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Introduction: With the shortage of freshwater resources, the use of other available sources such as seas and oceans has increased, and new technologies in the field of desalination and treatment of saline waters have gained attention. The territorial waters of the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf have created strong potential for the establishment of desalination plants for various uses in Iran. The sustainable development of desalination units requires adherence to environmental standards to prevent the increase of pollutants in the effluent. The Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) Method is a way to organize, analyze, and present the results of a comprehensive environmental assessment. The present study aimed to identify the positive and negative effects resulting from the operation of the Chabahar desalination plant during the operational phase on four environmental components (biological-ecological, physical-chemical, economic-operational, and social-cultural).Materials and Methods: After identifying the various phases of the project through library studies and gathering information from different sources, the components and elements of the environment in the affected area were examined and identified, categorized into four physical-chemical, biological-ecological, social-cultural, and economic-operational environments. Then, the effects of the Chabahar desalination plant's activities were assessed using RIAM during the operational phase. To this end, after identifying the various phases of this industrial unit, four components were identified and examined. The use of these four categories can serve as a suitable tool for environmental impact assessment studies, as it seems that each category can have subcategories for identifying environmental components, allowing for a more detailed and better analysis of the project's effects on different sectors. After the environmental components affected by the available options have been scored, the final score obtained indicates the environmental status of the project's activities.Results: The results showed that the most destructive consequences, with a score of -108, were related to the physical-chemical environment, while the most positive effects, with a score of +84, were in the social-cultural environment. In the physical-chemical environment section, this project has significant negative impacts on the region's environment. Given the project's proximity to the Sea of Oman and coral islands that host unique species and valuable ecosystem services, it is necessary to evaluate strategies to eliminate the negative effects resulting from changes in water quality and to minimize them. In the biological-ecological section, the most significant negative effects are on the fauna. The Chabahar desalination plant, in its operational phase, has 11 positive effects and 9 negative effects. Considering that this complex is a significant source of drinking water for the region and has meaningful positive impacts in the economic and social sectors, the continuation of its activities is permissible as long as environmental protection measures are observed. Discussion: It is necessary to reduce the intensity of their effects by implementing corrective actions and monitoring environmental parameters at the wastewater disposal site, as well as continuously measuring the output pollutants in the surrounding environment and comparing them with national and international standards. The positive effects, due to being categorized as having very little change or positive effect, little change or positive effect, and change or positive effect, indicate the preference for carrying out the project over not doing it.

The aim of this study is to conduct sustainability metrics for asphalt mix partially replaced by Jordanian Oil Shale Ash (OSA). Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) tool was applied to assess the environmental impact in an attempt to figure out the negative effects of using OSA in asphalt mix and to find the appropriate remediation action of these effects. Analysis of RIAM's results indicated that using Jordanian OSA in asphalt mix will cause major positive impact resulting from Economical/Operational (EO) changes. The majority of the impacts are of class N. No negative impact on human health is expected. The Sociological/Cultural (SC) components such as the population growth and the aesthetic characteristics of the area are positively affected by the utilization of OSA-based asphalt mix. Only one negative impact is found for the Biological/Ecological (BE) category, which needs imperative attention in term of mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hospital is a health care organization that provides services to treat the patient with specialized medical personnel, nursing staff with medicine, equipment and offers lifestyles-saving services to human beings. The hospital waste generated during the epidemic diseases like novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has led to an extra burden on the hospitals to control illness and significantly accelerated the biomedical waste generation rate. The abrupt spread of the COVID-19 virus has resulted in a significant increase in bio-medical waste, which has worsened the problem of medical waste management in India. In this study, the RIAM technique and sustainability model analysis the severity of COVID-19 on hospitals and compares the waste management practices of various hospitals before and during COVID-19. In addition, for comparing purposes, the environmental performance index is used in conjunction with RIAM scores. The Hospital "G" chosen as the most viable sustainability option during COVID-19, while Hospital "E" chosen as the most sustainable hospital in times prior to the COVID-19. The K Hospital is ranked worst of the hospitals surveyed in both before and during COVID-19. Only a few hospitals follow the biomedical waste management rules and COVID-19 guidelines for safe BMW management and the hospitals exert an extra load of waste due to epidemic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research addresses the global challenge of waste management (WM) by comparing landfill management practices in Poland (Radiowo landfill) and Indonesia (Kebon Kongok landfill) to define the differences in landfill WM systems and analyse the main challenges in implementing effective landfill management WM systems in Poland and Indonesia. The data was analysed by employing the rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM). The analysis focused on three critical areas: gas management, leachate management and landfill reclamation. The results showed that the Polish landfill demonstrated high efficacy, particularly in leachate management with water quality impact (96), gas emissions control with methane extraction (96) and site reclamation for site restoration (96). For these purposes, the landfill uses advanced leachate treatment technologies and drainage systems. Conversely, Indonesian landfill practices show severe inefficiencies, with negative scores in almost all sectors. The lowest score was in leachate management with water quality impact (-48), gas emissions with air quality impact (-48) and site reclamation in community space development (-48). The study contributes to the sustainable waste management discourse, providing actionable insights for policymakers and environmental managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Talin (herein referring to the talin-1 form), is a cytoskeletal adapter protein that binds integrin receptors and F-actin, and is a key factor in the formation and regulation of integrin-dependent cell-matrix adhesions. Talin forms the mechanical link between the cytoplasmic domain of integrins and the actin cytoskeleton. Through this linkage, talin is at the origin of mechanosignaling occurring at the plasma membrane-cytoskeleton interface. Despite its central position, talin is not able to fulfill its tasks alone, but requires help from kindlin and paxillin to detect and transform the mechanical tension along the integrin-talin-F-actin axis into intracellular signaling. The talin head forms a classical FERM domain, which is required to bind and regulate the conformation of the integrin receptor, as well as to induce intracellular force sensing. The FERM domain allows the strategic positioning of protein-protein and protein-lipid interfaces, including the membrane-binding and integrin affinityregulating F1 loop, as well as the interaction with lipid-anchored Rap1 (Rap1a and Rap1b in mammals) GTPase. Here, we summarize the structural and regulatory features of talin and explain how it regulates cell adhesion and force transmission, as well as intracellular signaling at integrin-containing cell-matrix attachment sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leukocytes, the leading players of immune system, are involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. Leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells during transmigration or to antigen presenting cells during T cell activation, requires integrin activation through a process termed inside-out integrin signaling. In hematopoietic cells, Rap1 and its downstream effector RIAM (Rap1-interacting adaptor molecule) form a cornerstone for inside-out integrin activation. The Rap1/RIAM pathway is involved in signal integration for activation, actin remodeling and cytoskeletal reorganization in T cells, as well as in myeloid cell differentiation and function. RIAM is instrumental for phagocytosis, a process requiring particle recognition, cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane protrusion for engulfment and digestion. In the present review, we discuss the structural and molecular properties of RIAM and the recent discoveries regarding the functional role of the Rap1/RIAM module in hematopoietic cells.

Activation of the integrin phagocytic receptors CR3 (αMβ2, CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (αXβ2, CD11c/CD18) requires Rap1 activation and RIAM function. RIAM controls integrin activation by recruiting Talin to β2 subunits, enabling the TalinVinculin interaction, which in term bridges integrins to the actin-cytoskeleton. RIAM also recruits VASP to phagocytic cups and facilitates VASP phosphorylation and function promoting particle internalization. Using a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout approach, we have analyzed the requirement for RIAM, VASP and Vinculin expression in neutrophilic-HL-60 cells. All knockout cells displayed abolished phagocytosis that was accompanied by a significant and specific reduction in ITGAM (αM), ITGAX (αX) and ITGB2 (β2) mRNA, as revealed by RT-qPCR. RIAM, VASP and Vinculin KOs presented reduced cellular F-actin content that correlated with αM expression, as treatment with the actin filament polymerizing and stabilizing drug jasplakinolide, partially restored αM expression. In general, the expression of αX was less responsive to jasplakinolide treatment than αM, indicating that regulatory mechanisms independent of F-actin content may be involved. The Serum Response Factor (SRF) was investigated as the potential transcription factor controlling αMβ2 expression, since its coactivator MRTF-A requires actin polymerization to induce transcription. Immunofluorescent MRTF-A localization in parental cells was primarily nuclear, while in knockouts it exhibited a diffuse cytoplasmic pattern. Localization of FHL-2 (SRF corepressor) was mainly sub-membranous in parental HL-60 cells, but in knockouts the localization was disperse in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, suggesting RIAM, VASP and Vinculin are required to maintain FHL-2 close to cytoplasmic membranes, reducing its nuclear localization and inhibiting its corepressor activity. Finally, reexpression of VASP in the VASP knockout resulted in a complete reversion of the phenotype, as knock-ins restored aM expression. Taken together, our results suggest that RIAM, VASP and Vinculin, are necessary for the correct expression of αMβ2 and aXβ2 during neutrophilic differentiation in the human promyelocytic HL-60 cell line, and strongly point to an involvement of these proteins in the acquisition of a phagocytic phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eutrophication, coupled with ocean acidification and warming, results in an increased concentration of marine algae, severely impacting some regions. Several algae are a rich source of protein and minerals. Marine algae are rich in bioactive molecules with antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and antimicrobial properties. These properties make them attractive for usage in the pharmaceutical industry. This study evaluated Sargassum sp., Spirulina sp., and Gracilaria sp. for use as poultry feed. Chemical analyses show that crude protein (CP) in analyzed algae was 9.07–63.63%, with a fiber content of 0.15–17.20%, and a crude fat range of 0.152–2.11%, suggesting that algae can partially substitute imported protein sources used for poultry feed. A rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) was used to assess the environmental footprint of algae usage in poultry feed. The environmental assessment results show promising opportunities to help harvest the algae from the marine area. However, the feasibility of establishing outdoor algal ponds is not environmentally viable in the Middle East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in humans and are critical for innate immunity and inflammation. Integrins are critical for neutrophil functions, especially for their recruitment to sites of inflammation or infections. Integrin conformational changes during activation have been heavily investigated but are still not fully understood. Many regulators, such as talin, Rap1-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM), Rap1, and kindlin, are critical for integrin activation and might be potential targets for integrin-regulating drugs in treating inflammatory diseases. In this review, we outline integrin activation regulators in neutrophils with a focus on the above critical regulators, as well as newly discovered modulators that are involved in integrin activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, problems of treating wastewater spent caustic produced by refinery units with high toxic compounds and chemical oxygen demand (COD) become concerns of many managers of these industries and environmental experts. Hence, emission without application of treatment methods will have adverse environmental impacts. In this study, two direct acid neutralization (DAN) and wet air oxidation (WAO) processes were selected to treatment the wastewater of the Bandar Abbas oil refinery in southern Iran. The aim was to reduce COD and harmful substances, compare the two methods, optimize processes, and evaluate their performance. Experimental experiments were performed in a reactor system with different input variables related to two different methods. Parameter optimization was performed based on Box-Behnken (BBD) method and Design Expert software. The analysis of the results based on statistical methods and response procedure diagrams was used to evaluate the status of COD changes to the parameters. The best operating conditions of temperature, pressure, residence time, and stoichiometric coefficient of air were 148.269 °C, 15.716 bar, 3.563 h, and 8.415 l/h respectively in WAO with 68% reduction in COD, and for DAN process, temperature, pH, and agitation speed were 30.082 °C, 2.008, and 203.672 rpm, respectively, with 43% reduction in COD. Results of rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) showed that WAO process with a higher score is a more environmentally friendly method and DAN process has been considered by experts due to its popularity, ease of testing, less equipment requirements, and lower cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to determine positive and negative impacts of Sepid-Farab Kavir steel (SKS) complex development plan and to propose suitable managerial strategies by a combined method involving Leopold matrix and Rapid Impact Assessment matrix (RIAM). The SKS complex is located in Aran-Bidgol city, Isfahan, Iran. Two scenarios of project implementation and project cancellation were formulated for SKS complex development plan, which has two sub-phases: construction and operation Using Leopold and RIAM matrices, the direct and indirect impacts of the project on the study area was investigated. The impact analysis for project cancellation scenario showed that the obtained scores of construction and operation phases were -119 and -52, respectively. Also, for project implementation scenario, the obtained scores of construction and operation phases were + 302 and + 382, respectively. The number of positive impacts in the implementation and cancellation scenarios were 354 and 48, respectively, and the number of negative impacts in implementation and cancellation scenarios were 270 and 127, respectively. Also, comparison of positive and negative impacts frequency in the two scenarios, and in the two sub-phases, in RIAM indicated the project implementation will have positive impacts in social-cultural and economic-operational aspects compared to option of prevention, especially in operation phase. The results of environmental impact assessment of the mentioned project indicated the superiority of positive impacts over the negative ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Utilizing renewable energies is one of the most effective ways to deal with environmental pollution resulting from fossil fuel power plants. Renewable energy sources are considered as clean energy sources, but some of these power plants may change the ecosystem of the region and disturb the ecological balance. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the environmental impacts of renewable energy (solar-wind) in Salafchegan- Zwaryan Special Economic Zone using the Iranian matrix and rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM). Material and methods: In this research, basic information of the area was collected and factors affecting the development of solar and wind power plants were studied based on the internet search and field observation. According to these studies, the potential environmental impacts of the implementation of renewable power projects on the physical, biological and social, economic and cultural environments were determined. These impacts were separately predicted in construction and operation phases using the Iranian matrix method and the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM). The Iranian matrix and RIAM, considering the effects of project implementation in both the construction and operation phases on the environmental components, are applied methods for environmental impact assessment in Iran. Results and discussion: The results from the Iranian Leopold and RIAM indicated that in the renewable power plant construction and operation phases, the most important positive consequence in the physical environment was related to surface water quantity and the economic, social and cultural environment associated with employment and salary. The most important negative consequences in the physical environment were related to the weather and sound quality in the biological environment related to wildlife coverage and in the social- economical-cultural environment related to perspectives and antiquities. Also, the most negative impact was related to waste and effluents, wastes disposal, risks, and hazards. Also, the most positive impact was energy supply and consumption, green space, land earning, and human resources. It should be noted that the construction phase of such projects was short and would be considered as a long-term investment for future uses. Conclusion: According to the results of both matrices, the construction of solar and wind power plants, regarding the least negative consequences on the various components of the environment, was chosen as the most favorable management option, and without providing a solution, the project performance was confirmed.

Abstract Background and Aim: Major Dam construction projects have increased due to widespread climate change, as a result of increased drought, human population growth and, consequently, increased global demand for energy and water. However, without comprehensive research, a large project such as a dam will have many irreversible and unpredictable effects on the environment. In this paper, the environmental impacts of Eyvashan dam in two phases of construction and exploitation on biological, physical-chemical, economic-social, cultural and strategic environments have been identified and studied. Materials and Methods: In the study of the environmental impact assessment of the Eyvashan dam with regard to development and evolution, as well as the abundant use of matrices in construction projects, the modified Leopold matrix method and the rapid impact assessment matrix have been used. The field survey and questionnaire were used to evaluate the construction and operation activities on the environmental components. Results: The results showed that the most negative effects in both construction and utilization phases were in both Leopold modified matrix and the rapid impact assessment matrix related to the physical-chemical environment and the most positive effects of the socio-economic environment for both phases. Conclusion: By comparing the many positive effects of construction and exploitation of the dam in terms of socio-economic status, the construction of the dam can be considered as an appropriate alternative to the physical-chemical negative effects. Also, in the results of both matrices, there was a very suitable adaptation matrix that can confirm the accuracy of the results in the environmental assessment of the Eyvashan dam in two stages of construction and operation.

The current situation of world’s environmental issues, indicates that not only the man-made environmental damages have not been diminished, but also has given rise to more acute issues such as water and soil pollution, biodiversity loss, ozone depletion, greenhouse phenomena, etc. One of the most prominent effects of urban development on environmental problems caused by solid waste generated in urban areas. Transportation and disposal of wastes are directly connected to public health, and pollution of water, soil and air. Municipal solid waste transfer stations play an important role in waste management systems; however, they have been practically disregarded in most developing countries. Environmental impacts of solid waste transfer station (SWTS) for the relevant options in the north west of Tehran city is the main focus of this study. Environmental impact assessment of these options was performed using two methods: rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) and Iranian Leopold matrix (modified Leopold matrix). The rapid impact assessment matrix method provides fast and accurate ways of analysis and reanalysis of specified components. Iranian Leopold matrix chiefly is used for the reorganization of the project impacts in both the building and operation stages. Indoor loading/unloading with establishment of green space around the SWTS was found to be the most pragmatically beneficial option, based on the obtained results from Iranian Leopold and Rapid Impact Assessment Matrices.

β2 integrins mediate key processes during leukocyte trafficking. Upon leukocyte activation, the structurally bent β2 integrins change their conformation towards an extended, intermediate and eventually high affinity conformation, which mediate slow leukocyte rolling and firm arrest, respectively. Translocation of talin1 to integrin adhesion sites by interactions with the small GTPase Rap1 and the Rap1 effector Riam precede these processes. Using Rap1 binding mutant talin1 and Riam deficient mice we show a strong Riam-dependent T cell homing process to lymph nodes in adoptive transfer experiments and by intravital microscopy. Moreover, neutrophils from compound mutant mice exhibit strongly increased rolling velocities to inflamed cremaster muscle venules compared to single mutants. Using Hoxb8 cell derived neutrophils generated from the mutant mouse strains, we show that both pathways regulate leukocyte rolling and adhesion synergistically by inducing conformational changes of the β2 integrin ectodomain. Importantly, a simultaneous loss of both pathways results in a rolling phenotype similar to talin1 deficient neutrophils suggesting that β2 integrin regulation primarily occurs via these two pathways.

β2 integrins mediate key processes during leukocyte trafficking. Upon leukocyte activation, the structurally bent β2 integrins change their conformation towards an extended, intermediate and eventually high affinity conformation, which mediate slow leukocyte rolling and firm arrest, respectively. Translocation of talin1 to integrin adhesion sites by interactions with the small GTPase Rap1 and the Rap1 effector Riam precede these processes. Using Rap1 binding mutant talin1 and Riam deficient mice we show a strong Riam-dependent T cell homing process to lymph nodes in adoptive transfer experiments and by intravital microscopy. Moreover, neutrophils from compound mutant mice exhibit strongly increased rolling velocities to inflamed cremaster muscle venules compared to single mutants. Using Hoxb8 cell derived neutrophils generated from the mutant mouse strains, we show that both pathways regulate leukocyte rolling and adhesion synergistically by inducing conformational changes of the β2 integrin ectodomain. Importantly, a simultaneous loss of both pathways results in a rolling phenotype similar to talin1 deficient neutrophils suggesting that β2 integrin regulation primarily occurs via these two pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An environmental impact assessment (EIA) tool is used to assess any proposed development activity. It is beneficial for a detailed study of large projects, but less feasible for quick assessments of a smaller project. The rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) serves the purpose of quick quantitative assessments of any project. In this study, the RIAM technique used to assess waste management practices of various hospitals in the city of Prayagraj, India. Based on RIAM scores, the level and nature of the sustainability of waste management practices in hospitals are checked by the model of sustainability. In addition, the environmental performance index (EPI) is applied with RIAM scores for comparative study. Hospital "A" was ranked as the most promising sustainability option, with sustainability value (S-value) of 0.2815 and EPI of 211.921, indicating good sustainability. Strict abidance to rules and regulations and regular monitoring is needed to substantially improve waste management in hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marginalization is one of the consequences of economic and social crises in Iran during recent years, which has caused many problems on the margin of large cities such as Tehran. Lack of living standards, as well as urban management supervision, have caused environmental problems to be one of the damages of these areas to its inhabitants and surrounding urban areas. Environmental degradations in this area attract a great deal of attention. In this field study, we have tried to assess the environmental impacts of marginalization by studying the environmental degradation effects of marginalization on the edge of District 19 of Tehran. In the first step, visits and preparation of field questionnaires were carried out in order to investigate and document the situation in the region. Then, using the results and in the form of 26 environmental indicators, the RIAM model was used to assess environmental impacts and to study the severity of their effects in the marginal zone. According to the results of the research, major environmental problems include surface water control systems’ low quality, surface sewage discharges, inappropriate management of municipal waste, unpleasant smell and the presence of sludge in the neighborhood.

Landfill site selection is one of the important steps in the management of municipal solid waste. Due to the detrimental environmental, economic, and ecological effects of landfill site selection, site selection must be done carefully and scientifically. This study aimed at finding the optimal site selection for a municipal landfill in Kerman City that has the least risk in the environment and is economically optimal. At first, the effective criteria were identified and quantified by fuzzy method. Then, the weight of criteria was also determined by analytic network process. Combination of multi-criteria decision-making method and geographic information system was used to analyze data. Then, using environmental impact assessment method, the selected landfill from aspects such as physical and chemical; biological and ecological; sociological and cultural; and economic and operational components were investigated at two stages of construction and operation. The results of multi-criteria decision-making showed that 1.86% of the land area had a high capability for landfill and 19.06% of the area had no capability. Finally, in the field study, three sites were selected because of their greater area, lower slope, and the proximity to the city as the best options for landfill through field survey. Of these three options, site 1 has a higher priority due to its better distance, greater area than the other two sites, and reduction in landfill transport costs. Also, environmental impact assessment of the selected landfill (option 1) showed that, in general, the negative impacts on the environment at the operation stage due to being in the group of very low and low impacts do not have much intensity of action, and this is due to the desired environmental conditions of the selected landfill for construction of a sanitary landfill. The research findings and field observations also showed that the weighted linear combination method and its integration with analytic network process technique have the flexibility and high potential for model decision-making and implementation and provided more accurate and objective results. Moreover, it is more reliable than other methods including analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy and can be used elsewhere to select the best landfill site selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of cell-cell and cell-extracellular adhesion enabled cells to interact in a coherent manner, forming larger structures and giving rise to the development of tissues, organs and complex multicellular life forms. The development of such organisms required tight regulation of dynamic adhesive structures by signaling pathways that coordinate cell attachment. Integrin-mediated adhesion to the extracellular matrix provides cells with support, survival signals and context-dependent cues that enable cells to run different cellular programs. One mysterious aspect of the process is how hundreds of proteins assemble seemingly spontaneously onto the activated integrin. An emerging concept is that adhesion assembly is regulated by autoinhibition of key proteins, a highly dynamic event that is modulated by a variety of signaling events. By enabling precise control of the activation state of proteins, autoinhibition enables localization of inactive proteins and the formation of pre-complexes. In response to the correct signals, these proteins become active and interact with other proteins, ultimately leading to development of cell-matrix junctions. Autoinhibition of key components of such adhesion complexes—including core components integrin, talin, vinculin, and FAK and important peripheral regulators such as RIAM, Src, and DLC1—leads to a view that the majority of proteins involved in complex assembly might be regulated by intramolecular interactions. Autoinhibition is relieved via multiple different signals including post-translation modification and proteolysis. More recently, mechanical forces have been shown to stabilize and increase the lifetimes of active conformations, identifying autoinhibition as a means of encoding mechanosensitivity. The complexity and scope for nuanced adhesion dynamics facilitated via autoinhibition provides numerous points of regulation. In this review, we discuss what is known about this mode of regulation and how it leads to rapid and tightly controlled assembly and disassembly of cell-matrix adhesion.

Recruitment and tethering of talin to the plasma membrane initiate the process of integrin activation. Multiple factors including the Rap1 proteins, RIAM (also known as APBB1IP) and PIP2 bind talin proteins and have been proposed to regulate these processes, but not systematically analyzed. By expressing specific talin mutants into talin-null fibroblasts, we show that binding of the talin F0 domain to Rap1 synergizes with membrane lipid binding of the talin F2 domain during talin membrane targeting and integrin activation, whereas the interaction of the talin rod with RIAM was dispensable. We also characterized a second Rap1-binding site within the talin F1 domain by detailed NMR analysis. Interestingly, while talin F1 exhibited significantly weaker Rap1-binding affinity than talin F0, expression of a talin F1 Rap1-binding mutant inhibited cell adhesion, spreading, talin recruitment and integrin activation similarly to the talin F0Rap1-binding mutant. Moreover, the defects became significantly stronger when both Rap1-binding sites weremutated. In conclusion, our data suggest a model in which cooperative binding of Rap1 to the talin F0 and F1 domains synergizes with membrane PIP2 binding to spatiotemporally position and activate talins to regulate integrin activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) for waste disposal options to examine their impacts is of great importance. Rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) was used in this research to evaluate impacts of the four different MSW disposal scenarios in Abyaneh village which is one of the oldest villages in Iran, attracting numerous domestic and international tourists year-round. These scenarios, respectively, were open dumping (S1), sanitary landfilling (S2), composting, followed by sanitary landfilling of the residual wastes (S3) and recycling of inorganic wastes, composting of organic wastes, followed by sanitary landfilling of the residual wastes (S4). The existing MSW practice in Abyaneh (S1) was estimated to cause maximum negative effects on physical/chemical (PC), biological/ecological (BE), sociological/cultural (SC) and economical/operational (EO)components of the environment. Positive and negative values for scenarios 2-4, respectively, are (-475/+20), (-640/+129) and (-251/+41). Thus, according to the results, open dumping replacement priorities are, S4, S2 and S3 scenarios, respectively. Evaluating the potential sustainability of different project scenarios showed that scenario 4 and scenario 1, with the S-value equal to -0.552 and -0.786, respectively, had the most and least sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An environmental impact assessment is an assessment of the possible positive or negative impact that a proposed project may have on the environment, together consisting of the natural, social and economic aspects. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Masjid-I-Sulaiman desalination and operating unit’s project in the southern of Iran using Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) method is presented. The field is located between 32° 06' 53.60'' North and 40° 10' 54.18'' East, in the Masjid-I-Sulaiman area. It is planned to produce rate of 55,000 oil barrels per day. In this study, an attempt was made to identify and assess the likely key impacts of desalination and operating units in two phases: Construction and Operation. In the evaluation process, positive and negative environmental impacts of Masjid-I-Sulaiman desalination and operating units were assessed based on the results of multi-disciplinary team approach and the field survey data using RIAM method. In this regard, given that in today’s world for a closer look at the environmental impact of development projects and achieve a safer reply, using new implementation methods such as MCDM can be appropriate. The results of assessment reveal that the percent volumetric positive effects in alternative 1is more than percent volumetric negative impact on the second alternative, therefore the implementation of the project with some mitigation plans and monitoring program for the alternative 1 was chosen as a best option is accepted. Then on the basis of current evaluation suggest monitoring program and mitigation plans.

زمینه و هدف: دفن در انتهای سلسله مراتب دفع پسماند قرار دارد، ولی اجتناب کامل از آن امکان‌پذیر نیست. از طرفی دفن، هنوز معمول‌ترین روش برای دفع مواد زائد جامد است. در این میان ارزیابی اثرات محیط زیستی (EIA) به عنوان راهکاری جهت به حداقل رساندن اثرات منفی دارای اهمیت است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف چگونگی وضعیت محل دفن پسماند همدان انجام شد. روش‌کار:در این راستا ارزیابی اثرات محیط زیستی محل دفن پسماند همدان با روش ماتریس ارزیابی سریع اثرات محیط زیستی (RIAM) مبتنی بر بازدیدهای میدانی و جمع‌آوری اطلاعات از منابع متعدد در سال 1393 انجام پذیرفت و گزینه دفن حال حاضر همدان در روش ماتریس RIAM براساس اجزای محیط زیستی (فیزیکی- شیمیایی، بیولوژیکی- اکولوژیکی، اجتماعی- فرهنگی و اقتصادی- عملیاتی) انجام شد. یافته‌ ها:بر اساس نتایج مطالعه، گزینه ادامه روند کنونی دفن با امتیاز محیط‌ زیستی (ES) 1311- بیشترین اثرات منفی را داشت که بیشترین امتیاز منفی مربوط به اجزای فیزیکی- شیمیایی (768-) و کمترین امتیاز منفی مربوط به اجزای اجتماعی- فرهنگی (40-) به‌دست آمد. نتیجه‌گیری:ادامه دفن به شیوه کنونی از لحاظ بهداشتی غیر قابل قبول و ادامه روند کنونی با آسیب ‌های محیط‌ زیستی شدید همراه است.

There is a strong mutuality between tourism and environment via the creation of feedback mechanisms, since tourism often places adverse effects upon the quality and quantity of natural and cultural resources of the destination, leading to its qualitative and quantitative degradation. Within the Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA) studies, various methods have been proposed to assess and analyze the environmental impacts. The Rapid Impact Assessment Method (RIAM) has been used in the present study to assess and analyze the environmental impacts of Karun Dam IV touristic area. The outcome of the study indicates that the developments in tourism can have considerable negative effects on the physical and biological parameters in construction and utilization phases. For the optimum utilization of the resources and facilities of the area throughout the year, and the amelioration of social welfare of the inhabitants and their ability to enjoy the auspices of tourism development, the touristic- developmental activities besides the Karun Dam IV should take place by the observation of environmental management programs. This will lead to considerable positive effects in the Southwestern Zagros area.

زمینه و هدف: امروزه ارزیابی پیامدهای محیط‌زیستی، با توجه به مخاطرات جدی دفن نامناسب پسماندها در محیط‌زیست و جوامع انسانی، گزینه‌های گوناگونی را برای پیشبرد وضعیت مدیریتی پسماندها و کاهش پیامدهای منفی آنها ارائه می‌کند. هدف این پژوهش، استفاده از ماتریس‌ ایرانی و RIAM در ارزیابی پیامدهای محیط‌زیستی برای کاهش پیامدهای محیط‌زیستی محل دفن پسماند قائم‌شهر و ارائه گزینه‌های مناسب به منظور مدیریت کارآمد پسماند برای مسئولین ذی‌ربط این شهر بود. مواد و روش ها: در این مطالعه، موقعیت فعلی محل دفن پسماند شهری قائم‌شهر با ضوابط محیط‌زیستی محل‌های دفع پسماندهای عادی، مقایسه شدند. همچنین سه سناریوی الف) بازسازی بهداشتی محل دفن ب) بازسازی محل دفن به همراه استقرار کارخانه کمپوست ج) تغییر محل دفن فعلی و احداث یک لندفیل بهداشتی، از جنبه‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی، بیولوژیکی- اکولوژیکی، اقتصادی - اجتماعی و فرهنگی با دو روش ماتریس ارزیابی پیامد سریع (RIAM) و ماتریس اصلاح‌شده لئوپولد (ماتریس ایرانی) بررسی شدند. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان‌دهنده همخوان نبودن با ضوابط محیط‌زیستی محل‌های دفع پسماندهای عادی بود. همچنین نتایج RIAM و ماتریس لئوپولد در سناریوهای بازسازی بهداشتی محل دفن، بازسازی محل دفن به همراه استقرار کارخانه کمپوست، تغییر محل دفن و احداث یک لندفیل بهداشتی به ترتیب 793- و 26/2- ، 387- و 22/2- ، 69- و 76/0- به دست آمد. نتیجه‌ گیری: احداث مکان دفن بهداشتی (گزینه سوم) با توجه به بروز کمترین پیامدهای منفی بر اجزای گوناگون محیط‌زیست، به‌عنوان مطلوب‌ترین گزینه مدیریتی انتخاب شد. ضمن اینکه ادامه روند کنونی دفن حتی با اجرای طرح بهسازی نیز پیامدهای زیان‌بار محیط‌زیستی و بهداشتی به همراه دارد.

RAP1-interacting adapter molecule (RIAM) mediates RAP1-induced integrin activation. The RAS-association (RA) segment of the RA-PH module of RIAM interacts with GTP-bound RAP1 and phosphoinositol 4,5 bisphosphate but this interaction is inhibited by the N-terminal segment of RIAM. Here we report the structural basis for the autoinhibition of RIAM by an intramolecular interaction between the IN region (aa 27-93) and the RA-PH module. We solved the crystal structure of IN-RA-PH to a resolution of 2.4-Å. The structure reveals that the IN segment associates with the RA segment and thereby suppresses RIAM:RAP1 association. This autoinhibitory configuration of RIAM can be released by phosphorylation at Tyr45 in the IN segment. Specific inhibitors of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) blocked phosphorylation of Tyr45, inhibited stimulated translocation of RIAM to the plasma membrane, and inhibited integrin-mediated cell adhesion in a Tyr45-dependent fashion. Our results reveal an unusual regulatory mechanism in small GTPase signaling by which the effector molecule is autoinhibited for GTPase interaction, and a modality of integrin activation at the level of RIAM through a FAK-mediated feedforward mechanism that involves reversal of autoinhibition by a tyrosine kinase associated with integrin signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deva-Hunedoara conurbation is a bipolar structure located in central-western Romania composed of 49 settlements. It is located in the center of Hunedoara County. The long history of industrial activities in the area resulted in an abundance of environmental impacts which has significant negative consequences on the local population. Intense industrial activity, regarded as the base for the urban development of the conurbation, dates back to the 1840's when the first steel mill was constructed in the region. The main sources of environmental impact are represented by the decaying industrial centres of Hunedoara, Simeria and Călan and the newly developed industrial sites located on the major transport networks. A secondary source of environmental impact is represented by the various small enterprises. Coupled with various other human activities and with the general state of the environment, the impact generated by industry and other economic activities represents a great threat to overall development of the conurbation. In assessing the environmental impact on within the conurbation we proposed the use of the RIAM method with a modified matrix which is best suited for our area of study. With this matrix we assessed the environmental impact of industrial and commercial areas, transportation and utility systems and several other aspects related to human activities (health and safety, unemployment, human density, etc.). For the final interpretation of the environmental impact we used the IDWIM - Inverse Distance Weight Interpolation Method to generate maps of impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrins are ubiquitously expressed cell-adhesion proteins. Activation of integrins is triggered by talin through an inside-out signaling pathway, which can be driven by RAP1-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM) through its interaction with talin at two distinct sites. A helical talin-binding segment (TBS) in RIAM interacts with both sites in talin, leading to integrin activation. The bispecificity inspires a "double-hit" strategy for inhibiting talin-induced integrin activation. We designed an experimental peptidomimetic inhibitor, S-TBS, derived from TBS and containing a molecular staple, which leads to stronger binding to talin and inhibition of talin:integrin interaction. The crystallographic study validates that S-TBS binds to the talin rod through the same interface as TBS. Moreover, the helical S-TBS exhibits excellent cell permeability and effectively suppresses integrin activation in cells in a talin-dependent manner. Our results shed light on a new class of integrin inhibitors and a novel approach to design multi-specific peptidomimetic inhibitors. [Display omitted] • We designed a peptidomimetic that inhibits talin-induced integrin activation • S-TBS and TBS bind to talin bispecifically through the same interfaces • S-TBS exhibits stable helical configuration and stronger binding to talin • S-TBS exhibits excellent permeability and suppresses integrin activation Gao et al. provide new insights into the design of integrin inhibitors by targeting integrin:talin interaction through a "double-hit approach" inspired by the bispecificity of RAP1-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM) toward talin. An RIAM-derived peptidomimetic effectively inhibits integrin activation, shedding light on a promising avenue for the development of intracellular integrin inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se analizó la sostenibilidad de una finca pequeña perteneciente a una cooperativa de créditos y servicios, en Ca- magüey, Cuba, donde se desarrolla un sistema integrado de producción ganadería-agricultura. Los datos se tomaron desde enero de 2009 hasta abril de 2010. Se utilizó el Esquema Operativo Lógico para Evaluación de Sostenibilidad (ECOFAS), propuesto por Funes-Monzote et al. (2002). Los ingresos por concepto de ventas superaron los gastos, por tanto, el sistema es sostenible a corto y mediano plazo, no así a largo plazo; esto se corroboró con los resultados de los balances de energía, nitrógeno y fósforo.

Deva-Hunedoara conurbation is a bipolar structure located in central-western Romania composed of 49 settlements. It is located in the center of Hunedoara County at the crossroad of major transport networks. With a remarkable diversity of natural factors and a high share of human and economic activities, the area creates different types of impacts on the environment. The potential impacts derive from the rich industrial activity, day to day human activities, transport, commerce, constructions, etc. In assessing the environmental impact within the conurbation we used the RIAM method with a modified matrix, suited for our area of study. For each of the 49 settlements we analyzed the environmental impact of 37 components coupled in 4 major categories: physical and geographical components, biological and ecological components, land use and sociocultural components and economic and operational components. For the final interpretation and representation of the environmental impact we used the IDWIM - Inverse Distance Weight Interpolation Method to generate maps of impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrins are a group of heterodimeric transmembrane receptors that play essential roles in cell-cell and cell-matrix interaction. Integrins are important in many physiological processes and diseases. Integrins acquire affinity to their ligand by undergoing molecular conformational changes called activation. Here we review the molecular biomechanics during conformational changes of integrins, integrin functions in leukocyte biorheology (adhesive functions during rolling and arrest) and molecules involved in integrin activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental impacts of small scale projects are often assessed poorly, or not assessed at all. This paper examines the usability of the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) as a tool to prioritize project proposals for small scale water restoration projects in relation to proposals' potential to improve the environment. The RIAM scoring system was used to assess and rank the proposals based on their environmental impacts, the costs of the projects to repair the harmful impacts, and the size of human population living around the sites. A four-member assessment group (The expert panel) gave the RIAM-scores to the proposals. The assumed impacts of the studied projects at the Eastern Finland water systems were divided into the ecological and social impacts. The more detailed assessment categories of the ecological impacts in this study were impacts on landscape, natural state, and limnology. The social impact categories were impacts to recreational use of the area, fishing, industry, population, and economy. These impacts were scored according to their geographical and social significance, their magnitude of change, their character, permanence, reversibility, and cumulativeness. The RIAM method proved to be an appropriate and recommendable method for the small-scale assessment and prioritizing of project proposals. If the assessments are well documented, the RIAM can be a method for easy assessing and comparison of the various kinds of projects. In the studied project proposals there were no big surprises in the results: the best ranks were received by the projects, which were assumed to return watersheds toward their original state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small GTPase Rap1 induces integrin activation via an inside-out signaling pathway mediated by the Rap1-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM). Blocking this pathway may suppress tumor metastasis and other diseases that are related to hyperactive integrins. However, the molecular basis for the specific recognition of RIAM by Rap1 remains largely unknown. Herein we present the crystal structure of an active, GTP-bound GTPase domain of Rap1 in complex with the Ras association (RA)–pleckstrin homology (PH) structural module of RIAM at 1.65 Å. The structure reveals that the recognition of RIAM by Rap1 is governed by side-chain interactions. Several side chains are critical in determining specificity of this recognition, particularly the Lys31 residue in Rap1 that is oppositely charged compared with the Glu31/Asp31 residue in other Ras GTPases. Lys31 forms a salt bridge with RIAM residue Glu212, making it the key specificity determinant of the interaction. We also show that disruption of these interactions results in reduction of Rap1:RIAM association, leading to a loss of co-clustering and cell adhesion. Our findings elucidate the molecular mechanism by which RIAM mediates Rap1-induced integrin activation. The crystal structure also offers new insight into the structural basis for the specific recruitment of RA–PH module-containing effector proteins by their small GTPase partners. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Phagocytosis mediated by the complement receptor CR3 (also known as integrin αß or Mac-1) is regulated by the recruitment of talin to the cytoplasmic tail of the ß integrin subunit. Talin recruitment to this integrin is dependent on Rap1 activation. However, the mechanism by which Rap1 regulates this event and CR3-dependent phagocytosis remains largely unknown. In the present work, we examined the role of the Rap1 effector RIAM, a talin-binding protein, in the regulation of complement-mediated phagocytosis. Using the human myeloid cell lines HL-60 and THP-1, we determined that knockdown of RIAM impaired αß integrin affinity changes induced by stimuli fMLP and LPS. Phagocytosis of complement-opsonized RBC particles, but not of IgG-opsonized RBC particles, was impaired in RIAM knockdown cells. Rap1 activation via EPAC induced by 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP resulted in an increase of complement-mediated phagocytosis that was abrogated by knockdown of RIAM in HL-60 and THP-1 cell lines and in macrophages derived from primary monocytes. Furthermore, recruitment of talin to ß integrin during complement-mediated phagocytosis was reduced in RIAM knockdown cells. These results indicate that RIAM is a critical component of the phagocytosis machinery downstream of Rap1 and mediates its function by recruiting talin to the phagocytic complement receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adapter protein Lamellipodin (Lpd) plays an important role in cell migration. In particular, Lpd mediates lamellipodia formation by regulating actin dynamics via interacting with Ena/VASP proteins. Its RA-PH tandem domain configuration suggests that like its paralog RIAM, Lpd may also mediate particular Ras GTPase signaling. We determined the crystal structures of the Lpd RA-PH domains alone and with an N-terminal coiled-coil region (cc-RA-PH). These structures reveal that apart from the anticipated coiled-coil interaction, Lpd may also oligomerize through a second intermolecular contact site. We then validated both oligomerization interfaces in solution by mutagenesis. A fluorescence-polarization study demonstrated that Lpd binds phosphoinositol with low affinity. Based on our crystallographic and biochemical data, we propose that Lpd and RIAM serve diverse functions: Lpd plays a predominant role in regulating actin polymerization, and its function in mediating Ras GTPase signaling is largely suppressed compared to RIAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activation of the integrin phagocytic receptors CR3 (α M β 2 , CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (α X β 2 , CD11c/CD18) requires Rap1 activation and RIAM function. RIAM controls integrin activation by recruiting Talin to β 2 subunits, enabling the Talin-Vinculin interaction, which in term bridges integrins to the actin-cytoskeleton. RIAM also recruits VASP to phagocytic cups and facilitates VASP phosphorylation and function promoting particle internalization. Using a CRISPR-Cas9 knockout approach, we have analyzed the requirement for RIAM, VASP and Vinculin expression in neutrophilic-HL-60 cells. All knockout cells displayed abolished phagocytosis that was accompanied by a significant and specific reduction in ITGAM (α M ), ITGAX (α X ) and ITGB2 (β 2 ) mRNA, as revealed by RT-qPCR. RIAM, VASP and Vinculin KOs presented reduced cellular F-actin content that correlated with αM expression, as treatment with the actin filament polymerizing and stabilizing drug jasplakinolide, partially restored α M expression. In general, the expression of α X was less responsive to jasplakinolide treatment than α M , indicating that regulatory mechanisms independent of F-actin content may be involved. The Serum Response Factor (SRF) was investigated as the potential transcription factor controlling α M β 2 expression, since its coactivator MRTF-A requires actin polymerization to induce transcription. Immunofluorescent MRTF-A localization in parental cells was primarily nuclear, while in knockouts it exhibited a diffuse cytoplasmic pattern. Localization of FHL-2 (SRF corepressor) was mainly sub-membranous in parental HL-60 cells, but in knockouts the localization was disperse in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, suggesting RIAM, VASP and Vinculin are required to maintain FHL-2 close to cytoplasmic membranes, reducing its nuclear localization and inhibiting its corepressor activity. Finally, reexpression of VASP in the VASP knockout resulted in a complete reversion of the phenotype, as knock-ins restored α M expression. Taken together, our results suggest that RIAM, VASP and Vinculin, are necessary for the correct expression of α M β 2 and α X β 2 during neutrophilic differentiation in the human promyelocytic HL-60 cell line, and strongly point to an involvement of these proteins in the acquisition of a phagocytic phenotype., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Torres-Gomez, Fiyouzi, Guerra-Espinosa, Cardeñes, Clares, Toribio, Reche, Cabañas and Lafuente.)

Abstract: MIG-10, RIAM and Lamellipodin (Lpd) are the founding members of the MRL family of multi-adaptor molecules. These proteins have common domain structures but display distinct functions in cell migration and adhesion, signaling, and in cell growth. The binding of RIAM with active Rap1 and with talin provides these MRL molecules with important regulatory roles on integrin-mediated cell adhesion and migration. Furthermore, RIAM and Lpd can regulate actin dynamics through their binding to actin regulatory Ena/VASP proteins. Recent data generated with the Drosophila MRL ortholog called Pico and with RIAM in melanoma cells indicate that these proteins can also regulate cell growth. As MRL proteins represent a relatively new family, many questions on their structure–function relationships remain unanswered, including regulation of their expression, post-translational modifications, new interactions, involvement in signaling and their knockout mice phenotype. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The question of whether landfills are or could be sustainable is somewhat unanswered within the sphere of waste management. This is partly due to two key issues: the ambiguities concerning what is sustainability?; and how to effectively assess the potential or actual sustainability of a landfill? It has been argued in the literature that this is a difficult task, however it is not impossible. This paper consequently presents the application of a mathematical model of sustainability to the results obtained for the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of the Russeifa landfill in Jordan using the rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) methodology. This paper demonstrates the methodology necessary to apply the model to the RIAM evaluation made at the time of assessment with respect to potential mitigation options. A determination of the level and nature of sustainability (if appropriate) for the project options were obtained for the Russeifa landfill. The results indicated that all of project options evaluated could be considered as unsustainable. This paper concludes by stating that the application of the model to the RIAM analysis offers a potential mechanism in evaluating sustainability through the use of a common and increasingly regarded technique of EIA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper the applicability of the RIAM method (rapid impact assessment matrix) is evaluated in the context of impact significance assessment. The methodological issues considered in the study are: 1) to test the possibilities of enlarging the scoring system used in the method, and 2) to compare the significance classifications of RIAM and unaided decision-making to estimate the consistency between these methods. The data used consisted of projects for which funding had been applied for via the European Union''s Regional Development Trust in the area of Central Finland. Cases were evaluated with respect to their environmental, social and economic impacts using an assessment panel. The results showed the scoring framework used in RIAM could be modified according to the problem situation at hand, which enhances its application potential. However the changes made in criteria B did not significantly affect the final ratings of the method, which indicates the high importance of criteria A1 (importance) and A2 (magnitude) to the overall results. The significance classes obtained by the two methods diverged notably. In general the ratings given by RIAM tended to be smaller compared to intuitive judgement implying that the RIAM method may be somewhat conservative in character. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

TLR4 is a key innate immune signal that mediates glucolipid toxicity through yet unclear mechanisms. Here, TLR4 truncation ameliorated bone metabolism disorders in diabetic rats, and the underlying mechanisms were explored by proteomics. Our study showed that TLR4 truncation inhibited bone loss induced by diabetes in rats. In addition, a proteomic analysis screen exposed the differential proteins associated with immune reactivity and T cell activation (RIAM and Class II histocompatibility antigen, M β1 chain). Further cellular experiments showed that TLR4 mediated the inhibition of osteoblast differentiation induced by glucolipotoxicity and promoted an increase in the nuclear level of RIAM–NF–κB. Mechanistic studies showed that TLR4 mediated glucolipotoxicity induced damage in bone metabolism primarily by regulating RIAM–NF–κB interactions, which promoted RIAM–NF–κB nuclear translocation. In conclusion, we confirmed that TLR4 inhibition could delay bone metabolism disorders induced by glycolipid toxicity via RIAM regulation of NF-κB nuclear translocation. • TLR4trun/trun ameliorates the weight and bone loss in diabetic rats. • TLR4trun/trun improves disorder of femur proteomics in diabetic rats. • TLR4 mediates glucolipotoxicity on osteoblasts via RIAM–NF–κB nuclear translocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrins are critical for the migration of T cells to lymphoid organs and to sites of inflammation and are also necessary for productive interactions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Integrin activation is enhanced following T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement, as signals initiated by the TCR increase affinity and avidity of integrins for their ligands. This process, known as inside-out signaling, has been shown to require several molecular components including the cytosolic adapter proteins adhesion and degranulation-promoting adapter protein and Src homology 2 domain-containing adapter protein of 55 kDa, the low molecular weight guanosine triphosphatase Rap1, and the Rap1 effector proteins Rap1 guanosine triphosphate-interacting adapter molecule, regulator of adhesion and cell polarization enriched in lymphoid tissues, and protein kinase D1. Herein, we review recent findings about how the TCR is linked to integrin activation through inside-out signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An environmental impact assessment (EIA) study for the solid waste landfill was prepared for the Russeifa area, northeast Jordan. As landfill was not subjected to sophisticated EIA, serious environmental problems are still occurring, such as groundwater contamination and air pollution. Three alternatives were proposed to rehabilitate the landfill: upgrading the existing landfill, construction of a biogas plant and its relocation. The EIA for the three options was carried out using the rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM), it applies a consistent and recordable assessment of the importance of the different components. The scoping components included in the RIAM were: physical/chemical, biological/ecological, social/cultural and economic/operational components. The RIAM analysis showed that the least negative impacts would be to relocate to a better-managed sanitary landfill. The most serious negative impacts were the contamination of groundwater, air pollution and public health. These impacts can be mitigated through a comprehensive environmental management plan for the Russeifa landfill to address the deterioration of environmental components in the vicinity of landfill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) work is becoming more and more extensive in the world. The environmental assessment process has to be differently defined in different countries. In fact, it appears that no two countries have defined it in exactly the same way. It is an aid to decision-making and the minimization or elimination of environmental impacts at an early planning stage. The ETA process is potentially a basis for negotiations between the developer, public interest groups and the planning regulator. The Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) method is based on a standard definition of the important assessment criteria as well as the means by which semi- quantitative values for each of these criteria can be collected to provide an accurate and independent score for each condition. The impact of project activities is evaluated against the environmental components and for each component a score is determined, which provides a measure of the impact expected from the component. The RIAM method makes it possible to carry out a global analysis of the results based on the individual environmental score (ES) for each component, which is classified in ranges and so can be compared to each other. In this study, RIAM method was used for the Tuzla Geothermal and can Thermal Power Plant in çanakkale. The most impacts are of class -B and there is a majority of positive impacts in Tuzia Geothermal Power Plant. No major negative impact has been identified by RIAM. Be- cause of the geothermal fluid, physico-chemical effects are prominent in the study area. This power plant will cause positive impacts resulting from the sociological-cultural and economic-operational changes due to this power plant. Most impacts are of class -D in can Thermal Power Plant. Because of the low quality coal, biological-ecological and physico-chemical effects are predominant in the study area. This power plant will cause positive impacts resulting from the sociological-cultural and economic-operational changes due to this power plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]