '791 Fuji', 'IAC 4-20 (Keaumi)', 'HAES 814', 'HAES 722', 'África', 'IAC Campinas-B', 'HAES 246 (Keauhou)', 'HAES 741 (Mauka)' e 'HAES 842'. Foram quantificados a umidade, extrato etéreo, proteína, cinza e fibra bruta, além disso, extração de óleo e o perfil de ácidos graxos. A maior quantidade de proteína foi registrada na cultivar 'IAC 9-20X'. Quanto ao teor de fibra bruta, as maiores porcentagens foram observadas nas cultivares 'HAES 741' e 'HAES 842'. As amêndoas de todas as cultivares de nogueira-macadâmia analisadas possuem ácidos palmítico e oleico.The walnuts macadamia have a high value on the international market due to their almonds nutritional characteristics considered to be an excellent source of energy. The aim of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of 22 cultivars of almond walnut macadamia. The cultivars tested were: 'Edson', 'HAES 788 (Pahala)', 'Beaumont 695', 'Flor Rosa', 'IAC 9-20X', 'HAES 344 (Kau)', 'Cannon', 'IAC 9-20', 'C160', 'HAES 849', 'IAC 4-12B', 'HAES 816', 'Doroti', '791 Fuji', 'IAC 4-20 (Keaumi)', 'HAES 814', 'HAES 722', 'África', 'IAC Campinas-B', 'HAES 246 (Keauhou)', 'HAES 741 (Mauka)' and 'HAES 842'. Moisture, fat, protein, ash and crude fiber were analyzed and also oil extraction and fatty acid profile. The highest amount of protein was recorded in 'IAC 9-20X'. The highest percentages of crude fiber content were observed in cultivars 'HAES 741' and 'HAES 842'. The kernels of all walnut macadamia cultivars showed palmitic and oleic acids.