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This study examined the everyday experiences of racism among Chinese immigrants in Canada. Data came from nine virtual focus groups comprising 48 participants of diverse genders and ages taking place in December 2021 and January 2022. We conducted our qualitative analysis by drawing on Essed's conceptualization of everyday racism and Crenshaw's conceptualization of intersectionality. Thematic and content analysis showed that racism against Chinese immigrants is more pervasive than previously recognized. Three-quarters of the participants disclosed instances of racism across various settings, including workplaces, schools, shops, airports, banks, hotels, restaurants, streets, and online. Some gender and age groups reported more incidents than others. Young men, on average, encountered the greatest number, followed by young and middle-aged women, while older men reported the fewest. Types of racist incidents also varied by age and gender. Young and middle-aged women encountered unsolicited intimate remarks and racism related to gender division of labour, while older adults, both men and women, faced racism associated with service provision. Younger men reported online racism. Some older participants remained unaware of the racist nature of their encounters, and middle-aged and older men tended to deny having experienced racist encounters. Given these findings, we suggest the need to raise awareness, establish empowerment initiatives, and adopt intersectionality approaches to address and combat racism against Chinese immigrants in Canada. Keywords: Racism, intersectionality, Chinese immigrant, Canada. Cette etude porte sur les experiences quotidiennes du racisme chez les immigrants chinois au Canada. Les donnees proviennent de neuf groupes de discussion virtuels composes de 48 participants de sexe et d'age divers, qui ont eu lieu en decembre 2021 et en janvier 2022. Nous avons mene notre analyse qualitative en nous inspirant de la conceptualisation du racisme quotidien d'Essed et de la conceptualisation de l'intersectionnalite de Crenshaw. L'analyse thematique et l'analyse de contenu ont montre que le racisme a l'egard des immigrants chinois est plus repandu qu'on ne le pensait. Les trois quarts des participants ont revele des cas de racisme dans divers contextes, notamment sur les lieux de travail, dans les ecoles, les magasins, les aeroports, les banques, les h tels, les restaurants, les rues et en virtuel. Certains groupes de genre et d'age ont signale plus d'incidents que d'autres. Les jeunes hommes, en moyenne, en ont subi le plus grand nombre, suivis par les jeunes femmes et les femmes d'age moyen, tandis que les hommes plus ages en ont signale le moins. Les types d'incidents racistes varient egalement en fonction de l'age et du genre. Les jeunes femmes et d'age moyen ont ete confrontees a des remarques intimes indecentes et a du racisme lie a l'inegalite du travail entre les sexes, tandis que les adultes plus ages, hommes et femmes, ont ete confrontes a du racisme lie a la prestation de services. Les jeunes hommes ont fait etat de racisme virtuel. Certains participants plus ages n'etaient pas conscients de la nature raciste de leurs rencontres, et les hommes d'age moyen et plus ages avaient tendance a nier avoir vecu des rencontres racistes. Compte tenu de ces resultats, nous postulons qu'il est necessaire de sensibiliser, de mettre en place des initiatives d'autonomisation et d'adopter des approches inter-sectionnelles pour aborder et combattre le racisme a l'egard des immigrants chinois au Canada. Mots-cles: Racisme, intersectionnalite, immigrant chinois, Canada., INTRODUCTION Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a prevailing belief in North America that certain Asian groups, notably the Chinese, had evolved into 'model minorities' or 'superior ethnic groups' [...]

Recent controversies over the characteristics of 'professionalism' and its enforcement by medical educators underscore the racialized and gendered norms implicit in this practice. In this essay, we describe the ways nebulous definitions of 'professionalism' imbue White, cisgender, straight, and able-bodied standards to police the boundaries of belonging in medicine. As such, marginalized trainees remain unfinished sculptures, forced to chisel away dimensions of experience and expression to conform to 'professional' standards. We seek to resculpt professionalism in a way that centers patients and trainees currently at the margins. This will strengthen the increasingly diverse workforce and ensure that they can effectively address the needs of patients often excluded from quality care. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.2892, 'A patient of mine whom I had not yet met,' the white coat ceremony speaker began, 'once walked up to me and said, 'Hey Doc!' When I asked him how [...]

Canada and the United States have long histories of racism that permeate every institution and structure in our societies. While anti-racism movements have gained strength in recent years, we know very little about current rates of discrimination in the two countries or the impact on communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Informed by critical race feminist theory, this paper examines levels of discrimination experienced by survey participants from Canada and the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic with a cross-sectional survey conducted during October 2021. We then assessed the broader impact of experiencing discrimination on depressive symptoms using logistic regression analysis. In both Canada and the US, multivariate logistic regression maintained that experiencing discrimination resulted in higher probabilities of reporting moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Other important factors included age, financial insecurity, and comorbid health conditions. Overall findings suggest that Indigenous, Black, and other racialized communities who experienced discrimination reported higher rates of depressive symptoms despite controlling for other factors. From a comparative perspective, discrimination rates were similar in Canada and the US, and had similar proportions across racial/ethnic groups. Discrimination rates did not vary significantly by gender, nor was gender a statistically significant risk factor for depressive symptoms. Further research, including qualitative studies, could fully assess the impact of gender on experiences of racism and depressive symptoms during the pandemic. The paper concludes with policy and public education suggestions to combat racial discrimination and highlights the need for added government action during times of crises. Keywords: COVID-19, racism, discrimination, mental health, Indigenous Peoples, newcomers, racialized persons, critical race feminism. Le Canada et les Etats-Unis ont une longue histoire de racisme qui se retrouve dans toutes les institutions et structures de nos societes. Bien que les mouvements antiracistes aient gagne en force ces dernieres annees, nous savons tres peu de choses sur les taux actuels de discrimination dans les deux pays ou sur l'impact sur les communautes pendant la pandemie de COVID-19. S'inspirant de la theorie feministe du racisme critique, cet article examine les niveaux de discrimination subis par les participants du Canada and des Etats-Unis pendant la pandemie de COVID-19, a l'aide d'une enquete transversale menee en Octobre 2021. Nous avons ensuite evalue l'impact plus large de l'experience de la discrimination sur les symptomes depressifs en utilisant une analyse de regression logistique. Au Canada comme aux Etats-Unis, la regression logistique multivariee a continue que le tait d'avoir ete victime de discrimination entratnait une probabilite plus elevee de signaler des symptomes depressits moderes ou graves. Les autres tacteurs importants etaient l'age, l'insecurite tinanciere et la comorbidite. Les resultats globaux suggerent que les communautes indigenes, noires et autres communautes racialisees ayant ete victimes de discrimination presentent des taux plus eleves de symptomes depressits, malgre la prise en compte d'autres tacteurs. D'un point de vue comparatit, les taux de discrimination etaient similaires au Canada et aux Etats-Unis, et presentaient des proportions similaires dans tous les groupes raciaux/ethniques. Les taux de discrimination ne varient pas de maniere signiticative en tonction du sexe, et le sexe n'est pas un tacteur de risque statistiquement signiticatit pour les symptomes depressits. D'autres recherches, notamment des etudes qualitatives, pourraient permettre d'evaluer pleinement l'impact du sexe sur les experiences de racisme et les symptomes depressits pendant la pandemie. L'article se termine par des suggestions de politiques et d'education du public pour lutter contre la discrimination raciale et souligne la necessite d'une action gouvernementale supplementaire en periode de crise. Mots-cles : COVID-19, racisme, discrimination, sante mentale, peuples autochtones, nouveaux arrivants, personnes racialisees, theorie critique de la race et teminisme., INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic intensified racial discrimination against Black, Indigenous, and other racialized communities in many places around the world (Beers et al. 2021; Lee and Johnstone 2021; Mensah and [...]

The African Free School of New York City, established in 1787 by the New York Manumission Society, aimed at providing an education of the children of freedmen and former enslaved people. Scholarship on the role of slavery, emancipation, and racial discrimination in the post-Revolutionary and antebellum periods in the North has grown over the years. However, few studies exist that specifically examine the curriculum of the African Free School, and how the Black community's involvement in the schools impacted the curriculum taught to the students. We conducted a content analysis of the curricular documents of the African Free School in order to ascertain whether these materials from over two centuries ago shows evidence of emancipatory curriculum that was, and can still be used, as pedagogical tools to challenge racial discrimination, and decolonize the curriculum today. Keywords: Emancipatory Curriculum, Content Analysis, African American History, Curriculum Studies, African Free School, Antebellum Studies, Introduction The battle against caste and Slavery is emphatically our Battle; no one else can fight it for us, and with God's help we must fight it ourselves. --James McCune [...]

Gross human rights violations occur every day, often invisibly to most of us. Media coverage of Russian rights violations in Ukraine has resurfaced this issue, but even that has begun [...]

While many Cubans of all racialized identities often insist that there is no race or racism in Cuba, they still experience ongoing forms of prejudice and discrimination. This article analyzes the translocal processes through which the logics of racialization and racism circulate in contemporary Cuba. Based on long-term ethnographic research in Santiago de Cuba, known as Cuba's Blackest City, I analyze the local construct level of culture as central to ongoing processes of racialization in Santiago. I trace Cubans' experiences of racialization from Santiago to Havana to the United States, connecting their experiences of race and racism to broader transnational forms of anti-Blackness that date back to the colonial era. I show the ways in which the translocal process of racialization through level of culture is not another form of Cuban exceptionalism, but rather links the Cuban experience to broader regional constructs of race, respectability, and culture. [Keywords: Race, racism, Cuba, Caribbean, transnational, anti-Blackness, color-blind racism] [Palabras clave: Raza, racismo, Cuba, Caribe, transnacional, anti-negrltud, racismo contra los negros] [Palavras-chave: Raca, racismo, Cuba, Caraibas, transnacional, anti negritude, racismo daltonico] [phrase omitted], 'I came into the world imbued with the will to find a meaning in things, my spirit filled with the desire to attain to the source of the world, and [...]

Despite changes to Canadian immigration policy to address declining labour market outcomes, many highly educated immigrants still face challenges when searching for career-related employment. Semi-structured interviews with 38 skilled newcomers in Edmonton, Alberta and Winnipeg, Manitoba illustrate significant obstacles, including a lack of credential recognition, racial discrimination, and a requirement for Canadian experience. Drawing from inter-sectional feminism and critical race theory, this study assesses the perspectives of newcomers during their employment search and explores the common desire for return-migration. Findings illustrate how the pre-arrival expectations of immigrants are incongruent with the realities of persistent labour market barriers. Newcomers consider if they should stay in Canada due to the lack of meaningful economic opportunities. Keywords: secondary migration, return migration, labour market integration, critical race theory, intersectionality, transnational feminism Malgre les changements a la politique d'immigration canadienne pour remedier la baisse des resultats sur le marche du travail, de nombreux immigrants tres instruits sont toujours confrontes a des difficultes lorsqu'ils cherchent un emploi lie a leur carriere. Des entretiens semi-structures avec 38 nouveaux arrivants qualifies a Edmonton, Alberta, et a Winnipeg, Manitoba, illustrent des obstacles importants, notamment le manque de reconnaissance des titres de competences, la discrimination raciale et l'exigence d'une experience canadienne. S'inspirant du feminisme intersectionnel et de la theorie critique de la race, cette etude evalue les perspectives des nouveaux arrivants pendant leur recherche d'emploi et explore le desir commun de retourner sur le marche du travail. Les resultats illustrent comment les attentes des immigrants avant leur arrivee sont incompatibles avec les realites des obstacles persistants du marche du travail. Les nouveaux arrivants se demandent s'ils doivent rester au Canada en raison du manque d'opportunites economiques significatives. Mots-cles: migration secondaire, migration de retour, integration sur le marche du travail, theorie critique de la race, intersectionnalite, feminisme transnational., INTRODUCTION In recent decades, Canadian immigration policy has increasingly prioritized 'economic self-sufficiency' over cultural diversity and multiculturalism (Abu-Laban 1998; Chuong 2015). Current immigrant selection policy strives for optimal labour market [...]

Multiculturalism promises equality and tolerance, yet racialized minorities in Canada continue to report experiences of discrimination. As Canada becomes increasingly culturally and racially diverse, it is important to understand what this discrimination means for sense of belonging in Canada. Using ordinary logistic regressions, we examine the effects of ethnocultural and racial discrimination on sense of belonging. Relying on a theoretical framework of the Rejection/Identification and Rejection/Disidentification models, we test the impacts of discrimination on national sense of belonging and on in-group sense of belonging. We further examine the differential effects of discrimination on sense of belonging for white and non-white Canadians. We find that discrimination negatively impacts both national and in-group sense of belonging among both non-white and white Canadians, although the impact is stronger among racialized minorities. Thus, we argue that discrimination reduces sense of belonging in Canada generally, but is more damaging to those who already occupy a marginalized social position. These findings have implications for our understanding of multiculturalism in Canada. Le multiculturalisme promet l'egalite et la tolerance, mais les minorites racialisees au Canada continuent de signaler des experiences de discrimination. Alors que le Canada devient de plus en plus diversifie sur les plans culturel et racial, il est important de comprendre ce que cette discrimination signifie pour le sentiment d'appartenance au Canada. A l'aide de regressions logistiques ordinaires, nous examinons les effets de la discrimination ethnoculturelle et raciale sur le sentiment d'appartenance. En nous appuyant sur un cadre theorique des modeles Rejet / Identification et Rejet / Desidentification, nous testons les impacts de la discrimination sur le sentiment national d'appartenance et sur le sentiment d'appartenance au sein du groupe. Nous examinons plus en detail les effets differentiels de la discrimination sur le sentiment d'appartenance des Canadiens blancs et non blancs. Nous constatons que la discrimination a un impact negatif sur le sentiment d'appartenance a la fois national et au sein du groupe chez les Canadiens non blancs et blancs, bien que l'impact soit plus fort chez les minorites racialisees. Ainsi, nous soutenons que la discrimination reduit le sentiment d'appartenance au Canada en general, mais qu'elle est plus dommageable pour ceux qui occupent deja une position sociale marginalisee. Ces resultats ont des repercussions sur notre comprehension du multiculturalisme au Canada., INTRODUCTION In recent decades, there has been a liberalization of immigration policies in Canada, leading in turn to significant changes in the demography of the Canadian population (Mann, 2014). While [...]

This article examines the discourse surrounding issues affecting Indigenous peoples within the Canadian mainstream media. We compare the coverage of two cases of water poisonings--one in a primarily-white town and the other in an Indigenous- community--in 282 newspaper articles from the Toronto Star, the Globe and Mail, the National Post, and. Windspeaker. We show that the dominant coverage of these two very similar cases diverged significantly. The Indigenous workers in charge of the water supply were regarded as incompetent and incapable to fill their position while the entire community was described as drunk, lazy, helpless, and perpetually dependent on government aide. By contrast, white workers were seen as relatable and in command of their erroneous actions, while the residents of the town were described simply as the victims of an unfortunate tragedy. Such reporting fails to contextualize the events or point out the injustices of Canadian colonialism, thus contributing to the perpetuation of these injustices. Cet article examine le discours sur les questions touchant les peuples autochtones dans les medias grand public canadiens. Nous comparons la couverture de deux cas d'intoxication par l'eau - l'un dans une ville principalement blanche et l'autre dans une communaute autochtone--dans 282 articles de journaux du Toronto Star, du Globe and Mail, du National Post et de Windspeaker. Nous montrons que la couverture dominante de ces deux cas tres similaires a diverge de maniere significative. Les travailleurs autochtones charges de l'approvisionnement en eau etaient consideres comme incompetents et incapables de remplir leur poste, tandis que toute la communaute etait decrite comme ivre, paresseuse, impuissante et perpetuellement dependante de l'aide du gouvernement. En revanche, les travailleurs blancs etaient percus comme pouvant etre racontes et maitrisant leurs actions erronees, tandis que les habitants de la ville etaient simplement decrits comme les victimes d'une tragedie malheureuse. De tels reportages ne parviennent pas a contextualiser les evenements ou a souligner les injustices du colonialisme canadien, contribuant ainsi a la perpetuation de ces injustices., INTRODUCTION Beginning on May 13th, 2000, Walkerton, a majority-white community in Southern Ontario (Statistics Canada, 2016), experienced the worst case of Escherichia Coli (E. Coli) poisoning in North America's history [...]

Disparities in American education across all levels can be traced to our nations history of racial discrimination and injustice. This inequity is rooted in a long history of discriminatory housing [...]

Can raising awareness of racial bias subsequently reduce that bias? We address this question by exploiting the widespread media attention highlighting racial bias among professional basketball referees that occurred in May 2007 following the release of an academic study. Using new data, we confirm that racial bias persisted in the years after the study's original sample but prior to the media coverage. Subsequent to the media coverage, though, the bias disappeared. Several potential mechanisms may have produced this result, including voluntary behavior changes by individual referees, adjustments by players to new information, and changes in referee behavior due to institutional pressure. These results suggest a new kind of Hawthorne effect in which greater scrutiny of even subtle forms of bias can bring about meaningful change. Keywords: behavioral economics * racial discrimination, 1. Introduction A recent stream of research has documented the existence of in-group racial biases in the employment, criminal, judicial, and educational settings (Donohue and Levitt 2001, Bertrand et al. [...]

Introduction 458 I. The Failures of Antidiscrimination Law to Address Intersectional Bias 464 A. Courts: The Failure of the Siloed Claims 465 B. Advocacy: The Failure of the Stock Story [...], Agencies, advocates, and courts regularly and repeatedly fail plaintiffs who have experienced intersectional discrimination based on more than one personal identity trait. Nearly thirty years after intersectionality theory was first introduced to legal scholarship, however, its insights have yet to be effectively integrated into antidiscrimination advocacy and doctrine. This Article borrows the contributions of intersectionality theory and explores its critiques to develop a novel "cluster framework" for bridging the divide between the theory and civil rights jurisprudence. Using race-sex discrimination as a lens, the proposed framework relocates intersectional discrimination wholly within a traditionally protected class, illuminating similarities and differences in discrimination across groups and subgroups. This Article concludes with three concrete proposals to implement the cluster framework such that the antidiscrimination doctrine will better recognize and remedy intersectional discrimination.

This article develops an analytical overview of the development of the Chinese community in Saskatoon based on community-based research. The research involves analysis of two types of data: published statistics and literature, as well as first-hand semi-structured interview data. The discussion mainly explores four aspects of the Chinese community in Saskatoon: the early institutional discrimination and racism experienced by the Chinese community in Saskatoon; the changing demographic trends of the community intertwined with the changes in immigration policy in Canada; the increasing diversity of the community in terms of socioeconomic background; and the development of Chinese organizations in Saskatoon. It is concluded that a special structure and culture have developed in this Chinese community which distinguish it from the ones in larger metropolitan areas and shape a unique identity of the Saskatoon Chinese. Keywords: Chinese immigrant, Canada, Saskatoon, community, ethnic organization Cet article developpe un apercu analytique du developpement de la communaute chinoise a Saskatoon sur la base des recherches communautaires. La recherche implique I'analyse de deux types de donnees : les statistiques et les litteratures publiees ainsi que les donnees des entrevues semi-structurees de premiere main. L'analyse explore principalement quatre aspects de la communaute chinoise a Saskatoon : la discrimination institutionnelle precoce et le racisme vecus par la communaute chinoise a Saskatoon ; les tendances demographiques changeantes de la communaute entrelacee avec les changements dans la politique d'immigration au Canada ; la diversite croissante de la communaute en termes de contexte socio-economique ; et le developpement des organisations chinoises a Saskatoon. II est conclu que la structure et la culture speciales qui se sont developpees au sein de cette communaute chinoise la distingue des grandes regions metro-politaines et constitue une identite unique des Chinois de Saskatoon. Mots cles : Immigrants chinois, Canada, Saskatoon, communaute, organisation ethnique, INTRODUCTION The history of Chinese immigration to Canada started when the first group of Chinese labourers arrived in the West Coast and joined the workers building the Pacific Railway. Initially [...]

The study examined obstacles faced by Caribbean immigrants in the Toronto labour market. In-depth interviews examined their lived labour market experiences, focusing on strategies adopted to find jobs and obstacles faced, highlighting the relevance of social capital--in this study defined as access to social networks. Respondents were generally frustrated with conventional methods of job search and many felt that they had experienced labour market discrimination. The use of social networks was by far the most successful job search strategy reported and several participants believed that the only way to secure employment in Toronto was through a referral. Keywords: Race discrimination, gender-based discrimination, immigration policy, social capital, labour market Cette etude se penche sur les difficultes qui confrontent les immigrants des Caraibes sur le marche du travail de Toronto. Des entrevues en profondeur, portant sur leurs experiences vecues face a ce marche, se concentrent sur les strategies utilisees dans leur recherche d'emploi et sur les obstacles rencontres, tout en soulignant l'importance que jouent leurs ressources sociales, definies par cette etude comme etant leur acces aux reseaux sociaux. En general, les participants rapportent eprouver de la frustration, s'ils utilisaient les methodes conventionnelles de recherche d'emploi; plusieurs expriment se sentir victimes de discrimination dans le milieu du marche du travail. Leur recours aux reseaux sociaux se revela etre de loin le meilleur moyen de succes parmi leurs strategies de recherche d'emploi. Certains participants croient que leur seule chance de trouver un emploi a Toronto est d'etre referes, ou introduits, a des employeurs eux-memes recommandes. Mots cles: Discrimination raciale, discrimination fondee sur le genre, la politique d'immigration, capital social, marche du travail, INTRODUCTION This paper draws from a doctoral dissertation that examined factors beyond human capital that influenced labour market outcomes for immigrants to Toronto from Jamaica, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago. [...]

Objective To measure stigma associated with four types of postpartum depression therapies and to estimate the association between stigma and the acceptance of these therapies for black and white postpartum mothers. Methods Using data from two postpartum depression randomized trials, this study included 481 black and white women who gave birth in a large urban hospital and answered a series of questions at 6-months postpartum. Survey items included socio demographic and clinical factors, attitudes about postpartum depression therapies and stigma. The associations between race, stigma, and treatment acceptability were examined using bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results Black postpartum mothers were less likely than whites to accept prescription medication (64 vs. 81%, p = 0.0001) and mental health counseling (87 vs. 93%, p = 0.001) and more likely to accept spiritual counseling (70 vs. 52%, p = 0.0002). Women who endorsed stigma about receipt of postpartum depression therapies versus those who did not were less likely to accept prescription medication, mental health and spiritual counseling for postpartum depression. Overall black mothers were less likely to report stigma associated with postpartum depression therapies. In adjusted models, black women versus white women remained less likely to accept prescription medication for postpartum depression (OR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.24-0.72) and stigma did not explain this difference. Conclusions Although treatment stigma is associated with lower postpartum depression treatment acceptance, stigma does not explain the lower levels of postpartum depression treatment acceptance among black women. More research is needed to understand treatment barriers for postpartum depression, especially among black women., Author(s): Susan Bodnar-Deren [sup.1] , E. K. T. Benn [sup.2] [sup.4] , Amy Balbierz [sup.2] , E. A. Howell [sup.2] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Sociology and Institute of [...]

OBJECTIVES: To determine among rural-dwelling on-reserve Saskatchewan First Nations people whether racial discrimination is associated with depression, and in turn, if this relationship is moderated by gender. METHODS: As a component of a community-based participatory research project, a cross-sectional, interviewer-administered survey of 874 adults living on 2 Cree First Nation reserves in rural north-central Saskatchewan was conducted during May-August in 2012 and 2013. Self-reported, health-provider diagnosis of depression was the dependent variable and experiences of interpersonal racial discrimination was the primary exposure. Chi-square and multiple logistic regression were the main analytic techniques. Generalized estimating equations were applied to account for clustering within households. RESULTS: Overall, 64% of participants reported being treated unfairly in 1 or more situations because of their ethnicity; 38% indicated discrimination occurring in 3 or more situations. Nineteen percent reported a diagnosis of depression. Adjusted analyses indicated that compared to those with no experience of racial discrimination, those reporting 1-2 and 3 or more situations were 1.77 times (95% CI: 1.06-2.95) and 1.91 times (95% CI: 1.19- 3.04) more likely to have diagnosed depression respectively. The relationship between racial discrimination and depression was not modified by gender, although women were 1.85 times (95% CI: 1.24-2.76) more likely to report depression than men. CONCLUSION: Interpersonal racial discrimination was associated with depression among First Nations women and men in rural Saskatchewan. Research directed at identifying the most efficacious interventions, programs and policies to combat racism is required to advance the goal of health equity. KEY WORDS: Racial discrimination; First Nations; depression OBJECTIFS : Determiner, chez les membres des Premieres Nations de la Saskatchewan vivant dans des reserves en zone rurale, si la discrimination raciale est associee a la depression et si, en retour, cette relation est modulee par le sexe. METHODE : Dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche participative communautaire, nous avons mene une enquete transversale administree par un intervieweur aupres de 874 adultes vivant dans deux reserves de la Premiere Nation crie dans le centre-nord rural de la Saskatchewan entre mai et aout en 2012 et en 2013. La variable dependante etait un diagnostic de depression autodeclare pose par un dispensateur de soins de sante, et l'exposition directe etait l'experience de la discrimination raciale interpersonnelle. Nos principales techniques etaient l'analyse du khi-carre et l'analyse de regression logistique multiple. Nous avons applique des equations d'estimation generalisees pour tenir compte des regroupements au sein des menages. RESULTATS : Dans l'ensemble, 64% des participants ont declare avoir ete traites injustement dans une situation ou plus en raison de leur ethnicite; 38% ont fait etat de discrimination dans trois situations ou plus. Dix-neuf p. cent ont dit avoir un diagnostic de depression. Les analyses ajustees ont indique que comparativement aux repondants n'ayant aucune experience de discrimination raciale, ceux qui ont declare une ou deux situations et trois situations ou plus etaient 1,77 fois (IC de 95% : 1,06-2,95) et 1,91 fois (IC de 95% : 1,19-3,04) plus susceptibles d'avoir un diagnostic de depression, respectivement. La relation entre la discrimination raciale et la depression n'etait pas modulee par le sexe, mais les femmes etaient 1,85 fois (IC de 95% : 1,24-2,76) plus susceptibles de declarer un diagnostic de depression que les hommes. CONCLUSION : La discrimination raciale interpersonnelle etait associee a la depression chez les femmes et les hommes des Premieres nations vivant en zone rurale en Saskatchewan. Pour atteindre l'objectif de l'equite en sante, il faut faire de la recherche pour determiner quels sont les interventions, les programmes et les politiques les plus efficaces pour combattre le racisme. MOTS CLES : discrimination raciale; Premieres Nations; depression, Racial discrimination is increasingly recognized within the population health literature as an important determinant of health inequities. Different levels of racial discrimination exist, ranging from structural to interpersonal, the latter [...]

Objectives To examine correlates of lifetime mental health services (MHS) use among pregnant women reporting prenatal depressive symptoms by race/ethnicity. Methods This cross-sectional population-based study included 81,910 pregnant women with prenatal depressive symptoms using data from the Florida Healthy Start prenatal screening program (2008-2012). Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to ascertain adjusted odds ratios and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals for racial/ethnic differences in the correlates of lifetime MHS use. Results Findings of this study revealed racial/ethnic differences in MHS use among women with prenatal depressive symptoms, the highest rates being among non-Hispanic Whites and the lowest rates among Mexicans and other Hispanics. Most need for care factors, including illness, tobacco use, and physical or emotional abuse, consistently predicted MHS use across racial/ethnic groups after adjusting for covariates. Adjusted associations between predisposing and enabling/restricting factors and MHS use were different for different racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions Racial/ethnic differences in MHS use were found, with pregnant Hispanic women reporting prenatal depressive symptoms being the least likely to use MHS. Our study findings have significant public health implications for targeted intervention for pregnant women with prenatal depressive symptoms., Author(s): Jen Jen Chang[sup.1] , Maya Tabet[sup.1] , Keith Elder[sup.2] , Deborah W. Kiel[sup.3] , Louise H. Flick[sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Epidemiology, Saint Louis University College for Public [...]

Religious and ethnic minorities often face partisan treatment with regard to provision of public goods. This may be due to discriminatory practices or historical antecedents, like caste divides in India. We measure access to public goods in eleven districts of West Bengal in India where rural concentration of religious minorities, namely Muslims is higher than the state and country-level averages. We look at the contemporary socio-economic conditions of religious minorities in the state and the outcome regarding access to public good. The evidence as presented in this paper is based on cross-section data collected between Censuses of India. This is unavailable in the extant literature. Our unit of analysis for the econometric exercise is the village. We calculated average values of the relevant variables for each village from household responses, and the aggregate village level information from the village survey data. To this end, we adopted a stratified multistage sampling design in which households are the targeted sampling units chosen from rural areas only. The first stage units are the 2001 Census villages constituting the primary sampling units. The development blocks as comprising of Census villages have been classified into three strata on the basis of the percentage of Muslim population. Subsequently, using Generalized Linear Models we find evidence of strong horizontal inequality against Muslims in terms of access to public goods. We estimated the access to targeted and non-targeted public goods such as drinking water, distance to hospitals, distance and quality of educational facilities, transport, condition of roads, etc, based on the level of concentration of Muslim population. We use percentage of Muslim population at the village level and the highest concentration dummy as key explanatory variables. Provision of public goods seems to have a negative relation with the rise in concentration of minority population. Further, to decompose the outcome variables in terms of explained (viz. education and occupation) and unexplained (viz. discrimination) variations, we use Blinder-Oaxaca technique. In particular, the minority population in concentrated districts face poorer access to infrastructure, health and transport facilities. As policy, the district level plans need to address deficits in identifiable pockets of underdevelopment with respect to some of the variables discussed here. Moreover, the persistence of information gaps and poor implementation of policies in several parts, including the region under study, despite elaborate decentralization of governance in the country needs to be addressed from institutional perspectives in future analyses. JEL Classifications: H41, H51, J15, O18, I31 Keywords: Religious minorities, public good, land holdings, Generalized Linear Models, India Corresponding Author's Email Address:saibal@cssscal.org, INTRODUCTION Religious minorities in India are defined on the basis of the National Commission of Minorities Act, 1992. This includes Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists and Zoroastrians (Parsis). (2) It is [...]

OBJECTIVES: 1) To examine associations between racial discrimination and drug problems among urban-based Aboriginal adults; and 2) to determine whether these associations are best explained by symptoms of psychological stress, distress or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Data were collected through in-person surveys with a community-based sample of Aboriginal adults (N = 372) living in a mid-sized city in western Canada in 2010. Associations were examined using bootstrapped linear regression models adjusted for confounders, with continuous prescription and illicit drug problem scores as outcomes. Mediation was examined using the cross-products of coefficients method. RESULTS: More than 80% of Aboriginal adults had experienced racial discrimination in the past year, with the majority reporting high levels in that period. Past-year discrimination was a risk factor for PTSD symptoms and prescription drug problems in models adjusted for confounders and other forms of psychological trauma. In mediation models, PTSD symptoms explained the association between discrimination and prescription drug problems; psychological stress and distress did not. PTSD symptoms also explained this association when the covariance between mediators was controlled. The results also indicate that participation in Aboriginal cultural traditions was associated with increased discrimination. CONCLUSIONS: Most efforts to address Aboriginal health inequities in Canada have focused on the role Aboriginal people play in these disparities. The current findings combine with others to call for an expanded focus. Non-Aboriginal Canadians may also play a role in the health inequities observed. The findings of this study suggest efforts to reduce discrimination experienced by Aboriginal adults in cities may reduce PTSD symptomology and prescription drug problems in these populations. Key words: Aboriginal; racial discrimination; prescription drugs; posttraumatic stress; Canada Can J Public Health 2015;106(6):e382-e387 doi: 10.17269/CJPH.106.4979 OBJECTIFS: 1) Examiner les associations entre la discrimination raciale et les problemes de toxicomanie chez les adultes autochtones en milieu urbain; et 2) determiner si ces associations s'expliquent mieux par les symptomes du stress psychologique, de la detresse ou de l'etat de stress post-traumatique (ESPT). METHODE: Les donnees ont ete recueillies au moyen de questionnaires administres en personne aupres d'un echantillon communautaire d'adultes autochtones (N = 371) vivant dans une ville de taille moyenne de l'Ouest canadien en 2010. Les associations ont ete examinees a l'aide de modeles de regression lineaire avec reechantillonnage (bootstrap) ajustes en fonction de facteurs confusionnels, les resultats etant les notes obtenues par rapport aux ordonnances continues de medicaments et aux abus de drogues illicites. Nous avons examine la mediation a l'aide des produits croises de la methode des coefficients. RESULTATS: Plus de 80 % des adultes autochtones avaient subi de la discrimination raciale au cours de l'annee anterieure, la majorite indiquant des niveaux eleves de discrimination durant cette periode. La discrimination au cours de l'annee anterieure etait un facteur de risque pour les symptomes d'ESPT et les abus de medicaments sur ordonnance dans les modeles ajustes en fonction des facteurs confusionnels et d'autres formes de traumatisme psychologique. Dans les modeles de mediation, les symptomes d'ESPT expliquaient l'association entre la discrimination et l'abus de medicaments sur ordonnance; le stress psychologique et la detresse ne l'expliquaient pas. Les symptomes d'ESPT expliquaient aussi cette association apres ajustement pour tenir compte de la covariance entre les mediateurs. Les resultats montrent egalement que la participation aux traditions culturelles autochtones etait associee a une discrimination accrue. CONCLUSION: La plupart des efforts pour aborder les iniquites en sante chez les Autochtones du Canada portent sur le role joue par les Autochtones dans ces disparites. Nos constatations, combinees a celles d'autres chercheurs, justifient un elargissement de cette perspective. Les Canadiens non autochtones pourraient aussi jouer un role dans les iniquites en sante observees. Les constatations de notre etude indiquent que des efforts pour reduire la discrimination vecue par les adultes autochtones dans les villes pourraient reduire les symptomes d'ESPT et les abus de medicaments sur ordonnance dans ces populations. MOTS CLES: Indiens d'Amerique nord; discrimination raciale; medicaments sur ordonnance; stress post-traumatique; Canada, Aboriginal peoples experience a disproportionate burden of drug problems with serious implications for health. (1,2) To date, we do not have a common understanding of the determinants underlying these disparities. [...]

After serving as a law clerk first for Skelly Wright and then--with the assistance of Judge Wright I am sure--for Justice Thurgood Marshall, I worked for four years as a [...]

Admission practices of medical schools have long intrigued scholars. Restrictions on Jews and other minorities are known to have existed, but few studies explore these policies. Using statistics from one university, this paper addresses that gap, providing a methodological example for future exploration of educational discrimination. Queen's University Archives holds the registration cards of all medical students admitted over 150 years. Until the class of 1980, students were required to state 'religious denomination.' Information on 4,173 medical registrants was entered into a computerized database. Interviews with alumni brought findings into the present. Results were correlated with policies described in the Minutes of the Faculty and the University/ Senate and Board of Trustees. The study reveals at least three definite periods of restricted entry for blacks, Jews, women, and others that persisted into the 1990s. Results are situated within the dramatic conflicts and social change across the twentieth-century. Keywords: medical education: Jews: race: discrimination Les erudits out eu depuis longtemps de la curiosite sur les pratiques d'admission dans les facultes de medecine. C 'est un fait etabli qu 77 y a deja eu des restrictions pour les Juifs et autres minorites mais il y a pen de recherches qui examinent ces politiques. A partir des statistiques d'une universite, nous teutons de combier ce vide en presentant un exemple methodologique dont on pourra se servir pour etudier d'autres occurences de discrimination an niveau de l'enseignement. Les archives de l'universite Queen's ont conserve les fiches d'inscription de tons les etudiants admis a la faculte de medecine depuis au-dela de 150 ans. Jusqu'en 1980, les etudiants se devaient de reveler leur <>. Nous avons compile les renseignements de 4 173 etudiants sur line base de donnees informatisee. Des entrevues avec des anciens eleves amenerent les conclusions dans le present. Ces resultats furent ensuite mis en correlation avec les politiques decrites dans les proces-verbaux des reunions des Facultes et du Senat et du Conseil d'administration de Funiversite. Nous avons decele an moins trois phases distinctes ou l'on a restreint l'admission pour les Noirs, les Juifs, les femmes et d'autres groupes. Cette pratique a perdure jusque dans les annees 1990. Les conclusions se placent a l'interieur des conflits dramatiques et des transformations sociales a trovers le vingtieme siecle. Mots-cles : education medicale : Juifs ; race ; discrimination, In 1912, four Canadian Jews--one from Ottawa, one from Montreal and two from Toronto--went to the House of Commons in Ottawa to argue that Queen's University, located in Kingston, Ontario, [...]

INTRODUCTION Immigration from former colonies in North and sub-Saharan Africa has had a significant effect on France's demographic composition. That nation now has the largest Muslim population in Europe and [...]

Introduction and summary The large and persistent gap in economic status between blacks and whites in the United States has been a topic of considerable interest among social scientists and [...]