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This article examines the creation of the Shôken Fund and its impact on the evolution of the Red Cross movement globally, with a focus on the first quarter of the twentieth century and post-First World War European reconstruction. The Shôken Fund was an initiation of the Japanese Red Cross Society in 1912 to support Red Cross activities in peacetime, administered by the International Committee of the Red Cross. It came into effect in 1920 and the first grants were allocated to Red Cross Societies and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 1921. The article contributes to the historiography of the Red Cross movement and twentieth century humanitarianism by arguing that the Japanese Red Cross Society, through its Shôken Fund, played an important but little known role in the transformation of the Red Cross within the first years of the post-First World War period, as it helped to facilitate a shift in focus for the ICRC from war only to one that included peacetime activities such as those advocated by the newly created League of Red Cross Societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How did fiction respond to the expansions of democracy during the Reconstruction period? This article provides a survey of Reconstruction and post-Reconstruction novels that include scenes of Black electoral participation. Such scenes of voting are also scenes of violence, either threatened or realized, and represent a range of political views. The article explores how novels use such scenes to advocate radical protections of Black voting rights, white supremacist restrictions on Black suffrage, and liberal policies of nonintervention in elections. A set of post-Reconstruction writers asserted a position as expressly moderate between the latter two: that Black political participation must be regulated. These novels pair the threat of Black voting with the civic emergencies of floods and other natural disasters in order to make the regulation of voting rights as necessary for survival as the management of a rising river. This view, positioned as a compromise between the rights provided by the Fifteenth Amendment and the fears of white reactionaries, was shared, alongside similar water metaphors, in the consequential decisions on voting rights by the period's Supreme Court. This article shows the range of novelistic responses in the wake of the Fifteenth Amendment and the shaping of a self-consciously moderate stance that ultimately supported the national policy of Black disenfranchisement. Liberals [could] square voting regulations with their belief in laissez-faire government... by treating electoral reform like the management of natural phenomena, a science of managing threats as in the linked rising tides of river and Black politics in [the period's novels]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial terrorism by organized hate groups and “lone wolf” vigilantes presents a growing societal danger. Increasingly, the planning and recruitment for such plots occur through online communications channels. This Essay sheds new light upon how little-known federal civil rights statutes originally enacted following the Civil War can be applied to the use of online platforms in planning and discussing racially motivated attacks. The Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 gave rise to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1985 and 1986, still in effect today. Section 1985 provides a federal civil cause of action against persons who conspire to deprive a person of federally protected civil rights. Section 1986, which is the focus of this Essay, provides a cause of action against persons who are aware of a § 1985 conspiracy yet fail to act to prevent it from being carried into action. This Essay first reviews the background, text, and legislative history of §§ 1985 and 1986. The Essay next draws upon sociological research illuminating the nature of the contemporary white-supremacist movement and the manner in which white supremacists utilize online communications platforms, which make it difficult for outsiders to become aware of and to disrupt conspiracies before they come to fruition. This Essay then discusses how § 1986 can be used as a tool to incentivize insiders and bystanders who are part of online networks where such plots are discussed to report and disrupt them before they manifest, drawing upon the law and psychology literature regarding bystander motivations and behavior. Finally, the Essay discusses potential First Amendment compelled speech challenges to § 1986 suits. This Essay concludes that § 1986 can and should be utilized more widely to combat white-supremacist terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on scholars have studied U.S.-Mexican relations during World War II do so with a broader scope, analyzing high-level U.S.- Latin America relations during World War II. It mentions U.S. Civil War, Reconstruction, and the Civil Rights Movement within the framework of improving U.S.-Mexican relations. It also mentions continuation of economic assistance and programs such as the Inter-American Highway linking markets and providing means of transferring troops and supplies.

Copyright of Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims at examining the way Constance Fenimore Woolson tackled the controversial issue of rebuilding the nation and redefining American citizenship after the Civil War in Rodman the Keeper: Southern Sketches, a collection of short stories released in 1880. The narratives explore the tensions between white Northerners, white Southerners, newly released African American slaves, and the Minorcans of Florida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Treaty of Trianon (1920) the long-destroyed medieval royal centres of Hungary could be used as sites to replace the “lost historic monuments” on the areas separated from Hungary. In 1934, the art historian Tibor Gerevich, a famed person in Italian-Hungarian cultural diplomacy became the Chairman of the National Committee of Historic Monuments. The Committee lead three iconic works among others during this era: the excavation of the medieval royal palace of Visegrád, the rehabilitation of the ruins of the medieval provostal church in Székesfehérvár, and the renovation of the medieval royal palace of Esztergom. The reconstructions of two of them could have been fulfilled, using the modernist style of the Italian restaurations. Until these works, the reconstructions happened only with additions in historicistic styles. The study examines the transformation as a phenomenon which did not happen so sharply. During the planning processes, the attitude of historicistic way of seeing can be also observed in the architectural renovation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'articolo rappresenta il primo passo di un'ampia indagine sulla ricezione di Walter Scott nella stampa periodica italiana della prima metà dell'Ottocento. Lo studio ambisce a spiegare alcune delle tendenze che regolavano la diffusione europea delle informazioni sullo scrittore scozzese. Attraverso la minuziosa ricostruzione di casi-studio esemplari, verrà mostrato il percorso compiuto dalle notizie su Scott introdotte nella penisola e provenienti dalla Gran Bretagna. Verrà dimostrato come la fama dello scrittore sia stata costruita attraverso un flusso policentrico di informazioni, nel quale la mediazione francese giocò un ruolo determinante. In ultima analisi, il saggio si sofferma sulla ricostruzione della circolazione 'interna' delle notizie tra i vari stati preunitari. Il fatto che le gazzette italiane si citassero reciprocamente con regolarità mostra come la capillare diffusione delle medesime notizie stesse contribuendo alla formazione di un pubblico 'italiano' che leggeva le stesse informazioni già prima dell'unificazione. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between Turkey and Libya is deeply rooted in common history and culture which provides strong foundations for a strategic alliance. The maritime and security agreements signed between the two countries in November 2019 allowed for Turkey to provide a timely and decisive support for the legitimate Government of National Accord (GNA) in Libya to counter and defeat a deadly military attack on the capital Tripoli to regress Libya back to military rule spearheaded by Haftar and his regional/international backers. The Libyan people have a second chance since their revolution of 2011 to complete a turbulent transition and lay foundations for their desire for a constitutional democratic state. Turkey is placed today to be the strategic partner to help Libyans achieve this goal. Turkish strategic relationship and cooperation with Libya over the coming decades should be holistic to help with reaching lasting peace as well as institution and state building. Help can also cover reconstruction across all sectors including security services reform, energy, transport, healthcare, housing, and infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Women's Suffrage in the Western States and Territories with brief glimpse into those efforts in the western states and territories. It mentions U.S. had enfranchised its female citizens in the greatest innovation in participatory democracy since Reconstruction and academics have argued that this omission enabled women to vote in the first elections. It also mentions goal of women's suffrage before the nation followed with the Nineteenth Amendment.

In the 1610s the Weimar Residenzschloss was partially rebuilt following a fire. The only surviving visual source for this reconstruction, an anonymous ground plan, has been attributed to Giovanni Bonalino, a master-builder from the Grisons. This article shows that the plan was in fact by Costantino de' Servi, a Florentine polymath. The Italianate style of the ground plan has been noted in previous literature; here, some of de' Servi's sources of inspiration will be identified: The Palazzo Marino in Milan, but also Litomyšl Castle in Bohemia, Richmond Palace in England and the local Saxon architectural tradition. Comparing archival sources held in Weimar and Florence thus allows this article to place the reconstruction of the Weimar Residenzschloss within its transnational, European context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on venue for contextualising post-World War II internationalism at the intersection of liberal and socialist conceptions of internationalism. It mentions international collaborative exercise and reconstruction and planning of the city of Skopje, Macedonia represent a powerful embodiment of developmental modernism. It also mentions interconnectedness and cross-fertilisation between liberal and socialist internationalisms and constellation in art and architecture.

The article focuses on the impact of the Nineteenth Amendment and earliest advocates of woman suffrage imagined would happen once women secured the vote. It mentions Civil War and Reconstruction intensified changes underway in reformers' relationship to politics itself and school boards accepted woman suffrage without dire consequences. It also mentions arguments against woman suffrage that would arise over the following decades.

The essay explores how World War I impacted the intellectual community of Europe in the inter-war period. It compares the optimism of the 1907 book "Creative Evolution" by Henri Bergson to the pessimistic view of human motivation in the 1929 book "Civilization and Its Discontents" by Sigmund Freud. Other subjects considered include views on the balance of power, imperialism, and the theories of universalism forwarded by German historiographer Oswald Spengler.

The article offers information on the history of nihilism with reference to genealogy and reconstruction. Topics discussed include criticism of the book "Meaning in History," of historian Karl Löwith, philosophy of history, its theological prerequisites, and relationship between theology and the philosophy of history.

In this article, we propose a new reconstruction of column I of 4Q266 (4QDa), which is part of our new edition of the Damascus Document. Our proposed reconstruction results from a careful assessment of previous reconstructions of this column, as it pertains to fragment 1b and its relationship to frag. 1a. Specifically, we argue that the DJD line 1 reading of ב]נ֯י̇ אור לה̇נז֯ר֯ מדר֯[כי is better understood as a scribal gloss and not as the first line of the column. We conclude the article by discussing the compositional history of the Damascus Document, especially in terms of how our new reconstruction relates to the Cairo Genizah Codex CD A. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on retail trade in Central Europe and evaluates the effectiveness of policies after World War I which were designed to protect the small retailer, but did not. A chart is presented with estimates of the percent of total trade conducted by independent retailers in Czechoslovakia, Germany, Poland and Austria. In these countries, large scale distributors held very little economic power even before the restrictions. The impact of fascism, price maintenance laws, unequal sales taxes and other restrictive methods are described in terms of their impact on retail trade.

The steam man is a trope of early US science fiction, one inaugurated by the first dime novel Edisonade, Edward Ellis's 1868 story The Steam Man of the Prairies. Focusing on early steam man stories as well as the historical origin of the trope--Zadoc Dederick's 1868 invention, dubbed the Newark Steam Man--this essay argues that the course of US science fiction and US technology more generally was shaped by the racial discourses of the Reconstruction. Coming on the heels of the Civil War, the steam man stories, like Dederick's patent, drew on extant black caricatures to explicitly racialize their central invention, vividly illustrating the afterlife of slavery at the birth of America's machine culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the story behind a ciphered letter sent from two brothers, Johnston Jones in North Carolina to Iredell Jones in South Carolina, both members of the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction. The letter and a few accompanying documents generated by fellow members of the Klan suggest that the Klan was not exclusively an organic and isolated movement. Rather, conservative white southern elites, connected by ties of Confederate service and family, engaged in a clandestine campaign of organizing against the interracial politics of Reconstruction. Recalibrating our conception of the extent to which the Ku Klux Klan was coordinated provides a more accurate understanding of the ways white supremacist vigilante violence was used to shut down interracial political opportunities after emancipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bosnian War between 1992 and 1995 prepared proper conditions for political and economic reconstruction of Bosnia-Herzegovina in the disintegration process of Yugoslavia. After the war and great destruction, Bosnia-Herzegovina was reconstructed with the intervention of the USA and the Western European states (especially Germany, the UK, France), and the Dayton Agreement as a very complex and fragmented federation in the political sphere and a periphery capitalist country in the economic sphere. More importantly, the Western states' intervention and the Dayton arrangements created an "international protectoral rule" in Bosnia- Herzegovina under the control and command of the USA, the Western European states and international organizations. This painful destruction and politicaleconomic reconstruction process in Bosnia-Herzegovina is discussed and explained in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses internationalism and British and American international adoptions after World War I, the Bolshevik Revolution, and the Armenian genocide. Topics include the adoption of seven Russian orphans by U.S. Admiral Newton McCully, the League of Nations, humanitarianism, post-war reconstruction, and the impact of the war on children and families.

There are two questions concerning Hume's doctrine of existence which have not yet found any persuasive answer: (a) What is his argument in favour of the thesis that there is no distinct idea of existence? (b) What are the semantic and metaphysical consequences of this thesis within his philosophical framework? This paper mainly aims to answer question (a). In order to do that, I will first explain why some reconstructions suggested by interpreters such as Cummins and Bricke are problematic. One of them relies on exegetically dubious presumptions; the other departs too much from Hume's text. Then, I will offer my own reconstruction that makes maximal use of some principles which are very familiar to Hume's readers, including the principle stating the similarity between perceptions and their images. After that, I will discuss a potential objection to my reconstruction and make a brief remark on question (b), arguing that, as opposed to numerous interpreters' concerns, Hume's thesis that there is no distinct idea of existence does not by itself prevent him from being able to conceive negative existential propositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes how Catholicism had a central role in the identity-creation process after the War. The study employs the online archive of the national agency ‘Istituto Luce’ to analyze 261 newsreels about religion released between 1946 and 1965. The article uses (i) Benedict Anderson’s work on imagined communities and (ii) Roland Barthes’ concept of mythology as theoretical frameworks. This study indicates that the majority of newsreels presented Catholicism as intertwined with Italian politics, and as a central element of both tradition and modernity. These findings suggest that the newly formed Italian democracy used the media to emphasize certain aspects of Catholicism, while overlooking others, such as its implications with the Fascist regime. In this way, the media contributed to create a post-war myth where Catholicism represented a moral resource for the country’s leaders and citizens. This historical process contributes to explain the contemporary pervasiveness of Catholicism in Italian media. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article offers information on the identity performances and writings of civil rights activist Susan B. Anthony and author Frederick Douglass during the Reconstruction. Topics discussed include self-representations of Anthony and Douglas in their writings, women's right and African American civil rights movements, and promotion social equality.

The aim of the article is to present the situation of Poland and Mexico in the years prior to the establishment of bilateral relations. It is reasonable to have a panorama of very particular conditions that determined the existence of these two countries at the beginning of the 1920s. As Poland reappeared on the political map of Europe it encountered significant difficulties in rebuilding its independent existence. These difficulties were both of an international and domestic dimension. The same can be said about Mexico that was entering the new chapter of its history after a bloody revolution that was aimed to change the domestic situation of the country. In this sense, at the beginning of the 1920s both nations can be described as "Nations reborn". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of voluntary associations in the late nineteenth century has received significant scholarly attention over the last few decades. Some studies argue that modernization facilitates group formation, but other analyses (e.g., Crowley and Skocpol 2001; Gamm and Putnam 1999) find little support for the argument that modernization caused group formation. Here, we extend this debate to the study of the strength of state-level, voluntary associations with clear political objectives. Using state-level dues paid to national organizations as a measure of group strength, we find evidence that more modernized states typically had the strongest state-level organizations in the 1880s and 1890s. These empirical findings lend support to the modernization thesis but also suggest that group formation and strength may be explained by different processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]