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This study investigated the relationship between reading readiness and academic performance by assessing the reading readiness status of Grade IV-VI learners at Salvador Elementary School during the 2023-2024 school year. The research utilized the results of the Philippine Informal Reading Inventory (Phil IRI) to develop a reading enhancement program. The study aimed to profile learner demographics--including age, gender, parental educational attainment, socioeconomic status, availability of reading materials at home and school and allocated reading time. Additionally, it sought to evaluate learner readiness in decoding, word recognition, fluency, and comprehension, determine the overall reading readiness level based on Phil IRI results, and investigate the relationship between reading competencies and Phil IRI outcomes. Findings revealed a diverse learner demographic, predominantly aged 10 years, with a balanced gender distribution. Parental educational attainment was mostly high school level, reflecting a mixed socioeconomic background. While homes generally provided conducive reading materials, allocated reading time varied. Learners demonstrated proficiency in decoding, word recognition, fluency, and comprehension, with Phil IRI assessments indicating similar readiness levels but with varying competency strengths. The study identified a positive relationship between reading competencies and Phil IRI outcomes, emphasizing the role of oral reading skills in performance. Despite findings not reaching statistical significance, the study highlighted the complex factors influencing reading readiness and recommended targeted interventions to enhance literacy outcomes, increase parental involvement, ensure equitable access to reading materials, and tailor instructional strategies to individual learner needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motor skills development plays an integral role in preparing kindergarten learners to be ready in a formal school setting. This research assessed the motor skills of kindergarten learners toward formal school readiness. It utilized quantitative descriptive correlational research design. The study was conducted in Bonbon Elementary School, Cebu City with 25 respondents. A researcher-developed survey questionnaires were designed and utilized to gather the needed data. Employing weighted means to get the extent of readiness of the learners as perceived by the teachers and parents and an independent sample T-test in determining the significant relationship. The empirical findings revealed that most teacher respondents were females aged 27-33. They all held Early Childhood Education Degrees, some with master's units. Experienced from 2 to 10 years, with many not attending seminars in ECE while the parent respondents answered the survey questionnaires who are identified as having low monthly income and parents at a young age. The statistical test revealed that there was a significant relationship between fine motor skills and gross motor skills in teachers' and parent's assessment of the skills readiness of the learners. Based on the result, the researcher concludes that parent's support and kindergarten teachers' knowledge, skills, and understanding of what helps strengthen students' motor skills. Thus, the utilization of the enhancement plan is necessary for achieving the total development of kindergarten learners' motor skills for formal school readiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates senior high school graduates' experiences, perceptions, and outcomes regarding research subjects at Gapok National School. The research employed qualitative methods to gather data from 15 participants, focusing on their reflections on the importance of research subjects, challenges faced, support from teachers and mentors, impacts on academic and career pathways, and suggestions for curriculum improvement. Key findings reveal that research subjects play a crucial role in developing critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and academic readiness among students. Participants highlighted the significant support received from teachers and mentors, which proved instrumental in overcoming challenges such as time management and resource constraints. The study underscores the profound impact of research education on shaping students' academic trajectories and preparing them for future careers. Recommendations for improving research subjects include enhancing resource accessibility, providing early exposure to research concepts, conducting hands-on workshops, and fostering diverse research topics. Practical experiences and improved time management skills are suggested to enhance student engagement and preparedness further. By implementing these recommendations, Gapok National School can enrich the effectiveness and relevance of its research subjects, better-equipping students for higher education and professional endeavors. This study contributes valuable insights into optimizing research education within secondary school settings, ensuring students are well-prepared for the challenges and opportunities ahead in their academic and career pursuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the use of technology by kindergarten teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic and in the course of their professional careers, and their attitudes toward the integration of technology in kindergartens with the resolution of the crisis. The article presents findings derived from interviews with kindergarten teachers in Israel. The study revealed three patterns of technology use by kindergarten teachers, with no differences between career stages. The avoidance pattern (37%), the structured activism pattern (22%), and the entrepreneurial pattern (40%). The findings of the study contradict the approach that explains the use of technology based on career stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Implementation strategies are key to enhancing the translation of new innovations but there is a need to systematically design and tailor strategies to match the targeted implementation context and address determinants. There are increasing methods to inform the development and tailoring of implementation strategies to maximize their usability, feasibility, and appropriateness in new settings such as the Cognitive Walkthrough for Implementation Strategies (CWIS) approach. The aim of the current project is to apply the CWIS approach to inform the redesign of a multifaceted selection-quality implementation toolkit entitled Adoption of Curricular supports Toolkit: Systematic Measurement of Appropriateness and Readiness for Translation in Schools (ACT SMARTS) for use in middle and high schools. Methods: We systematically applied CWIS as the second part of a community-partnered iterative redesign of ACT SMARTS for schools to evaluate the usability and inform further toolkit redesign areas. We conducted three CWIS user testing sessions with key end users of school district administrators (n = 3), school principals (n = 6), and educators (n = 6). Results: Our CWIS application revealed that end users found ACT SMARTS acceptable and relevant but anticipate usability issues engaging in the ACT SMARTS process. Results informed the identification of eleven usability issues and corresponding redesign solutions to enhance the usability of ACT SMARTS for use in middle and high schools. Conclusions: Results indicated the utility of CWIS in assessing implementation strategy usability in service of informing strategy modification as part of our broader redesign to improve alignment with end user, end recipient, and setting needs. Recommendations regarding the use of this participatory approach are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: College readiness encompasses many different domains, including content knowledge, metacognitive skills, communication skills, learning strategies, and transitional knowledge. College readiness impacts academic achievement; moreover, student perceptions regarding college readiness impact their behavior and decision to attend college. High-achieving students from lower socioeconomic status (SES) areas possess grit and intelligence, but systemic barriers and inequities can interfere with the achievement of academic success in part due to reduced college readiness. Methods: In this study, we explore if educational opportunities, such as outreach and pathway programs (OPP), Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate, and college dual enrollment, impact perceptions of college readiness in a nationwide sample of 339 matriculating college students who wish to enter into Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine (STEMM) related fields. Results: OPPs (p = 0.005) and dual enrollment (p = 0.002) are predictive of higher perceptions of college readiness. When individuals are partitioned into low and high SES by a median-split, OPPs (p = 0.015) and dual enrollment (p < 0.001) are predictive for students from low SES areas only. Conclusion: This work indicates the importance of educational opportunities in improving perceptions of college readiness for students from low SES areas and potentially how resources may be better allocated in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to assess the preparedness of DepEd -- Schools Division of South Cotabato for Internationalization. Descriptive-evaluative research design was used among four hundred forty-one (441) randomly selected respondents composed of one hundred four (104) school heads and three hundred thirty-seven (337) teachers in the whole school's division of South Cotabato. A set of adopted survey questionnaires by Agosto and Sanchez (2017) was utilized in data gathering to assess the preparedness of DepEd -- Schools Division of South Cotabato for Internationalization. Frequency, mean, and correlational analysis were used to analyze the result of the study. Findings revealed that the readiness of DepEd -- SDSC for internationalization in terms of curriculum, teachers' competence, student services and physical plant facilities is at "very much ready". In terms of managerial flexibility of school heads findings revealed that the investment decision and marketing strategy is at "very much flexible". However, there were internationalization challenges faced by the schools in the DepEd - SDSC. Among those challenges were lack of ICT, educational media and other available technologies for instructional use and few linkages with parents and stakeholders to support school project and education facilities. Likewise, there is significant correlation between the extent managerial flexibility of school heads and readiness of DepEd - SDSC for internationalization. Thus, this study claimed that the extent of readiness of DepEd-SDSC for internationalization was tested as related to the school head's managerial flexibility in terms of investment decision and marketing strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPurposeMethodResultsConclusions\nIMPLICATIONS OF REHABILITATIONFamilies experience stress and burden following their child’s traumatic brain injury (TBI). Parenting styles are related to parent stress and child behavior problems and executive dysfunction. Parent-child interactions are shown to be a promising intervention target. We aimed to examine the preliminary efficacy of Gaining Real life skills Over the Web (GROW) in improving responsive parenting and reducing parent stress and depression in parents of children ages 0-4 who experienced TBI.Participants (n = 11) were parents of children four years old or younger, at the time of enrollment, and previously hospitalized overnight for TBI. Parent-reported measures included the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Parenting Stress Inventory—Short Form, and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System. Recordings of parent-child interactions were coded using the Play and Learning Strategies coding scheme. Study hypotheses were analyzed using independent samples t-tests, chi square analyses, and linear mixed models.Parental warmth (t=-3.64, p = 0.001, d=.97), responsiveness (t=-2.09, p = 0.047, d = 0.70), and verbal stimulation (t=-2.30, p = 0.029, d = 0.75) increased significantly from pretreatment to posttreatment. Improvements in parental warmth were maintained 3 months posttreatment (t=-3.15, p = 0.004, d = 1.16). There were no significant changes in depression, parental stress, or quality of life.Results provide preliminary support for the efficacy of GROW in improving responsive parenting for children following early TBI. Future directions include tailoring GROW to better fit the needs of families and testing the utility through a randomized control trial.Traumatic Brain InjuryTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of childhood disability, and children who experience TBI under the age of 7 are more susceptible to short- and long-term neurocognitive difficulties.Children who experience TBI under the age of 7 also demonstrate less rehabilitation in skills essential for school readiness, academic success, and emotional well-being.The stress and burden experienced by a family from their child’s TBI influences the child’s rehabilitation, making responsive parenting a promising target for intervention following early childhood TBI.In a pilot study sample, this study demonstrates improvements in responsive parenting skills and no worsening effects on parent depression, stress, or quality of life following participation in an intervention following a child’s early TBI.Rehabilitation professionals should consider targeting responsive parenting skills given the benefit to a child’s recovery following an early TBI and the low likelihood of adverse effects on parent functioning.Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of childhood disability, and children who experience TBI under the age of 7 are more susceptible to short- and long-term neurocognitive difficulties.Children who experience TBI under the age of 7 also demonstrate less rehabilitation in skills essential for school readiness, academic success, and emotional well-being.The stress and burden experienced by a family from their child’s TBI influences the child’s rehabilitation, making responsive parenting a promising target for intervention following early childhood TBI.In a pilot study sample, this study demonstrates improvements in responsive parenting skills and no worsening effects on parent depression, stress, or quality of life following participation in an intervention following a child’s early TBI.Rehabilitation professionals should consider targeting responsive parenting skills given the benefit to a child’s recovery following an early TBI and the low likelihood of adverse effects on parent functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of parental involvement on school readiness, focusing on the mediating role of preschoolers' self-efficacy. The research utilized a cross-sectional survey design with 1,000 preschool children from seven public kindergartens in Beijing, China. Structural equation modelling was employed for data analysis. The findings indicate that parental involvement, including its sub-dimensions of home-preschool conferencing, preschool-based involvement, and home-based involvement, significantly enhances preschoolers' self-efficacy and school readiness. This encompasses various readiness aspects such as physical and psychological, life, social, and learning readiness. Furthermore, a bootstrap test indicated that preschoolers' self-efficacy fully mediated the relationship between parental involvement and physical and psychological readiness, and school readiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Do some students learn more than others because they attend School A instead of School B? Or is educational inequality generated elsewhere, from common processes within schools, or outside of formal schooling? Within these paradigmatic questions, this study investigates the social determinants of school-to-school differences in STEM course-taking experiences, a key component of Opportunity to Learn (OTL), in a cross-national setting. Drawing on an internal-development model and social stratification theories, we examine whether observed school-to-school differences in OTL can more clearly be attributed to functional or dysfunctional sources, using a large cross-national sample from TIMSS with 278 observations across 67 countries/regions, dating from 1995 to 2019. Results from Generalized Multilevel Linear Models indicate that variation in school-level OTL comes primarily from variation in school readiness in a given country. Yet, we also observe evidence that supports conflict forces of differentiation. This paper contributes to existing cross-national studies of educational inequality by tracing the fundamental origins of inequality in OTL, locating potentially dysfunctional sources of OTL between schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School readiness has a profound educational value for children's positive adjustment to primary school and holistic development. However, little research sufficiently addresses how young children view multifaceted components of learning, such as cognitive, affective and behavioural experiences on school readiness. A timely understanding of children's perceptions and experiences is crucial to shed light on how to promote transition and improve children's school readiness. This study investigated the perceptions and experiences of 41 children in China (5–6 years of age, 23 girls) regarding their school readiness based on Mosaic approach methods. The results indicated that young children have their own unique perceptions, emotional and behavioural experiences of school readiness. The perceptions of school readiness include four aspects of material supplies, subjects knowledge, interests and specialties and behavioural habits, which has similarities to that of adults in aspects of academic knowledge and social rules. Nevertheless, findings revealed young children view interests and strengths as important part of school readiness, reflecting their personal preferences and abilities. The emotional experiences could be considered positive or negative, with positive emotional experiences expressing children's curiosity and expectation, fulfilment and pleasure, and negative emotional experiences expressing academic burden, rules pressure and social worries, which need to be addressed. Young children's behavioural experiences with school readiness present two patterns of passive acceptance and active participation, they are eager to participate in activities and have a strong desire to explore and learn. Our findings extend beyond existing conception of school readiness, and give greater weight to children's interests and strengths, positive experiences and active participation. It is important to focus on children's intrinsic interests and strengths, accept children's ideas and choices, care for their emotional state and provide positive support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Executive functioning at preschool entry is positively related to school readiness skill gains. • Children's negative classroom engagement is negatively associated with school readiness gains. • Observed positive task engagement positively predicts teacher-reported learning approaches. • Negative classroom engagement may underlie executive functioning—school readiness linkage. This study investigated links of executive functioning to gains in school readiness skills and explored the mediating role of children's behavioral engagement in the PreK classroom. We collected direct assessments of executive functioning (EF) and observations of behavioral engagement for 767 children (mean age 52.63 months) from racially/ethnically diverse, low-income backgrounds three times over the PreK year. We also measured school readiness in the domains of language, literacy, and math using direct assessments and collected teacher-report measures of socialemotional-behavioral skills and approaches to learning. Our analyses addressed the following three research questions: 1) To what extent does children's EF predict school readiness skill gains during PreK? 2) To what extent does children's behavioral engagement in PreK classrooms predict school readiness skill gains? 3) To what extent does behavioral engagement mediate the relation of EF with school readiness skill gains? We observed that EF was positively related to gains in language, math, and approaches to learning. Regarding behavioral engagement, Negative Classroom Engagement was negatively related to gains in literacy, math, social-emotionalbehavioral skills, and approaches to learning while Positive Task Engagement was positively related to gains in approaches to learning. Negative Classroom Engagement significantly mediated the effects of EF on gains in the domains of literacy, socialemotional-behavioral skills, and approaches to learning. We describe implications of these findings for promoting children's ability to learn and thrive in PreK contexts with a focus on their engagement with teachers, peers, and learning activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Under-resourced families experience high trauma rates, which can affect learning. • TRiEE aimed to build capacity for trauma- and resilience-informed services. • Children in TRiEE centers showed large developmental gains. • Trauma-informed services are important for advancing early education equity. Enhancing access to high-quality early childhood education (ECE) represents one promising pathway toward reducing the disparities in school-related outcomes for children from under-resourced and minoritized communities. In this paper we describe the Trauma- and Resilience-informed Early Enrichment (TRiEE) initiative, an innovative community schools (CS) approach to ECE that was designed to bolster the capacity of public pre-K programs to provide holistic, family-centered, and trauma-informed services. As such, TRiEE features the integration of trained psychiatric social workers (PSWs) into one public school district's set of early education centers (EECs). We hypothesized that this approach to ECE could be positively associated with the acquisition of key skills that are foundational to children's school readiness. Student-level de-identified administrative data, drawn from the Desired Results Developmental Profile (DRDP), was obtained from twenty-four TRiEE-affiliated EECs in a large, urban public school district over the course of three academic years. Results from mixed-effects models showed that students at sites actively implementing TRiEE demonstrated significantly greater rates of improvement in socio-emotional, cognitive, and physical outcomes (all p < 0.05) in comparison to children participating in sites which were not yet actively implementing TRiEE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization and technology are presently impacting every aspect of life, with digital technologies helping to set the trend. Human-centricity and the ethical use of technology are integral components of Society 5.0, which emphasizes quality of life, productivity, social responsibility, and sustainability. The purpose of this study was to develop a deeper understanding of how Higher Education 5.0 empowers the future workforce in the landscape of Society 5.0. A systematic literature review was conducted using 18 full-text research papers from the Scopus database. It shows that the number of studies in this area is limited. The results revealed the critical role of education in cultivating the digital skills necessary for upcoming professionals. In order to transition from higher education to the workplace, fresh graduates need academic and practical readiness to meet the demands of a future-ready workforce. The contribution of the future workforce will also be crucial in building a harmonious human-centric society that will use technology to improve the quality of life towards sustainable living as envisioned by the United Nations' SDGs. Additionally, we identify the current gaps in the research on Education 5.0 in the landscape of Society 5.0 and subsequently provide recommendations for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to contribute to research into youth crime prevention, the current study aimed to explore the experiences of children in conflict with the law prior to receiving their first caution or conviction. Participants were recruited at a Youth Justice Service and included five children working with the service, their five case managers, and two of their parents/guardians. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews and timelines were used to support the children in sharing their experiences. Data was analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, which focuses on understanding how individuals experience the world and how they make sense of those experiences. Six group experiential themes were identified within the analysis. These consider the events leading up to offending and whether it could have been predicted, the extent to which the children felt supported, the effect of school practices, the impact of peer influences, difficulties with managing emotions, and the children's readiness for change. Each theme is discussed and recommendations for practice and future research are considered. The importance of placing children's experiences at the forefront of research is highlighted throughout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Immigrant Latinas (who are foreign-born but now reside in the USA) are at greater risk for developing postpartum depression than the general perinatal population, but many face barriers to treatment. To address these barriers, we adapted the Mothers and Babies Course—an evidence-based intervention for postpartum depression prevention—to a virtual group format. Additional adaptations are inclusion of tailored supplemental child health content and nutrition benefit assistance. We are partnering with Early Learning Centers (ELC) across the state of Maryland to deliver and test the adapted intervention. Methods: The design is a Hybrid Type I Effectiveness-Implementation Trial. A total of 300 participants will be individually randomized to immediate (N = 150) versus delayed (N = 150) receipt of the intervention, Mothers and Babies Virtual Group (MB-VG). The intervention will be delivered by trained Early Learning Center staff. The primary outcomes are depressive symptoms (measured via the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale), parenting self-efficacy (measured via the Parental Cognition and Conduct Towards the Infant Scale (PACOTIS) Parenting Self-Efficacy subscale), and parenting responsiveness (measured via the Maternal Infant Responsiveness Instrument) at 1-week, 3-month, and 6-month post-intervention. Depressive episodes (Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-V- Disorders Research Version) at 3-month and 6-month post-intervention will also be assessed. Secondary outcomes include social support, mood management, anxiety symptoms, perceived stress, food insecurity, and mental health stigma at 1-week, 3-month, and 6-month post-intervention. Exploratory child outcomes are dysregulation and school readiness at 6-month post-intervention. Intervention fidelity, feasibility, acceptability, and appropriateness will also be assessed guided by the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. Discussion: This study will be one of the first to test the efficacy of a group-based virtual perinatal depression intervention with Latina immigrants, for whom stark disparities exist in access to health services. The hybrid effectiveness-implementation design will allow rigorous examination of barriers and facilitators to delivery of the intervention package (including supplemental components) which will provide important information on factors influencing intervention effectiveness and the scalability of intervention components in Early Learning Centers and other child-serving settings. Registration.: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05873569. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : Vulnerable children, including those with neuro-developmental delays and disabilities, often face barriers in accessing early primary education, thus hindering progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 4.2. Evidence-based interventions are essential to enhancing inclusivity and establishing sustainable implementation strategies to address this challenge. This study, Every Newborn—Reach up Early Education Intervention for All Children (EN-REACH), builds on the previous Every Newborn- Simplified Measurement Integrating Longitudinal Neurodevelopmental and Growth (EN-SMILING) observational cohort study. This paper provides the protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT) to evaluate the effectiveness of a parenting group intervention program for enhancing school readiness in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Tanzania, and an embedded process evaluation to inform scalability and feasibility. Methods: EN-REACH is a cRCT with at least 150 clusters to evaluate the impact of a parent training program led by trained parent-teacher facilitator pairs, focusing on children aged 4 ~ 6 years preparing for preschool. Approximately 500 participants from the EN-SMILING cohort at each site have been identified. A geographic information system will define ~ 50 clusters in each of the three countries, each with approximately ten parent–child dyads. Half the clusters will be randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The primary outcome is "school readiness", assessed using the Measuring Early Learning Quality and Outcomes tool. Secondary outcomes include Intelligence Quotient, child functioning, growth, visual, and hearing assessments. Data will be collected at baseline, and post-intervention data following implementation of the parent group intervention sessions over approximately 5 months. Quantitative data on coverage and quality care, combined with qualitative insights from children, caregivers, facilitators, and stakeholders' perspectives, will be used to conduct a process evaluation applying the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework. Discussion: This protocol details a trial focused on enhancing school readiness and cognitive abilities in young children, inclusive of those with disabilities, aiming to bridge gap from home to early primary education. EN-REACH aims to provide insights into the effectiveness and acceptability of a co-designed disability-inclusive school readiness program in three countries, potentially impacting national and global policies for all children, including those with disabilities. Trial registration: The trial was retrospectively registered on clinicaltrials.gov on 29 February 2024 (NCT06334627). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusion One in ten U.S. children lives with a grandparent, and more foster children are being placed in kinship care.Our objective was to compare early language and communication development and school readiness among children raised by grandparents (alone or in multigenerational households) to children raised by parents.We included in this cross‐sectional study children ages 1–5 years from the 2016–2020 National Survey of Children's Health to examine healthy and ready to learn school readiness outcomes and binary language and communication development (2018–2020 data only) by caregiver type (parent, multigenerational, and grandparent‐only) with survey‐weighted log‐binomial regression adjusted for confounders. We stratified by survey years pre‐COVID‐19 pandemic versus during.Among 33,342 children, 86.0% (SE = 0.51) of children were ‘On‐Track’ for language and communication development; only 37.2% (SE = 0.68) were ‘On‐Track’ overall for school readiness. Children raised by grandparents or in multigenerational households were more often ‘On‐Track’ for school readiness than children raised by parents, but only upon adjustment for covariates (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) for grandparent‐only 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11, 1.15; aPR for multigenerational 1.13, CI 1.12, 1.15). Smaller and less consistent differences in prevalence were observed for the other outcomes (language and communication development, school readiness domains of early learning skills, social–emotional development, self‐regulation development and physical well‐being and motor development). A disparity in school readiness may have emerged during the COVID‐19 pandemic; children in grandparent‐only households had a lower prevalence of being ‘On‐Track’ for school readiness (aPR 0.71, 95% CI 0.69, 0.73) compared to children in parent households, whereas children in multigenerational households continued to be more often school‐ready than children in parent households.Large proportions of children across caregiver types were not fully prepared for school. Consideration of key covariates is important because socio‐economic disadvantage may mask other advantages grandparent‐led and multigenerational households offer children's early development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract, and the final stage was to review the full text. At each stage, articles that did not prove relevant to the goal of the study were excluded. This left us with thirteen articles for inclusion in this article. Results: In the selected articles the following elements are necessary for children with autism to have a positive transition from kindergarten to school: 1) School readiness skills and school inclusiveness, 2) Comparable educational opportunities and psychological support, 3) Collaboration and professional competence, 4) A balance to ensure a better transition, and 5) Inclusion and support and 6) Children's perspectives. Conclusion: The research gaps identified were: 1) that few studies take the child's perspective into account and 2) that there is an overemphasis on subjective experiences of effectiveness, and a lack of focus on measurable effects within studies on transition and inclusive education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To determine the associations between COVID‐19 school closures and school readiness skills for Chinese kindergarteners. Design: We utilized the natural experimental condition created by local COVID‐19 outbreaks in 2022 (Study 1) to compare school readiness skills of children whose kindergartens were closed for 5 months (Group 1) with children whose kindergartens stayed open (Group 2). We further compared the school readiness skills of one pre‐COVID‐19 cohort (Cohort 2019) with one COVID‐19 cohort (Cohort 2021) from a fifth kindergarten (Study 2). Samples: For Study 1, Group 1 included 445 children and Group 2 included 584 children aged 4–6 years. For Study 2, Cohort 2019 included 156 children and Cohort 2021 included 228 children aged 3–6 years. Measures: For both studies, survey data on four school readiness skills were collected from parents. Additionally, Study 1 collected parental locus of control data from parents. Results: Controlling for covariates, Study 1 revealed that Group 1 and Group 2 did not differ in terms of language and emergent literacy or approaches to learning. However, Group 1 scored lower than Group 2 on health and well‐being and arts and imagination. Study 2 revealed that Cohort 2021 scored higher than Cohort 2019 on language and emergent literacy but lower on the other three skills. Conclusions: The associations of COVID‐19 school closures with Chinese children's school readiness skills were not uniform, with a positive relation with language and emergent literacy and negative associations with health and well‐being, approaches to learning, as well as arts and imagination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Australia, only two-thirds of doctoral students finish their degrees, with underrepresented students completing at even lower rates. Students who successfully complete still experience many challenges throughout their degrees. In this narrative literature review, we use preparation and readiness for the doctorate as a framework to examine how students are prepared for studies at the doctoral level, the challenges they experience, and the support that universities provide. We also weave our own stories of the doctorate to demonstrate how the issues raised in the literature play out for doctoral students. Our findings suggest that how students are prepared for the doctorate remains under-researched, with much of the literature focusing on issues that emerge once students commence, and the supports that are provided in response to these challenges. A future focus on preparation may provide insight into how institutional processes can better support doctoral students to successfully complete their degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executive functions (EFs) in early childhood are predictors of later developmental outcomes and school readiness. Much of the research on EFs and their psychosocial correlates has been conducted in high‐income, minority world countries, which represent a small and biased portion of children globally. The aim of this study is to examine EFs among children aged 3–5 years in two African countries, South Africa (SA) and The Gambia (GM), and to explore shared and distinct predictors of EFs in these settings. The SA sample (N = 243, 51.9% female) was recruited from low‐income communities within the Cape Town Metropolitan area. In GM, participants (N = 171, 49.7% female) were recruited from the rural West Kiang region. EFs, working memory (WM), inhibitory control (IC) and cognitive flexibility (CF), were measured using tablet‐based tasks. Associations between EF task performance and indicators of socioeconomic status (household assets, caregiver education) and family enrichment factors (enrichment activities, diversity of caregivers) were assessed. Participants in SA scored higher on all EF tasks, but children in both sites predominantly scored within the expected range for their age. There were no associations between EFs and household or familial variables in SA, except for a trend‐level association between caregiver education and CF. Patterns were similar in GM, where there was a trend‐level association between WM and enrichment activities but no other relationships. We challenge the postulation that children in low‐income settings have poorer EFs, simply due to lower socioeconomic status, but highlight the need to identify predictors of EFs in diverse, global settings. Research Highlights: Assessed Executive Functioning (EF) skills and their psychosocial predictors among pre‐school aged children (aged 3–5 years) in two African settings (The Gambia and South Africa).On average, children within each setting performed within the expected range for their age, although children in South Africa had higher scores across tasks.There was little evidence of any association between socioeconomic variables and EFs in either site.Enrichment activities were marginally associated with better working memory in The Gambia, and caregiver education with cognitive flexibility in South Africa, both associations were trend‐level significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Efforts to bolster the school readiness of Latinx children from low-income homes in the United States have focused on fostering parent engagement in children's education. Measurement of parent engagement in early childhood however, has been critiqued for having too narrow a focus on school-based involvement and missing other aspects of Latinx parent engagement. Using a recently developed culturally sensitive assessment of Latinx parent engagement, we test for associations between dimensions of Latinx parent engagement in learning and indicators of school readiness in a diverse sample of Latinx families (n = 114). We find significant associations between multiple dimensions of Latinx parent engagement and indicators of child school readiness. In addition to promoting parent-teacher connections, efforts to support Latinx school readiness equitably are encouraged to attend to various culturally relevant aspects of Latinx parent engagement in early childhood. In particular, investing in programing that supports parents' well-being and capacity for home-based engagement in learning may be a promising way to support the school readiness of Latinx children living in historically disinvested neighborhoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative Opportunities for Professional Inquiry Leading to Organisational Transformation (COPILOT) represents an Erasmus+ initiative involving four transnational partners from three EU countries including IES Cristobal de Monroy secondary school [Spain], Laois Offaly Education Training Board (LOETB) [Ireland], University College Dublin (UCD) School of Education [Ireland], and Akadimos, a teacher continuing professional development provider [Greece]. The project encompassed three primary objectives, aligned with the Erasmus+ programmes's emphasis on supporting teachers and school leaders to address digital transformation. These included the following: the identification of participatory approaches and digital methodologies employed by schools to facilitate digital transformation among educators; exploring and establishing dynamic professional environments in schools by identifying synergies with organisations operating in diverse fields or socio-economic contexts and enhancing the capacity and professionalism of partners to engage in EU/international collaboration. To investigate the outcomes of the project objectives, a small-scale qualitative study was conducted, which involved analysing participants' reports on the project's collaborative activities. Additionally, a focus group was held at the conclusion of the project to gain insights into the digital readiness, capacity, and resilience of teachers and school leaders within their respective organisations. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the collected data. The findings of the study offer encouraging indications regarding the crucial symbiotic role played by school leaders and "early adopter" teachers in promoting digital transformation. Moreover, participating teachers displayed a general willingness to adapt their teaching methods to incorporate more technology, provided they receive both formal and informal support. Furthermore, there exists a willingness among transnational partners to digitise and share resources both at present and in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early literacy skill development predicts later reading success, and development of skills in specific domains during the preschool years has been established as both a prerequisite and precursory for reading. Early literacy assessments typically include measures of separate skills across domains, and results can assist with determining where instructions may be most needed. When multiple areas of need are identified, understanding which skills to prioritize can be a challenge. Therefore, empirically identifying the relative contribution of each skill measured in preschool to subsequent reading success can promote more efficient systems of assessment. This study, conducted in the United States, examined the predictive validity of early literacy skills measured in preschool compared to skills measured in kindergarten, with a specific practical focus on identifying the most efficient predictive model for understanding reading readiness. Participants were 119 preschoolers (mean age = 66 months) who mostly spoke English as their primary language (79%). Results indicated early literacy and language skills in preschool are highly predictive of early reading in kindergarten, accounting for 59% of the variance in a reading composite score. The most parsimonious model indicated that first sounds, letter sounds, early comprehension, and expressive vocabulary measures adequately explained 52% of the variance in children's kindergarten reading performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Austria (Europe)'s university system does not allocate tuition fees to its students and allows for multiple simultaneous enrollments. This leads to students having different constellations between earlier enrollments, i.e., "pre-studies", and their current ones. This study aimed at gathering explorative insights into the relationship of these constellations with students' outcomes (graduation/dropout). The sample consisted of 61,098 unique students in 108,915 programs between the academic years 2010/11 and 2022/23, with 24% of students having multiple enrollments and 26% having pre-studies. Survival analyses showed higher probabilities of graduating in each semester when students had pre-studies. Odds ratio tests revealed that the odds of graduation in at least one program are lower when having pre-studies in bachelor's programs, but higher in master's programs. This can be explained by the transferability of exam results, a possible knowledge transfer and academic readiness as well as a higher workload with an increasing number of enrollments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study had two objectives. One objective was to assess the psychometric properties of a survey instrument measuring a new latent variable, Academic Culture (AC), combining three observed variables academic press, disciplinary climate and teachers' uses of instructional time. The second objective was to replicate the results of an earlier study identifying AC as a significant mediator of school leadership's influence on student learning. Data for the study were provided from 2068 teachers located in 49 schools in 14 Texas school districts, as well as student achievement data from the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) and student socioeconomic (SES) data available from school websites. Second order Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Many-Facet Rasch (MFR) models were used to examine the survey instrument's construct validity and its measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling was used to identify the extent to which AC mediated the effects of school leadership on student achievement controlling for student SES. Rasch analysis and CFA confirmed the measurement invariance and several forms of validity of the survey instrument. Replicating the results of an earlier study, results of structural equation modeling demonstrated significant effects of AC on student achievement and identified AC as a significant mediator of school leadership effects on student achievement. The study contributes to the quality of instruments available to school leaders for their school improvement work and to researchers inquiring about the most promising variables mediating the indirect effects of school leadership on student success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case study focuses on the preferred instructional approaches of integrative STEM education as students encounter authentic problems in their community, analyze data, and share their evidenced-based explanations and solutions with external audiences. As the case unfolds, school leaders encounter tensions among family and community members, and school representatives about students' learning experiences in integrative STEM education. This examination reveals the roles of school leaders as risk managers and instructional facilitators in maintaining fruitful partnerships with family and community members in a rural school district, while also preparing students to be solution-finders related to mitigating climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the pedagogical experimental features aimed at resolving the contradiction between general secondary education institutional teacher needs who are ready to design an educational environment in the New Ukrainian School conditions, and the pedagogical institution possibilities of higher education ensuring the formation of this readiness. The main research methods include mathematical statistics, in particular the Student's t-test and the non-parametric Pearson test calculations. The hypothesis is that the created organizational and pedagogical conditions provide an influence on the motivational component formation of the future primary school teacher readiness to design an educational environment. The results of the research confirmed the experimental condition effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition from preschool to primary school is a pivotal developmental period in children's and their families' lives. However, not all families have equal access to resources and some parents face additional barriers to the types of transition and school readiness activities they participate in compared families with higher social capital. Using quantitative data from the Children's School Lives (CSL) national longitudinal study of Irish primary schooling, we examined the relationship between social and cultural capital and parents' beliefs and participation in academic school readiness activities with their child. A multigroup structural equation model was estimated with online survey data collected from 477 parents to explore these relationships for first time parents and parents who previously experienced the transition with an older child. Results indicated that school connections through an older child may have an impact on parents' academic readiness beliefs and practices during the transition to primary school, particularly for non-native English speakers, and parents with lower levels of education or occupations. The study highlights the need for clear, culturally sensitive policies and information sharing between schools and first time families about school culture and expectations in order to support families during this crucial developmental period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the Family Involvement Questionnaire‐Short Form (FIQ‐SF) for use with Spanish‐speaking families of children enrolled in early childhood education programs. This study examined the factor structure of the FIQ‐SF and established criterion validity for the resulting FIQ‐SF dimension scores. Results from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses replicated the three dimensions of the English FIQ: Home Engagement, School Engagement, and home–school Conferencing. Mean differences across family demographics were examined. Criterion‐related validity for the three FIQ‐SF dimensions was established by examining correlations with scores on measures of parent‐reported satisfaction with educational experiences, program records of family engagement, direct assessments of child language skills and teacher‐reported approaches to learning. Future directions and practice implications for the use of the Spanish FIQ‐SF to inform program policy and interventions are discussed. Practitioner points: Early childhood programs need validated tools that measure multiple aspects of family engagement for Spanish speaking families.This study examined the Spanish form of the Family Engagement Questionnaire‐ Short Form for parents from Spanish speaking backgrounds enrolled in Head Start.The three scales measured family engagement reliably and were related to parents' report of satisfaction with the program and children's school readiness outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the test-retest reliability and predictive validity of the East Asia-Pacific Early Child Development Scales (EAP-ECDS) Short Form. In China, preschools typically provide children with educational activities in age-segregated classrooms – Kindergarten Level 1 (K1) (3 to 4 years), Kindergarten Level 2 (K2) (4 to 5 years), and Kindergarten Level 3 (K3) (5 to 6 years). A total of 709 children in K2 (Mage = 57.85 months, SD = 4.77) were randomly selected from 29 kindergartens in Shanghai municipality and Guizhou province of China. Children were assessed using the EAP-ECDS in K2 and K3. School readiness was assessed in K3, and literacy and mathematics achievement were assessed in Grade 2. Pearson's correlation coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.73) indicated that the tool had good test-retest reliability across K2 and K3. Regarding predictive validity, K2 EAP-ECDS predicted K3 school readiness (β = 0.26), Grade 2 language and literacy (β = 0.18) and mathematics (β = 0.22) after adjusting for age, gender, socioeconomic status, and region. Findings support using the tool to measure the holistic development of preschool-aged children in China and the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the factors predicting the school adjustment of Turkish preschool children with and without special needs by assessing the school adjustment, social skills, developmental functions, problem behaviors, and cognitive skills of 122 children from 53 preschool classes in 13 public preschools, as well as teacher-child and teacher-parent relationships. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze data to identify the main predictors of school adjustment. The children's classification structure was then modeled using a Chi-squared automatic interaction detector (CHAID) analysis, considering both their important predictors and school adjustment levels. The findings revealed that the children's social skills were the most critical predictor of school adjustment. The decision tree created based on the results of the CHAID analysis classified the levels of school adjustment of children with different levels of social skills in terms of parent-teacher relations, developmental functions, and problem behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies indicate that academic performance is a complex phenomenon that can be influenced by various factors. Previous studies have also demonstrated a positive and significant relationship between academic performance, academic self-efficacy, and readiness to take advantage of mobile learning tools. The mediating role of mobile learning readiness in the relationship between academic self-efficacy and academic performance has received scant attention from researchers. The current study has investigated the potential relationship between academic self-efficacy, mobile learning readiness, and academic performance. The study sample comprises 326 students from ... University. Data were analyzed by means of structural equation modeling employing AMOS software. Results demonstrated a positive and significant relationship between mobile learning readiness and students' academic performance. Furthermore, the findings revealed that increased academic self-efficacy was not significantly associated with improved academic performance. Eventually, mobile learning readiness positively mediated the relationship between academic self-efficacy and the students' academic performance. Considering the key findings of the present study, we suggest implications for developing students' mobile learning readiness in the mobile learning context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early childhood teachers play a critical role in the kindergarten readiness of preschool age children. Yet, they often receive little and insufficient training in the use of evidence-based practices that can increase academic success and prevent undesired behaviors. As a result, preschool teachers tend to use more exclusionary practices when disciplining students. A promising strategy for developing the skills of preschool teachers is the use of bug-in-ear coaching, a coaching strategy where a trained individual provides in-the-moment support to a teacher from a location outside of the classroom. This study examined bug-in-ear coaching to support preschool teachers in using opportunities to respond during explicit math instruction. A multiple baseline design across teachers was used to assess the impact of the intervention on the teachers' rates of implementation of opportunities to respond. Bug-in-ear coaching was associated with an increased rate of opportunities to respond for all teachers during the intervention with a functional relation for two out of four teachers. All teachers' rates of opportunities to respond were below their intervention rates during maintenance. Further, teachers reported enjoying the intervention and the opportunity given to improve their practices. Teachers also expressed their desire to have this level of coaching in their centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Going down a slide, dancing to music, and pushing someone on a tire swing are more than simply "play activities" or a means to staying physically fit. Engagement in motor play provides important opportunities for preschoolers to develop a variety of skills, including gross motor, social, communication, and cognitive skills. However, during the past several years, since the identification of the COVID-19 virus, no guidelines have been available to ensure that gross motor content is addressed while simultaneously meeting the educational needs of preschoolers with and without disabilities during virtual learning. The purpose of this study was to understand the benefits and challenges that 26 preschool teachers faced as they attempted to embed motor play into their curriculum during virtual learning. All teachers worked in inclusive preschool settings and interviews were conducted between March-June 2021. Constant comparative analysis and emergent coding were used to interpret the data. Findings revealed that school readiness skills were the primary focus of virtual learning. Teachers indicated that motor play can help expand students' pre-academic skills, be fun and motivating for children, and help students be more focused and attentive. Some logistical barriers (e.g., technology, limited physical spaces, limited resources) need to be addressed in order to successfully teach motor play in a virtual format. Study findings suggest policies and guidelines need to be established to provide young children with high quality and accessible virtual instruction. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore if child-care intensity (hours/weeks) and age of onset could moderate genetic and environmental contributions to school readiness. A sample of 648 (85% Whites; 50% Females) pairs of twins was used to compute a GxE, CxE and ExE interaction analyses. The moderation model showed that shared environment explains 48% of individual differences in school readiness for children not attending formal child-care, and decreased gradually to a mere 3% for children attending formal child-care full time, e.g., 40 h per week. Age of onset exerted no moderation effect. The results support the hypothesis that child-care acts as a normalizing environment, possibly buffering negative effects from low-quality home environments on school readiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between school-based racial discrimination by teachers and peers and academic outcomes (i.e., classroom misconduct, absenteeism, academic performance, school readiness, and school behavioral problems) over one year (Time 2) through the moderation of perceived social support from friends. Participants were 599 Latinx adolescents (56% girls; Mage = 14.51, SD =.55) from middle schools located in the suburbs of a large Midwestern United States city. They completed questionnaires on their perceived school-based racial discrimination and social support from friends. Their teachers completed questionnaires on classroom misconduct and school readiness, measured twice over one year. School records of academic performance, absenteeism, and school behavioral problems were also collected twice over one year. The findings indicated that social support from friends was negatively associated with Time 2 classroom misconduct, absenteeism, and school behavioral problem, but positively associated with Time 2 school readiness and academic performance. School-based racial discrimination by teachers and peers were both related positively to Time 2 classroom misconduct, absenteeism, and school behavioral problems, whereas both types of discrimination were related negatively to Time 2 school readiness and academic performance. Social support from friends buffered against academic outcomes associated with discrimination by teachers. Similar patterns were found for discrimination by peers, but only for Time 2 academic performance and absenteeism. These results suggest that high perceived social support from friends positively impacts Latinx adolescents' academic outcomes after experiencing school-based racial discrimination while low levels increase such negative outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the pivotal roles played by Education 4.0 in reshaping the skills necessary for sustenance in the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), we investigate computer science teachers' preparedness to acquire the requisite skills for effectively equipping students with skills, especially technology skills for the life and work of 4IR. Teachers play crucial roles in preparing students for a technologydriven world. Examining their readiness to acquire skills for effective delivery of Education 4.0's skills-based content becomes imperative. Prior to data collection, the teachers underwent a tailored professional development training focusing on 4IR, Education 4.0, and the required skills. Our findings reveal an overall positive disposition of the teachers towards acquiring the skills needed to fulfil the roles demanded by Education 4.0. This finding reiterates the importance of professional development initiatives to assist teachers in meeting the skills requirements and also face the challenges of Education 4.0. Consequently, we advocate for interventions tailored to address the specific needs of teachers, enabling them to embrace the evolving responsibilities associated with Education 4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the factors that influence the mathematics achievement of grade 4 students in Indonesia at the student and school level using Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2015 data. Sample in this study were all grade 4 students in Indonesia who participated in TIMSS 2015. There are 4,025 students from 230 schools. The TIMSS 2015 data used in this study was analyzed using a multilevel model (MLM) using the R package ‘lme4’ software. The results of this study indicate that i) the school visited by each student accounts for the majority of the variance in the mathematics achievement of Indonesian grade 4 students (51%); ii) factors related to students’ self-construction of mathematics such as attitude-toward mathematics (ATM) and self-concept and factors related to schools such as socioeconomic status (SES) school, self-concept school, school readiness, general school resources, and teacher education level was found to influence students’ mathematics achievement positively and significantly, where self-concept school was the strongest predictor compared to other predictors; and iii) variables at the student and school level explain 35% of the total variance in Indonesian grade 4 students’ mathematics achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Findings: As the population of Hispanic children grows within U.S. preschools, it is increasingly important to understand how these classrooms facilitate school readiness, such as positive engagement with teachers, peers, and tasks, for Spanish-speaking Dual Language Learners (DLLs). A growing literature base indicates that DLL students' exposure to their native language in the classroom provides deeper access to academic content, and can foster development of essential cognitive, social-emotional, and language skills. Therefore, the current study used an observational measure to examine how teachers' Spanish language use was related to Hispanic DLLs' classroom engagement across the academic preschool year. Separate regression models were run for teacher, peer, task, and negative engagement. As expected, results indicated that teachers' Spanish use was significantly associated with children's positive engagement to peers. Teachers' Spanish use was also significantly associated with children's negative engagement, though the direction of the effect was counterintuitive, as more Spanish use was related to greater negative engagement. Teachers' Spanish use was not significantly associated with children's engagement to teachers or tasks. Practice or Policy: The findings of this study are discussed within the context of identifying a set of best practices for facilitating inclusive early learning environments for language-minority students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from the Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey 2009 Cohort, this study investigated the school readiness trajectories of 2,908 Head Start children from Head Start to kindergarten. Multilevel growth curve models examined differences by immigrant-origin status and the moderating role of enriching experiences. Research Findings: Immigrant-origin children demonstrated lower language and math skills at Head Start entry. However, the differences narrowed over time by accelerated gains in skills. Also, moderation analyses suggested that higher levels of enriching experiences, including community-based activities and family history/ethnic heritage talk, could potentially contribute to the school readiness of immigrant-origin children. Practice or Policy: Findings underscore that family resources may have implications for alleviating unequal opportunities and outcomes for immigrant-origin children, in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self‐regulation is an essential component of school readiness. Although in educational contexts self‐regulation is typically defined in terms of volitional processes, it also encompasses the activity of neurophysiological systems, including the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). In a prospective longitudinal study, 102 preschoolers (Mage = 4.82 years; 52% female) completed two measures of volitional self‐regulation (the gift‐wrap task and a battery of EF tasks) at the beginning of their final preschool year, and then completed the Bracken School Readiness Assessment (BSRA) at year's end. Larger increases in parasympathetic function (indexed by respiratory sinus arrythmia, or RSA) during both the gift‐wrap and EF tasks were correlated with better performance on the BSRA at levels approaching significance, and subsequent regression models that controlled for relevant covariates revealed robust associations between increases in RSA and improved BSRA performance (gift wrap: B = 5.49, p =.012; EF: B = 7.77, p =.001). We interpret these results in light of polyvagal theory and discuss their implications for incorporating measures of parasympathetic activity into future educational neuroscience research. Young children's capacity to regulate their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors is essential for their early success in school. These volitional processes of self‐regulation are supported by the activity of neurophysiological systems, including the parasympathetic nervous system, or PNS. This study found that children who maintained higher levels of PNS activity during measures of volitional self‐regulation at the beginning of their final year of preschool performed better on a measure of school readiness administered at the end of that year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kindergarten is emphasized as a critical first entry into the education system, as politicians and pundits believe kindergartners' success can lead to later academic achievement. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of kindergarten school readiness data should consider how it is measured and how that affects learning. Using the Early Childhood Longitudinal Studies—Kindergarten (ECLS-K) cohort 2010–2011 data, the author examined the relationship between teacher reports about children's academic readiness at kindergarten entrance and their later outcomes in reading, math, and science through fifth grade. This study used a latent basis growth model with time-invariant predictors to analyze the relationship's trajectory. Overall, findings determined that teachers' perceptions of children's Approaches to Learning, mathematical thinking, and science significantly impacted later achievements in math and science direct assessments throughout elementary education. This research discussed the practice and policy implications on teachers' perceptions of school readiness and its impact on later academic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined Latinx school readiness and 3rd grade student achievement, considering differences based on social categories of gender, race, ethnicity, and home language. The sample included 683 racially diverse children (Mage = 4.94; SD = .57) of Dominican- or Mexican-origin from Spanish-English or Spanish-only proficient homes. Baseline data included a test of school readiness and mother and teacher ratings of behavior. Follow-up data included the 3rd grade New York State test. Results show that 74% of Latinx children were not proficient in 3rd grade reading, with boys and children from Spanish-only homes less likely to be at grade level. School readiness predicted achievement for all groups. On the whole, Latinx students, and especially boys and non-English speakers, appear to be marginalized in U.S. public education systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the readiness of public elementary schools in Polomolok District towards school-based management (SBM) implementation and Assessment. The level of readiness of the selected public elementary schools in Polomolok District towards SBM implementation in terms of leadership and governance, curriculum and Instruction, accountability and continuous improvement, and Management of Resources. The research method used in this study is a descriptive quantitative research design. The respondents of the study were the ten (10) School Heads, one (1)SBM Chairman, four (4)SBM Members, one (1)SPG, one (1) SGC officer, and two (2) PTA Officers of Lamcuah Elementary School, Landan Elementary School, Bato Elementary School, Maligo Elementary School, Palkan Elementary School, Lamcaliaf Elementary School, Kawit Elementary School, Guaza Elementary School, Bukay- Eel Elementary School, and Kawit Extension Tinifulan Elementary School. To determine the level of readiness of the public elementary schools in Polomolok District towards school-based management implementation and assess readiness, mean and standard deviation were applied based on the findings from the questionnaire survey given. As a result of the study's data, the schools' readiness in leadership and governance is evident through their strong leadership practices, precise accountability mechanisms, and collaborative decision-making processes. This foundation provides a solid framework for successful SBM implementation and fosters a positive student learning environment. The results show that in terms of curriculum and instruction, the schools demonstrate a high level of preparedness by prioritizing learner-centered approaches, involving the community in curriculum development, promoting continuous improvement, and nurturing values. The study also revealed a high readiness level regarding accountability and continuous improvement. Furthermore, the schools exhibit a high level of readiness in the management of resources. The result shows that the selected public elementary schools in Polomolok District are highly prepared for SBM implementation. It is recommended that this readiness of the schools for School-Based Management implementation will be sustained so that the schools will have better rating during the evaluation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]