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The pervasiveness of deep space radiation remains a confounding factor for the transit of humans through our solar system. Spacecraft shielding both protects astronauts but also contributes to absorbed dose through galactic cosmic ray interactions that produce secondary particles. The resultant biological effects drop to a minimum for aluminum shielding around 20 g/cm2 but increase with additional shielding. The present work evaluates for the first time, the impact of secondary pions on central nervous system functionality. The fractional pion dose emanating from thicker shielded spacecraft regions could contribute up to 10% of the total absorbed radiation dose. New results from the Paul Scherrer Institute have revealed that low dose exposures to 150 MeV positive and negative pions, akin to a Mars mission, result in significant, long-lasting cognitive impairments. These surprising findings emphasize the need to carefully evaluate shielding configurations to optimize safe exposure limits for astronauts during deep space travel.

Glasses with WO 3 in place of CaO with the chemical formula 45B 2 O 3 +15TeO 2 +(18-X)CaO+22Na 2 O + XWO 3 : X = 0 (W-0), 1.5 (W-1.5), 3 (W-3), 4.5 (W-4.5), and 6 (W-6) mol% were prepared using the melt quenching method. A comprehensive study of the structural, physical, optical, and γ-ray protection properties of the prepared glasses was investigated. Density (ρ), molar volume (V m), UV–Vis measurements, the MCNP5 simulation code, and PhX software were employed to achieve the aims of this study. The density (ρ) of the W-X samples increased slightly from 2.45 g/cm3 to 2.62 g/cm3 as WO 3 content increased from 0 to 6 mol%. The molar volume (V m) evinced the same trend as ρ. In the UV range, significant absorption was observed, rising as the molar concentration of WO 3 increased. The direct optical gap (E opt.(dir.)) declined from 3.59 eV to 3.24 eV, while the indirect gap (E opt.(indir.)) declined from 3.27 eV to 2.36 eV. The Urbach energies (ΔE) ranged from 0.35 to 0.71 eV. The refractive index (n) increased from 2.33 to 2.59 as WO 3 content increased. The molar polarizability (α m) and molar refractivity (R m) increased. The linear-attenuation absorption (μ) order is: W-0 < W-1.5 < W-3 < W-4.5 < W-6. The W-6 glass sample possessed the lowest half- (HVL), and tenth- (TVL) value layer, as well as the lowest mean free path (MFP). Therefore, the W-6 glass sample offers the best gamma radiation shielding capability among the prepared W-X glasses. Within the investigated energy range, the effective atomic number (Z ef) varied from 30.773 to 13.234, 35.398–13.969, 39.089–14.670, 42.103–15.338, and 44.611–15.977 for the W-0, W-1.5, W-3, W-4.5, and W-6 glasses, respectively. At 0.080 MeV, the mass-attenuation absorption (μ m) of the investigated W-X glasses was higher than for TBLMC-X (TeO 2 –B 2 O 3 –Li 2 O–MoO 3 –CuO) and TS-X (9SiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 –Na 2 O–B 2 O 3 –TeO 2) glasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large number of sensitizers and protectors of cells, tissues, organs and organisms are being discussed in this review. Attention is paid to metals, nanoparticles or organic compounds as modifiers. They can modify the radiation sensitivity by 20–60%. In most cases, sensitization is caused by an increase in DNA damage or a decrease in the repair of radiation damage. The protection can be caused in many cases by repair of damaged DNA molecules, proteins or enzymes, or by reducing the ROS concentration. The most current research tasks in this area are formulated. A new quantitative and reproducible method of evaluating modifiers is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving lead-free flexible materials with excellent γ-ray shielding as well as good mechanical properties are of significance to radiation protection safety and wear comfort of wearable articles. In this paper, polydopamine (PDA) is coated on Bi2O3 particles to form a typical core–shell structure Bi2O3@PDA, which is used to intensely bond bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) with chloroprene rubber (CR). It promotes the interface interaction between Bi2O3 and CR matrix, leading to the uniform dispersion of the filler and rich interfacial compatibility in CR/Bi2O3@PDA composite with as high as 50 wt% filling. Furthermore, 50 wt% CR/Bi2O3@PDA composite displays 53.6% shielding rate for 105 keV γ-rays. Meanwhile, its tensile strength and elongation at break are 9.6 MPa and 1424.8%, respectively, which are without sacrificing too much in comparison with the neat rubber. We propose a versatile route to prepare superior integrated properties of flexible materials, which can be used as wearable articles for radiation shielding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although lead is a very good radiation shielding material, its toxicity has led researchers to find alternative materials instead of it. Moreover, as the use of Kapton polyimide (PI) film in nuclear power plants and space exploration increases, the need to reveal the radiation degradation properties of this material has come along. In this regard, in the present study, it is aimed to determine the mass and linear attenuation coefficients, half value layer, tenth value layer, mean free path and radiation protection efficiency attenuation parameters for this material, experimentally and theoretically, by using the gammas of the 133Ba radioisotope. Experimental gamma attenuation measurements were made by a spectrometer using a Hamamatsu multi pixel photon counter device with a silicon photomultiplier sensor. The constant fraction discrimination timing method was used to reduce the electronic noise of the spectrometer. The attenuation parameters determined experimentally by following two ways were compared with the theoretical ones obtained from the XCOM program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study deals with fabricating and characterizing glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites with heavy mineral filler (magnetite particles) for potential low-energy radiation shielding applications. The composite materials were fabricated by the hand layup method. Glass/epoxy composite was used as control sample, and radiation shielding composites were manufactured by mixing 20 and 30% (by weight) magnetite particles with epoxy resin. It was revealed that the tensile properties of the magnetite-modified composites were increased, and the composites containing 30% filler exhibited maximum improvement than the control ones. Further assessment of the composite samples was performed by DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis), TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis), FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared) spectroscopy, water uptake (%), and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) testing. The radiation shielding ability of the control and filler-modified composites was assessed by using a gamma (γ) radiation source (60Co). Then, the shielding efficiency was characterized by radiation-reduced intensity (%), LAC (Linear Attenuation Coefficient), MAC (Mass Attenuation Coefficient), HVL (Half Value Layer), TVL (Tenth Value Layer), and SVL (Sixteenth Value Layer). It was revealed that the 30% magnetite filler content composite experienced relatively good attenuation performance against γ-ray than other studied composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the possibilities of working in a virtual high-dose rate field following a procedure developed at the Nuclear Security Department of the Centre for Energy Research (EK NSD) in Budapest. Real-life simulation of a radiation survey and a radiation risk assessment as well as searching for lost radioactive sources, monitoring surface contamination (SC), in addition to localizing and overseeing materials out of regulatory control (e.g., at a radiological crime scene) are only possible under inactive conditions or in low-dose rate environments in accordance with the as low as resonably achievable (ALARA) principle. A virtual radioactive source system (VRSS) developed at the Nuclear Security Department (NSD) makes it possible to simulate "measured" values very accurately, even in a high-dose rate environment, but without exposing trainees to radiation hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Over the last decade or so, ethical and societal aspects of radiological protection have received increasing attention. This is also reflected in the publications of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The current paper aims at identifying relevant ethical and societal topics which should receive attention in the context of radiological protection for offspring and next generations. Materials and Methods: We present a non-comprehensive review of the subject, based on presentation made at an ICRP workshop in Budapest in 2022. We first discuss the ethical values promoted by ICRP, and the application of these values in cases of (potential) pre-conceptual and prenatal radiation exposures. We then consider experience gained after the Fukushima accident indicating particular societal concerns about the health effects of such exposures. Results and Conclusions: Beneficence/non-maleficence, prudence, justice and dignity, the "core values" of the system of radiological protection have special roles to play when heritable and/or in utero effects are to be considered. Prudence, in particular, must be taken account of in view of the fact that solid scientific data in humans are largely lacking in this area, and it is necessary to rely on insights from animal experiments as well as theoretical considerations. As regards societal considerations, the perception of risk among (potentially) affected populations needs to be taken seriously. Accountability, transparency, and inclusivity, the "procedural values" promoted by ICRP for the practical implementation of the system of radiological protection play a central role in overcoming skepticism and creating trust. Stakeholder involvement should emphasize cooperation and dialogue, which allows for the joint evaluation of an exposure situation by experts and affected people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Task Group 121 – Effects of ionizing radiation exposure in offspring and next generations – is a task group under the Committee 1 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), approved by the Main Commission on 18th November 2021. The main goals of Task Group 121 are to (1) review and update the scientific literature of relevance to radiation-related effects in the offspring of parent(s) exposed to ionizing radiation in both human and non-human biota; (2) to assess preconceptional and intrauterine effects of radiation exposure and related morbidity and mortality; and, (3) to provide advice about the level of evidence and how to consider these preconceptional and postconceptional effects in the system of radiological protection for humans and non-human biota. Methods: The Task Group is reviewing relevant literature since Publication 90 'Biological effects after prenatal irradiation (embryo and fetus)' (2003) and will include radiation-related effects on future generations in humans, animals, and plants. This review will be conducted to account for the health effects on offspring and subsequent generations in the current system of radiological protection. Radiation detriment calculation will also be reviewed. Finally, preliminary recommendations will be made to update the integration of health effects in offspring and next generations in the system of radiological protection. Results: A Workshop, jointly organized by ICRP Task Group 121 and European Radiation Protection Research Platforms MELODI and ALLIANCE was held in Budapest, Hungary, from 31st May to 2nd June 2022. Participants discussed four important topics: (1) hereditary and epigenetic effects due to exposure of the germ cell line (preconceptional exposure), (2) effects arising from exposure of the embryo and fetus (intrauterine exposure), (3) transgenerational effects on biota, and (4) its potential impact on the system of radiological protection. Conclusions: Based on the discussions and presentations during the breakout sessions, newer publications, and gaps on the current scientific literature were identified. For instance, there are some ongoing systematic reviews and radiation epidemiology reviews of intrauterine effects. There are newer methods of Monte Carlo simulation for fetal dosimetry, and advances in radiation genetics, epigenetics, and radiobiology studies. While the current impact of hereditary effects on the global detriment was reported as small, the questions surrounding the effects of radiation exposure on offspring and the next generation are crucial, recurring, and with a major focus on exposed populations. This article summarizes the workshop discussions, presentations, and conclusions of each topic and introduces the special issue of the International Journal of Radiation Biology resulting from the discussions of the meeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The radiation protection community has been particularly attentive to the risks of delayed effects on offspring from low dose or low dose-rate exposures to ionizing radiation. Despite this, the current epidemiologic studies and scientific data are still insufficient to provide the necessary evidence for improving risk assessment guidelines. This literature review aims to inform future studies on multigenerational and transgenerational effects. It primarily focuses on animal studies involving in utero exposure and discusses crucial elements for interpreting the results. These elements include in utero exposure scenarios relative to the developmental stages of the embryo/fetus, and the primary biological mechanisms responsible for transmitting heritable or hereditary effects to future generations. The review addresses several issues within the contexts of both multigenerational and transgenerational effects, with a focus on hereditary perspectives. Conclusions: Knowledge consolidation in the field of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) has led us to propose a new study strategy. This strategy aims to address the transgenerational effects of in utero exposure to low dose and low dose-rate radiation. Within this concept, there is a possibility that disruption of epigenetic programming in embryonic and fetal cells may occur. This disruption could lead to metabolic dysfunction, which in turn may cause abnormal responses to future environmental challenges, consequently increasing disease risk. Lastly, we discuss methodological limitations in our studies. These limitations are related to cohort size, follow-up time, model radiosensitivity, and analytical techniques. We propose scientific and analytical strategies for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: It has been known for many decades that radiation exposure of the developing embryo or fetus may cause two fundamentally different types of severe health effects: on the one hand, radiation may interfere with the normal intrauterine development, on the other hand, radiation may induce leukemia and cancer which become manifest in childhood. A large amount of epidemiological and experimental data has recently been presented which might be used to improve our understanding of underlying mechanisms and setting radiation protection standards. Yet, ecological studies in the populations exposed to increased levels of radiation in regions contaminated by radioactivity released from reactor accidents (Chernobyl, Fukushima) do not provide solid evidence which would contribute to this aim. On the other hand, well designed experimental studies demonstrated the multifactorial mechanisms which lead to different health effects after radiation exposure in utero. Conclusion: There is no convincing evidence, neither from epidemiological nor experimental data of the existence of a dose threshold for developmental defects after radiation exposure in utero. This must be taken into account in the revision of rules and regulations of radiation protection in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to maximize the extraction of heat by infrared radiation while reducing the thermal conductivity to prevent heat transfer is the main challenge of radiative thermal management for emerging industrial and aerospace applications. Herein, we reported a high-temperature broadband high emissivity (Y 0.5 Lu 0.5) 2 SiO 5 ceramic with emissivity above 0.9 at room temperature and above 0.61 at elevated temperature of 1200℃ across the entire range of wavelength (1–14μm). Lu-doped rare earth monosilicate with high lattice entropy has a more complex electronic structure, boosting the emissivity of near-infrared wavelength (1–3 μm), as well as enhanced emissivity in the MIR range (3–14 μm) is derived from the lattice distortion and extra multi-mode vibrations induced by the substitutional doping of Lu3+ into the host lattice. Moreover, based on Stephen-Boltzmann law and energy conservation law found that the emissivity of rare earth monosilicate-based ceramics is negatively correlated with temperature, which may be due to the fact that rising temperature increases damping of phonon vibration of the ceramic lattice, reducing the ability of infrared absorption. This doped rare earth monosilicate ceramic has a high emissivity at high temperatures above 1200 °C, revealing immense potential in the radiation thermal protection field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prognosis of locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) remains poor with limited therapeutic options. Radiation therapy in pancreatic cancer has been restricted by the disease's proximity to radiosensitive organs at risk (OAR). However, stereotactic magnetic resonance-guided adaptive radiation therapy (SMART) has demonstrated promise in delivering ablative doses safely. We sought to report clinical outcomes from a UK-based Compassionate Access Programme that provided access to SMART to patients with LAPC. This was a registry retrospective study conducted at a single centre with access to SMART. Patients with LAPC were treated with prescription dose of 40 Gy in 5 fractions. The planning objective was that 98% of PTV received ≥95% of the prescribed dose, prioritising duodenal, stomach and bowel UK SABR consortium constraints. Daily online adaptation was performed using magnetic resonance guidance and on-table re-optimisation. 0–3 months and > 3-month post-treatment-related toxicities, local progression-free survival, metastatic-free survival and overall survival were evaluated. 55 patients were treated with SMART at our institution from 2020 to 2022. Median follow-up from date of diagnosis was 17 months (range 5–37 months). Median age was 69.87% of patients underwent induction chemotherapy. 71% of patients reported 0–1 grade acute toxicity only. No grade >3 acute toxicity was reported. 5 patients (9%) reported a grade 3 toxicity (fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, duodenal stricture). No grade >3 toxicity after 3 months was reported. 6 (10%) of patients had grade 3 toxicity (fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, duodenal haemorrhage). Median local PFS post diagnosis was 17 months (95% CI 15.3–18.7). Median OS post diagnosis was 19 months (95% CI 15.9–22.1). One-year local control post SMART was 65%. This is the first UK-reported experience of MR-guided daily adaptive pancreatic SABR. SMART shows promise in delivering ablative doses with acceptable toxicity rates and good clinical outcomes. • No acute or late grade >3 toxicity reported. • Majority of patients (71%) experienced no or grade 1 only acute toxicity. • Acute and late G3 toxicity incidence was 9% and 10% respectively. • 65% of all patients maintained local control at 1 year post SMART. • Median OS was 21 months with chemotherapy followed by consolidatory pancreas SMART. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Advancements in technology have revolutionized the landscape of medical imaging, offering a multitude of modalities. However, this progress is not always fully traceable to patients, necessitating studies in this area to bridge the gap between technological advancements and patients' insights. This study delves into patient awareness, preferences, and understanding concerning radiation risk in medical imaging procedures using ionizing radiation. Material and methods: An anonymous survey was conducted among 152 patients in Bulgaria who underwent X-ray procedures to gauge their insights into medical imaging. Data analysis utilized SPSS version 20.0, computing frequencies and percentages for categorical variables like gender, age, and education. Results: Significant correlations were found between gender and the need for knowledge related to radiation risks (χ2 = 4.622, p = 0.032), as well as patient understanding of radiation dose information and decision-making preferences (χ2 = 10.800; p = 0.020). Female participants showed higher awareness levels in these areas compared to male participants. Younger patients, notably aged 36-50 (52.6%), comprised a significant portion undergoing X-ray imaging, diverging from global trends. Age correlated with the frequency of X-ray examinations (χ2 = 171.256; p = 0.000) and decision-making preferences (χ2 = 8.324; p = 0.016), with older patients favoring informed decisions with physician input. Education levels significantly influenced radiation risk awareness (χ2 = 7.084, p = 0.008) and understanding of radiation dose information (χ2 = 14.752, p = 0.001). Patients with higher education levels demonstrated a significantly better understanding of absorbed radiation doses compared to those with secondary education. These findings highlight the influence of demographic factors such as gender, age, and education on patient awareness, knowledge acquisition, and decision-making processes regarding medical imaging and radiation risks. Conclusions: Tailored communication strategies, informed consent practices, and ongoing specialist education are crucial to enhancing patient awareness, optimizing decision-making processes, and ensuring radiation safety in medical imaging. Implementation of electronic health records can further improve radiation exposure monitoring, aligning with evolving technological standards and patient needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the occupational radiation exposure faced by healthcare professionals during Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) procedures. Utilizing an anthropomorphic RANDO phantom equipped with Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs), we replicated ERCP scenarios to measure radiation doses received by medical staff. The study meticulously assessed radiation exposure in various corresponding body regions typically occupied by medical staff during ERCP, with a focus on eyes, thyroid, hands, and reproductive corresponding organ regions. The findings revealed significant variations in radiation doses across different body parts, highlighting areas of higher exposure and underscoring the need for improved protective measures and procedural adjustments. The effective radiation doses were calculated using standard protocols, considering the varying levels of protection offered by lead aprons and thyroid shields. The results demonstrate the substantial radiation exposure experienced by healthcare staff, particularly in regions not adequately shielded. This study emphasizes the necessity for enhanced radiation safety protocols in clinical settings, advocating for advanced protective equipment, training in radiation safety, and the exploration of alternative imaging modalities. The findings have crucial implications for both patient and staff safety, ensuring the continued efficacy and safety of ERCP and similar interventional procedures. This research contributes significantly to the field of occupational health and safety in interventional radiology, providing vital data for the development of safer medical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to compare the occupational radiation exposure of medical workers between general hospitals and university hospitals. Methods: Radiation exposure data from three hospitals in Hiroshima city, including one university hospital and two general hospitals, were collected using personal dosimeters. Monthly radiation doses were analyzed, and the annual sum of radiation exposure dose was calculated for 538 subjects in general hospitals and 1224 subjects in the university hospital. To assess the impact of locality, additional data from Nagasaki University Hospital and Fukushima Medical University Hospital were included for comparative analysis. Professional affiliations, such as doctors, nurses, and radiological technologists, were considered in the evaluation. Results: The study revealed slight but significant differences in radiation doses between general and university hospitals. In general hospitals, except for radiological technologists, a slightly higher radiation dose was observed compared to university hospitals. Despite the annual increase in the use of medical radiation, the majority of hospital workers in both settings adhered to safety guidelines, with occupational radiation exposure remaining below the limit of detection (LOD). Workers who involved in fluoroscopic procedure, whether at university or general hospitals, had higher radiation doses than those who did not. Conclusion: The study's primary conclusion is that workers in general hospitals experience a slight but significantly higher radiation dose and a lower percentage below the LOD compared to university hospitals. The observed difference is attributed to the greater workload at general hospitals than at university hospitals, and also may be due to the different nature of university hospital and general hospital. University hospitals, characterized by greater academic orientation, tend to benefit from comprehensive support systems, specialized expertise, and advanced technology, leading to more structured and regulated radiation control. These findings provide a basis for targeted interventions, improved safety protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In major radiological events, rapid assays to detect ionizing radiation exposure are crucial for effective medical interventions. The purpose of these assays is twofold: to categorize affected individuals into groups for initial treatments, and to provide definitive dose estimates for continued care and epidemiology. However, existing high-throughput cytogenetic biodosimetry assays take about 3 days to yield results, which delays critical interventions. We have developed a multiwell-based variant of the chemical-induced G0-phase Premature Chromosome Condensation Assay that delivers same-day results. Our findings revealed that using a concentration of phosphatase inhibitor lower than recommended significantly increases the yield of cells with highly condensed chromosomes. These chromosomes exhibited increased fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner, enabling to quantify radiation damage using a custom Deep Learning algorithm. This algorithm demonstrated reasonable performance in categorizing doses into distinct treatment groups (84% and 80% accuracy for three and four iso-treatment dose bins, respectively) and showed reliability in determining the actual doses received (correlation coefficient of 0.879). This method is amendable to full automation and has the potential to address the need for same-day, high-throughput cytogenetic test for both dose categorization and dose reconstruction in large-scale radiation emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Animals Materials and Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Protection from solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is paramount in light‐skinned pig breeds such as Yorkshire or Landrace to avoid sunburn.Determination of the UVR exposure of a pig and the sun protection abilities of shade cloths with different shade rates.Life‐sized plastic model of a Landrace pig.The model was equipped with 20 UVR meters at various anatomical positions that recorded the erythemal effective solar irradiance. A turntable enabled irradiation from different directions. Solar irradiance was measured in direct sunlight as well as under three shade cloths with different shade rates (50%, 75% and 90%) and a camouflage net. The sun protection factors (SPF) were determined as the ratio of unshaded‐to‐shaded measurements at the same solar elevation. The exposure ratio to ambient (ERTA) was calculated for each body site with respect to ambient irradiance. It allows determination of when pigs are at risk of sunburn and protection is needed.The calculated ERTA values show that some body parts may receive higher values than ambient UVR. Measurements showed that the SPF of shade cloths depends on textile denseness. Selected shade cloths reached values of 3.5 (shade rate 50%), 4.2 (75%) and 5.8 (90%). Protection by the camouflage net was poor. The highest SPF was gained on body sides where ERTA was highest.Shade cloths can protect all body sites effectively and vulnerable sites in particular. The results of our study enable an estimation of when pigs are at risk of sunburn and provide quantitative metrics for sun protection. This allows effective prevention of UVR‐caused skin damage and secondary disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiation knowledge and awareness levels of healthcare workers working in a single center in Mogadishu, Somalia, in terms of age, gender and education levels of the participants.Materials and methods: The research involved 274 healthcare professionals, comprising volunteer physician and other healthcare personnel working at the Somali-Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital in Mogadishu. The face-to-face questionnaire consists of 13 questions covering radiation-sensitive or resistant tissues, radiation status of medical imaging devices, biological effects of radiation, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation symbols and radiation protection principles. The study was limited to the health personnel in the hospital. The survey had 274 participants, comprising 126 (46%) women and 148 (54%) men. Of these, 82 (29.9%) were physicians and 192 (70.1%) were other healthcare professionals.Results: It was found that health workers under the age of thirty demonstrated a significantly higher level of knowledge about radiation protection principles than their counterparts over the age of thirty (p = 0.003). Similarly, it was observed that the level of awareness regarding the extent of knowledge about radiation protection was higher in health workers under thirty years of age than in those over thirty years of age (p: 0.001). It was found to be statistically significant that males were more aware of the potential harms of radiation than females (p: 0.004). It was found to be statistically significant that men were more aware of the radiation content of mammography and X-ray imaging methods than women (p: 0.002 and p: 0.029, respectively).Conclusions: To enhance the number of healthcare professionals in Mogadishu, Somalia, who are aware of the risks associated with radiation and the methods for its mitigation, it was postulated that a comprehensive radiation information and awareness training program could be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To retrospectively investigate scatter radiation (SCR) exposure among staff in the endourology operating theatre. Methods: During surgeries under fluoroscopic guidance, five professional groups (urological surgeon [US], surgical nurse [SN], assistant surgical nurse [ASN], anaesthetist [A], and anaesthesia care [AC]) wore real-time dosimeters (Philips DoseAware System) on their head and chest over lead aprons between July 2023 and February 2024. The SCR data were analysed and correlated with procedural and patient factors. Results: In total, 249 procedures were performed, including 86 retrograde intrarenal surgeries and 10 percutaneous nephrolithotomies. Median SCR exposure was 38.81, 17.20, 7.71, 11.58, 0.63, 0.23, 0.12, and 0.15 Microsievert (µSv) for US chest (USC), US head (USH), SN chest (SNC), SN head (SNH), A chest (AC), AC chest (ACC), ASN chest (ASNC), and ASN head (ASNH), respectively. There was a significant correlation between DAP and SCR doses detected by USC, USH, SNC, SNH, AC, and ACC dosimeters (p < 0.05). The median chest-to-eye conversion factor (CECF) was 2.11 for the US and 0.71 for the SN. Conclusions: This study, using real-time dosimetry, is among the first to assess staff occupational SCR exposure in endourology. It highlights a substantial SCR exposure, indicating an occupational health hazard that warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study evaluates the level of radiation safety awareness and adherence to protective practices among pregnant female radiographers in the United Arab Emirates, aiming to identify gaps and develop targeted interventions for enhancing occupational safety. Methods: Employing a cross-sectional design, the study surveyed 133 female radiographers using a self-developed questionnaire covering demographics, awareness and knowledge, workplace practices, communication, and satisfaction. Results: The survey showed high awareness among radiographers, with 97% acknowledging radiation risks during pregnancy, although 42.9% had not received formal training. Concerns over long-term health effects were significant, with 66.2% of participants worried about potential impacts. Despite these concerns, 83.5% had been informed about radiation risks and protective measures, indicating active information provision in many workplaces. However, inconsistencies in information dissemination across different work settings were noted. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for standardized radiation safety protocols for pregnant radiographers. The variability in safety training and information dissemination suggests the importance of establishing uniform safety practices. Recommendations include developing comprehensive education and training programs for pregnant radiographers, ensuring open communication for radiation safety and pregnancy-related concerns, and enforcing clear guidelines for workplace accommodations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional research has suggested that external environmental regulations and internal executive attitude are important factors. However, no in-depth study has yet to be conducted on the interaction between internal and external factors. This study constructs a model of the relationship between the different driving factors of eco-innovation from internal and external perspectives. By analyzing survey data covering 214 enterprises, this study explores the impact of environmental regulations on eco-innovation and further analyzes the moderating effect of the environmental awareness and commitment of top managers. Results show that, first, formal and informal environmental regulations and the environmental awareness and commitment of top managers have significant positive effects on eco-innovation. Second, the environmental awareness of top managers has no significant moderating effect on the relationship between environmental regulations and eco-innovation. Third, the environmental commitment of top managers has a significant positive moderating effect on the relationship between formal environmental regulations and eco-innovation. However, such environmental commitment has no significant moderating effect on the relationship between informal environmental regulations and eco-innovation. Finally, based on the empirical results, this study provides relevant managerial implications and policy suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apigenin, a dietary flavonoid, has gained increasing attention for its potential therapeutic applications in radiation protection and radiosensitization. Ionizing radiation (IR) can harm healthy cells, but as radiotherapy remains crucial in cancer treatment. Owing to the remarkable application of radiotherapy in the treatment of cancers, it is vital to protect healthy cells from radiation hazards while increasing the sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation. This article reviews the current understanding of apigenin's radioprotective and radiosensitive properties with a focuses on the involved signaling pathways and key molecular targets. When exposed to irradiation, apigenin reduces inflammation via cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibition and modulates proapoptotic and antiapoptotic biomarkers. Apigenin's radical scavenging abilities and antioxidant enhancement mitigate oxidative DNA damage. It inhibits radiation‐induced mammalian target of rapamycin activation, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP), and STAT3 expression, while promoting AMPK, autophagy, and apoptosis, suggesting potential in cancer prevention. As a radiosensitizer, apigenin inhibits tumor growth by inducing apoptosis, suppressing VEGF‐C, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and STAT3, reducing MMP‐2/9 activity, and inhibiting cancer cell glucose uptake. Cellular and animal studies support apigenin's radioprotective and anticancer potential, making it a potential candidate for further research. Investigation into apigenin's therapeutic efficacy in diverse cancer types and radiation damage is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External exposure to skin from beta-emitter radionuclides following severe reactor accidents or nuclear testing can result in beta burning and other health complications. The skin absorbed dose coefficient (SADC) measures the energy deposition into the skin during such accidents. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has published several reports to measure the possible energy deposition into the skin in such accidents. However, the most recent SADC published by Federal Guidance Report (FGR) 12 was computed only at one meter above the contaminated surface. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a model to estimate the absorbed dose coefficients for skin at different heights. In this manuscript, Geant4, a Monte Carlo simulator toolkit, was used to estimate the absorbed dose coefficients from electron sources located on the soil surface with energies ranging from 0.1 to 4 MeV. The energy deposited from primary electrons, secondary electrons, and photons in a 50 µm thick layer of epidermis tissue (Basal Cells Layer) located at a depth of 50 µm from the skin surface was estimated at several discrete heights of human leg phantom. More than 40% of the total energy deposited comes from secondary electrons and photons in energy sources of 0.1 and 0.2 MeV on average, but for higher energies, this percentage is less than 1%, which indicates primary electrons are the main source of the deposited energy in the skin. Furthermore, the results showed the energy deposited into skin closer to the ground was 50–100% higher than the previously estimated doses for 1 m above the ground. The results from Geant4 showed a great correlation (R2 = 0.972) with the FGR 12 data at one meter height, and they were aligned with the published values from FGR 12, which validated the simulation results. Therefore, the calculated dose coefficients for different energy sources and different heights could be used in radiation protection measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People have been exposed to the 900 MHz mobile phone electromagnetic field for approximately 30 years. There is still no conclusion from immature rodent experiments regarding the potential effects of nonthermal radiofrequency (RF) 900 MHz continuous wave exposure during biological development. Here, we test the hypothesis that mother rats exposed at a whole-body specific absorption rate (wbSAR) occupational (Oc) limit of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection for humans (0.4 W/kg) will show impairments in development, with less effect at the public (Pu) limit (0.08 W/kg). The wbSAR was estimated at 0.4 W/kg to mimic working mothers (OcM exposure) and 0.08 W/kg for non-working mothers, i.e., public (PuM exposure). This pre- and postnatal study is the first to compare public and occupational exposure limits on rat pup physical development. Litter endpoints and the descendants' body weights and lengths were recorded regularly from birth concomitantly with the age of developmental landmarks. Male neonates showed earlier pinna ear detachment and earlier eye opening in both the OcM and PuM groups, but earlier incisor eruption only in the PuM group. The OcM-exposed males showed lower body weight as juveniles until adolescence. The OcM- and PuM-exposed descendant females showed earlier pinna ear detachment and eye opening with similar body weight. These data suggest variations in the development time of descendant rats when the mother rats received daily 900 MHz continuous waves at human limits for workers and non-workers (public). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Radiation exposure in medical settings stands as the primary source of artificial radiation, compounded by the yearly rise in healthcare worker numbers. Ensuring radiation protection is crucial for safeguarding their occupational health. Nevertheless, existing studies on radiation protection behavior exhibit considerable heterogeneity due to various factors. Objective: This scoping review aims to explore the current status of research on radiation protection behavior and identify research gaps, intending to guide future research directions. Methods and analysis: The scoping review will follow the Arksey and O'Malley framework and the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. A systematic search will be conducted across English databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Medline, as well as Chinese databases such as CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and China Biomedical Literature Database. Two independent reviewers will screen the studies based on predefined eligibility criteria and extract the data. Any disagreements will be resolved through discussion by a third reviewer. The review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews. Strengths and limitations of this study: A stakeholder consultation will provide an opportunity to validate the findings and address any potential gaps in the article. In this scoping review, all types of studies will be considered. The effectiveness of the methodological quality of the included studies will not be reported, which may lead to some studies of poor quality being included. Only studies published in English or Chinese after 2010 will be considered in this review, potentially leading to the omission of relevant papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syringin, a phenylpropanoid glycoside, is widely distributed in various plants, such as Acanthopanax senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim.) Harms, Syringa reticulata (BL) Hara var. mandshurica (Maxim.) Hara, and Ilex rotunda Thumb. It serves as the main ingredient in numerous listed medicines, health products, and foods with immunomodulatory, anti-tumor, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic effects. This review aims to systematically summarize syringin, including its physicochemical properties, plant sources, extraction and separation methods, total synthesis approaches, pharmacological activities, drug safety profiles, and preparations and applications. It will also cover the pharmacokinetics of syringin, followed by suggestions for future application prospects. The information on syringin was obtained from internationally recognized scientific databases through the Internet (PubMed, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science, Medline Plus, ACS Elsevier, and Flora of China) and libraries. Syringin, extraction and separation, pharmacological activities, preparations and applications, and pharmacokinetics were chosen as the keywords. According to statistics, syringin can be found in 23 families more than 60 genera, and over 100 species of plants. As a key component in many Chinese herbal medicines, syringin holds significant research value due to its unique sinapyl alcohol structure. Its diverse pharmacological effects include immunomodulatory activity, tumor suppression, hypoglycemic action, and hypolipidemic effects. Additionally, it has been shown to provide neuroprotection, liver protection, radiation protection, cardioprotection, and bone protection. Related preparations such as Aidi injection, compound cantharidin capsule, and Tanreqing injection have been widely used in clinical settings. Other studies on syringin such as extraction and isolation, total synthesis, safety profile assessment, and pharmacokinetics have also made progress. It is crucial for medical research to deeply explore its mechanism of action, especially regarding immunity and tumor therapy. Meanwhile, more robust support is needed to improve the utilization of plant resources and to develop extraction means adapted to the needs of industrial biochemistry to further promote economic development while protecting people's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radioguidance that makes use of β-emitting radionuclides is gaining in popularity and could have potential to strengthen the range of existing radioguidance techniques. While there is a strong tendency to develop new PET radiotracers, due to favorable imaging characteristics and the success of theranostics research, there are practical challenges that need to be overcome when considering use of β-emitters for surgical radioguidance. In this position paper, the EANM identifies the possibilities and challenges that relate to the successful implementation of β-emitters in surgical guidance, covering aspects related to instrumentation, radiation protection, and modes of implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gels are soft materials composed of hydrophilic polymers cross-linked in water by physical or chemical bonds. Due to their lightweight and water-rich nature, these materials find application in various fields, including the space environment, for radiation protection purposes. In fact, thanks to their high hydrogen content, gels exhibit significant radiation stopping power, resulting in reduced fragmentation of incident particles. This suggests their potential utility in shielding electronic devices and safeguarding astronauts' health. In this work, cross-linked gels based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and boric acid (BA) were fabricated and their properties were investigated using different experimental and modeling techniques. The effect of parameters, such as time and temperature, used for fabricating the PVA/BA gels is assessed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to evaluate the ability of BA to form hybrid interpolymeric bonds with PVA macromolecules. To understand the thermo-mechanical properties and viscoelastic behavior of these gels, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in compression mode was performed. The shielding properties were evaluated in different space radiation environments considering galactic cosmic rays, solar particle events, and low earth orbit radiation using deterministic transport codes. The High charge (Z) and Energy TRaNsport (HZETRN) code was employed to create different cross sections as first output for the selected materials, and then, propagate and transport the ionizing radiation inside the materials. The results highlight several advantages of PVA/BA gels fabricated at room temperature without heat treatments. Firstly, the incorporation of BA allows for a slight increase in water content compared to gels produced without the crosslinker. Additionally, an examination of elastic moduli reveals improved mechanical properties exhibiting approximately twice the elastic modulus of PVA gels. Moreover, the analysis of dosimetry quantities suggests that the radiation protection effectiveness of these gels is comparable to that of pure water, while heat-treated PVA/BA gels exhibit a reduced water content resulting in decreased shielding properties and decreased flexibility. Consequently, PVA/BA gels realized at room temperature appear to be the optimal material between PVA gels and the heat-treated counterparts, making them well-suited for integration into astronaut personal protective equipment. [Display omitted] • Cross-linked gels made of poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix and boric acid crosslinker are realized. • The coordinative bonds between boric acid and poly(vinyl alcohol) are determined by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. • Boric acid greatly increases the mechanical properties of gels in terms of storage modulus. • The effectiveness of gels in radiation shielding has been demonstrated by numerical simulation carried out using HEZTRN2020 • Gels of poly(vinyl alcohol) and boric acid can be used in spacesuits of astronauts as personal protective equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pigments serve a multitude of functions in biology including light harvesting for photosynthesis, radiation protection, membrane support, and defense. The ubiquity of pigments—especially within extremophiles found in high-radiation, high-salinity, and dry environments—and their detectability via mission-ready techniques have elevated these molecules as promising targets in the search for evidence of life elsewhere. Moreover, the detection of pigments has been proposed as a "smoking gun" for extraterrestrial life as it has been suggested that these molecules cannot be generated abiotically. However, while pigments may hold promise as a biosignature, current understanding of their possible prebiotic origins remains understudied and uncertain. Better understanding of the abiotic synthesis of pigments is critical for evaluating the biogenicity of any pigment detected during missions, including by the Mars Perseverance rover or from returned samples. Compounding this uncertainty is the broad definition of pigment as it includes any compound capable of absorbing visible light and by itself does not specify a particular chemical motif. While not experimentally verified, there are promising prebiotic routes for generating pigments including hemes, chlorophylls, and carotenoids. Herein, we review the biochemistry of pigments, the inherent assumptions made when searching for these molecules in the field, their abiotic synthesis in industry and prebiotic reactions, prebiotically relevant molecules that can mimic their spectral signatures, and implications/recommendations for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the decommissioning process of nuclear facilities, workers are exposed to radiation and face the risk of exceeding safe dose limits. Ensuring the safety of personnel requires not only enhancing radiation protection measures but also optimizing work paths to minimize exposure time and avoid high-radiation areas. This paper proposes a nested optimization algorithm that combines an ant colony optimization (ACO) with an improved A* algorithm for the decommissioning of a nonradiation source. The algorithm aims to minimize the total radiation dose and transforms the original path optimization problem into an equivalent traveling salesperson problem. The improved A* algorithm is employed in the inner layer to calculate the path with the lowest radiation dose for any given sales order. The ACO operates in the outer layer to determine a set of optimal working paths that traverse all target points. The provided solution example demonstrates that the proposed path optimization algorithm effectively integrates the radiation field and obstacles. It successfully identifies a sequence for dismantling with the lowest dose and corresponding optimal work path while ensuring the completion of the dismantling task. These findings are expected to offer valuable insights for optimizing personnel work paths during the subsequent decommissioning process of nuclear facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of a vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy system has been performed to monitor and provide feedback for impurity control in SPARC. The spectrometer, covering a wavelength range of 10–2000 Å through a flat-field configuration with diffraction gratings, incorporates five survey lines of sight. This allows for comprehensive impurity analysis across the core and four divertor regions (inner/outer and upper/lower). Its compact modular design facilitates vertical stacking of each spectrometer unit, significantly reducing space in the tokamak hall, where a dedicated radiation shielding bunker will be built. Safety features include a secondary helium enclosure to mitigate tritium permeation risks during deuterium–tritium (D–T) operations and shielding within the beamlines for enhanced radiation protection. The silicon carbide mirror design for divertor observation ensures its survivability in the in-vessel environment of SPARC, validated by thermal and electromagnetic analysis. Signal modeling and data acquisition testing results show that an exposure time of a few milliseconds is appropriate considering photon flux reaching the detector, demonstrating the system's capability for discharge control that includes disruption avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dose optimization in computed tomography (CT) is crucial, especially in CT fluoroscopy (fluoro-CT) used for real-time navigation, affecting both patient and operator safety. This study evaluated the impact of spectral X-ray filtering using a tin filter (Sn filter), and a method called partial-angle computed tomography (PACT), which involves segmentally switching off the X-ray tube current at the ambient dose rate H ˙ * (10) at the interventional radiologist's (IR) position. Measurements were taken at two body regions (upper body: head/neck; lower body: lower legs/feet) using a 120 kV X-ray tube voltage, 3 × 5.0 mm CT collimation, 0.5 s rotation speed, and X-ray tube currents of 43 Eff.mAs (without Sn filter) and 165 Eff.mAs (with Sn filter). The study found significant dose reductions in both body regions when using the Sn filter and PACT together. For instance, in the upper body region, the combination protocol reduced H ˙ * (10) from 11.8 µSv/s to 6.1 µSv/s (p < 0.0001) compared to the protocol without using these features. Around 8% of the reduction (about 0.5 µSv/s) is attributed to the Sn filter (p = 0.0005). This approach demonstrates that using the Sn filter along with PACT effectively minimizes radiation exposure for the IR, particularly protecting areas like the head/neck, which can only be insufficiently covered by (standard) radiation protection material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imaging the heart is one of the most technically challenging applications of Computed Tomography (CT) due to the presence of cardiac motion limiting optimal visualization of small structures such as the coronary arteries. Electrocardiographic gating during CT data acquisition facilitates motion free imaging of the coronary arteries. Since publishing the first version of the Canadian Association of Radiologists (CAR) cardiac CT guidelines, many technological advances in CT hardware and software have emerged necessitating an update. The goal of these cardiac CT practice guidelines is to present an overview of the current evidence supporting the use of cardiac CT in various clinical scenarios and to outline standards of practice for patient safety and quality of care when establishing a cardiac CT program in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increased use of diagnostic imaging in Africa, the completion of the Radiology Request Form (RRF) remains suboptimal, often relying on paper-based communication. To examine the practices surrounding RRF completion in the African continent, on 25 March 2024, we conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed articles describing the practice in African settings. Non-African studies, studies involving non-human subjects, and articles examining the practice of the RRF for interventional usage were excluded. Our search involves PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online. The included studies were 3004, of which 30 met the inclusion criteria. These studies span eight countries and highlighted several shortcomings, including the usage of informal forms, unconventional abbreviations, illegibility, inaccuracy, and the lack of important fields from institutional forms, commonly the last menstrual period and the referrer's contact details. We also found widespread non-compliance in all RRF fields; half of the studies did not have an adequately filled form. Incomplete RRFs lead to delayed imaging, increased workloads for radiographers and radiologists, and potential misdiagnoses due to insufficient information. It will also impede the application of radiation protection principles. To address these challenges, empowering radiographers and radiologists and encouraging best practices is essential. Regular audits and educational initiatives aimed at clinicians are recommended. While transitioning to a paperless communication system might help, implementing nationwide quality improvement projects to standardise radiology request forms is currently more feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of radiation-induced cataracts and its correlation with radiation exposure dose and radiation protection equipment use among radiation workers of interventional cardiology. Methods This is a cross-sectional and retrospective case–control study. We included 180 subjects. The prevalence of radiation-induced cataracts was assessed using Scheimpflug analysis on the Pentacam-Oculus device. Individual cumulative radiation exposure dose and radiation protection equipment use were identified from questionnaires and personal dosimeters. Results The prevalence of radiation-induced cataracts was 16.7%. The median cumulative radiation dose was 0.8 (0.1–35.6) Gy. A positive correlation was found between cumulative radiation dose and lens density (R Spearman = 0.64). We found 83.9% of subjects used ceiling-suspended shields in 71 to 100% of their working period. However, most subjects (40.6%) did not wear protective eyewear. There was a statistically significant increasing risk of radiation-induced cataracts and unresponsive use of radiation protection equipment. Subjects using ceiling-suspended shield in only 31 to 50% of their working period increased their cataract risk by 10.8 times (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–111.49, p = 0.044). Meanwhile, subjects using protective eyewear in only 51 to 70% of their working period increased their cataract risk by 8.64 times (p = 0.001). Subjects who did not wear protective eyewear had an odd ratio of 164.3 (95% CI: 19.81–1363) compared to those who did. Conclusion Radiation-induced cataracts among radiation workers of interventional cardiology depended on the radiation exposure dose and the use of radiation protection equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moon is an auspicious environment for the study of Galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and Solar Particle Events (SEP) due to the absence of magnetic field and atmosphere. The same characteristics raise the radiation risk for human presence in orbit around it or at the lunar surface. The secondary (albedo) radiation resulting from the interaction of the primary radiation with the lunar soil adds an extra risk factor, because neutrons are produced, but also it can be exploited to study the soil composition. In this paper, the design of a comprehensive radiation monitor package tailored to the lunar environment is presented. The detector, named LURAD, will perform spectroscopic measurements of protons, electrons, heavy ions, as well as gamma-rays, and neutrons. A microdosimetry monitor subsystem is foreseen which can provide measurements of LET(Si) spectra in a wide dynamic range of LET(Si) and flux for SPE and GCR, detection of neutrons and biological dose for radiation protection of astronauts. The LURAD design leverages on the following key enabling technologies: (a) Fully depleted Si monolithic active pixel sensors; (b) Scintillators read by silicon photomultipliers (SiPM); (c) Silicon on Insulator (SOI) microdosimetry sensors; These technologies promise miniaturization and mass reduction with state-of-the-art performance. The instrument's design is presented, and the Monte Carlo study of the feasibility of particle identification and kinetic energy determination is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the image quality of low-dose CT colonography (CTC) using deep learning-based reconstruction (DLR) compared to iterative reconstruction (IR). Adults included in the study were divided into four groups according to body mass index (BMI). Routine-dose (RD: 120 kVp) CTC images were reconstructed with IR (RD-IR); low-dose (LD: 100 kVp) images were reconstructed with IR (LD-IR) and DLR (LD-DLR). The subjective image quality was rated on a 5-point scale by two radiologists independently. The parameters for objective image quality included noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). The Friedman test was used to compare the image quality among RD-IR, LD-IR and LD-DLR. The Kruskal Wallis test was used to compare the results among different BMI groups. A total of 270 volunteers (mean age: 47.94 years ± 11.57; 115 men) were included. The effective dose of low-dose CTC was decreased by approximately 83.18% (5.18 mSv ± 0.86 vs. 0.86 mSv ± 0.05, P < 0.001). The subjective image quality score of LD-DLR was superior to that of LD-IR (3.61 ± 0.56 vs. 2.70 ± 0.51, P < 0.001) and on par with the RD- IR's (3.61 ± 0.56 vs. 3.74 ± 0.52, P = 0.486). LD-DLR exhibited the lowest noise, and the maximum SNR and CNR compared to RD-IR and LD-IR (all P < 0.001). No statistical difference was found in the noise of LD-DLR images between different BMI groups (all P > 0.05). Compared to IR, DLR provided low-dose CTC with superior image quality at an average radiation dose of 0.86 mSv, which may be promising in future colorectal cancer screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring of internal exposure to short-lived alpha-emitting radionuclides such as actinium-225 (225Ac), which are becoming increasingly important in nuclear medicine, plays an important role in the radiation protection of occupationally exposed persons. After having tested gamma spectrometry, liquid scintillation counting and alpha spectrometry for monitoring of internal exposure, the focus of the present study was on solid phase extraction of 225Ac from urine in combination with alpha spectrometry. The development of the method was based on recent findings from the literature on this topic. The method was used in a pilot phase to monitor internal exposure of four workers who were directly or indirectly involved in the manufacture and/or use of 225Ac. The monitoring protocol allowed a relatively short 24-hour urine sample analysis with excellent recovery of the internal standard, but it did not allow for a detection limit of less than 1 mBq nor a sufficient yield of 225Ac. Based on these results it is concluded that an in vitro excretion analysis alone is not appropriate for monitoring internal exposure to 225Ac. Instead, different radiation monitoring techniques have to be combined to ensure the radiation protection of employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance stakeholder engagement and foster the inclusion of interests of citizens in radiation protection research, a comprehensive online survey was developed within the framework of the European Partnership PIANOFORTE. This survey was performed in 2022 and presented an opportunity for a wide range of stakeholders to voice their opinions on research priorities in radiation protection for the foreseeable future. Simultaneously, it delved into pertinent issues surrounding general radiation protection. The PIANOFORTE e-survey was conducted in the English language, accommodating a diverse range of participants. Overall, 440 respondents provided their insights and feedback, representing a broad geographical reach encompassing 29 European countries, as well as Canada, China, Colombia, India, and the United States. To assess the outcomes, the Positive Matrix Factorization numerical model was applied, in addition to qualitative and quantitative assessment of individual responses, enabling the discernment of four distinct stakeholder groups with varying attitudes. While the questionnaire may not fully represent all stakeholders due to the limited respondent pool, it is noteworthy that approximately 70% of the participants were newcomers to comparable surveys, demonstrating a proactive attitude, a strong willingness to collaborate and the necessity to continuously engage with stakeholder groups. Among the individual respondents, distinct opinions emerged particularly regarding health effects of radiation exposure, medical use of radiation, radiation protection of workers and the public, as well as emergency and recovery preparedness and response. In cluster analysis, none of the identified groups had clear preferences concerning the prioritization of future radiation protection research topics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro and in vivo observations accumulated over several decades have firmly shown that the biological effects of ionizing radiation can spread from irradiated cells/tissues to non-targeted cells/tissues. Redox-modulated intercellular communication mechanisms that include a role for secreted factors and gap junctions, can mediate these non-targeted effects. Clearly, the expression of such effects and their transmission to progeny cells has implications for issues related to radiation protection. Their elucidation is also relevant towards enhancing the efficacy of cancer radiotherapy and reducing its impact on the development of normal tissue toxicities. In addition, the study of non-targeted effects is pertinent to our basic understanding of intercellular communications under conditions of oxidative stress. This review will trace the history of non-targeted effects of radiation starting with early reports of abscopal effects which described radiation induced effects in tissues distant from the site of radiation exposure. A related effect involved the production of clastogenic factors in plasma following irradiation which can induce chromosome damage in unirradiated cells. Despite these early reports suggesting non-targeted effects of radiation, the classical paradigm that a direct deposition of energy in the nucleus was required still dominated. This paradigm was challenged by papers describing radiation induced bystander effects. This review will cover mechanisms of radiation-induced bystander effects and the potential impacts on radiation protection and radiation therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts with a brief history of the birth of the field of radioecology during the Cold War with a focus on US activity. We review the establishment of the international system for radiation protection and the science underlying the guidelines. We then discuss the famous ICRP 60 statement that if "Man" is protected, so is everything else and show how this led to a focus in radioecology on pathways to "Man" rather than concern about impacts on environments or ecosystems. We then review the contributions of Radiation Research Society members and papers published in Radiation Research which contributed to the knowledge base about effects on non-human species. These fed into international databases and computer-based tools such as ERICA and ResRad Biota to guide regulators. We then examine the origins of the concern that ICRP 60 is not sufficient to protect ecosystems and discuss the establishment of ICRP Committee 5 and its recommendations to establish reference animals and plants. The review finishes with current concerns that reference animals and plants (RAPs) are not sufficient to protect ecosystems, given the complexity of interacting factors such as the climate emergency and discusses the efforts of ICRP, the International Union of Radioecologists and other bodies to capture the concepts of ecosystem services and ecosystem complexity modelling in radioecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous dose rate effects have been described over the past 6–7 decades in the radiation biology and radiation oncology literature depending on the dose rate range being discussed. This review focuses on the impact and understanding of altering dose rates in the context of radiation therapy, but does not discuss dose rate effects as relevant to radiation protection. The review starts with a short historic review of early studies on dose rate effects, considers mechanisms thought to underlie dose rate dependencies, then discusses some current issues in clinical findings with altered dose rates, the importance of dose rate in brachytherapy, and the current timely topic of the use of very high dose rates, so-called FLASH radiotherapy. The discussion includes dose rate effects in vitro in cultured cells, in in vivo experimental systems and in the clinic, including both tumors and normal tissues. Gaps in understanding dose rate effects are identified, as are opportunities for improving clinical use of dose rate modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addressed the limitations of lead-based radiation shields by developing lead-free, non-toxic, lightweight, and flexible shielding materials with high attenuation efficiency. To achieve this, single and triple layers of Bi2O3-BaTiO3/PVP-PEG nanocomposite films were synthesized. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers (2:1 ratio) were used as the polymeric matrix in which fillers of Bi2O3 and BaTiO3 nanoparticles (NPs) with particle sizes ranging from 90 to 210 nm and <100 nm, respectively, were embedded. Four single-layer samples with 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% NP concentrations were prepared; the samples were 1.05, 1.09, 1.27, and 1.42 mm thick, respectively. Two samples of triple-layered films were prepared with 30% and 50% NPs, measuring 3.78 and 4.23 mm in thickness, respectively. The attenuation efficiency of these films was investigated using X-ray tube voltages from 10 to 120 kVp. Further, the flexibility of the synthesized films was tested by manual handling. All single- and triple-layer nanocomposites exhibited effective radiation attenuation and desirable flexibility. Specifically, at the lowest tube voltage, all samples exhibited 100% attenuation, while at the highest tube voltage, the attenuation ranged from 27% to 84%, depending on the NP concentration and number of layers of the sample. The highest attenuation ratio, observed in the 50% triple-layer sample, reached 100% up to approximately 60 kVp and 84% at 120 kVp. Consequently, the most optimal film synthesized in this study had a triple-layer configuration with 50% Bi2O3-BaTiO3 NPs embedded in a PVP-PEG polymer with an average attenuation of 95.5% for all tube voltages (10–120 kVp). Therefore, this shielding is suitable for various diagnostic applications, such as mammography, dental X-rays, computerized tomography, and fluoroscopy.Highlights Single- and triple-layered nanocomposite Bi2O3-BaTiO3/PVP-PEG films were synthesizedThe attenuation efficiency of the films against X-rays was investigatedA triple-layer configuration with 50% Bi2O3-BaTiO3/PVP-PEG was suitable for various diagnostic applicationsSingle- and triple-layered nanocomposite Bi2O3-BaTiO3/PVP-PEG films were synthesizedThe attenuation efficiency of the films against X-rays was investigatedA triple-layer configuration with 50% Bi2O3-BaTiO3/PVP-PEG was suitable for various diagnostic applications [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: A favorable effect of ultra-high dose rate (FLASH) radiation on normal tissue-sparing has been indicated in several preclinical studies. In these studies, the adverse effects of radiation damage were reduced without compromising tumor control. Most studies of proton FLASH investigate these effects within the entrance of a proton beam. However, the real advantage of proton therapy lies in the Spread-out Bragg Peak (SOBP), which allows for giving a high dose to a target with a limited dose to healthy tissue at the entrance of the beam. Therefore, a clinically relevant investigation of the FLASH effect would be of healthy tissues within a SOBP. Our study quantified the tissue-sparing effect of FLASH radiation on acute and late toxicity within an SOBP in a murine model. Material/Methods: Radiation-induced damage was assessed for acute and late toxicity in the same mice following irradiation with FLASH (Field dose rate of 60 Gy/s) or conventional (CONV, 0.34 Gy/s) dose rates. The right hindleg of unanesthetized female CDF1 mice was irradiated with single-fraction doses between 19.9-49.7 Gy for CONV and 30.4-65.9 Gy for FLASH with 5-8 mice per dose. The leg was placed in the middle of a 5 cm SOBP generated from a mono-energetic beam using a 2D range modulator. Acute skin toxicity quantified by hair loss, moist desquamation and toe separation was monitored daily within 29 days post-treatment. Late toxicity of fibrotic development measured by leg extendibility was monitored biweekly until 30 weeks post-treatment. Results: Comparison of acute skin toxicity following radiation indicated a tissuesparing effect of FLASH compared to conventional single-fraction radiation with a mean protection ratio of 1.40 (1.35-1.46). Fibrotic development similarly indicated normal tissue sparing with a 1.18 (1.17-1.18) protection ratio. The acute skin toxicity tissue sparing was similar to data from entrance-beam irradiations of Sørensen et al. (4). Conclusion: Full dose-response curves for acute and late toxicity after CONV and FLASH radiation were obtained. Radiation within the SOBP retains the normal-tissue-sparing effect of FLASH with a dose-modifying factor of 40% for acute skin damage and 18% for fibrotic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work aims to synthesize new zirconium tungstate (Zr4W8O32)-doped ZrO2 composites for radiation shielding applications using the hydrothermal reaction process. The characterization of the synthesized composites was proved using various analysis techniques including X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The density of the synthesized Zr4W8O32-doped ZrO2 composites reduced between 5.15 and 4.98 g/cm3, with raising the W concentration between 13 and 28 wt%. Additionally, the average crystallite size proved by TEM analysis was determined as 27.7 nm and 33.2 nm, respectively, for composites ZW-1 and ZW-2. Furthermore, the Monte Carlo N-particle transport code (version-5) was applied to estimate the gamma ray shielding properties of the synthesized zirconium tungstate (Zr4W8O32)-doped ZrO2 composites. The linear attenuation coefficient for the synthesized composites showed variation between 104.50 and 0.200 cm−1 (for ZW-1 composite) and 92.35 and 0.196 cm−1 (for ZW-2 composite) when the gamma photon increased between 0.033 and 2.506 MeV. Therefore, the radiation protection efficiency for a 3 cm thickness of the synthesized composites reaches 54.27% and 53.57% for samples ZW-1 and ZW-2, respectively. As a result, the fabricated composites can be used to produce ceramics with high shielding properties to be used in radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the effects of varying titanium oxide (TiO 2) concentrations in glass formulations, denoted as [(53-x)B 2 O 3 –7MgO–20BaF 2 –20Na 2 O-xTiO 2 ] or BMBNTix, where x varies from 0 to 8 mol% in 2 % increments, on optical properties and radiation shielding effectiveness. Using MCNP5 (MC) Monte Carlo simulations and Phy-X software, this study assesses a range of photon energies from 0.015 to 15 MeV, focusing on key radiation shielding metrics such as the linear attenuation coefficient (μ), the half-value layer (HVL), and the tenth value layer (TVL). The results reveal a clear relationship between increased TiO 2 levels in the BMBNTix glasses and improved radiation shielding performance. Notably, the linear attenuation coefficient (μ) steadily climbs from BMBNTi0 to BMBNTi8, highlighting the beneficial effect of a TiO 2 addition to the material's ability to attenuate radiation. This trend is inversely mirrored in HVL values, which decrease from 0.010 cm for BMBNTi0 to 7.646 cm for BMBNTi8, reflecting enhanced shielding efficiency over the entire studied photon energy range. The effective atomic number (Z eff) also showcases a dynamic range from 40.793 to 15.101, suggesting a complex relationship between TiO 2 content and photon interaction. Moreover, the study indicates a slight but consistent increase in the fast neutron removal cross-section (Σ R) from 0.104 cm−1 for BMBNTi0 to 0.106 cm−1 for BMBNTi8, pointing to improved neutron shielding with greater Ti and oxygen content in the glass. These insights highlight the potential of TiO 2 -enriched magnesium borate glasses as superior options for effective photon and neutron shielding, particularly in nuclear medicine, emphasizing their role in enhancing radiation safety measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]