Search

Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) by-product from filter tea factory underwent subcritical water extraction (SWE) in order to recover polyphenolics and determine its antioxidant potential. In the current study Box-Behnken design was applied for optimization. Independent variables used in experimental design were temperature (T, 120-200 °C), extraction time (t, 15-35 min) and hydrochloride concentration (c, 0-1.5%). Experimental results were fitted to a second-order polynomial model where multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance were used to determine fitness of the model and optimal conditions. The optimized SWE conditions for maximum responses of total phenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and monomeric anthocyanins (MA) contents, and minimum response of IC50 were temperature of 120.4 °C, extraction time of 15.2 min and absence of acidifier. The predicted values of TP, TF, MA and IC50 at these conditions were: 32.8863 mg GAE/g, 23.5164 mg CE/g, 0.5124 mg C3G/g and 0.0055 mg/mL, respectively.

Purpose: We aimed to discern the role of glutathione (GSH) associated enzymes in maintaining high GSH levels in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) of the clear cell type and analyze RCC enzyme antioxidant capacity. Since changes in cellular redox balance in RCC might also be related to alterations of glutathione S-transferase (GST) phenotype, GST class alpha and pi expression was also explored., Methods and Materials: Human kidney specimens of tumor and distant nontumor regions were obtained from 15 patients with RCC at the time of surgery. The activities of GSH-replenishing enzymes, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT), and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) were determined spectrophotometrically. GST alpha and pi class expression was determined by immunoblot., Results: In the course of renal cancerization, significant changes appear in the activities of GSH-replenishing and antioxidant enzymes. The activity of the key enzyme of GSH synthesis, gamma-GCS, is up-regulated (P < 0.001), while the activities of gamma-GT and GR are down-regulated in renal tumors compared to nontumor tissue (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Activities of GPX and CAT were also down-regulated (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively) in RCC. Changes in enzyme antioxidant capacity in RCC were associated with decreased GST class alpha (P < 0.001) and unchanged GST pi expression at the protein level., Conclusions: Changes in redox status in RCC as a consequence of decreased enzyme antioxidant capacity, together with altered GST alpha expression, may be important factors in development and tumor growth. The up-regulation of gamma-GCS and high levels of GSH in RCC may be an attempt to limit injury caused by oxidative stress.

Incidence of prostate cancer has risen dramatically in the past decade. Radical prostatectomy is indicated in patients who have disease localized to the prostate. The aim of the study is to make histopathological evaluation of radical prostatectomy in the treatment local prostate cancer. Authors analyzed 49 cases of radical prostatectomy due to cancer localized to the prostate in period 1996-2000 in Clinic of Urology in Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade. The average age of the patients was 65, 6 years (range 44-76, pick 61-70). The most cases 25 (51%, p < 0.001) we found in pT2a N0M0, in pT2b N1M0 9 (18.36%), in pT3bN0M0 10 (20.4%), in pT3bN1M0 3 (6.12%), in pT4aN0M0 2 (4.08%). Nodal status positive was in 12 cases: 9 (18%) in pT2bN1M0- iliac 3 (right 2, left 1), obturatory 6 (right 1, left 5) and 3 cases in pT3bN1M0-iliac left 1 and obturatory 2 (1 right and 1 left). We found Gleason score 8 in 9 cases (18.36%) in pT2bN1M0 versus 7 cases (14.5%) without nodal metastases. Gleason score 9 we found in 3 cases (6.1%) in pT3bN1M0 versus one case without nodal metastases (difference is not significant). Gleason score 3 was in 6.1%, 4 in 12.2%, 5 in 8.1%, 6 in 16, 3%, 7 in 24.5%. Grade 1 of tumors we found in 9 cases (18%), grade 2 in 11 (22%), grade 3 in 29 (60%). HG PIN was in 18 cases (36.7%), LG PIN in 10 (20.4%). In all cases was elevated PSA: 4-10 mmol/L in 24 pts, 11-20 in 15 pts and > 20 in 10 pts. Radical prostatectomy is most adequate method in surgical treatment cancer localized in the prostate. Pelvic lymphadenectomy is necessary for staging purposes in adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Early detection adenocarcinoma of the prostate is important factor in decreasing rate of death.

Introduction: The possibilities of PSA (prostate specific antigen) test in screening of prostatic cancer may be evaluated by measuring its sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value. The majority of reference articles in this field has evaluated the possibility of detection of prostatic cancer by radioimmunoassay (RIA)., Material and Methods: Prospective study included 2000 male patients over 50 years of age. The objective of the study was to examine the possibility of enzyme PSA test for differentiation of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and localized prostatic cancer (PC). The possibility of enzyme PSA assay for detection of prostatic cancer was compared with RIA method, by digital rectal examination and echotomography. The effect of PSA density and age reference values for differentiation of PC from BPH was also examined., Discussion: The results of enzyme immunoassay test (EIA) were compatible with radioimmunoassay results (RIA). Diagnostic algorithm of prostatic cancer detection should be corrected with PSA density values according to aged-specific groups (49 years - 0.09 ng/ml/cm3; 59 years - 0.13 ng/ml/cm3; 69 years - 0.17 ng/ml/cm3; 79 years - 0.19 ng/ml/cm3) in order to reduce the number of false positive results in PSAD grey zone (0.10 - 0.20).