777 results on '"RESEARCH & economics"'
Search Results
2. The Incident Feedback Committee (IFC): A Useful Tool to Investigate Errors in Clinical Research.
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David-Tchouda, Sandra, Foote, Alison, and Bosson, Jean-Luc
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PREVENTION of medical errors ,RESEARCH & economics ,WORK environment ,MEETINGS ,COMMITTEES ,HUMAN research subjects ,CLINICAL medicine research ,MEDICAL protocols ,PATIENT safety ,CORPORATE culture - Abstract
In clinical practice, an objective of safety management is to identify preventable causes of adverse events to avoid the incidents from recurring. Likewise, in the field of clinical research adequate methods to investigate incidents that impair the quality of a clinical trial are needed. Understanding the causes of errors and undesirable incidents can help guarantee participant safety, improve the practices of research coordinators, investigators, and clinical research assistants and help to minimize research costs. Here, we present the main features of our Incident Feedback Committees (IFC) in clinical research, with outcomes over 5 years. Methods: The IFC has adapted the ALARM and ORION post-event methods with investigations focused on 'the incidents' occurring during research studies. It sought the root causes contributing to these incidents and proposed corrective actions. Results: Since our IFC was set up in 2015 it has examined 52 incidents from nine studies. The most frequent causes mainly concerned the working environment (54%). Most incidents had two or more causes. Some corrective actions were planned for ongoing or future studies. Conclusion: IFCs provide a useful and much-appreciated method of analysing incidents in the performance of clinical research. A multicentre study is needed to evaluate the effect of IFCs on the quality of an establishment's clinical research, at the individual level (patient safety) and also at the system level (changes in the organization of tasks). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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3. Rethink Funding.
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Ioannidis, John P. A.
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RESEARCH funding , *RESEARCH & society , *RESEARCH methodology evaluation , *RESEARCH methodology , *BEST practices ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
The article explores various issues impacting scientific funding as of 2018. Particular focus is given to the millions of scientific papers published every year and to how much research, including biomedical research, is wasted or underutilized. Additional topics discussed include the massive amount of time it takes to review research proposals, not funding the work of young scientists and how there is relatively limited evidence about which scientific practices work best.
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- 2018
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4. The declining use of the term market research.
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Nunan, Daniel
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MARKETING research ,RESEARCH & economics ,STAKEHOLDERS ,RESEARCH ,RISK assessment ,RESEARCH personnel ,SOCIETIES - Abstract
This paper analyses the use of the term 'market research' in a contemporary context. Although the term is well established as an industry definition, its use and meaning have become increasingly contested. This study brings together empirical data from a range of sources that reflect key stakeholders within the market research sector. Findings suggest that the term 'market research' has become increasingly marginalised amongst these key stakeholders. Few of the leading research firms use this term to describe their core activity, and data suggest that wider use of the term has declined over the past decade. Where 'market research' is used, the term is typically demoted to describing a set of skills rather than a strategic concept around adding value. A number of explanations for this are explored, including isomorphism among research firms, the role of research in generating value, and the broader economic context in which research takes place. Finally, the paper considers whether continuing use of the term is beneficial to the future success of the research sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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5. Urgent lessons from COVID 19: why the world needs a standing, coordinated system and sustainable financing for global research and development.
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Lurie, Nicole, Keusch, Gerald T, and Dzau, Victor J
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COVID-19 , *COVID-19 pandemic , *RESEARCH funding , *FINANCIAL research , *RESEARCH & development , *PREVENTION of epidemics , *RESEARCH , *COVID-19 vaccines , *WORLD health , *MANAGEMENT ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
The research and development (R&D) ecosystem has evolved over the past decade to include pandemic infectious diseases, building on experience from multiple recent outbreaks. Outcomes of this evolution have been particularly evident during the COVID-19 pandemic with accelerated development of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, as well as novel clinical trial designs. These products were developed, trialled, manufactured, and authorised for use in several countries within a year of the pandemic's onset. Many gaps remain, however, that must be bridged to establish a truly efficient and effective end-to-end R&D preparedness and response ecosystem. Foremost among them is a global financing system. In addition, important changes are required for multiple aspects of enabling sciences and product development. For each of these elements we identify priorities for improved and faster functionality. There will be no better time than now to seriously address these needs, however difficult, as the ravages of COVID-19 continue to accelerate with devastating health, social, and economic consequences for the entire community of nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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6. Evaluation of research investment in nurses and allied health professionals in the Northern Norway Regional Health Authority area.
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Hanssen, Tove Aminda and Evensen, Elin Kristin
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RESEARCH & economics ,GOVERNMENT agencies ,ALLIED health personnel ,CONTENT analysis ,ENDOWMENT of research ,INVESTMENTS ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL research personnel ,NURSES ,NURSING research ,PROFESSIONAL employee training ,STATISTICAL sampling ,SCHOLARSHIPS ,SURVEYS ,JOB performance ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Background: At the beginning of the 2000s, Norwegian research in nursing and allied health disciplines was described as weak. Since 2007, the Northern Norway Regional Health Authority has had a strategic focus on enhancing health research. Objective: The objective of this project was to evaluate whether the Northern Norway Regional Health Authority's research investment has given results. We have examined research activity, the allocation of research funding, research outputs and facilitating factors for research to be conducted by health researchers (excluding doctors and dentists) in the health trusts. Method: The survey took place in four health trusts under the Northern Norway Regional Health Authority. In the survey, we used a multi-method approach and a variety of data sources. Quantitative mapping based on research administrative data and systematic searches for published scientific output registered in journal databases were used together with data from a survey conducted among health researchers and research fellows in 2015. Results: In the period 2008-2015, there was an increase in the number of research fellows, researchers and published scientific output in the health trusts. Competence enhancement has been greatest in nursing and physiotherapy. Researchers and research fellows have contributed to multi-disciplinary research, using a broad range of methodological approaches with a preponderance of qualitative methods. On average, 29 per cent of the articles published in the period were published in level 2 journals. The Northern Norway Regional Health Authority has been the main funding source for the research. The respondents reported time pressure, lack of funding, research culture and adaptation for research as obstacles to conducting research. Conclusion: There has been a positive development in and strengthening of health research and research-based competence in the Northern Norway Regional Health Authority during the relevant period of time. The results indicate that strategic investment in health research has had a positive effect, and that a similar focus is also recommended for other health authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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7. Committing to Research: Librarians and Grantsmanship.
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Arlitsch, Kenning
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GRANT writing , *JOB descriptions for librarians , *RESEARCH funding , *GRANTS (Money) , *LIBRARY finance ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
The article discusses grantsmanship, or the process of writing grant proposal, and examines its importance within library science. Noted reasons for librarians to submit grant proposals include advancement of knowledge, economic development through research, and career development. Particular attention is given to the specific aspects of a grant proposal, such as the narrative, budget justification, and sustainability plan.
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- 2013
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8. Paying Participants in COVID-19 Trials.
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Largent, Emily A and Lynch, Holly Fernandez
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COVID-19 , *CLINICAL trials , *COVID-19 treatment , *HUMAN research subjects , *PAYMENT , *CORONAVIRUS disease treatment , *PREVENTION of epidemics , *VIRAL pneumonia , *MOTIVATION (Psychology) , *ECONOMICS ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Trials are in development and underway to examine potential interventions for treatment and prophylaxis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). How should we think about offering payment to participants in these trials? Payment for research participation is ethically contentious even under ideal circumstances. Here, we review 3 functions of research payment-reimbursement, compensation, and incentive-and identify heightened and novel ethical concerns in the context of a global pandemic. We argue that COVID-19 trial participants should usually be offered reimbursement for research-related expenses, and compensation for their time and effort, as for other types of research under usual circumstances. Given increased risk of undue influence against pandemic background conditions, incentive payment should be avoided unless essential to recruitment and retention in important trials whose social value outweighs this risk. Where essential, however, incentives can be ethically permissible, so long as reasonable efforts are made to minimize the possibility of undue influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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9. Computing the Expected Value of Sample Information Efficiently: Practical Guidance and Recommendations for Four Model-Based Methods.
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Kunst, Natalia, Wilson, Edward C.F., Glynn, David, Alarid-Escudero, Fernando, Baio, Gianluca, Brennan, Alan, Fairley, Michael, Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy D., Jackson, Chris, Jalal, Hawre, Menzies, Nicolas A., Strong, Mark, Thom, Howard, Heath, Anna, and Collaborative Network for Value of Information
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EXPECTED returns , *STATISTICAL decision making , *INFORMATION networks , *DECISION making , *EXPERTISE , *COMPARATIVE studies , *COMPUTER software , *EXPERIMENTAL design , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *POLICY sciences , *RESEARCH , *EVALUATION research ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Value of information (VOI) analyses can help policy makers make informed decisions about whether to conduct and how to design future studies. Historically a computationally expensive method to compute the expected value of sample information (EVSI) restricted the use of VOI to simple decision models and study designs. Recently, 4 EVSI approximation methods have made such analyses more feasible and accessible. Members of the Collaborative Network for Value of Information (ConVOI) compared the inputs, the analyst's expertise and skills, and the software required for the 4 recently developed EVSI approximation methods. Our report provides practical guidance and recommendations to help inform the choice between the 4 efficient EVSI estimation methods. More specifically, this report provides: (1) a step-by-step guide to the methods' use, (2) the expertise and skills required to implement the methods, and (3) method recommendations based on the features of decision-analytic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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10. Barriers and facilitators of exploiting the potential of value-added medicines.
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Petykó, Zsuzsanna Ida, Inotai, András, Holtorf, Anke-Peggy, Brixner, Diana, and Kaló, Zoltán
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DRUGS & economics ,RESEARCH & economics ,INDUSTRIES & economics ,HEALTH services accessibility ,GENERIC drugs ,MEDICAL needs assessment - Abstract
Introduction: Pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) is costly and only a minority of patients can access innovative medicines due to affordability constraints. Value-added medicines (VAMs) can offer potential benefits at significantly lower R&D costs.Areas Covered: VAMs may address different health care needs and problems, including off-label use of medicines, poor patient adherence, problems related to polypharmacy, need for home and/or personalized health care services. However, several barriers prevent societies from maximizing the benefits of incremental innovation related to VAMs. Generic manufacturers have limited budget and experience to demonstrate the value of new VAMs. Current market exclusivity options do not efficiently exclude freeridership and do not guarantee a return on investment for VAM innovators. Value propositions of VAMs are limitedly consistent with current HTA frameworks, consequently, incremental innovation is not acknowledged, nor rewarded with differential pricing by payers. Moreover, VAMs are often perceived solely as generic medicines by prescribers.Expert Opinion: Current practices may need to be reconsidered to exploit the full societal benefit of VAMs, including more efficient policies to guarantee market exclusivity for incremental innovation, acknowledgment of a fair price premium based on a specific value framework and the acceptance of low-cost evidence generation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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11. Commentary on research to improve contraceptive and multipurpose prevention technologies.
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Speidel, J. Joseph, Townsend, John, Williams, Elspeth, Quam, Jamie, Thompson, Kirsten M.J., and Joseph Speidel, J
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RESEARCH & development , *PRE-exposure prophylaxis , *FAMILY planning services , *SEXUALLY transmitted diseases , *LEVONORGESTREL intrauterine contraceptives , *HUMAN reproduction , *PREVENTION of sexually transmitted diseases , *HIV prevention , *CONTRACEPTION , *FAMILY planning , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *EVALUATION research , *PREVENTIVE health services , *ECONOMICS , *CONTRACEPTIVES , *COMPARATIVE studies , *TECHNOLOGY , *CONTRACEPTIVE drugs ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
This commentary makes the case for increased investment in the development of improved contraceptive and multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs) that better meet the needs and preferences of users, increase the methods' acceptability and use, and ultimately decrease unintended pregnancy. Methods that are inexpensive, user-controlled, and shelf-stable could help address challenges posed by weak supply chains and healthcare systems. New MPTs that protect against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, could simultaneously address multiple sexual and reproductive health needs. Although promising scientific leads exist, the high costs and risks associated with contraceptive development has contributed to underinvestment. The public sector, philanthropies, and the pharmaceutical industry have decreased or eliminated investments in contraceptive research and development (R&D) in recent decades. Greater financial and policy support are required for the eventual introduction of new and improved contraceptives and MPTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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12. Does Business School Research Add Economic Value for Students?
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O'BRIEN, JONATHAN P., DRNEVICH, PAUL L., CROOK, T. RUSSELL, and ARMSTRONG, CRAIG E.
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BUSINESS schools ,BUSINESS students ,VALUE (Economics) ,RESEARCH & economics ,BUSINESS education ,WAGES ,COLLEGE students - Abstract
The scholarly research conducted by business school faculty has long been the subject of intense criticism for lacking relevance and value to practice. In contrast, we theorize that such research is relevant and valuable in that it contributes to what is arguably the most critical metric of relevance for business school students: the economic value they accrue from their education. We investigate this counterargument on a sample of 658 business schools over an 8-year period. We find that research adds significant value in that it can potentially enhance student salaries by up to $24,000 per year. However, we also observe that "excessive" research activity can lead to diminishing or even negative returns for students, and a research focus solely on elite journals might rob students of the benefits of exposure to a broader array of new ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2010
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13. R&D Reporting Biases and Their Consequences.
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Lev, Baruch, Sarath, Bharat, and Sougiannis, Theodore
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RESEARCH & economics ,RESEARCH & development ,ACCOUNTING methods ,FINANCIAL performance ,CONSERVATISM ,CAPITALIZATION (Writing) ,CAPITAL market ,EARNINGS forecasting - Abstract
The immediate expensing of research and development (R&D) expenditures is often justified by the conservatism principle. However, no accounting procedure consistently applied can be conservative throughout the firm's life. We therefore ask the following questions: (I) When is the expensing of R&D conservative and when is it aggressive, relative to R&D capitalization? (2) What are the capital-market implications of these reporting biases? To address these questions we construct a model of profitability biases (differences between reported profitability under R&D expensing and capitalization) and show that the key drivers of the reporting biases are the differences between R&D growth and earnings growth (momentum), and between R&D growth and return on equity (ROE). Companies with a high R&D growth rate relative to their profitability (typically early life-cycle companies) report conservatively, while firms with a low R&D growth rate (mature companies) tend to report aggressively under current generally accepted accounting principles. Our empirical analysis, covering the period 1972-2003, generally supports the analytical predictions. In the valuation analysis we find evidence consistent with investor fixation on the reported profitability measures: we detect undervaluation of conservatively reporting firms and overvaluation of aggressively reporting firms. These misvaluations appear to be corrected when the reporting biases reverse from conservative to aggressive and vice versa. This evidence is consistent with behavioral finance arguments about investor cognitive biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2005
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14. Management research outcome: a comparative assessment of BRICS nations.
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Upadhyaya, Pallavi and Rajasekharan Pillai, K.
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UNIVERSITY research , *MANAGEMENT , *HIGHER education , *UNIVERSITIES & colleges , *ECONOMIC development ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
The role of research-embedded higher education is regarded as one of the driving forces of any growing economy. Higher education institutions (HEIs) are recognized, among their peers, for their quality of research outcome. Hence, with growing emphasis on research worldwide, HEIs strive hard to improve their research output. The proposed study endeavors to make a longitudinal comparison of research outcome of HEIs from the BRICS Nations, with special emphasis on management and its allied discipline. As the centers of ancient wisdom and learning, BRICS nations have many things in common. They are envisioned as the economies that will drive growth in the future. Quantitative data from the Elsevier's Scopus database were used for comparative analysis. The findings of the study provide ample insights to discuss the key areas to be improved, to provide research impetus and developing policies to scale up research in management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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15. ALL HANDS ON DECK.
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Thompson, Kalee
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CITIZEN science , *CLIMATE change research , *GROUP work in research , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation on climate research , *PALEOCLIMATOLOGY , *SHIP'S papers ,RESEARCH & economics ,WORLD War I transportation - Abstract
The article discusses the role of the citizen scientists in climatology research. Citizen science projects utilize volunteers to help researchers conduct labor-intensive studies, including using volunteers for reporting species sightings, assisting in the categorizing of images, and analyzing data. Topics include an overview of a collaborative project involving a team of international scientists and nonexperts, called the Old Weather project, that is attempting to fill gaps in the Earth's historical climate record. Volunteers are tasked with searching through digitized logbooks of World War One (WWI)-era ships and entering weather data into the project's Web site, which is then added to the U.S. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration's records.
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- 2012
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16. Building a tuberculosis-free world: The Lancet Commission on tuberculosis.
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Reid, Michael J A, Arinaminpathy, Nimalan, Bloom, Amy, Bloom, Barry R, Boehme, Catharina, Chaisson, Richard, Chin, Daniel P, Churchyard, Gavin, Cox, Helen, Ditiu, Lucica, Dybul, Mark, Farrar, Jeremy, Fauci, Anthony S, Fekadu, Endalkachew, Fujiwara, Paula I, Hallett, Timothy B, Hanson, Christy L, Harrington, Mark, Herbert, Nick, and Hopewell, Philip C
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TUBERCULOSIS , *INTERNATIONAL public health laws , *DRUG therapy for tuberculosis , *TUBERCULOSIS prevention , *TUBERCULOSIS epidemiology , *ECONOMIC aspects of diseases , *GOAL (Psychology) , *HEALTH planning , *LEADERSHIP , *MEDICAL quality control , *HEALTH policy , *MORTALITY , *MYCOBACTERIUM tuberculosis , *PRACTICAL politics , *RESEARCH funding , *WORLD health , *DISEASE incidence , *DISEASE eradication ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
The article offers information on the prevention and treatment related to the tuberculosis. Topics discussed include information on the declines in tuberculosis deaths due to medical advancement; discussions on the strategies to identify people with active disease in high-risk populations; and the information on the global efforts to end tuberculosis have been undermined by insufficient political will and financial investments.
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- 2019
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17. Calculating the Expected Value of Sample Information Using Efficient Nested Monte Carlo: A Tutorial.
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Heath, Anna and Baio, Gianluca
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MONTE Carlo method , *EXPECTED returns , *ECONOMIC models , *PREVENTION of drug side effects , *RESOURCE allocation , *DRUG side effects , *BUDGET , *COMPARATIVE studies , *COST effectiveness , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *RESEARCH , *SYSTEM analysis , *UNCERTAINTY , *EVALUATION research , *STATISTICAL models , *ECONOMICS ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Objective: The expected value of sample information (EVSI) quantifies the economic benefit of reducing uncertainty in a health economic model by collecting additional information. This has the potential to improve the allocation of research budgets. Despite this, practical EVSI evaluations are limited partly due to the computational cost of estimating this value using the gold-standard nested simulation methods. Recently, however, Heath et al. developed an estimation procedure that reduces the number of simulations required for this gold-standard calculation. Up to this point, this new method has been presented in purely technical terms.Study Design: This study presents the practical application of this new method to aid its implementation. We use a worked example to illustrate the key steps of the EVSI estimation procedure before discussing its optimal implementation using a practical health economic model.Methods: The worked example is based on a three-parameter linear health economic model. The more realistic model evaluates the cost-effectiveness of a new chemotherapy treatment, which aims to reduce the number of side effects experienced by patients. We use a Markov model structure to evaluate the health economic profile of experiencing side effects.Results: This EVSI estimation method offers accurate estimation within a feasible computation time, seconds compared to days, even for more complex model structures. The EVSI estimation is more accurate if a greater number of nested samples are used, even for a fixed computational cost.Conclusions: This new method reduces the computational cost of estimating the EVSI by nested simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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18. Opportunities and priorities for breast surgical research.
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Cutress, Ramsey I, McIntosh, Stuart A, Potter, Shelley, Goyal, Amit, Kirwan, Cliona C, Harvey, James, Francis, Adele, Carmichael, Amtul R, Vidya, Raghavan, Vaidya, Jayant S, Fairbrother, Patricia, Benson, John R, Reed, Malcolm W R, and Association of Breast Surgery Surgical Gap Analysis Working Group
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MEDICAL research & economics , *BREAST tumors , *COMBINED modality therapy , *DIFFUSION of innovations , *ENDOWMENT of research , *FORECASTING , *MASTECTOMY , *MEDICAL research , *METASTASIS , *ONCOLOGY , *PHYSICIANS , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH funding , *SURGEONS , *OCCUPATIONAL roles , *TREATMENT effectiveness , *ARTHRITIS Impact Measurement Scales ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
The 2013 Breast Cancer Campaign gap analysis established breast cancer research priorities without a specific focus on surgical research or the role of surgeons on breast cancer research. This Review aims to identify opportunities and priorities for research in breast surgery to complement the 2013 gap analysis. To identify these goals, research-active breast surgeons met and identified areas for breast surgery research that mapped to the patient pathway. Areas included diagnosis, neoadjuvant treatment, surgery, adjuvant therapy, and attention to special groups (eg, those receiving risk-reducing surgery). Section leads were identified based on research interests, with invited input from experts in specific areas, supported by consultation with members of the Association of Breast Surgery and Independent Cancer Patients' Voice groups. The document was iteratively modified until participants were satisfied that key priorities for surgical research were clear. Key research gaps included issues surrounding overdiagnosis and treatment; optimising treatment options and their selection for neoadjuvant therapies and subsequent surgery; reducing rates of re-operations for breast-conserving surgery; generating evidence for clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of breast reconstruction, and mechanisms for assessing novel interventions; establishing optimal axillary management, especially post-neoadjuvant treatment; and defining and standardising indications for risk-reducing surgery. We propose strategies for resolving these knowledge gaps. Surgeons are ideally placed for a central role in breast cancer research and should foster a culture of engagement and participation in research to benefit patients and health-care systems. Development of infrastructure and surgical research capacity, together with appropriate allocation of research funding, is needed to successfully address the key clinical and translational research gaps that are highlighted in this Review within the next two decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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19. Barriers to clinical research in Africa: a quantitative and qualitative survey of clinical researchers in 27 African countries.
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Conradie, A., Duys, R., Forget, P., and Biccard, B.M.
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QUALITATIVE research , *PERIOPERATIVE care , *INTERNET surveys , *RESEARCH teams , *INTERNET access , *CULTURE , *INTERNET , *MEDICAL protocols , *HEALTH outcome assessment , *QUALITY assurance , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH personnel ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Background: There is a need for high quality research to improve perioperative patient care in Africa. The aim of this study was to understand the particular barriers to clinical research in this environment.Methods: We conducted an electronic survey of African Surgical Outcomes Study (ASOS) investigators, including 29 quantitative Likert scale questions and eight qualitative questions with subsequent thematic analysis. Protocol compliant and non-compliant countries were compared according to WHO statistics for research and development, health workforce data, and world internet statistics.Results: Responses were received from 134/418 of invited researchers in 24/25 (96%) of participating countries, and three non-participating countries. Barriers included lack of a dedicated research team (47.7%), reliable internet access (32.6%), staff skilled in research (31.8%), and team commitment (23.8%). Protocol compliant countries had significantly more physicians per 1000 population (4 vs 0.9, P<0.01), internet penetration (38% vs 28%, P=0.01) and published clinical trials (1461 vs 208, P<0.01) compared with non-compliant countries. Facilitators of research included establishing a research culture (86.9%), simple data collection tools (80%), and ASOS team interaction (77.9%). Most participants are interested in future research (93.8%). Qualitative data reiterated human resource, financial resource, and regulatory barriers. However, the desire to contribute to an African collaboration producing relevant data to improve patient outcomes was expressed strongly by ASOS investigators.Conclusions: Barriers to successful participation in ASOS related to resource limitations and not motivation of the clinician investigators. Practical solutions to individual barriers may increase the success of multi-centre perioperative research in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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20. Citizen satellites.
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Pang, Alex Soojung-Kim and Twiggs, Bob
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SPACE vehicles , *SPACE science equipment , *SCIENTIFIC satellites , *STANDARDIZATION , *ATMOSPHERIC physics , *REDUCED gravity environments ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
The article discusses citizen satellites, called "CubeSats," which are tiny, standardized spacecraft that are making orbital experiments affordable and accessible to research groups of every size. According to the authors, CubeSats do not take long to develop, do not add to orbiting space debris, and can be used by various entities of varying size, including universities, companies, and hobbyists. Topics include the economic aspects of the CubeSat concept, a brief historical overview of the use of microsatellites in research, and the increasing popularity of CubeSats in science missions in fields ranging from atmospheric physics to microgravity experiments. INSET: The Guts of a CubeSat.
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- 2011
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21. Making Marketing Research Accountable.
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Gandz, Jeffrey and Whipple, Thomas W.
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MARKETING research ,BUDGET management ,DECISION making in marketing ,COST effectiveness ,PROFITABILITY ,RESEARCH & economics ,MARKET share ,BUSINESS planning ,CONSUMER research ,STRATEGIC planning ,COMPETITIVE advantage in business ,MARKETING strategy ,MANAGEMENT - Abstract
Analysis of the potential payoffs from a proposed research project, during a time of tight budgetary constraints, proved helpful in obtaining the required funds and improved the quality of the research itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1977
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22. Science and technology in India.
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Ahmad, Aqueil
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RESEARCH & economics ,INDIA. Ministry of Science & Technology ,GOVERNMENT policy ,GOVERNMENT agencies ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,PUBLIC spending ,RESOURCE allocation ,POLITICAL planning - Abstract
The article presents information about the efforts of the Indian government to apply scientific knowledge and research for the economic betterment of the people. The function of setting policy guidelines and encouraging science and technology research at the national level is performed by the Department of Science and Technology. The expenditure on science and technology stands at 4 billion rupees per year. The government is the primary sponsor of research in the country. It is investing heavily to develop industrial capability.
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- 1980
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23. Managing New Products in a Changing Market.
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Herrmann, Cyril C.
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MARKETING of new products ,MARKETING research ,PRODUCT management ,MARKETING management ,PROFIT maximization ,CORPORATE profits ,ECONOMIC aspects of decision making ,MANAGEMENT ,RESEARCH & economics ,CONSUMER behavior ,CONSUMER attitudes ,INDUSTRIAL research ,COMMERCIAL products ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
The contributions of marketing research to managerial effectiveness can help to raise profits, but research itself is not a decision-making function. The decisions to use the outcome of research wisely must properly be made by management. But will management learn to deal effectively with the future? Can marketing efforts be organized to handle successfully the radical changes in business that tomorrow will bring? These are the questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1962
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24. Research Administration and the Administrator: U.S.S.R. and U.S.
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Kaplan, Norman
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RESEARCH ,RESEARCH & economics ,MANAGEMENT ,SCIENTISTS ,ORGANIZATION - Abstract
Observation of the role of the research administrator in scientific research organizations doing similar work in the U.S.S.R. and the U.S.A. presents us with certain essential differences. The Soviet administrator's function is restricted to "pure execution of policy"; he is paid less and accorded less prestige than the scientists and is expected to have training and background in bookkeeping and not science. At the same time, the Soviet scientific director asserts that he spends the greater part of his time on his own research. The role of the larger society and differences in approach to large-scale organization are suggested as factors in this difference. A comparison is made of the structure of financial support in the two countries, the controls over scientific organizations, the part played by scientists and laymen in supervisory authorities in government, the traditional prestige and autonomy of scientists in the U.S.S.R., and the rise in prestige of the administrator attending the rise of big business enterprises in the U.S.A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1961
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25. The Proper Administration of Scientific Research.
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KAAR¹, IRA J.
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INDUSTRIAL research ,NEW product development ,PRODUCT management ,MANAGEMENT science ,PROFIT ,RESEARCH & development ,MANAGEMENT ,PRODUCT design ,RESEARCH & economics ,RESEARCH funding ,RESEARCH management - Abstract
It's time to shatter the popular corporate legend of the invincible scientist who can do no wrong, and it should be the mission of the research administrator to lure these gifted "brains" down from Cloud Nine and into the essential business of producing marketable products, this Engineering Director believes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1960
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26. Basic Research.
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Conrades, George
- Subjects
- *
CONFERENCES & conventions ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Presents a speech by George Conrades, Chairman, Subcommittee on Sustaining American Basic Research, Committee for Economic Development, delivered to the American Chemical Society's 217th National Meeting, on the problems facing long-term investment in the research industry.
- Published
- 1999
27. Science for sale.
- Author
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Moukheiber, Zina
- Subjects
RESEARCH & economics ,BUSINESS ,ECONOMIC impact of universities & colleges ,SCIENTISTS ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Discusses corporate funding of academic research at universities in the United States. How the arrangement benefits both business and academe; Problems that can arise such as close ties may hinder research as venture-backed scientists hoard lab secrets rather than publish them; How schools are using technology-licensing offices to make sure they get their part of royalties.
- Published
- 1999
28. Strategies to Guide the Return of Genomic Research Findings: An Australian Perspective.
- Author
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Eckstein, Lisa and Otlowski, Margaret
- Subjects
- *
GENETIC research , *MEDICAL protocols , *POLICY sciences , *QUALITY assurance , *TIME , *ETHICAL decision making , *GENOMICS , *RESEARCH personnel ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
In Australia, along with many other countries, limited guidance or other support strategies are currently available to researchers, institutional research ethics committees, and others responsible for making decisions about whether to return genomic findings with potential value to participants or their blood relatives. This lack of guidance results in onerous decision-making burdens—traversing technical, interpretative, and ethical dimensions—as well as uncertainty and inconsistencies for research participants. This article draws on a recent targeted consultation conducted by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council to put forward strategies for supporting return of finding decision-making. In particular, we propose a pyramid of decision-making support: decision-making guidelines, technical and interpretative assistance, and ethical assistance for intractable “tough” cases. Each step of the pyramid involves an increasing level of regulatory involvement and applies to a smaller subsection of genomic research findings. Implementation of such strategies would facilitate a growing evidence base for return of finding decisions, thereby easing the financial, time, and moral burdens currently placed on researchers and other relevant decision-makers while also improving the quality of such decisions and, consequently, participant outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. No System Is Perfect: Understanding How Registration‐Based Editorial Processes Affect Reproducibility and Investment in Research Quality.
- Author
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BLOOMFIELD, R. O. B. E. R. T., RENNEKAMP, K. R. I. S. T. I. N. A., and STEENHOVEN, B. L. A. K. E.
- Subjects
EDITORIAL policies ,REPRODUCIBLE research ,RESEARCH evaluation ,SCHOLARLY peer review ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
ABSTRACT: The papers in this volume were published through a Registration‐based Editorial Process (REP). Authors submitted proposals to gather and analyze data; successful proposals were guaranteed publication as long as the authors lived up to their commitments, regardless of whether results supported their predictions. To understand how REP differs from the Traditional Editorial Process (TEP), we analyze the papers themselves; conference comments; a survey of conference authors, reviewers, and attendees; and a survey of authors who have successfully published under TEP. We find that REP increases up‐front investment in planning, data gathering, and analysis, but reduces follow‐up investment after results are known. This shift in investment makes individual results more reproducible, but leaves articles less thorough and refined. REP could be improved by encouraging selected forms of follow‐up investment that survey respondents believe are usually used under TEP to make papers more informative, focused, and accurate at little risk of overstatement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Expediting Inquiry: Peirce's Social Economy of Research.
- Author
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Haack*, Susan
- Subjects
- *
INQUIRY (Theory of knowledge) , *TRUTH , *UNIVERSITY & college administration ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Haack begins with an exposition of Peirce's work on what he calls "the economy of research" (§1); then locates this work on the much larger map of his ideas about the factors that advance inquiry, and those that impede or block it (§2); suggests how all this relates to his ideas about the intergenerational community of inquirers (§3); and finally turns to the relevance of these ideas to the state of universities today (§4). Quoting Peirce's observation that his account of the economy of research "rests on the supposition that the object of investigation is the ascertainment of truth," but that "when an investigation is made [instead] for the purpose of attaining personal distinction, the economics of the problem are entirely different," Haack argues that this helps us understand why the present incentive structure of universities—which discourages serious intellectual work and encourages self-promotion—is so perverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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- View/download PDF
31. The Economy of Research and the Proper Defense of Knowledge and Intellectual Virtues.
- Author
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Tiercelin, Claudine
- Subjects
- *
VIRTUE epistemology , *METAPHYSICS , *REALISM ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Nominalism seems natural for defending a decent economy of research. However such a program may and has been achieved by such a strongly realistic pragmatism as the one endorsed by Peirce: he shows that there is no risk of "blocking inquiry", no tension between adopting a cost-benefit program and aiming at truth and knowledge, provided, on the negative side , our economy of research is able to stress the impossible reduction of theoretical matters to vital ones, the impossible assimilation of epistemic virtues to mere ethical virtues; and on the positive side , it is able to embrace a strong conception of normative rationality and epistemic virtues, make room as much to "uberty" degrees of belief, propensities as to validity, full-fledged justifications, absolute certainties and mere practical concerns, and develop a conception of knowledge as a virtuous process of inquiry within a genuine intellectual ethics firmly based on a Critical Commonsensist approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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- View/download PDF
32. Game Theory, Abduction, and the Economy of Research: C. S. Peirce's Conception of Humanity's Most Economic Resource.
- Author
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Wible, James R.
- Subjects
- *
GAME theory , *ABDUCTION (Logic) , *PRAGMATISM , *TWENTY questions (Game) ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
The writings of C. S. Peirce, the American polymath philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, are explored and investigated from a hypothetical and perhaps novel perspective. The argument pursued here is that Peirce's "economy of research" is not only of central importance to his philosophy, but that it also should be expanded to include games and the process of abduction. An abductive and game-theoretic interpretation of the economy of research creates an economically and philosophically dynamic conception of how humans create new knowledge. This broader conception of an abductive, economically constrained, and strategically embellished process of intellectual innovation may be humanity's most economic resource. Philosophically, the hypotheses provides a more expansive conception of Peirce's pragmatism, an expansion I believe he intended to make. Peirce's writings on the economy of research, abduction, and games could be of great significance for contemporary applications of Peirce's pragmatism to economics, social science, and interdisciplinary fields such as law and economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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33. On "The Economy of Research".
- Author
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Tuzet, Giovanni
- Subjects
RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Brief introduction to four papers on the economy of research published in this issue of the Transactions. The papers were originally presented in a workshop on the economy of research at Bocconi University, October 5–6, 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Neuroscience in Nigeria: the past, the present and the future.
- Author
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Balogun, Wasiu Gbolahan, Cobham, Ansa Emmanuel, and Amin, Abdulbasit
- Subjects
- *
NEUROSCIENCES , *RESEARCH management , *EDUCATION , *INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
The science of the brain and nervous system cuts across almost all aspects of human life and is one of the fastest growing scientific fields worldwide. This necessitates the demand for pragmatic investment by all nations to ensure improved education and quality of research in Neurosciences. Although obvious efforts are being made in advancing the field in developed societies, there is limited data addressing the state of neuroscience in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we review the state of neuroscience development in Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country and its largest economy, critically evaluating the history, the current situation and future projections. This review specifically addresses trends in clinical and basic neuroscience research and education. We conclude by highlighting potentially helpful strategies that will catalyse development in neuroscience education and research in Nigeria, among which are an increase in research funding, provision of tools and equipment for training and research, and upgrading of the infrastructure at hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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35. Adding value, reducing research waste, the role of the NHS research and development management community.
- Author
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Minogue, Virginia and Wells, Bill
- Subjects
RESEARCH & economics ,RESEARCH ,COST control ,MANAGEMENT ,RESEARCH methodology ,SURVEYS ,ADULT education workshops ,RESEARCH personnel ,PATIENTS' attitudes ,VALUE-based healthcare - Abstract
Purpose Research suggests that 85 per cent of health research is avoidably wasted. The research and development management community has an important role in the research process and can contribute to improving the quality and value of research. Al-Shahi Salman et al. (2014) identified ways in which the community can contribute towards the reduction of research waste by increasing the efficiency of recruitment and retention of research participants, data management and data sharing in studies, and promoting the integration of research into practice. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach A project undertaken between May 2016 and May 2017 explored the perspective, and contribution, towards reducing research waste amongst the research and development management community. The study identified those categories of research waste the community felt were the most important and of the most value to address. It also examined spheres of influence and barriers to addressing research waste.Findings The most important and highest value categories of research waste to address were: implementation of research in practice, prioritisation of research, and design, conduct and analysis of research. The research and development management community’s level of influence in those areas was low. The categories where the community felt they had most influence, with the exception of design, conduct and analysis of research, were generally those they thought were less important and valuable, i.e. research taking place to time and target, public and patient involvement, and administration.Originality/value Waste in research is a significant area of waste in health care expenditure. This study has provided a better understanding of research waste for the research management community. The research and development management community can take a leadership role in formulating an action plan and identifying measures of success in reducing waste in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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- View/download PDF
36. Cost Drivers of a Hospital-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Bacterial Pneumonia Phase 3 Clinical Trial.
- Author
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Stergiopoulos, Stella, Calvert, Sara B, Brown, Carrie A, Awatin, Josephine, Tenaerts, Pamela, Holland, Thomas L, DiMasi, Joseph A, and Getz, Kenneth A
- Subjects
- *
EVALUATION of clinical trials , *PNEUMONIA diagnosis , *CLINICAL trials , *CROSS infection , *DRUG resistance in microorganisms , *ENDOCRINOLOGY , *MEDICAL care , *MEDICAL care costs , *MEDICAL protocols , *ONCOLOGY , *PATIENTS , *PHARMACEUTICAL industry , *PHYSICIANS , *PATIENT participation , *DISEASE prevalence , *HUMAN research subjects , *PATIENT selection , *VENTILATOR-associated pneumonia , *ECONOMICS ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Background. Studies indicate that the prevalence of multidrug-resistant infections, including hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP), has been rising. There are many challenges associated with these disease conditions and the ability to develop new treatments. Additionally, HABP/VABP clinical trials are very costly to conduct given their complex protocol designs and the difficulty in recruiting and retaining patients. Methods. With input from clinicians, representatives from industry, and the US Food and Drug Administration, we conducted a study to (1) evaluate the drivers of HABP/VABP phase 3 direct and indirect clinical trial costs; (2) to identify opportunities to lower these costs; and (3) to compare (1) and (2) to endocrine and oncology clinical trials. Benchmark data were gathered from proprietary and commercial databases and used to create a model that calculates the fully loaded (direct and indirect) cost of typical phase 3 HABP/VABP endocrine and oncology clinical trials. Results. Results indicate that the cost per patient for a 200-site, 1000-patient phase 3 HABP/VABP study is $89 600 per patient. The cost of screen failures and screen failure rates are the main cost drivers. Conclusions. Results indicate that biopharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies should consider strategies to improve screening and recruitment to decrease HABP/VABP clinical trial costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Stop Posturing and Start Problem Solving: A Call for Research to Prevent Gun Violence.
- Author
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Hills-Evans, Kelsey, Mitton, Julian, and Sacks, Chana A.
- Subjects
- *
DEATH , *GUNSHOT wounds , *ECONOMICS , *ETHICS , *FEDERAL government , *HEALTH care teams , *PROBLEM solving , *VIOLENCE , *WOUNDS & injuries , *PREVENTION ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Gun violence is a major cause of preventable injury and death in the United States, leading to more than 33,000 deaths each year. However, gun violence prevention is an understudied and underfunded area of research. We review the barriers to research in the field, including restrictions on federal funding. We then outline potential areas in which further research could inform clinical practice, public health efforts, and public policy. We also review examples of innovative collaborations among interdisciplinary teams working to develop strategies to integrate gun violence prevention into patient-doctor interactions in order to interrupt the cycle of gun violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Implementation of The Steps Toward Academic Research (STAR) Fellowship Program to Promote Underrepresented Minority Faculty into Health Disparity Research.
- Author
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Vishwanatha, Jamboor K. and Jones, Harlan P.
- Subjects
MEDICAL research ,HEALTH facilities ,HEALTH education ,PROFESSIONAL education ,MEDICAL education ,RESEARCH & economics ,COLLEGE teachers ,COMPARATIVE studies ,ECONOMICS ,CURRICULUM ,ETHNIC groups ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,MINORITIES ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,SCHOLARSHIPS ,EVALUATION research ,HEALTH equity - Abstract
Eliminating disparities in health can benefit from the inclusion of diverse populations pursuing health disparity research careers. A goal of the Texas Center for Health Disparities (TCHD) is to provide opportunities for underrepresented minority faculty to become successful health disparity researchers. The TCHD created the Steps Toward Academic Research (STAR) fellowship program to provide faculty and community partners a yearlong face-to-face and online hybrid curriculum focused on acquiring fundamental concepts in biomedical and behavioral health disparity research, basics in grantsmanship as well as professional development skills. In total, this training approach is envisioned to provide mutually beneficial co-learning experiences that will increase the number of under-represented minorities (URMs) entering translational research focused on the elimination of health disparities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Study sponsorship and the nutrition research agenda: analysis of cohort studies examining the association between nutrition and obesity.
- Author
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Fabbri, Alice, Chartres, Nicholas, and Bero, Lisa A
- Subjects
- *
OBESITY , *NUTRITION , *FOOD habits , *DIETARY supplements , *COHORT analysis , *FOOD consumption , *DIET , *LONGITUDINAL method , *NUTRITIONAL requirements , *RESEARCH , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *NUTRITIONAL status ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Objective: To categorize the research topics covered by a sample of cohort studies exploring the association between nutrition and obesity; to describe their funding sources; and to explore the association between funding sources and research topics.Design: Cross-sectional study.Subjects: Cohort studies retrieved from MEDLINE and PubMed published between 2010 and 2016.Results: One hundred and twenty-one studies were included. Funding source and conflicts of interest were disclosed in 95·0 and 90·1 % of the studies, respectively. Food industry sponsorship was disclosed in 8·3 % of the studies. Half of the studies analysed the consumption of a single food or food groups, 18·2 % included an analysis of dietary patterns and 17·4 % focused on specific nutrients. Highly processed foods were considered in 48·8 % of the studies and 27·3 % considered dietary behaviours (e.g. eating away from home). No statistically significant differences in research topics were observed between industry- and non-industry-funded studies.Conclusions: Cohort studies focused on more complex exposures (e.g. food or dietary patterns) rather than single nutrients. No significant differences in the research agenda by funding sources were observed. The analysis was limited by the low proportion of studies with disclosed food industry sponsorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Crowdfunding our health: Economic risks and benefits.
- Author
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Renwick, Matthew J. and Mossialos, Elias
- Subjects
- *
ENDOWMENTS , *FRAUD , *FUNDRAISING , *INTELLECTUAL property , *INTERVIEWING , *PUBLIC health , *RISK management in business , *LITERATURE reviews , *CROWDSOURCING ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Crowdfunding is an expanding form of alternative financing that is gaining traction in the health sector. This article presents a typology for crowdfunded health projects and a review of the main economic benefits and risks of crowdfunding in the health market. We use evidence from a literature review, complimented by expert interviews, to extend the fundamental principles and established theories of crowdfunding to a health market context. Crowdfunded health projects can be classified into four types according to the venture's purpose and funding method. These are projects covering health expenses, fundraising health initiatives, supporting health research, or financing commercial health innovation. Crowdfunding could economically benefit the health sector by expanding market participation, drawing money and awareness to neglected health issues, improving access to funding, and fostering project accountability and social engagement. However, the economic risks of health-related crowdfunding include inefficient priority setting, heightened financial risk, inconsistent regulatory policies, intellectual property rights concerns, and fraud. Theorized crowdfunding behaviours such as signalling and herding can be observed in the market for health-related crowdfunding. Broader threats of market failure stemming from adverse selection and moral hazard also apply. Many of the discussed economic benefits and risks of crowdfunding health campaigns are shared more broadly with those of crowdfunding projects in other sectors. Where crowdfunding health care appears to diverge from theory is the negative externality inefficient priority setting may have towards achieving broader public health goals. Therefore, the market for crowdfunding health care must be economically stable, as well as designed to optimally and equitably improve public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. AI’s big idea: Reinvent how we invent.
- Author
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ROTMAN, DAVID
- Subjects
- *
ARTIFICIAL intelligence , *TECHNOLOGICAL innovations , *SCIENTIFIC discoveries , *PHARMACEUTICAL industry , *PRODUCTION (Economic theory) ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
The article looks at the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in research. It considers whether AI has the potential to drive innovation and make research faster and more productive as well as aid in the discovery of new drugs more quickly. Machine learning, AI as a new method of invention, the economic aspects of research, and the decline of research productivity are discussed.
- Published
- 2019
42. How economists see R&D.
- Author
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Mansfield, Edwin
- Subjects
RESEARCH & development ,TECHNOLOGICAL risk assessment ,INNOVATION adoption ,INDUSTRIAL research ,PROJECT evaluation ,RISK assessment ,MANAGEMENT science ,BUSINESS success ,BAYESIAN analysis ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Management is the art of dealing intelligently with uncertainty, and little that comes within the purview of management is more uncertain, or more important to a company's future, than the many activities known collectively as R&D. Returns are long in coming, risks are high, and the most basic rules of thumb--rules for project selection, for risk analysis, for project evaluation--remain to be formulated in a generally accepted way. Even the terms in which managers think about the problems of R&D are not yet broadly agreed on. With so many fundamental questions unanswered, managers should consider what economists have to say on these topics, for from their research has begun to emerge a coherent picture of the risks in R&D activity, the factors that can make it successful, and the levels of return that justify this activity in economic terms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 1981
43. News: TVA Aids Private Business.
- Subjects
RESEARCH & development ,RESEARCH & economics ,PRIVATE companies ,SCIENCE & industry - Abstract
The article presents an analysis on the advantages offered by the scientific experiments of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to private businesses in the U.S. It notes that TVA's research on a special machinery for hillside farms and on low-cost farm machines has been beneficial for private companies. The advantages of TVA's experiments on a quick-freezing process for local growers and manufacturers and on a new mica-resin plastic to be used as an insulating agent are also included.
- Published
- 1940
44. TAXATION AND NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT.
- Author
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Butters, J. Keith
- Subjects
RESEARCH & development ,CORPORATE tax accounting ,AMORTIZATION deductions ,TAX reform ,TAXATION of industrial research ,TAXATION ,CAPITAL -- Accounting ,ACCOUNTING methods ,TAXATION of intangible property ,CORPORATE finance ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
The article mentions tax reform and accounting methods for scientific research and new product development in the United States. Three recommended options that affect Internal Revenue Code are: a deduction for research expenditure as a current expense with the exception of tangible capital asset purchases; capitalization and amortization of research expenditures as deferred charges; and a combination method that deducts current costs and capitalizes deferred charges with an amortization plan. Topics include two options relating to amortization and depreciation of tangible capital asset costs and alternative methods for stimulating industrial research with a tax subsidy for research or an accumulation of reserve funds that is treated as a tax deductible expense.
- Published
- 1945
45. Conducting non-commercial international clinical trials: the ICR-CTSU experience.
- Author
-
Fox, Lisa, Toms, Christy, Kernaghan, Sarah, Snowdon, Claire, and Bliss, Judith M.
- Subjects
- *
CLINICAL trials , *CANCER treatment , *CANCER research , *CANCER patients , *ANTINEOPLASTIC agents , *ENDOWMENT of research , *EXPERIMENTAL design , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *MEDICAL care costs , *MEDICAL cooperation , *POLICY sciences , *RESEARCH , *TUMORS , *TREATMENT effectiveness , *INSTITUTIONAL cooperation , *ECONOMICS ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Background: Academic clinical trials play a fundamental role in the development of new treatments, the repurposing of existing treatments and in addressing areas of unmet clinical need. With cancer treatments increasingly targeted at molecular subtypes, and with priority placed on developing new treatments for rare tumour types, the need for international trial participation to access sufficient patient numbers for successful trial conduct is growing. However, lack of harmonisation of international legal, ethical and financial systems can make this challenging and the cost and effort of conducting trials internationally can be considered prohibitive, particularly where the sample size is comparatively small.Methods: The Institute of Cancer Research - Clinical Trials and Statistics Unit (ICR-CTSU) is a UK-based academic clinical trials unit that specialises in the design, conduct and analysis of clinical trials of cancer treatments with an expanding portfolio of trials in molecular subtypes of breast and urological cancers and in other rare cancer types. Implementing appropriate mechanisms to enable international participation has therefore been imperative. In this article, we explain how we have approached the challenges involved and describe examples of successful international trial conduct, achieved through robust collaborations with academic and industry partners.Conclusion: Conducting academic trials internationally is challenging but can and should be achieved through appropriate governance mechanisms and strong collaborations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Barriers to the conduct of randomised clinical trials within all disease areas.
- Author
-
Djurisic, Snezana, Rath, Ana, Gaber, Sabrina, Garattini, Silvio, Bertele, Vittorio, Ngwabyt, Sandra-Nadia, Hivert, Virginie, Neugebauer, Edmund A. M., Laville, Martine, Hiesmayr, Michael, Demotes-Mainard, Jacques, Kubiak, Christine, Jakobsen, Janus C., and Gluud, Christian
- Subjects
- *
RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *CLINICAL medicine research , *MEDICAL research , *RESEARCH methodology , *INTERNATIONAL cooperation , *RESEARCH laws , *CLINICAL trial laws , *SYMPTOMS , *ATTITUDE (Psychology) , *CLINICAL trials , *COOPERATIVENESS , *DIET therapy , *ENDOWMENT of research , *EXPERIMENTAL design , *HEALTH attitudes , *MEDICAL cooperation , *MEDICAL ethics , *MEDICAL personnel , *PRIVACY , *RESEARCH , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *EVIDENCE-based medicine , *EQUIPMENT & supplies , *RESEARCH personnel , *ECONOMICS , *THERAPEUTICS , *MEDICAL laws ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Background: Randomised clinical trials are key to advancing medical knowledge and to enhancing patient care, but major barriers to their conduct exist. The present paper presents some of these barriers.Methods: We performed systematic literature searches and internal European Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (ECRIN) communications during face-to-face meetings and telephone conferences from 2013 to 2017 within the context of the ECRIN Integrating Activity (ECRIN-IA) project.Results: The following barriers to randomised clinical trials were identified: inadequate knowledge of clinical research and trial methodology; lack of funding; excessive monitoring; restrictive privacy law and lack of transparency; complex regulatory requirements; and inadequate infrastructures. There is a need for more pragmatic randomised clinical trials conducted with low risks of systematic and random errors, and multinational cooperation is essential.Conclusions: The present paper presents major barriers to randomised clinical trials. It also underlines the value of using a pan-European-distributed infrastructure to help investigators overcome barriers for multi-country trials in any disease area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Income and Technology as Drivers of Australian Healthcare Expenditures.
- Author
-
You, Xiaohui and Okunade, Albert A.
- Subjects
RESEARCH & economics ,TECHNOLOGY & economics ,MEDICAL care cost statistics ,DEMOGRAPHY ,INCOME ,HEALTH policy ,STATISTICAL models - Abstract
The roles of income and technology as the major determinants of aggregate healthcare expenditure (HEXP) continue to interest economists and health policy researchers. Concepts and measures of medical technologies remain complex; however, income (on the demand side) and technology (on the supply side) are important drivers of HEXP. This paper presents analysis of Australia's HEXP, using time-series econometrics modeling techniques applied to 1971-2011 annual aggregate data. Our work fills two important gaps in the literature. First, we model the determinants of Australia's HEXP using the latest and longest available data series. Second, this novel study investigates several alternative technology proxies (input and output measures), including economy-wide research and development expenditures, hospital research expenditures, mortality rate, and two technology indexes based on medical devices. We then apply the residual component method and the technology proxy approach to quantify the technology effects on HEXP. Our empirical results suggest that Australian aggregate healthcare is a normal good and a technical necessity with the income elasticity estimates ranging from 0.51 to 0.97, depending on the model. The estimated technology effects on HEXP falling in the 0.30-0.35 range and mimicking those in the literature using the US data, reinforce the global spread of healthcare technology. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Current globalization of drug interventional clinical trials: characteristics and associated factors, 2011-2013.
- Author
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Sohyun Jeong, Minji Sohn, Jae Hyun Kim, Minoh Ko, Hee-won Seo, Yun-Kyoung Song, Boyoon Choi, Nayoung Han, Han-Sung Na, Jong Gu Lee, In-Wha Kim, Jung Mi Oh, Euni Lee, Jeong, Sohyun, Sohn, Minji, Kim, Jae Hyun, Ko, Minoh, Seo, Hee-Won, Song, Yun-Kyoung, and Choi, Boyoon
- Subjects
- *
GLOBALIZATION , *CLINICAL trials , *REGRESSION analysis , *MEDICAL care costs , *MULTIVARIATE analysis , *DRUG therapy , *AGE distribution , *CHI-squared test , *COMPARATIVE studies , *ENDOWMENT of research , *EXPERIMENTAL design , *INTELLECTUAL property , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *RESEARCH , *EVALUATION research , *HUMAN research subjects , *PATIENT selection , *ODDS ratio , *ECONOMICS ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Background: Clinical trial globalization is a major trend for industry-sponsored clinical trials. There has been a shift in clinical trial sites towards emerging regions of Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Our study objectives were to evaluate the current characteristics of clinical trials and to find out the associated multiple factors which could explain clinical trial globalization and its implications for clinical trial globalization in 2011-2013.Methods: The data elements of "phase," "recruitment status," "type of sponsor," "age groups," and "design of trial" from 30 countries were extracted from the ClinicalTrials.gov website. Ten continental representative countries including the USA were selected and the design elements were compared to those of the USA. Factors associated with trial site distribution were chosen for a multilinear regression analysis.Results: The USA, Germany, France, Canada, and United Kingdom were the "top five" countries which frequently held clinical trials. The design elements from nine continental representative countries were quite different from those of the USA; phase 1 trials were more prevalent in India (OR 1.517, p < 0.001) while phase 3 trials were much more prevalent in all nine representative countries than in the USA. A larger number of "child" age group trials was performed in Poland (OR 1.852, p < 0.001), Israel (OR 1.546, p = 0.005), and South Africa (OR 1.963, p < 0.001) than in the USA. Multivariate analysis showed that health care expenditure per capita, Economic Freedom Index, Human Capital Index, and Intellectual Property Rights Index could explain the variance of regional distribution of clinical trials by 63.6%.Conclusions: The globalization of clinical trials in the emerging regions of Asia, South Africa, and Eastern Europe developed in parallel with the factors of economic drive, population for recruitment, and regulatory constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Micro factors bringing the pharmaceutical industry to a seismic shaking a qualitative research.
- Author
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Dierks, Raphaela Marie Louisa, Bruyère, Olivier, Reginster, Jean-Yves, and Bruyère, Olivier
- Subjects
INDUSTRIES & economics ,RESEARCH & economics ,COOPERATIVENESS ,INDUSTRIES ,INTERVIEWING ,MANAGEMENT ,PATENTS ,RESEARCH ,ECONOMIC competition - Abstract
Introduction: Due to changing macro and micro factors, expiring patents and falling net income, pharmaceutical companies need to rethink their vertical business model. The trend shows cross-sectorial partnerships and consolidation to remain and compete on the market. Areas covered: Quantitative research interviewing a target group of 25 key executives from small, mid and large global pharmaceutical companies rounded with qualitative literature research completing the analysis. Expert commentary: Uncertainty in the industry due to changing external factors i.e. pricing pressures, regulations or an economic slowdown, slowing down innovations and new drug outcomes. Pharmaceutical companies understand the existing hurdles, and are critically optimistic implementing new business models. Also, various stakeholders are included in the value chain due to their growing importance.Conclusion: During the next years, the industry will be restructured from volume towards value, and only pharmaceutical companies' clairaudient and reciprocate to the changes with an out-off the box thinking will be able to resist on the market. Small biotech companies should focus on research, and big pharmaceutical companies entering at development focusing on the process until the distribution. This execution business recommendation would enable the best know-how at the right point, mitigating the risk and enhancing the patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Comparative costs and activity from a sample of UK clinical trials units.
- Author
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Hind, Daniel, Reeves, Barnaby C., Bathers, Sarah, Bray, Christopher, Corkhill, Andrea, Hayward, Christopher, Harper, Lynda, Napp, Vicky, Norrie, John, Speed, Chris, Tremain, Liz, Keat, Nicola, and Bradburn, Mike
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CLINICAL trials , *COST , *EMPLOYEES , *STATISTICS , *MEDICAL research , *BUDGET , *COST control , *COST effectiveness , *ENDOWMENT of research , *EXPERIMENTAL design , *MEDICAL cooperation , *ECONOMICS ,RESEARCH & economics - Abstract
Background: The costs of medical research are a concern. Clinical Trials Units (CTUs) need to better understand variations in the costs of their activities.Methods: Representatives of ten CTUs and two grant-awarding bodies pooled their experiences in discussions over 1.5 years. Five of the CTUs provided estimates of, and written justification for, costs associated with CTU activities required to implement an identical protocol. The protocol described a 5.5-year, nonpharmacological randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted at 20 centres. Direct and indirect costs, the number of full time equivalents (FTEs) and the FTEs attracting overheads were compared and qualitative methods (unstructured interviews and thematic analysis) were used to interpret the results. Four members of the group (funding-body representatives or award panel members) reviewed the justification statements for transparency and information content. Separately, 163 activities common to trials were assigned to roles used by nine CTUs; the consistency of role delineation was assessed by Cohen's κ.Results: Median full economic cost of CTU activities was £769,637 (range: £661,112 to £1,383,323). Indirect costs varied considerably, accounting for between 15% and 59% (median 35%) of the full economic cost of the grant. Excluding one CTU, which used external statisticians, the total number of FTEs ranged from 2.0 to 3.0; total FTEs attracting overheads ranged from 0.3 to 2.0. Variation in directly incurred staff costs depended on whether CTUs: supported particular roles from core funding rather than grants; opted not to cost certain activities into the grant; assigned clerical or data management tasks to research or administrative staff; employed extensive on-site monitoring strategies (also the main source of variation in non-staff costs). Funders preferred written justifications of costs that described both FTEs and indicative tasks for funded roles, with itemised non-staff costs. Consistency in role delineation was fair (κ = 0.21-0.40) for statisticians/data managers and poor for other roles (κ < 0.20).Conclusions: Some variation in costs is due to factors outside the control of CTUs such as access to core funding and levels of indirect costs levied by host institutions. Research is needed on strategies to control costs appropriately, especially the implementation of risk-based monitoring strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
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