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Background: Despite the growing use of social egg freezing (SEF), research focusing on its psychological aspects is lacking. This study aimed to investigate possible psychological predictors, reasons, and outcomes of SEF in German-speaking countries. Methods: The cross-sectional study included 1,131 women (average age 31 years) who had never used medical egg freezing. The participants were at different stages of SEF decision-making: women who cannot imagine using SEF (SEF-non-use), women who can imagine using SEF (SEF-possible-use), women who plan to use SEF (SEF-planned-use), women who have used SEF (SEF-use), and women who have used their oocytes frozen during SEF for assisted reproduction (SEF + ART-use). Data on sociodemographic and psychological characteristics, attitudes towards motherhood, well-being, and reasons for SEF were assessed. We used multinomial logistic regression to identify predictors of SEF decision-making stages, principal components analysis to examine motives for SEF, and multiple linear regression to analyze associations between motives and psychological variables. Results: The probability of belonging to the SEF-use group rather than SEF-non-use was higher among childless single women with tertiary education, high levels of employment, and high importance placed on the genetic relationship to the child, and rose with increasing age and importance of motherhood. The probability of belonging to the SEF-use group rather than SEF-planned-use was higher among childless women with a high importance placed on the genetic relationship to the child, and increased with age. The probability of belonging to the SEF + ART-use group rather than SEF-use depended mainly on the presence of infertility. The women froze eggs mainly to gain time to fulfill their desire for conventional parenthood (59%), including finding the right partner and enabling a genetic relationship to the child. Using SEF to actively shape one's life and family planning was rather associated with positive psychological outcomes, whereas relying on SEF in the hope of personal and societal changes (e.g. improving fertility) was associated with negative outcomes. Conclusion: SEF users might be characterized as mainly single, career-oriented, and greatly valuing genetic motherhood. As the motives for SEF, rather than its use per se, might be linked to psychological variables, these should be considered when counseling and supporting women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Aim Methods Results Conclusion This study aimed to examine patient perceived reasons for thinking about suicide among individuals with first‐episode psychosis (FEP).Participants completed a baseline assessment followed by 28 days of ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Baseline measures assessed lifetime suicidal ideation and reasons for thinking about suicide. EMA items assessed real‐time suicidal ideation and reasons for thinking about suicide.The average number of lifetime reasons for thinking about suicide was 11.47 ± 5.99, with the most commonly endorsed reasons being to get away or escape (81.6%), to stop bad feelings (71.1%), and to relieve feelings of aloneness, emptiness or isolation (57.9%). Only 31.6% of participants endorsed positive symptoms as a lifetime reason for thinking about suicide. EMA results were consistent with lifetime data. Participants typically endorsed multiple reasons (2.15 ± 0.71), with the desire to escape and to stop bad feelings being the most commonly endorsed items. Psychosis was endorsed as a reason for thinking about suicide during 16.3% of instances of ideation during EMA.These findings highlight the multi‐faceted nature of suicide risk in psychosis. Interestingly, positive symptoms were not frequently endorsed as reasons for thinking about suicide from the patient's perspective. Further research is needed to identify when and for whom positive symptoms contribute to suicide risk. Additionally, our results identify important risk factors for further study, namely the desire to escape and/or stop bad feelings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although it is now commonplace to take emotions to be the sort of phenomena for which there are reasons, the question of how to cash out the reason-responsiveness of emotions remains to a large extent unanswered. I highlight two main ways of thinking about reason-responsiveness, one that takes agential capacities to engage in norm-guided deliberation to underlie reason-responsiveness, and another which instead takes there to be a basic reason-relation between facts and attitudes. I argue that the latter approach should be preferred. Not only does a reasons-basic approach promise to fare better in accounting for cases that its opponent struggles to accommodate, but it promises also to uncover a sui generis relation between emotions and their reasons which is at best obscured and at worst denied by its opponent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Whereas norm-conforming (deontological) judgments have been claimed to be rooted in automatic emotional responses, outcome-maximizing (utilitarian) judgments are assumed to require reflective reasoning. Using the CNI model to disentangle factors underlying moral-dilemma judgments, the current research investigated effects of thinking about reasons on sensitivity to consequences, sensitivity to moral norms, and general action preferences. Three experiments (two preregistered) found that thinking about reasons (vs. responding intuitively or thinking about intuitions) reliably increased sensitivity to moral norms independent of processing time. Thinking about reasons had no reproducible effects on sensitivity to consequences and general action preferences. The results suggest that norm-conforming responses in moral dilemmas can arise from reflective thoughts about reasons, challenging the modal view on the role of cognitive reflection in moral-dilemma judgment. The findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between degree (high vs. low elaboration) and content (intuitions vs. reasons) as distinct aspects of cognitive reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Methods Results Conclusions Patients with obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) face multiple barriers when accessing treatment and rarely receive best‐practice cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) when they seek help. Remote treatments, such as internet‐delivered CBT (ICBT), enhance access to evidence‐based treatments. To date, no known studies have examined the reasons individuals seek remote treatment over traditional in‐person treatment for OCD. Thus, the aim of the current study was to examine the treatment histories of individuals who completed ICBT for OCD and their reasons for seeking ICBT.One hundred and sixty‐six participants (Mage = 33.88; SD = 13.41, 71.7% female) were included in the study.Almost three‐quarters of the sample had previously spoken to a health professional about their OCD symptoms. General practitioners were the most frequently consulted health professionals initially (41.7%), while psychologists were the most frequently consulted overall (81.7%). Supportive counselling (74.2%) and medication (72.5%) were the most common forms of treatment ever received. Of those who had received CBT for OCD, only 20.0% (12.5% of the overall sample) likely received best‐practice CBT. The most frequently endorsed reasons for seeking ICBT over in‐person treatment related to having no access to face‐to‐face treatment in the community (25.9%) and having found previous face‐to‐face treatment unhelpful (24.1%). Group differences in reasons for seeking ICBT over face‐to‐face treatment emerged based on geographical location, OCD severity and presence of comorbid depressive symptoms.Evidence‐based treatment for OCD is underutilized in the community highlighting the need to develop and disseminate evidence‐based remote treatments for OCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: E-cigarette use among teenagers and young adults has significantly increased since its introduction. Identifying the factors associated with e-cigarette use is crucial for developing more effective prevention or cessation interventions. Objective: This study aimed to identify and analyze the factors influencing e-cigarette use among adult smokers in the Aseer region, with a focus on understanding the motivations and behaviors surrounding their use. Methods: We employed an analytical qualitative design to explore the factors influencing e-cigarette use among adult smokers. Participants were e-cigarette users aged 18 years and above, recruited from smoking cessation clinics and other locations where the target population is likely to be found. Data were collected using a questionnaire and individual in-depth interviews. The questionnaire gathered quantitative data on participants' demographic characteristics, behavioral model, and health belief model. In-depth interviews provided qualitative data on participants' experiences, reasons for use, and perceived benefits or risks associated with e-cigarette use. Results: The study included 100 e-cigarette smokers. Participants' ages ranged from 18 to over 40 years, with a mean age of 26.2 ± 13.8 years. A total of 87% were males, and 67% had a university degree. Regarding smoking status, 74% were current smokers, 21% were ex-smokers, and 5% were non-smokers. Half of the participants used smokeless tobacco products. A total of 85% had friends or family members who use e-cigarettes, which was a significant motivator for 41.4% of them. Additionally, 36% saw e-cigarette ads in the media, which motivated 18.3% of them. A total of 96% reported easy access to e-cigarettes, primarily from tobacco shops (82%), online (9%), and gas stations (4%). While 62% felt addicted to e-cigarettes, only 14% planned to continue using them in the future. Conclusions: The study found that the majority of e-cigarette users were middle-aged males with high levels of education and an average level of awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fear of birth is common and complex, caused by a variety of reasons. The aim was to investigate the prevalence of pre-established reasons in relation to fear, and to identify profiles of women based on their reported reasons behind fear of birth. Methods: A cross-sectional Swedish study of women with self-reported fear of birth who completed an online survey. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used in the analysis of pre-established reasons in relation to self-reported severe fear. A Kappa-means cluster analysis was performed in order to group reasons, that were further investigated in relation to women's background variables. Results: A total of 1419 women completed the survey. The strongest reason behind fear of birth was to be forced to give birth vaginally. Four clusters were identified and labeled: minor complexity (reference group), relative minor complexity, relative major complexity, and major complexity. Cesarean section preference, previous mental health problems, being younger, primiparity, and exposure to domestic violence were factors related to cluster grouping. Conclusions: Women with fear of birth have various reasons and diverse complexities behind their fear. Health care providers need to investigate these reasons and support pregnant women with childbirth fear, based on their needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of students in online education poses a notable challenge, primarily due to the potential violation of academic integrity caused by various forms of cheating during online examinations. This study aims to explore the perspectives of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners on the reasons for online exam cheating. The study was conducted using a mixed-methods approach and included 27 participants from three different educational contexts: universities, institutes, and schools. The qualitative phase of the study involved conducting comprehensive discussions using the Google Meet app, allowing participants to explore the factors contributing to online exam cheating. The results of qualitative analysis revealed three broad categories of reasons for online exam cheating: student-related factors, teaching-related factors, and assessment-related factors, each with sub-themes. Followed by this, a ranking scale was administered to the participants to determine the perceived significance of these categories. The implications of this study can guide the development of interventions and strategies targeting these different categories of reasons, ultimately fostering a culture of academic honesty among EFL learners in online exam settings. Also, this study contributes to understanding the reasons for online exam cheating among EFL learners and provides insights for promoting integrity in online assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Healthcare professionals (HCPs) hold significant influence over public attitudes toward vaccinations. Studies suggest that HCPs are hesitant towards the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. This hesitancy could lead to lower vaccination rates in the community. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to assess the extent of hesitancy towards COVID-19 booster doses among HCPs and identify the associated factors. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed and Scopus databases from April to August 2024, using keywords related to COVID-19, vaccine hesitancy, HCPs, and booster vaccination. Studies that had been peer-reviewed, published in English after 2022, and focused on the hesitancy of the COVID-19 booster dose hesitancy among HCPs were included. Out of the 6703 studies screened, 24 studies were included. Results: Most of the HCPs have received their initial series of COVID-19 vaccinations. However, there is a lower rate of uptake for booster doses, with hesitancy rates ranging from 12% to 66.5%. Hesitancy rates varied significantly across continents, with Asia, Africa, and Europe ranging from 19.7% to 66.5%, 27% to 46.1%, 14% to 60.2%, respectively. Hesitancy was reported to be influenced by various factors, including concerns about vaccine safety, necessity, and effectiveness of these vaccines. In addition, the hesitancy regarding booster doses was also found to be influenced by factors like age, gender, profession, and previous COVID-19. Physicians, nurses, and pharmacists exhibited vaccine hesitancy rates ranging from 12.8% to 43.7%, 26% to 37%, and 26% to 34.6%, respectively. Conclusions: Our review underscores the hesitancy among HCPs towards receiving booster doses across countries around the world and explores the underlying factors. These findings provide valuable insights for the design of future pandemic vaccination programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several philosophers have proposed Knowledge-Based Decision Theories (KDTs)—theories that require agents to maximize expected utility as yielded by utility and probability functions that depend on the agent's knowledge. Proponents of KDTs argue that such theories are motivated by Knowledge-Reasons norms that require agents to act only on reasons that they know. However, no formal derivation of KDTs from Knowledge-Reasons norms has been suggested, and it is not clear how such norms justify the particular ways in which KDTs relate knowledge and rational action. In this paper, I suggest a new axiomatic method for justifying KDTs and providing them with stronger normative foundations. I argue that such theories may be derived from constraints on the relation between knowledge and preference, and that these constraints may be evaluated relative to intuitions regarding practical reasoning. To demonstrate this, I offer a representation theorem for a KDT proposed by Hawthorne and Stanley (2008) and briefly evaluate it through its underlying axioms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Tobacco use remains a significant public health issue worldwide, causing over 7 million deaths annually. Polytobacco use has become a common phenomenon. This study aims to analyze reasons for cigarette and tobacco product use, dual use and poly use among university students by sex, in China and Cyprus, selected owing to their still high consumption rates. Methods An online survey was conducted among 589 university students (55% women) with a mean age of 24.2 years from Guangzhou, China, and the Republic of Cyprus. Participants reported their use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and waterpipes, as well as their reasons for using these products. Statistical analyses included chisquared tests, and effect sizes were computed using the phi (φ) coefficient. Results The Chinese participants gave as reasons for using cigarettes: ‘because of the taste’, ‘because it looks cool’, ‘to get high’ and ‘because friends and family use them’. These were less frequently given by the Cypriots who opted more for ‘to relax and relieve tension’. Compared to the Cypriot participants, the more frequent reasons given for consuming e-cigarettes and waterpipes among Chinese students were: ‘due to boredom’, ‘because it looks cool’, ‘to get high’, ‘because I am hooked’, ‘because friends or family members use them’, ‘because they are less harmful than regular cigarettes’ and ‘because friends of family members allow their use more’. Dual or poly users felt more addicted than those who practiced single use. Among e-cigarette users, dual users and poly users valued the taste of the product more than single users. In general, men found more reasons for tobacco use than women did. Conclusions This study shows substantial differences in the motivation for using these products according to the product type, number of tobacco/nicotine products used, country, and sex. Understanding the reasons for tobacco use can inform targeted interventions aimed at reducing tobacco consumption among young adults.

Abstract Background The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has increased substantially around the world; various global studies have documented the use of CAM by surgical patients in the preoperative period, with rates of herbal medications and other nonherbal treatments ranging from 12 to 69%. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of CAM and its patterns of use among surgical patients. Methods From December 2020 to April 2021, a descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken in Palestine. A face‒to-face interview questionnaire was used. The participants were asked questions regarding sociodemographics, clinical information, CAM usage, reasons for its use, and opinions on its efficacy. Results Among the 300 surgical patients who were interviewed in this study, 252 (84.0%) reported that they had ever used CAM, while a total of 122 (48.4%) had used CAM before their surgery, 81.7% of the respondents used herbal methods, and 64.7% of them used nonherbal methods. CAM use among our study population was not linked to specific demographics or other characteristics, except health insurance (p = 0.004). The most commonly used herbs among surgical patients are Salvia officinalis L. (Sage) (84.1%) and Pimpinella anisum L. (Anise) (75.5%). The highest percentage was found among patients with university qualifications (73.2%), who used more than three methods (p

The aim of this research is to investigate the successful factors behind the largest walking event in the world, the Nijmeegse Vierdaagse in the Netherlands, through the prism of a visitors’ experience economy. The study explores the demographic characteristics of the respondents, the visitors’ reasons to attend, as well as an interpretation of their experience. A total of 327 visitors completed a survey expressing their positive recommendation for others to visit the event and the huge interest (99.4%) to re-attend. This was due to a universal level of satisfaction and the diversification of the entertainment provision amongst Dutch, German and other Europeans with a high educational level, aged 20 and above. Most visitors attended the event with their families and friends, for professional and personal training, as part of a military program or for self-development. The main reasons to take part were firstly, to observe the walkers, secondly, to support friends and family and, lastly, for the atmosphere around the city and its history. The experience has been introduced through Pine and Gilmore’s (1998) realms where all four aspects played a huge role in its successful implementation, specifically of the esthetic and entertainment realms. The participants searched mostly for harmony, a pleasant environment and differentiation of cultures. Moreover, the attendees mentioned the educational side as a simplistic curiosity rather than intentional learning, however, they still highlighted that it also mattered as a part of the successful event. Lastly, only small relevance was found in becoming a different person and experiencing a completely different world through escapism. Finally, practically all participants expressed their wish to re-attend the event considering it successful.

Abstract Background In health care, two in three users of complementary therapies (CT) stay silent about their CT use. Disclosure of CT use to physicians is important for patient safety, participation, and shared decision-making. Common reasons for CT nondisclosure include patients´ expectations of physicians’ unaccepting response to disclosure, physicians not asking, and patients believing it is unnecessary. This study aimed to increase understanding of patient silence. We investigated how the reasons for nondisclosure of CT use reported by CT users were associated with the frequency of CT disclosure and how these associations and reported justifications to keep silent reflect patient silence among the study participants. Methods This mixed-methods study used existing data from the non-probability-based online survey (n = 6802) targeted to CT users among the general population in Finland. A qualitative structured tabular thematic analysis was conducted for the selected 342 brief texts describing the reasons and justification for not telling physicians about CT use. The associations between the frequency of CT disclosure and the reasons for CT nondisclosure were analysed by crosstabulations and binary logistic regression analysis with SPSS (v28). Results Three types of patient silence were revealed. Avoidant silence illustrates the respondents coping with the fear of unwanted response from a physician and avoiding the expected negative consequences of CT disclosure. Precautionary silence exemplifies respondents striving to prevent the reoccurrence of previously experienced frustration of wishes to be seen and heard as CT users. Conditional silence portrays the self-confidence of respondents who assessed their need to disclose CT use to physicians on a case-by-case basis. Conclusions Silence, for some patients, may serve as a way of warding off past and possible future fears and frustrations related to CT disclosure. It is important to recognise different types of patient silence related to CT disclosure to enhance patient participation and shared decision-making in health care. Efforts are needed to provide health policy decision-makers with information about CT users’ lived experiences with CT communication in health care.

Background: The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has increased substantially around the world; various global studies have documented the use of CAM by surgical patients in the preoperative period, with rates of herbal medications and other nonherbal treatments ranging from 12 to 69%. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of CAM and its patterns of use among surgical patients. Methods: From December 2020 to April 2021, a descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken in Palestine. A face‒to-face interview questionnaire was used. The participants were asked questions regarding sociodemographics, clinical information, CAM usage, reasons for its use, and opinions on its efficacy. Results: Among the 300 surgical patients who were interviewed in this study, 252 (84.0%) reported that they had ever used CAM, while a total of 122 (48.4%) had used CAM before their surgery, 81.7% of the respondents used herbal methods, and 64.7% of them used nonherbal methods. CAM use among our study population was not linked to specific demographics or other characteristics, except health insurance (p = 0.004). The most commonly used herbs among surgical patients are Salvia officinalis L. (Sage) (84.1%) and Pimpinella anisum L. (Anise) (75.5%). The highest percentage was found among patients with university qualifications (73.2%), who used more than three methods (p < 0.001). In addition, 59.4% of the females used more than three therapies, whereas 45.9% of the males did (p = 0.032). Conclusions: The herbal methods used are common among surgical patients in Palestine and are consistent with the enormous increase in the use of CAM. Therefore, awareness should be raised among the public regarding the risks and benefits of CAM use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study was to explore the stories and experiences of English teachers shifting careers. The study was conducted in Davao de Oro. A multiple case study was employed and purposive sampling was utilized in selecting the three participants. Moreover, the researcher adhered to the following criteria: (a) Who are willing to share their stories (b) Who graduated as BSED English major (c) Who are passers of LET (d) Who shifted careers. As part of the ethical consideration, the identities of the three participants were kept confidential and anonymous. The findings of the study revealed that the experiences encountered by the participants related to teaching were Worthwhile, Enjoyable, and Tricky and complicated. The challenges encountered by the participants related to teaching were Time management, and Catching students' Interest. The reasons of moving away from English teaching were Health Condition, Salary Wise, and to have stable job. The insights they developed were to Teaching the Noblest Profession, Finding it Necessary for Further Education, and Establish Understanding with Others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the Universality Argument that pleasure is goodness. It proceeds from a moral sense theory that analyzes moral concepts as concerned with what all should hope for, feel guilty about, and admire. This requires rejecting the view that moral judgment concerns empirically inaccessible norms governing action. The first premise defines goodness as what should please all. The second premise reduces should to perceptual accuracy. The third premise invokes a standard of universal accuracy: qualitative identity. Since the pleasure of all is accurate solely about pleasure, pleasure is goodness, or universal moral value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are reasons for many things. For instance, we can have reasons to watch our favorite movie and believe that it will live up to the hype. These are cases of reasons for beliefs and actions. We can also have reasons for affective attitudes: we can have reasons to be excited the movie is releasing, to fear that our friends won't like it as much as we do, and to be relieved that they did. Barry Maguire has recently argued against the claim that there are reasons for affective attitudes. If he is right, it would have serious consequences in metaethics. Several projects in metaethics are committed to the existence of reasons for affective attitudes. These views are doomed if Maguire is right. Other projects have run into serious difficulties in trying to account for the existence of reasons for attitudes. Their prospects are seriously improved if Maguire is right. I hope to show we should not accept these consequences: the existence of reasons for attitudes can be defended against Maguire's attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is a study of an issue related to the causes and motivations behind doctrinal differences. It is titled: "The Causes of Doctrinal Differences: Greek Philosophy and Heritage as a Model." It is an attempt to identify some of the causes of these differences and the emergence of various sects among Muslims, and to try to explain many of the logical questions about the motivations and reasons that led to doctrinal differences and the influence of Greek philosophy on this. This study aims to identify the most important causes of doctrinal differences and the underlying reasons behind these differences, as well as the extent of the influence of Greek philosophy and heritage in directing these differences. The study reached at a number of results, Greek philosophy entered the Muslim world in general through the translation of ancient sciences into the Arabic language. The causes of disagreement and the occurrence of differences and divisions are many, some of which are due to malice, the extreme exaggeration in belief, the following one's desires, the spread of innovations, the interpretation of texts, the use of common and ambiguous terms, the malice of the enemies of Islam, as well as the influence of foreign cultures as a result of the translation of the sciences of other nations, such as the sciences of the Greeks, Indians, Persians, and others, which had a great impact on the emergence of a number of sects affiliated with Islam.. The speakers benefited from the methods and approaches of philosophy and used them in debate and in stating their views. Imam Fakhr al-Din al-Razi tried to establish a kind of coexistence between philosophy and Kalam, and Imam Ibn Hazm is considered one of those who defended Aristotelian logic and one of those who said that it is necessary to adopt it. The influence of philosophy (the Greek heritage) appeared in the disagreement on some issues through the logical or philosophical rational premises that were used by those who said something contrary to what the people of the Sunnah and the Jama'ah had stated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tobacco use remains a significant public health issue worldwide, causing over 7 million deaths annually. Polytobacco use has become a common phenomenon. This study aims to analyze reasons for cigarette and tobacco product use, dual use and poly use among university students by sex, in China and Cyprus, selected owing to their still high consumption rates. Methods: An online survey was conducted among 589 university students (55% women) with a mean age of 24.2 years from Guangzhou, China, and the Republic of Cyprus. Participants reported their use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and waterpipes, as well as their reasons for using these products. Statistical analyses included chisquared tests, and effect sizes were computed using the phi (φ) coefficient. Results: The Chinese participants gave as reasons for using cigarettes: 'because of the taste', 'because it looks cool', 'to get high' and 'because friends and family use them'. These were less frequently given by the Cypriots who opted more for 'to relax and relieve tension'. Compared to the Cypriot participants, the more frequent reasons given for consuming e-cigarettes and waterpipes among Chinese students were: 'due to boredom', 'because it looks cool', 'to get high', 'because I am hooked', 'because friends or family members use them', 'because they are less harmful than regular cigarettes' and 'because friends of family members allow their use more'. Dual or poly users felt more addicted than those who practiced single use. Among e-cigarette users, dual users and poly users valued the taste of the product more than single users. In general, men found more reasons for tobacco use than women did. Conclusions: This study shows substantial differences in the motivation for using these products according to the product type, number of tobacco/nicotine products used, country, and sex. Understanding the reasons for tobacco use can inform targeted interventions aimed at reducing tobacco consumption among young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is generally recommended for patients with a thoracic or lumbar curve >40 degrees. However, the reasons and concerns of patients with AIS and their parents regarding surgery are unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the reasons and concerns for AIS surgery among patients and their parents, and to investigate the differences in reasons and concerns between patients and their parents. Before starting this study, we hypothesized that there were differences between patients with AIS and their parents in their reasons and concerns regarding AIS surgery. Methods: Patients with AIS and their parents completed a comprehensive survey independently before the surgery. The survey consisted of thirteen reasons and nine concerns for AIS surgery, which the patients and parents were asked to rank from 1st to 3rd. Answers were scored as follows: 1st, 1 point: 2nd, 2 points; 3rd, 3 points; and no ranked questions, 10 points. We calculated the ranking points for each question. The lower ranking point of a question demonstrated more expectation and concern issues. Furthermore, the number of answers ranked from 1st to 3rd were counted among the rankings provided by patients and parents. We analyzed the data with Man-Whitney U-test and Chi-square test. Results: Overall, 18 patients with AIS and their parents completed the survey. Prevention of further progression was the strongest reason among patients and their parents, while neurological deficit was the strongest concern among patients with AIS and their parents. Although there was no statistically difference, patients cited waistline asymmetry as the reason and they were concerned about the immediate postoperative pain more than parents. Meanwhile, parents felt more concerned about neurological deficit than patients (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Preoperatively, spine surgeons should provide adequate information regarding the indication or complications of surgery to patients with AIS and their parents. Although some minor differences were apparent between parents and patients, the strongest reason and concern were the same. We believe that our findings will be useful for spine surgeons as they would inform to the patients and parents, and aid in the preoperative planning of corrective surgery for patients with AIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Childfreeness remains a largely unexplored subject in Poland. We provide insights into the scale of childlessness by choice and the motivations and characteristics of childfree people in the country. We conducted a quantitative study (national stratified random sample, n = 665, age 18–50 (M = 34.14, SD = 9.22), October 2021) and a qualitative exploration (n = 461, age 18–58 (M = 29.07, SD = 7.01), May 2020–January 2021). The quantitative analyses revealed that 14.89% of adult Poles of reproductive age did not have children and were not planning to have them. The decision not to have children was significantly predicted by lower age and left-wing political and liberal social beliefs. The qualitative analyses showed that the most common reasons for being childfree were lack of parental instinct (I do not feel the maternal instinct), not liking children (I cannot stand children) and desire for autonomy (I want to be independent). The results suggest that the Polish childfree population is substantial and diverse in their reasons for not wanting to have children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the idea of mind-reading technology by focusing on an interesting case of applying a large language model (LLM) to brain data. On the face of it, experimental results appear to show that it is possible to reconstruct mental contents directly from brain data by processing via a chatGPT-like LLM. However, the author argues that this apparent conclusion is not warranted. Through examining how LLMs work, it is shown that they are importantly different from natural language. The former operates on the basis of nonrational data transformations based on a large textual corpus. The latter has a rational dimension, being based on reasons. Using this as a basis, it is argued that brain data does not directly reveal mental content, but can be processed to ground predictions indirectly about mental content. The author concludes that this is impressive but different in principle from technology-mediated mind reading. The applications of LLM-based brain data processing are nevertheless promising for speech rehabilitation or novel communication methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avicenna holds that since God has existed from all eternity and is immutable and impassible, he cannot come to have an attribute or feature that he has not had from all eternity. He also claims for the simultaneous causation. A puzzle arises when we consider God's creating this world. If God is immutable and impassible, then his attributes associated with his creating this world are unchanging. So, God must have been creating the world from all eternity. But then God's creative act, one might object, seems to be no different from a matter of natural necessity. This is a threat to divine freedom, for God would then have no choice concerning his creative action. Anthony Ruffus and Jon McGinnis argue that this puzzle can be solved in such a way that Avicenna can consistently affirm divine freedom along with divine simplicity. They suggest that Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī's interpretation might help to show that it is false that Avicenna's God cannot choose absolutely. For it is still open to him to choose either to create eternally or to refrain from creating anything at all. Ruffus and McGinnis argue that since creating or not creating anything at all do not correspond to two distinct concepts, Avicenna's account of divine simplicity, which denies any multiplicity in divine mind, is safeguarded along with divine freedom. I claim that God's omnirationality requiring that he always acts for reasons is a serious threat to such an interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I argue that the logical perspective—the study of arguments as products—is not well integrated into pragma-dialectics. I show that the Validity Rule and the Argumentation Scheme Rule, despite being procedural rules, are, in a certain sense, "logical" rules. Subsequently, I distinguish and review three successive periods in the development of the logical dimension of pragma-dialectics: conventionalist, inferentialist and dualist, to reveal that none of them is completely satisfactory. I contend that, given the assumptions and conceptual apparatus of pragma-dialectics, the integration of the logical perspective, and especially of a suitable account of counterargumentation, requires the adoption of a conception of logic as a theory of reasons, as opposed to the traditional conception of logic as a theory of inferences. Understanding logic as a theory of the dialogical construction of reasons enables us to approach the study of the relationships between arguments and the weighing of opposing arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurisprudence Faculty Journal / Magallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-fiqh is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents and defends a new account of reasoning. Reasoning is essentially subject to a constitutive norm, the norm of following sufficient normative reasons. Instead of rule-following, following normative reasons is essential. After clarifying the view, three arguments in its support will be presented. They concern the scope of (correct) reasoning, the value of (correct) reasoning, and the relation between reasoning and treating a consideration as a reason. Two objections – concerning the knowledge norm of belief and cases of improperly treating a consideration as a reason – will be dealt with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In health care, two in three users of complementary therapies (CT) stay silent about their CT use. Disclosure of CT use to physicians is important for patient safety, participation, and shared decision-making. Common reasons for CT nondisclosure include patients´ expectations of physicians' unaccepting response to disclosure, physicians not asking, and patients believing it is unnecessary. This study aimed to increase understanding of patient silence. We investigated how the reasons for nondisclosure of CT use reported by CT users were associated with the frequency of CT disclosure and how these associations and reported justifications to keep silent reflect patient silence among the study participants. Methods: This mixed-methods study used existing data from the non-probability-based online survey (n = 6802) targeted to CT users among the general population in Finland. A qualitative structured tabular thematic analysis was conducted for the selected 342 brief texts describing the reasons and justification for not telling physicians about CT use. The associations between the frequency of CT disclosure and the reasons for CT nondisclosure were analysed by crosstabulations and binary logistic regression analysis with SPSS (v28). Results: Three types of patient silence were revealed. Avoidant silence illustrates the respondents coping with the fear of unwanted response from a physician and avoiding the expected negative consequences of CT disclosure. Precautionary silence exemplifies respondents striving to prevent the reoccurrence of previously experienced frustration of wishes to be seen and heard as CT users. Conditional silence portrays the self-confidence of respondents who assessed their need to disclose CT use to physicians on a case-by-case basis. Conclusions: Silence, for some patients, may serve as a way of warding off past and possible future fears and frustrations related to CT disclosure. It is important to recognise different types of patient silence related to CT disclosure to enhance patient participation and shared decision-making in health care. Efforts are needed to provide health policy decision-makers with information about CT users' lived experiences with CT communication in health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many authors assume that we are rationally required to be somewhat moved by any recognized reason. This assumption turns out to be unjustified if not false, both in general and under any non-trivial restriction. Even its most plausible forms are contradicted by the possibility of exclusionary reasons. Some have doubted the latter's possibility. But these doubts are also shown to be unfounded, and exclusionary reasons' pervasive role in normative theorizing is defended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I draw attention to the phenomenon of warranted epistemic blame in order to pose a challenge for most forms of epistemic instrumentalism, which is the view that all of the demands of epistemic normativity are requirements of instrumental rationality. Because of the way in which the instrumentalist takes the force of one’s epistemic reasons to derive from one’s own individually held ends, the instrumentalist faces unique difficulties in explaining our standing to blame one another for violations of epistemic norms. In many cases, it is unclear why, according to the instrumentalist, we might be entitled to others’ adherence to epistemic norms at all. This is a serious problem. The upshot is that theorists of epistemic normativity should be prepared reject most forms of epistemic instrumentalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte is the property of Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents an analysis of the book "Normative Reasons: Between Reasons and Explanation" by Artūrs Logins, which seeks to reconcile views about the nature of reasons that seem to be in opposition. Topics discussed include the reconciling projects in the book, factor that makes something normative reason for Logins, and desiderata/constraints that Logins articulated for a theory of normative reasons.

Copyright of Secretary (16742354) is the property of Secretary Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The exodus of the young generation from Romania is one of the most acute social and economic problems facing the country today. The phenomenon of massive emigration of young people, especially to the European Union states, is determined by a number of economic, social and political factors. Among the main reasons for leaving are the lack of job opportunities, low salaries, economic instability, but also the desire to access a higher standard of living and to benefit from better educational and medical systems. The impact of this migration is profound and has consequences on several levels. On the one hand, the departure of young people reduces the skilled workforce, affecting key sectors of the economy and limiting Romania's development prospects. On the other hand, youth migration affects the demographic structure, contributing to the ageing of the population and the pressure on the pension and health systems. In the future, the phenomenon of youth emigration could deepen the economic and social gaps between Romania and developed countries, if concrete measures are not implemented to provide more attractive conditions for the younger generations. The solutions include investments in education, the creation of well-paid jobs, policies to stimulate entrepreneurship and improve the quality of life. Stopping the exodus of young people is essential to ensure Romania's long-term social and economic sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objectives: Extraction of third molar tooth is a frequently performed procedure in department of oral and Maxillofacial surgery, for various justified reasons. The objective of our study is to identify the reasons for extraction of third molar tooth in patients presenting at the University Dental Hospital, Lahore. Methodology: In May 2022, a retrospective study was carried out at The University of Lahore's University Dental Hospital. Records from the oral and maxillofacial surgery department were searched for relevant data between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2021. There were 200 people in the sample. SPSS version 25 was used to compile and analyze the data. Standard descriptive analysis was initially performed, followed by chi-square analysis. Results: Records of 200 patients were gathered, with 56 percent being females and 44 percent males. Wisdom teeth extractions were more prevalent in patients aged between 31 to 40 years. Mandibular molar extractions were more common. Surgical methods were employed in 55 percent of cases, while non-surgical methods were used in 45 percent. Caries was the most prevalent reason for extraction, accounting for 64 percent, followed by mobility at 13 percent. Other reasons for extraction included broken root fragments and impaction, each contributing 9.5 percent. Pericoronitis was observed in 3.5 percent of cases, and orthodontic reasons were also noted. Conclusion: Individuals aged 18-40 predominantly underwent third molar extraction, with dental caries being the primary reason for extraction. Pericoronitis was major cause in the younger age group, whereas mobility was more common in the older age group. Prophylactic extraction was not widely practiced in our clinical setting.

Abstract This study aimed to assess the prevalence and reasons for nonadherence to cotrimoxazole prophylaxis therapy. A cross-sectional study was conducted among people living with HIV attending Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Data were collected through interviews and reviews of medical records. Binary logistic regression was employed to analyze factors associated with CPT nonadherence. Approximately two-thirds (65.5%) of the participants were non-adherent to co-trimoxazole prophylaxis therapy. The main reasons for non-adherence were side effects, pill fatigue and forgetfulness. Strategies to improve adherence to co-trimoxazole prophylaxis therapy should focus on the combined patient, clinical and medication related issues of people living with HIV.

Abstract Background The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has one of the highest numbers of un and under-vaccinated children as well as number of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the world. This study aims to determine and compare the proportion and characteristics of zero-dose (ZD) and under-vaccinated (UV) children among refugees and IDPs in the DRC, as well as the reasons for incomplete vaccination schedules. Methods Data from a rolling vaccination coverage survey conducted from September 10, 2022, to July 03, 2023, among refugees and IDPs in 12 provinces of the DRC. ZD was defined as a child aged 12–23 months who had not received any dose of pentavalent vaccine DTP-Hib-Hep B (by card or recall) and UV as a child who had not received the third dose of pentavalent vaccine. The proportions of non and under-vaccination and the associated factors using a logistic regression model are presented for ZD and UV children. The reasons for non-vaccination of these children are described using the WHO-Immunization behavioral and social-drivers-conceptual framework and compared using Pearson’s Chi2 test. Results Of 692 children aged 12 to 23 months included in the analysis, 9.3% (95% CI: 7.2–11.7%) were ZD and 40.9% (95% CI: 95%: 37.2–44.6%) UV. The Penta1/Penta3 drop-out rate was 34.9%. After adjustment, ZD children had a significant history of home or road birth. And UV children were significantly associated with mothers/caregivers being under 40, uneducated, farmers, ranchers, employed, rural residents, as well as with home or road births. Reasons linked to people’s perceptions and feelings were cited much more often for ZD (50.0%) than for UV (38.3%). Those related to social reasons were cited much more often by ZD (40.6%) than by UV (35.7%). Reasons related to “programmatic and practical issues” were cited less for ZD (90.5%) than for UV (97.1%). Conclusions ZD and UV children represent significant proportions in refugee and IDPs sites in the DRC. However, the proportion of ZD is less than for the entire country, while the proportion of UV is comparable, reflected in a very high drop-out rate. Similarly to studies in the general population in DRC, the reasons for ZD children were mainly linked to challenges in caregiver motivation to vaccinate, while for UV children, they were more often linked to pro-grammatic and practical problems of the health system.

Background: Close supervision of HIV infected infants is necessary because of the rapid progression of immune deterioration that may occur in the first months of life. Objectives: To determine the loss to follow-up rate, reasons and associated risk factors among mother-infant pairs in a routine PMTCT programme. Methods: This was a case control study that involved mother-infant pairs enrolled within 72 hours of delivery for follow-up in a PMTCT programme. Loss to follow-up was deemed to have occurred where more than two consecutive visits to the clinic had been missed. The defaulting mother-infant pairs were traced through telephone calls and home visits, where possible. Results: One hundred and seventy-eight mother-infant pairs were enrolled between August 2002 and February 2005, out of which 18 were excluded. Fifty-eight (36.25 percent) of the remaining 160 were lost to follow-up. Among the 58 defaulters, 28 (48.27 percent) could not be traced as a result of false contact addresses. The most common reason for loss to follow up among the 30 mother-infant pairs traced, was apparent good health in the babies. After tracking and counseling, 18 (60 percent) resumed regular follow-up. The mean ages of mothers and babies at the time of default were 28.87 years (SD+4.52 years) and 15.31 weeks (SD+14.05 weeks), respectively. Attainment of post-secondary education, non-membership in a support group and lack of partner notification were associated with increased risk of default. Conclusions: The high loss to follow-up rate from this study highlights the need to improve on the postnatal follow-up of HIV-exposed babies.

Abstract Background Research on cannabis use motives has focused on youth. Little is known about motives among working adults, including how work may play a role. This study aimed to describe cannabis use motives and their connection to work, and identify the personal and work correlates of work-related motives among a sample of workers. Methods A national, cross-sectional sample of Canadian workers were queried about their cannabis use. Workers reporting past-year cannabis use (n = 589) were asked their motives for using cannabis and whether each motive was related to work or helped them manage at work (i.e., work-related). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the associations of personal and work characteristics with work-related cannabis use motives (no work-related motives,

A joke is amusing if and only if its fitting to be amused by it; an act is regrettable if and only if its fitting to regret it. Many philosophers accept these biconditionals and hold that analogous ones obtain between a wide range of additional evaluative properties and the fittingness of corresponding responses. Call these the fit-value biconditionals. The biconditionals give us a systematic way of recognizing the role of fit in our ethical practices; they also serve as the bedrock of various metaethical projects, such as fitting-attitude analysis of value and the fittingness first approach. Yet despite the importance of the biconditionals, there is very little discussion of their proper interpretation. This paper argues that any plausible interpretation of the fit-value biconditionals must disarm several kinds of apparent counterexample. For instance, that an achievement is pride-worthy doesnt imply it is fitting for me to take pride in it because the achievement might not be mine or that of anyone close to me; that a joke is amusing doesnt imply it is fitting for me to be amused by it for six straight months; and that a person is loveable doesnt imply it is fitting for me to love him romantically because that person might be my sibling. We consider possible responses to such counterexamples and develop what we consider the most promising interpretation of the biconditionals. The upshot is that certain widespread assumptions about fit and its relation to value and reasons should be reconsidered.

Background: Nurses play an important role in the prevention and management of delirium episodes. However, some studies have reported that not all interventions recommended are applied due to time and resource constraints, resulting in patients receiving less care than required because other patients and/or interventions are prioritised. The concept of prioritization is part of the broader concept of decision-making as the ability to choose between two or more alternatives to ensure patient safety. Understanding the reasons influencing the prioritization process in patients at risk or with delirium may inform interventions to prevent and/or minimise the unfinished nursing care. Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore the reasons that inform the prioritisation process among nurses when they are challenged to make decisions for patients at risk and with delirium. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study performed according to the COnsolidated criteria for Reporting guidelines, in 2021. An intentional sample of nurses working full-time with older patients in medical, geriatric, and post-acute care facilities affiliated with the National Health System was involved. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and narratives thematic analysed. Results: A total of 56 nurses (55.4% in internal medicine, 26.8% in geriatrics and 17.8% in post-acute/intermediate care) participated with an average age of 31.6 years. The reasons informing the prioritisation process while providing preventive or managerial interventions towards a patient at risk of or with delirium are set at three levels: (1) unit level, as reasons belong to the inadequacy of the 'Environment', the 'Human Resources', and the 'Organisation and Work Processes', (2) nurse's level, as issues in 'Competencies' and 'Attitudes' possessed, and (3) patient level, due to the 'Multidimensional Frailty'. Conclusion: Nurses caring for patients at risk of and with delirium face several challenges in providing care. To prioritise preventive and managerial interventions, it is essential to implement multilevel and multifaced organizational and educational strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]