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Surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators are essential components of mobile communication technology. Advanced performance SAW resonators are needed to support beyond fifth-generation mobile communication technology, which aims to achieve unprecedentedly high data rates and low latency using wide frequency bands in the RF spectrum. This study theoretically investigates the propagation characteristics of a non-leaky Rayleigh-type SAW (RSAW) propagating in a c-axis-tilted ScAlN film/3C-SiC substrate structure. By appropriately selecting the c-axis tilt angle and the film thickness of the ScAlN film, a high electromechanical coupling coefficient (K2) value was obtained in the second-mode RSAW (Sezawa wave). The maximum K2 value for the Sezawa wave was 8.03%, with a phase velocity of 7456 m/s and a power flow angle of 0° under the structural conditions where the K2 value was maximized. These properties offer significant advantages for achieving wide frequency bands, high operating frequencies, and ease of design for SAW resonators. The structural conditions under which good propagation characteristics were obtained in the Sezawa waves were found to coincide with the conditions that maximize the electromechanical coupling coefficient of the quasi-longitudinal wave in the ScAlN film, and a significant increase in the shear vertical component of Sezawa wave particle displacement was observed. Additionally, ScAlN films with a 40% Sc concentration can be fabricated using sputtering and molecular beam epitaxy. Recent advancements have reported the production of high-quality 3C-SiC wafers and large 3C-SiC film/silicon wafers. Therefore, the c-axis-tilted ScAlN film/3C-SiC substrate structure shows great potential as a candidate for next-generation SAW resonators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 15 January 2022, eruption at Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) volcano started shortly after 4:00UTC. There had been noted unconfirmed precursory events. We analyzed seismometer data recorded in Fiji and Futuna, the closest stations operated during the eruption and located over 750 km away. We extracted Rayleigh waves and estimated their powers and source directions, assuming retrograde particle motions. We found a Rayleigh wave from the HTHH's direction about 15 min before the eruption onset. The arrival time difference of the Rayleigh wave between the two stations was consistent with that of the M5.8 earthquake during the eruption located beneath the HTHH. Referring to other seismic signals and satellite images, we concluded that the Rayleigh wave was the most significant eruption precursor with no apparent surface activity. Including our findings and results of previous studies, we propose a scenario of the beginning of the caldera‐forming eruption. Plain Language Summary: Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) volcano in Tonga had a caldera‐forming eruption on 15 January 2022. Disturbances associated with the eruption were recorded worldwide and by satellites. Many studies analyzed the data and reported that the eruption onset was shortly after 04:00UTC on January 15. However, some articles reported unconfirmed waves about 15 min before the eruption onset. This study is motivated by the following questions: (a) Were the unconfirmed waves actual? (b) Were they related to the eruption? (c) How did the huge eruption start? (d) How can we improve the monitoring of remote‐island and submarine volcanoes? Here, we analyzed data recorded at the closest seismic stations over 750 km away. We confirmed that a precursor event occurred ∼ ${\sim} $15 min before the eruption and generated a significant seismic wave. This event might have been the trigger of the eruption. This study demonstrated that distant seismic stations and appropriate analysis methods will allow us to capture precursors leading to a catastrophic eruption. Key Points: The volcano generated Rayleigh waves about 15 min before the giant eruption with no apparent surface activityThese waves dominated in 0.03–0.1 Hz with amplitudes comparable to the amplitude of M4.9Seismic stations 750 km from the volcano and appropriate data analyses allowed us to capture precursors of the catastrophic eruption [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a time-domain solution for Rayleigh wave scattering from a complex site of Alpine Valley is presented based on the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM). Both the near-field region and the far-field region are assumed to be homogeneous, isotropic linear elastomers, where the near-field region is discretized using the quadtree method and the far-field region is simulated with a displacement unit impulse response function. The input of Rayleigh waves is solved by the equivalent loading method. The scattering behavior of seismic waves in alpine valleys is comprehensively analyzed, and the results are of theoretical significance for site safety evaluation and seismic defenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of the island of La Palma (Canary Islands) to host geothermal resources is very high, mainly due to its high volcanic activity. The primary goal of this study is to get a tridimensional image of the seismic intrinsic attenuation using ambient seismic noise and to identify anomalies that may be linked to active geothermal reservoirs on La Palma island. For this purpose, we developed a new Ambient Noise Attenuation Tomography (ANAT) technique, which uses seismic ambient noise for imaging intrinsic attenuation in 3-D at a local scale down to 5 km depth. Our research identifies two areas with high attenuation in the island's southern region. One area could be associated with hydrothermal alteration zones beneath the Cumbre Vieja volcanic complex. Another high-attenuation zone was observed in the island's southern part, which could be associated with extensively fractured rocks that might facilitate the circulation of heated fluids. Furthermore, we discuss the geothermal relevance of such anomalies, making a comparison with previous resistivity, S-wave velocity and density models. This study confirms that intrinsic attenuation retrieved from the coda of Rayleigh waves is more sensitive to the presence of fluids than velocity. Fluids being a key component of active geothermal reservoirs, it is reasonable to expect intrinsic attenuation anomalies in these systems. Therefore, we conclude that ANAT can be useful for geothermal exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The joint inversion of Rayleigh and Love waves plays a crucial role in mitigating the non‐uniqueness of surface wave inversion results and enhancing the stability of these inversions. Existing approaches to the joint inversion of Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion curves, which rely on conventional objective functions, often struggle with complex stratigraphic configurations and yield results of limited accuracy. This study introduces two novel nonlinear joint inversion techniques for Rayleigh and Love waves: Pearson correlation coefficient and thickness mean sharing. The Pearson correlation coefficient approach employs the Pearson correlation coefficient and alternating iterative objective functions to synchronize the shear wave velocity structures derived from Rayleigh and Love waves, thereby enhancing the accuracy of the joint inversion. Conversely, the thickness mean sharing method computes an average of the thickness values obtained in each iteration of the inversion, utilizing the traditional joint inversion objective function. Tests on three distinct stratigraphic structures—characterized by increasing velocity, high‐speed hard interlayers and low‐speed soft interlayers—as well as on measured data, demonstrate that the proposed methods significantly improve the stability and accuracy of nonlinear joint inversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plane, nonlinear Rayleigh wave propagation is investigated in a three-layer sandwich structure of a thermoelastic medium, within the frame of dual-phase-lag theory. The thermal conductivity is taken as a linear function of temperature. This induces nonlinearity in the evolution equations for the heat flux components. A particular solution is found in the form of Poincaré expansion in a small parameter that reflects the fluctuations of temperature about a steady value. This solution is discussed and plots are provided for a special case when both external faces of the structure are traction-free and under prescribed temperature regime. It is noted, in particular, that some quantities of practical interest suffer jumps at the interfaces. Some of the jumps appear only starting from the second order of approximation. The existence of jumps may be favourably used to carry out some measurements of material parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A reversal of time difference between the onset of early diastolic velocity (e') during tissue Doppler imaging and the onset of mitral inflow (E) has been observed in cases of elevated left atrial pressure. Whether this interval (Te'-E) may be useful to assess right atrial pressure has never been investigated, neither in healthy subjects nor in pulmonary hypertension patients. Methods: Right ventricular Te'-E was assessed in patients with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension and compared with healthy volunteers who underwent comprehensive echocardiography examination. Te'-E is the difference between the interval from R wave at the superimposed electrocardiogram to the e' wave during right ventricular tissue Doppler imaging and the interval from the R wave to transtricuspid E wave during pulsed wave Doppler imaging. Right atrial pressure was invasively measured in pulmonary hypertension patients. Results: Fifty-six patients were enrolled. Te'-E was prolonged in pulmonary hypertension subjects compared with healthy subjects (p < 0.001). Amongst the pulmonary hypertension patients, strong correlations were found between Te'-E and right atrial pressure (r = −0.885, p < 0.001), systolic pulmonary pressure (r = −0.85, p < 0.001) and the duration of tricuspid regurgitation (r = 0.72, p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of Te'-E in identifying right atrial pressure higher than 15 mm of mercury was 0.992 (sensitivity 100%, specificity 83%). Conclusions: In contrast to the left ventricle, there is a delay in the proto-diastolic filling in pulmonary hypertension patients, which correlates with the increase in systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, right atrial pressure, tricuspid regurgitation duration and restrictive diastolic pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a quantitative comparison of the Love wave propagation due to traction-free and rigid boundary surfaces on the piezoelectric-dispersive layer over a non-dispersive initially stressed half-space. The model is considered (a) transversely isotropic piezoelectric material in the upper layer, (b) exponentially increasing dispersive (non-homogeneous) layer in the intermediate, and (c) initially stressed non-dispersive (homogeneous) medium in the lower half-space. Electrical potential fields in the piezoelectric layer are defined in terms of electrical potential function with open and short circuit piezoelectricity using the quasi-static Maxwell's equation. We have derived analytical dispersion relations for two cases of boundary conditions: (i) free surface with zero tractions and (ii) rigid boundary, in both the open and short circuit cases. The validities of the dispersion relations are shown by deriving some particular cases and compared with the classical dispersion relation of the Love wave. A novel numerical representation of changes in displacement amplitude with depth and comparative effect of various piezoelectric materials such as PZT-4, PZT-5A, PZT-7A, and BaTiO3 are shown using MATLAB software. The rigid boundary surface case is more effective than traction-free boundary surfaces in terms of electromechanical coupling factor. It is also identified that there are significant effects on the dispersion of the Love-type waves due to different boundary conditions on the upper surface of the model. These comparative studies highlight the present work and may be helpful in the fields of solid mechanics and material fabrication processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ultrasonic Rayleigh wave detection method is proposed to determine the geometrical characteristics of subsurface small-scale fractures in concrete. A three-dimensional observation system, including an inclined wedge ultrasonic device, is used to obtain the Rayleigh wave wide-angle data to exhibit the azimuth-dependent scattered wave field. The anisotropic characteristics of Rayleigh wave transmission coefficient are used to determine the distribution range and dip angle of fractures. Fracture models in concrete with different dip angles are designed, and the dip angle is correlated with the degree of attenuation (transmission coefficient) anisotropy. The transmission coefficient characteristics are presented in a random observing system. A focusing approach can be adopted to distinguish the subsurface fracture and to verify the reliability and flexibility of the surface wave approach in practice. The tendencies of experimental results are consistent with patterns obtained from numerical simulation. The proposed method has important application prospects for the non-destructive testing of complex invisible fractures in concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oceanic transform faults (OTFs) facilitate hydrothermal circulation which can modify the fault zone materials and affect their rheological evolution. However, the depth extent and variability of fluid infiltration, degree of mineral alteration and their relationship with earthquake behaviour has only been characterized along a few OTFs globally. Here, we use first-overtone Rayleigh waves extracted from seismic ambient noise to estimate the shear-wave velocity structure beneath the Blanco Transform Fault Zone (BTFZ). Compared to the adjoining normal oceanic plates, relatively variable and slow velocities reduced by at least |$\sim$| 0.2–0.4 km s−1 (⁠|$\sim$| 4–8 per cent) are observed from the crust down to |$\sim$| 22 km depth along some segments of the BTFZ. The crustal slow velocities can be explained by enhanced fluid-filled porosity of |$\sim$| 0.4–10.9 per cent caused by intense fracturing associated with abundant seismicity. Slow uppermost mantle velocities are predominantly consistent with |$\sim$| 1.2–37 per cent serpentinization and |$\sim$| 9 per cent hydration, indicating variable and deep fluid infiltration that exceeds 15 km depth. For instance, shear-wave velocities (⁠|$\sim$| 4.3–4.4 km s−1) in the uppermost mantle beneath the Blanco Ridge suggest extensive serpentinization (⁠|$\sim$| 13–25 per cent), which might explain the recently documented earthquake swarms linked with aseismic creep. In comparison, within the vicinity of the ridge-transform intersections at depths |$\sim$| |$\gt $| 16 km, low velocities (⁠|$\sim$| 4.1–4.2 km s−1) that are consistent with the presence of up to |$\sim$| 1.6 per cent partial melt suggest intratransform magmatism which would contradict the long-held simple conservative strike-slip characterization of OTFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pannonian Basin, situated in Central Europe, is surrounded by the Alpine, Carpathian and Dinaric orogens. To understand its tectonic characteristics and evolution, we determine a shear wave velocity model of its crust, mantle lithosphere and asthenosphere consistently by jointly inverting Rayleigh wave phase velocities measured consistently from earthquake (EQ) and ambient noise (AN) data. For the AN data, continuous waveform data were collected from 1254 stations, covering an area within 9° from the centre of the Pannonian Basin during the time period from 2006 to 2018. This data set enabled the extraction of over 164 464 interstation Rayleigh phase-velocity curves, after applying a strict quality control workflow. For the EQ data set more than 2000 seismic events and about 1350 seismic stations were used in the broader Central and Eastern European region between the time-span of 1990 to 2015, allowing us to extract 139 987 quality controlled Rayleigh wave phase-velocity curve. Using the combined data set, a small period- and distance-dependent bias between ambient noise and earthquake measurements, mostly below 1 per cent but becoming larger towards longer periods has been found. After applying a period and distance dependent correction, we generated phase-velocity maps, spanning periods from 5 to 250 s. 33 981 local dispersion curves were extracted and a new approach is introduced to link their period-dependent roughness to the standard deviation. Using a non-linear stochastic particle swarm optimization, a consistent 3-D shear wave velocity model (PanREA2023) encompassing the crust and upper mantle down to 300 km depth was obtained with a lateral resolution reaching about 50 km at the centre of the study area for shorter periods. The crust beneath the Carpathian orogen exhibits a distinct low-velocity anomaly extending down to the Moho. It is referred to as Peri-Carpathian anomaly. Similar anomalies were observed in the Northern Apennines, while the Eastern Alps and Dinarides, as collisional orogens, generally demonstrate higher velocities in the upper crust. High crustal shear wave velocities are also evident in the Bohemian Massif and the East European Craton. The brittle upper crust of the Pannonian Basin is characterized by alternating NE–SW trending high- and low-velocity anomalies: the western and central Pannonian low-velocity anomalies and the Transdanubian and Apuseni high-velocity anomalies related to Miocene sedimentary basins and intervening intervening interbasinal highs exposing Pre-Cenozoic rocks including crystalline basement rocks. Beneath the Southeastern Carpathians, a NE-dipping slab was identified, extending to depths of at least 200 km, while a slab gap is evident beneath the Western Carpathians. A short south-dipping Eurasian slab was imaged beneath the Eastern Alps down to only 150–200 km depth. The Adriatic lithosphere is subducting near-vertically dipping beneath the Northern Apennines, and a slab gap was observed beneath the Central Apennines. In the Northern Dinarides, a short slab was evident, reaching depths of around 150 km. The Southern Dinarides featured a thinned but possibly incompletely detached slab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent developments in array-based surface-wave tomography have made it possible to directly measure apparent phase velocities through wave front tracking. While directionally dependent measurements have been used to infer intrinsic |$2\psi $| azimuthal anisotropy (with a 180° periodicity), a few studies have also demonstrated strong but spurious |$1\psi $| azimuthal anisotropy (360° periodicity) near major structure boundaries particularly for long period surface waves. In such observations, Rayleigh waves propagating in the direction perpendicular to the boundary from the slow to the fast side persistently show a higher apparent velocity compared to waves propagating in the opposite direction. In this study, we conduct numerical and theoretical investigations to explore the effect of scattering on the apparent Rayleigh-wave phase velocity measurement. Using 2-D spectral-element numerical wavefield simulations, we first reproduce the observation that waves propagating in opposite directions show different apparent phase velocities when passing through a major velocity contrast. Based on mode coupling theory and the locked mode approximation, we then investigate the effect of the scattered fundamental-mode Rayleigh wave and body waves interfering with the incident Rayleigh wave separately. We show that scattered fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves, while dominating the scattered wavefield, mostly cause short wavelength apparent phase velocity variations that could only be studied if the station spacing is less than about one tenth of the surface wave wavelength. Scattered body waves, on the other hand, cause longer wavelength velocity variations that correspond to the existing real data observations. Because of the sensitivity of the |$1\psi $| apparent anisotropy to velocity contrasts, incorporating such measurements in surface wave tomography could improve the resolution and sharpen the structural boundaries of the inverted model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, surface wave methods have been routinely employed to retrieve the physical characteristics of the first tens of meters of the subsurface, particularly the shear wave velocity profiles. Traditional methods rely on the application of the multichannel analysis of surface waves to invert the fundamental and higher modes of Rayleigh waves. However, the limitations affecting this approach, such as the 1D model assumption and the high degree of subjectivity when extracting the dispersion curve, motivate us to apply the elastic full‐waveform inversion, which, despite its higher computational cost, enables leveraging the complete information embedded in the recorded seismograms. Standard approaches solve the full‐waveform inversion using gradient‐based algorithms minimizing an error function, commonly measuring the misfit between observed and predicted waveforms. However, these deterministic approaches lack proper uncertainty quantification and are susceptible to get trapped in some local minima of the error function. An alternative lies in a probabilistic framework, but, in this case, we need to deal with the huge computational effort characterizing the Bayesian approach when applied to non‐linear problems associated with expensive forward modelling and large model spaces. In this work, we present a gradient‐based Markov chain Monte Carlo full‐waveform inversion where we accelerate the sampling of the posterior distribution by compressing data and model spaces through the discrete cosine transform. Additionally, a proposal is defined as a local, Gaussian approximation of the target density, constructed using the local Hessian and gradient information of the log posterior. We first validate our method through a synthetic test where the velocity model features lateral and vertical velocity variations. Then we invert a real dataset from the InterPACIFIC project. The obtained results prove the efficiency of our proposed algorithm, which demonstrates to be robust against cycle‐skipping issues and able to provide reasonable uncertainty evaluations with an affordable computational cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analytic algorithm for SH wave scattering near semi-elliptical crater. • The boundary of the crater is endowed with surface elasticity. • DSCF relative to wave frequency, incident angle and crater's aspect ratio. Cratering occurs inevitably on the surface of materials at all scales due to comprehensive factors. The presence of craters may have a significant influence on the mechanical performance of the surface of an elastic body. In this paper, we study the SH wave propagation in an elastic semi-infinite medium whose surface has a semi-elliptical crater. We explore the scattering of the SH wave by the crater when surface elasticity is incorporated in the model of deformation to account for possible small-scale effects of the crater. We obtain a series solution for the scattered wave function by employing the Mathieu functions in the corresponding elliptical coordinate system. We discuss in some numerical examples the dynamic stress concentration around the crater relative to the wave frequency and few geometric parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subsurface condition of Addis Ababa City is heterogeneous and distinctly varies from place to place, ranging from very soft soil formation to competent rock mass units. This study characterized subsurface variations and estimated site-specific average shear wave velocity changes within the upmost 30 m (Vs30) geological medium at representative sites. We implemented combined active-source Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) and passive-source Microtremor Array Measurements (MAM) surface wave methods to effectively characterize and estimate the shear wave velocity (Vs) of shallow and deep subsurface materials at nine selected sites in the city. The Vs30 of geological profile at the selected sites was attained by joint dispersion inversion analysis of active and passive surface wave data. The result shows that the Vs30 calculated at the selected sites in the city ranges from 256 to 1787 m/s. The study results were used for site classification of near-surface geological materials according to the Vs30 classification guideline proposed by the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NERHP) and Eurocode-8 (EC-8) classification. Based on Vs30 results, the near-surface materials at the representative sites of the study area are categorized as site types C and D as per NEHRP and as site types B and C as per EC-8. Exceptionally, the rocky Arat Killo site is classified as a site type A in accordance with both NEHRP and EC-8. In addition, we validated acquired shear wave velocity profiles with local geological and engineering geological mapping and geotechnical boreholes proximate to measured sites to control the final inversion quality of Vs values to the corresponding layers. Since this study is the first in Addis Ababa City, the findings will be used for preliminary local site characterization and site specific seismic response analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigate how natural environmental conditions affect a training vessel using a 'mathematical model of wind and wave' specific to Lake Silm near Kamionka, Poland. Wind and wave measurements on the lake were conducted. We present the vessel's trajectory under varying conditions: navigating in restricted waters simulating port conditions with speed readings, and during propeller operation. The control system of the nonlinear autonomous object employed two controllers: a linear matrix inequality controller and an overriding trajectory controller. We assess the impact of nonlinearities in the measured waves. It is shown that the maximum entropy probability distribution conforms more closely to the empirical frequency histogram than the Gaussian distribution. The wave height probability distributions diverge from Rayleigh distributions, indicating slight nonlinear effects. These results enhance the mathematical model of Silm Lake's wave dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magneto-electro-elastic (MEE) materials are a specific class of advanced smart materials that simultaneously manifest the coupling behavior under electric, magnetic, and mechanical loads. This unique combination of properties allows MEE materials to respond to mechanical, electric, and magnetic stimuli, making them versatile for various applications. This paper investigates the static and time-harmonic field solutions induced by the surface load in a three-dimensional (3D) multilayered transversally isotropic (TI) linear MEE layered solid. Green's functions corresponding to the applied uniform load (in both horizontal and vertical directions) are derived using the Fourier-Bessel series (FBS) system of vector functions. By virtue of this FBS method, two sets of first-order ordinary differential equations (i.e., N-type and LM-type) are obtained, with the expansion coefficients being Love numbers. It is noted that the LM-type system corresponds to the MEE-coupled P-, SV-, and Rayleigh waves, while the N-type corresponds to the purely elastic SH- and Love waves. By applying the continuity conditions across interfaces, the solutions for each layer of the structure (from the bottom to the top) are derived using the dual-variable and position (DVP) method. This method (i.e., DVP) is unconditionally stable when propagating solutions through different layers. Numerical examples illustrate the impact of load types, layering, and frequency on the response of the structure, as well as the accuracy and convergence of the proposed approach. The numerical results are useful in designing smart devices made of MEE solids, which are applicable to engineering fields like renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the interaction between two rupture fronts as they propagate toward each other and ultimately collide. This phenomenon was observed during laboratory experiments conducted on poly methyl methacrylate. Subsequently, we used numerical simulations to elucidate key aspects of these observations and draw broader conclusions. Our findings indicate that the collision of the rupture fronts generates interface waves that propagate along the sliding interface at the Rayleigh wave speed. Additionally, the rupture fronts interact with the starting and stopping S‐wave phases radiated by the opposite rupture fronts, which can locally change their velocity and generate additional interface waves. We discuss the implications of these results for understanding earthquake source phenomena. Plain Language Summary: Earthquakes are caused by sudden and rapid sliding along tectonic faults. Sliding generally begins at a specific location, the hypocenter, and then expands over the fault. The manner in which this expansion occurs determines the properties and severity of the shaking generated by the earthquake. The edge of the slipping zone is called the rupture front. If the rupture front becomes very distorted, it might arrive in an area of the fault from two different sides and coalesce. In this study, we conducted experiments and numerical simulations to understand what happens when two rupture fronts propagate toward each other and collide. We show that the two rupture fronts disappear upon collision, and produce a specific type of wave that propagates along the sliding surface, called interface waves. Both the rupture front and the waves emitted by the opposing rupture front interact, which can alter the rupture front's speed and create additional interface waves. If similar waves were observed during real earthquakes, they could provide valuable information about the friction between fault rocks. Key Points: We present a unique experimental observation of the collision of two mode II rupture frontsThe collision radiates interface waves that propagate at the Rayleigh wave speed along the sliding interfaceInterface waves are also generated when stopping waves enter the sliding area of the opposite rupture [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of meridional winds on the onset and evolution of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) is reviewed. The conventional wisdom had been that transequatorial meridional winds have a stabilizing effect on the development of EPBs during equatorial spread F (ESF). However, this result is based on a uniform transequatorial meridional wind. Subsequently, it was demonstrated that a non-uniform meridional wind could have a stabilizing or destabilizing effect on EPB formation depending on the direction of wind gradient. The destabilization of EPBs associated with equatorward flowing meridional winds has recently been investigated during a midnight temperature maximum event and a geomagnetic storm. Although the neutral wind is a direct destabilizing influence in these cases, the large decrease in the Pedersen conductance caused by meridional equatorward winds is the primary reason for the large increase in the growth rate of the generalized Rayleigh-Taylor instability. We review the theoretical and modeling studies of this topic as well as observational studies that have been made to assess the relationship between meridional winds and ESF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterization of a productive oil/gas well blowout through seismological methods is relatively uncommon. In this paper, we conduct an in-depth seismic evaluation of one of the world’s most significant onshore oil well blowout incidents, which occurred in 2020 at the Baghjan oil field in Assam, northeast India. We show that the blowout and related on-site activities generated distinct signals that can be distinguished by their spectral characteristics, temporal variation in geometric spreading, and sharp attenuation of daytime noise in comparison to the nighttime. A micro-earthquake potentially triggered by the blowout was also detected. Furthermore, we show how seismic data can be used to reasonably estimate blowout gas exit velocity and flame height. Our results demonstrate that a detailed characterization and spatiotemporal variation of blowout activity can be successfully captured through seismic monitoring, opening new opportunities for hazard mitigation and cost-effective disaster management for such catastrophic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the wave propagation of Rayleigh type through a periodic elastic element covered with a T-plate is analyzed. Viscous-spring artificial boundaries are used to satisfy boundary conditions of a periodic structure. By using the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF), the various kinematics of the three-dimensional structure are consistently expressed and the propagation of waves within the model is obtained. Lagrange expansion is employed to generate the mathematical model of the structure. The numerical evaluation and the comparison with the results obtained by the analytical method and COMSOL involving different structures reveal that the results of this study are reliable and show that the model developed provides accurate results for the analysis of the periodic elastic structure of T-plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rayleigh wave isolation using metamaterials is a research hotspot in the engineering community, yet the development of relevant mitigation methods remains an open and challenging problem. Herein, we propose a new type of metasurface, known as an engineered metagrating, which is a special metasurface buried in soil and plays a role in shielding surface Rayleigh waves. Moreover, the total omnidirectional reflection characteristics and subwavelength properties exhibited by the proposed metasurface provide a more flexible reference for surface Rayleigh wave mitigation measures in practical engineering applications. This work can open new avenues for controlling the propagation of seismic surface waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses a significant research gap in the study of surface waves propagation in a nonhomogeneous, within a magneto-thermoviscoelastic material of higher order, initial stress, rotation, gravity effects and voids. This study provides analytical solutions for surface waves propagating through a medium consisting of a magneto-thermoelastic material with voids under the rotation, electro-magnetic field, gravity field and initial stress. The analytical solutions are derived for the displacement components, volume fraction, temperature to Stoneley and Rayleigh waves are computed numerically and presented graphically considering the external parameters impact. Furthermore, this investigates how magnetic field, voids, gravity, initial stress and fiber-reinforced parameters influence these wave phenomena. This investigation provides valuable insights into the synergistic dynamics among electric constituents, voids, Stoneley and Rayleigh waves propagation, enabling advancements in sensor technology, augmented energy harvesting methodologies, and pioneering seismic monitoring approaches. For certain materials, numerical simulations are provided and graphically displayed. The results of this study reveal several unique cases that significantly contribute to the understanding of Rayleigh and Stoneley waves propagation within this intricate material system, particularly in the presence of voids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the propagation of underwater wave groups in a compressible ocean with an elastic seafloor, focusing on compression waves and seafloor waves as groups. It examines energy balance relations for wavenumber spectra and the interaction of waves in mildly non-uniform water-column-seafloor systems. The research aims to understand energy conversion, tropical cyclone tracking, ocean ambient noise, and microseism activity, highlighting the importance of wave interactions in various oceanic phenomena and applications. [Extracted from the article]

We analyse ambient-noise seismic data from 23 three-component seismic nodes to study firn velocity structure and seismic anisotropy near the EastGRIP camp along the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS). Using nine-component correlation tensors, we derive dispersion curves of Rayleigh and Love wave group velocities from 3 to 40 Hz. These velocity distributions exhibit anisotropy along and across the flow. To assess these variations, we invert dispersion curves for shear wave velocities (Vsh and Vsv) in the top 150 m of the NEGIS using a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. The reconstructed 1-D shear velocity model reveals radial anisotropy in the firn, with Vsh 12 %–15 % greater than Vsv , peaking at the critical density (550 kg m−3). We combine density data from firn cores drilled in 2016 and 2018 to create a new density parameterisation for the NEGIS, serving as a reference for our results. We link seismic anisotropy in the NEGIS to effective and intrinsic causes. Seasonal densification, wind crusts, and melt layers induce effective anisotropy, leading to faster Vsh waves. Changes in firn recrystallisation cause intrinsic anisotropy, altering the Vsv / Vsh ratio. We observe a shallower firn–ice transition across the flow (≈ 50 m) compared with along the flow (≈ 60 m), suggesting increased firn compaction due to the predominant wind direction and increased deformation towards the shear margin. We demonstrate that short-duration (9 d minimum), passive, seismic deployments and noise-based analysis can determine seismic anisotropy in firn, and we reveal 2-D firn structure and variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background- Both individuals with acute exacerbation of COPD and those with stable COPD showed a number of abnormalities on their ECG. Local data on acute exacerbations are, however, scarce. Therefore, in order to enhance the interpretation of ECG results, identify the related cardiac abnormality and appropriate therapy, and lower the risk of morbidity, this study aimed to identify ECG changes in COPD patients and to correlate it with the disease severity. Methods and materials- This was a prospective observational study performed in the Department of Pulmonology in a tertiary care hospital from January 2022 to December 2023 on all patients diagnosed with COPD. ECG was taken for all patients, and changes were assessed. Results- The most common ECG finding was P-pulmonale in E group, followed by Poor R wave progression and RVH/RAD. When we analysed the influence of COPD severity with ECG findings, we found a statistically significant correlation. Conclusion- ECG changes in COPD can help in early diagnoses of changes leading to cor pulmonale, and help rule out other cardiac anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with propagation of Rayleigh-type waves in nonlocal inhomogeneous transversely isotropic half-space. From the characteristic equation of wave for the nonlocal inhomogeneous transversely isotropic medium, the existence of the number of surface waves depends on the inhomogeneity of the medium through the number of solutions satisfying the damping condition of the characteristic equation discussed. It has also been concluded that there exist cut-off frequency and escape frequency for the wave propagating in size-dependent materials based on the nonlocal theory. Dispersion equation for the propagation of Rayleigh-type surface waves at the free surface has been derived. Based on the obtained dispersion equation, the effects of the inhomogeneity of material and nonlocality parameter on the Rayleigh wave propagation are considered through some numerical examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the propagation and scattering of Rayleigh wave from an interfacial crack in a bilayer structure, a viscoelastic waveguide layer attached to a piezoelectric substrate, have been examined. The Principle of Superposition is used to formulate the problem. The Fourier transform method and stiffness matrix formulation have been used to arrive at singular integral equations. These singular integral equations are then reduced to a system of linear algebraic equations by applying the Gauss-Jacobi quadrature technique. A parametric study has been examined for phase velocity, attenuation, and dynamic stress intensity factor of mode-I and mode-II at both crack-tip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acoustoelectric (AE) effect induced by the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) light at 365 nm in piezoelectric ZnO films was theoretically and experimentally studied. c-ZnO films 4.0 µm thick were grown by the RF reactive magnetron sputtering technique onto fused silica substrates at 200 °C. A surface acoustic wave (SAW) delay line was fabricated with two split-finger Al interdigital transducers (IDTs) photolithographically implemented onto the ZnO-free surface to excite and reveal the propagation of the fundamental Rayleigh wave and its third harmonic at about 39 and 104 MHz. A small area of a few square millimeters on the surface of the ZnO layer, in between the two IDTs, was illuminated by UV light at different light power values (from about 10 mW up to 1.2 W) through the back surface of the SiO2 substrate, which is optically transparent. The UV absorption caused a change of the ZnO electrical conductivity, which in turn affected the velocity and insertion loss (IL) of the two waves. It was experimentally observed that the phase velocity of the fundamental and third harmonic waves decreased with an increase in the UV power, while the IL vs. UV power behavior differed at large UV power values: the Rayleigh wave underwent a single peak in attenuation, while its third harmonic underwent a further peak. A two-dimensional finite element study was performed to simulate the waves IL and phase velocity vs. the ZnO electrical conductivity, under the assumption that the ZnO layer conductivity undergoes an in-depth inhomogeneous change according to an exponential decay law, with a penetration depth of 325 nm. The theoretical results predicted single- and double-peak IL behavior for the fundamental and harmonic wave due to volume conductivity changes, as opposed to the AE effect induced by surface conductivity changes for which a single-peak IL behavior is expected. The phenomena predicted by the theoretical models were confirmed by the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The relationship between blood N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels and cardiovascular health is known, but direct evidence that N-3 PUFA levels influence electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters is non-existent. In the study described herein, we investigated the relationship between anthropometric biomarkers and capillary blood PUFAs with ECG outputs in a sample population of healthy pre-menopausal women. Method: Twenty-three consenting females were recruited, with the study power analysis sufficiently demonstrated. Food intake, anthropometric and cardiovascular parameters were obtained. Capillary blood was collected for fatty acid chromatographic analysis. Results: Body mass index, haematocrit, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and ECG readings all fell within healthy ranges. Principal component analysis-mediated correlations were carried out controlling for combined Components 1 (age, body fat % and waist-to-hip ratio) and 2 (height, HR and MAP) as control variables. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) unequivocally decreased the QRS area under the curve (AUC-QRS) regardless of the impact of control variables, with each unit increase in DHA corresponding to a 2.3-unit decrease in AUC-QRS. Mediation analysis revealed a significant overall effect of DHA on AUC-QRS, with the impact of DHA on R wave amplitude accounting for 77% of the total observed effect. Discussion: Our new findings revealed an inverse relationship between AUC-QRS with capillary blood DHA, suggesting that the association between ventricular mass and its QRS depolarising voltage is mediated by DHA. Our findings bridge a knowledge gap on the relationship between ventricular mass and ventricular efficiency. Further research will confirm whether the relationship identified in our study also exists in diseased patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taiwan, one of the most active orogenic belts in the world, undergoes orogenic processes that can be elucidated by the doubly vergent wedge model, explaining the extensive island-wide geological deformation. To provide a clearer depiction of its cross-island orogenic architecture, we apply ambient noise tomography across an east–west linear seismic array in central Taiwan, constructing the first high-resolution 2-D shear velocity model of the upper crust in the region. We observe robust fundamental- and higher-mode Rayleigh waves, with the latter being mainly present in the western Coastal Plain. We develop a multimode double-beamforming method to determine local phase velocities across the array between 2- and 5-s periods. For each location, we jointly invert all available fundamental- and higher-mode phase velocities using a Bayesian-based inversion method to obtain a 1-D model. All 1-D models are then combined to form a final 2-D model from the surface to ∼10 km depth. Our newly developed 2-D model clearly delineates major structural boundaries and fault geometries across central Taiwan, thereby corroborating the previously proposed pro-wedge and retro-wedge models while offering insight into regional seismic hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asymmetric 3D wave propagation in transversely isotropic thermoelastic solids is presented by using of potential functions and integral transforms. Governing equations of thermoelastodynamic boundary-value problem (TBVP) are including three equations of motion and an energy equation which make a set of four coupled partial differential equations (PDE) in terms of displacements and temperature. By using of the displacement- and temperature-potential function relationships, four coupled equations of TBVP are reduced to two uncoupled PDEs governing the potential functions which are of sixth and second orders. To solve these uncoupled PDEs, complex Fourier expansions and Hankel integral transforms are used in this paper to suppress the angular and radial variables respectively in cylindrical coordinate system. Consequently, sixth and second order ordinary differential equations (ODE) in terms of depth are received. By solving ODEs, satisfying the radiation and boundary conditions and applying the Hankel inverse transforms, the displacement and temperature functions have been determined in the real space. To validate the analytical and numerical results, some comparisons have been made with the results presented in the literature where excellent agreements have been observed. Important points have been mentioned about speed of SH, SV, P and Rayleigh waves in transversely isotropic and isotropic thermoelastic solids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with a new model based on Eringen's nonlocal thermoelasticity. The propagation of Rayleigh waves in a nonlocal thermoelastic layer which is lying over a nonlocal thermoelastic half-space is considered in the context of energy dissipation theory. The normal mode analysis is employed to the considered equations to obtain vector matrix differential equation which is then solved by state space approach.The frequency equation of Rayleigh surface wave is derived. The effect of the nonlocal parameter on phase velocity, attenuation coefficient, specific loss and penetration depth of Rayleigh surface waves is presented graphically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the propagation behavior of Rayleigh wave has been conducted in an anisotropic layer, such as reservoir rocks overlying a sandy medium. The layer and lower half-space interface have been considered imperfect, whereas a corrugated upper boundary has been assumed. A closed relation of phase velocity and wave number has been obtained as a determinant form. For the numerical interpretation of results, reservoir rocks of triclinic type have been modeled. Some special cases are taken into account. The study examines the simultaneous simulated results of several physical parameters and illustrates the effects of thickness, sandiness parameter, phase velocity, corrugation amplitude, corrugation wavelength, and imperfect Rayleigh wave interface distribution in the structure under consideration, which was created using Mathematica 7. For variations in wave number and phase velocity, diagrams are drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In geophysical inference problems, quantification of data uncertainties is required to balance the data-fitting ability of the model and its complexity. The transdimensional hierarchical Bayesian approach is a powerful tool to evaluate the level of uncertainty and determine the complexity of the model by treating data errors and model dimensions as unknown. In this article, we take account of the uncertainty through the whole procedure, thus developing a two-step fully Bayesian approach with coupled uncertainty propagation to estimate the crustal isotropic and radial anisotropy (RA) model based on Rayleigh and Love dispersion as well as receiver functions (RFs). First, 2D surface-wave tomography is applied to determine period-wise ambient noise phase velocity maps and their uncertainty for Rayleigh and Love waves. Probabilistic profiles of the isotropic average VS and RA as a function of depth are then derived at station sites by inverting the local surface-wave dispersion and model errors and RFs jointly. The workflow is applied to a temporary seismic broadband array covering all of Sri Lanka. The probabilistic results enable us to effectively quantify the uncertainty of the final RA model and provide robust inferences. The shear-wave velocity results show that the range of Moho depths is between 30 and 40 km, with the thickest crust (38-40 km) beneath the central Highland Complex. Positive RA (VSH > VSV) observed in the upper crust is attributed to subhorizontal alignment of metamorphic foliation and stretched layers resulting from deformation. Negative RA (VSH > VSV) in the midcrust of central Sri Lanka may indicate the existence of melt inclusions and could result from the uplift and folding process. The positive RA in the lower crust could be caused by crustal channel flow in a collision orogeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Accurate detection of Atrial Fibrillation (AF) has great significance in the field of medical science which can reduce the rate of mortality and morbidity. The present study focuses on Electrocardiography (ECG) signal classification using dimensionality reduction techniques combined with R wave to R wave interval (RR interval) features. Materials and Methods: In the first approach, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), and Probabilistic Principal Component Analysis (PPCA) are performed independently on denoised ECG signal using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for the classification of ECG signal. In the second approach, the dimensionality reduction techniques combined with RR interval features are used for the classification of ECG signal. Results: Machine Learning (ML) algorithms such as Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Deep Learning (DL) algorithms such as Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Bi-Directional LSTM (BiLSTM) are used for classification purposes. Conclusion: The proposed methodology provided an overall accuracy of 93.65% with PCA and LSTM classifier and an overall accuracy of 99.45% with PCA combined with RR interval features and LSTM classifier. The developed technology has potential applications in many practical solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propagation of Rayleigh-type waves is investigated in a half-space composed of nonlocal micropolar thermoelastic material containing void pores. Dispersion relation is derived for a mechanically stress-free and thermally insulated boundary surface of the half-space. The particle motion during the propagation of the waves is found to follow elliptical path. Numerical computations for a specific material are performed to analyze the characteristics of propagating Rayleigh-type waves in detail. Comparison between the phase speed and corresponding attenuation coefficient in some particular cases is also carried out. The effect of various parameters on the characteristics of waves in question is also studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rayleigh waves are crucial in earthquake engineering due to their significant contribution to structural damage. This study aims to accurately synthesize Rayleigh wave fields in both uniform elastic half-spaces and horizontally layered elastic half-spaces. To achieve this, we developed a self-programmed FORTRAN program utilizing the thin layer stiffness matrix method. The accuracy of the synthesized wave fields was validated through numerical examples, demonstrating the program's reliability for both homogeneous and layered half-space scenarios. A comprehensive analysis of Rayleigh wave propagation characteristics was conducted, including elliptical particle motion, depth-dependent decay, and energy concentration near the surface. The computational efficiency of the self-programmed FORTRAN program was also verified. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of Rayleigh wave behavior and lays the foundation for further studies on soil-structure interaction under Rayleigh wave excitation, ultimately improving the safety and resilience of structures in seismic-prone regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NE Tibet experienced complex and distinct basin developments and uplifts in different areas. However, the reasons for such distinct surface deformation and their relationship to deep crustal geodynamic processes are not well understood. Here, we obtain a crust model of NE Tibet by jointly inverting Rayleigh wave ellipticity and phase velocity. Our results reveal that deep crustal strength contrasts across NE Tibet play an important role in controlling basin development. Extrusion of the significantly weak Qilian crust is obstructed by rigid Alxa block, resulting in deep foreland basin with dramatic topographic step. In contrast, the relatively weak crust of Longzhong absorbs outward extrusion of NE Tibet within a wide transition zone, leading to small intermontane basins. Furthermore, the systematic thinning of basins from north to south around the western Ordos Block demonstrates the tectonic transformation from extension to compression due to expansion of NE Tibet since the late Miocene. Plain Language Summary: In this study, we obtain a high‐resolution model of NE Tibet by jointly inverting Rayleigh wave phase velocity and ellipticity (the radial‐to‐vertical amplitude ratio), which provides complementary constraints to the shallow structure. Our results show a clear correlation between velocity variations in the deep crust and basin structures at the surface. We infer that the extrusion of mechanically weak mid‐to‐lower crust of Qilian is obstructed by the strong Alxa block, leading to the steep topography and deep foreland Hexi Basin. To the east, in contrast, the outward extrusion of Songpan‐Ganzi is absorbed in a wide range by the relatively weak Longzhong region, developing gently sloping topography and small intermontane basins. Furthermore, the significant structural differences of rift basins from north to south around the western Ordos likely result from tectonic regime transformation induced by the continuous expansion of NE Tibet since the late Miocene. Our results improve the understanding of how deep crustal geodynamic processes influence surface uplift and basin developments in the expanding NE Tibet. Key Points: A high‐resolution 3‐D crustal model of NE Tibet is obtained by joint inversion of Rayleigh wave ellipticity and phase dispersionWe infer that deep crust extrusion and strength differences across plateau boundaries control distinct surface deformation in NE TibetThe systematic thinning of basins in west Ordos indicates tectonic regime transformation due to expansion of Tibet since Miocene [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper investigates Love-type wave propagation in a multilayered, elastic, prestressed solid half-space with voids. Using the Haskell matrix method, the dispersion relation is derived for a stress-free boundary surface. Two distinct dispersive fronts of Love-type waves, propagating at different speeds, are identified. One behaves like waves in a prestressed elastic half-space, while the other is novel due to voids. Analytical expressions for three-layered and two-layered models are provided. Graphical representations compare the dispersion curves, highlighting differences and dependencies. The study explores how void parameters, initial stress, and layer thickness influence phase velocity, with applications in various engineering fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative concept of metabarrier is presented for seismic Rayleigh wave attenuation, which consists of a periodic array of cylindrical water tanks acting as resonant units above the soil surface. A pertinent theoretical framework is developed and implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics. The framework treats the dynamics of the water tank by a well-established three-dimensional linear, pressure-based model for fluid-structure interaction under earthquake excitation, accounting for the flexibility of the tank wall; furthermore, the soil is idealized as a homogeneous and isotropic medium. Floquet-Bloch dispersion analysis of the unit cell demonstrates the presence of relevant band gaps in the low-frequency range below 20 Hz and in the higher frequency range as well. The dispersion analysis is validated by comparison with the frequency-domain analysis of a soil domain with a finite array of water tanks. The band gaps are of interest to attenuate seismic Rayleigh waves and, more generally, Rayleigh waves caused by other ground vibration sources such as road or railway traffic. The water-tank resonant units are readily tunable by varying the water level, which allows changing opening frequencies/widths of the wave attenuation zones. This is a remarkable advantage over alternative seismic metamaterials that, in general, are not designed to be tunable. This article is part of the theme issue 'Current developments in elastic and acoustic metamaterials science (Part 2)'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the propagation of in-plane surface waves in a coated thermoelastic half-space. First, it investigates a special case where the surface layer is described by the Maxwell–Cattaneo thermoelastic approach, while the half-space is filled by a thermoelastic material described by the classical Fourier law for the heat flux. The contact between the layer and the half-space is assumed to be welded, i.e., the displacements and the temperature, as well as the stresses and the heat flux are continuous through the interface of the layer and the half-space. The boundary and continuity conditions of the problem are formulated and then the exact dispersion relation of the surface waves is established. An illustrative numerical simulation is presented for the case of an aluminum thermoelastic layer coating a thermoelastic copper half-space, highlighting important aspects regarding the propagation of Rayleigh waves in such structures. The exact effective boundary conditions at the interface are also established replacing the entire effect of the layer on the half-space. The general case of the problem is also investigated when both the surface layer and the half-space are described by the Maxwell–Cattaneo thermoelasticity theory. This study helps to further understand the propagation characteristics of elastic waves in layered structures with thermal effects described by the Maxwell–Cattaneo approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rayleigh waves are highly sensitive to surface and subsurface defects. However, the varying surface profiles of complex structures induce constant changes in the Rayleigh waveform. Furthermore, Rayleigh waves encompass multi-dimensional characteristics of subsurface defects, significantly increasing the difficulty of quantitatively detecting the sizes of subsurface defects in different dimensions. This paper presents a machine learning (ML)-based method for quantitatively detecting subsurface defect depth and width in curved structures using laser-generated Rayleigh waves. An experimentally validated finite element model is first established to construct a dataset of Rayleigh wave signals labeled with multidimensional subsurface defect sizes. The dataset is augmented from 188 to 368 samples using the Mix-up algorithm, with additional experimental signals incorporated. Feature parameters of Rayleigh waves are extracted in both time and frequency domains through waveform analysis and sliding window wavelet transform (SWT). These features are used to train ML models: Gaussian Process (GP), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Random Forest (RF). Comparative results demonstrate GP achieves the highest prediction accuracy for subsurface defect depth and width on the test set, reaching 98.64% and 97.73%, respectively. The study highlights the integration of experimental and simulated data in training, which reduces costs while enhancing model robustness in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is concerned with the Rayleigh wave propagation in the machined surface with a thin damaged layer with residual stress. We assume that the layer and the half-space are bonded perfectly to each other. Biot's theory of small deformations influenced by initial stress forms the basis for this study. With the help of the effective boundary condition method, a third-order approximate secular equation of Rayleigh waves is established for the case that the layer and half-space are both orthotropic. In addition, an explicit third-order approximate formula for the Rayleigh wave velocity is derived from the secular equation. By considering a sample of silicon wafer by fine grinding with fine abrasive grains, the accuracy of the approximate formula has been verified. This study is meant to serve as the mathematical foundation for non-destructive testing of residual stress in the practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gravity-induced depth-dependent elastic properties of a granular half-space result in multiple dispersive surface modes and demand the consideration of material heterogeneity in metabarrier designs to suppress surface waves. Numerous locally resonant metabarrier configurations have been proposed in the literature to suppress Rayleigh surface waves in homogeneous media, with little focus on extending the designs to a heterogeneous half-space. In this work, a metabarrier comprising partially embedded rod-like resonators to suppress the fundamental dispersive surface wave modes in heterogeneous granular media known as first order PSV (PSV1; where P is the longitudinal mode and SV is the shear-vertical mode) and second order PSV (PSV2) is proposed. The unit-cell dispersion analysis, together with an extensive frequency-domain finite element analysis, reveals preferential hybridization of the PSV1 and PSV2 modes with the longitudinal and flexural resonances of the resonators, respectively. The presence of the cutoff frequency for the longitudinal-resonance hybridized mode facilitates straightforward suppression of the PSV1 mode, while PSV2 mode suppression is possible by tailoring the hybridized flexural resonance modes. These PSV1 and PSV2 bandgaps are realized experimentally in a granular testbed comprising glass beads by embedding 3D-printed resonator rods. Also explored are novel graded metabarriers capable of suppressing both PSV1 and PSV2 modes over a broad frequency range for potential applications in vibration control and seismic isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐resolution seismic model is crucial for advancing our understandings on geological processes and enhancing seismic hazard mitigation programs. We construct a high‐resolution China Seismological Reference Model (CSRM‐1.0) in the top 100 km of the crust and uppermost mantle in continental China following a top‐down construction process. The employed seismic constraints include P‐wave polarization angle from tele‐seismic event, short‐period Rayleigh wave ellipticity from ambient noise, long‐period Rayleigh wave ellipticity from earthquake data, receiver function, empirical Green's function from ambient noise, Rayleigh wave phase/group velocity dispersion curves from regional earthquakes, and Pn‐wave travel time extracted from seismic data of 4,435 stations. CSRM‐1.0 has a spatial crustal resolution of ∼60 km beneath the north‐south seismic belt and trans‐North China orogen regions and ∼120 km beneath the rest of continental China, and a spatial mantle resolution of ∼300 km. CSRM‐1.0 exhibits prominent velocity heterogeneities in the crust and uppermost mantle and an eastward thinning of the crust, geographically correlating with geological settings. CSRM‐1.0 improvements include accurate estimation of shallow seismic structure, increased spatial resolution and improved model accuracy. Crustal composition inferred from CSRM‐1.0 exhibits a general transition from a felsic upper crust to a mafic lower crust. Mafic rocks in the lower crust are found predominantly along inter‐block boundaries and sporadically within the interiors of blocks, likely resulted from preferential inter‐block intrusions of magmas related to various oceanic plate subductions and the Emeishan mantle plume. This study contributes seismic constraints and CSRM‐1.0 to the CSRM product center (http://chinageorefmodel.org) as a backbone open‐access geophysical cyberinfrastructure. Plain Language Summary: High‐resolution seismic imaging of the crust and uppermost mantle offers crucial insights into regional geological histories and enhances seismic and volcanic hazard mitigation programs. We construct a high‐resolution China Seismological Reference Model (CSRM‐1.0) of the crust and mantle beneath continental China with various types of seismic constraints extracted from seismic data recorded by 4,435 stations deployed across continental China since 1990. CSRM‐1.0 has a spatial resolution of ∼60–120 km in the crust and 300 km in the uppermost mantle. CSRM‐1.0 improvements include accurate estimation of shallow seismic structure, increased spatial resolution and improved model accuracy. Crustal composition inferred from CSRM‐1.0 exhibits a general transition from a felsic upper crust to a mafic lower crust. Mafic rocks in the lower crust are found predominantly along inter‐block boundaries and sporadically within the interiors of blocks, likely resulted from preferential inter‐block intrusions of magmas related to various oceanic plate subductions and the Emeishan mantle plume. This study contributes seismic constraints and CSRM‐1.0 to the CSRM product center (http://chinageorefmodel.org) as a backbone open‐access geophysical cyberinfrastructure. Key Points: CSRM‐1.0 is constructed with various seismic constraints from data of 4,435 stations using a self‐consistent top‐down construction processCSRM‐1.0 improvements include accurate estimation of shallow seismic structure, increased spatial resolution, and enhanced model accuracyCSRM‐1.0 reveals major crustal mafic rocks related to the past subductions, an Emeishan mantle plume and geological inter‐block boundaries [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the continent‐size lithospheric structures of paleo rift around the central Korean Peninsula using ambient noise tomography and earthquake‐based Eikonal tomography based on dense seismic networks. We determine Rayleigh‐wave group velocities at periods of 1–15 s from ambient noise tomography and Rayleigh‐wave phase velocities at periods of 20–80 s from earthquake‐based Eikonal tomography. We determine a 3‐D shear‐wave velocity model in the lithosphere from the Rayleigh wave velocities. The model exhibits high lateral variations ranging from ∼ ${\sim} $‒9% to ∼ ${\sim} $8%, depending on depth. The shear‐wave velocities at shallow depths (≤ ${\le} $2 km) are relatively high in mountain regions and low in coastal and basin regions. Strong velocity contrasts are observed around major earthquake hypocenters at depths of 3–20 km, which may be due to the presence of seismogenic faults. Shear‐wave velocities at depths of ∼ ${\sim} $30–40 km are high along the east coast, suggesting uplifted mantle that is responsible for the opening of the East Sea (Sea of Japan). High velocity structures beneath Moho around the coast may suggest solidified underplated magma caused by the paleo rifting. The root of coast‐parallel high‐mountain range (Taebaek Mountain Range) is bounded by the uplifted mantle, presenting mountain range development in rift flank along paleo‐rift axis. Low shear‐wave velocities along the coast at depths ≥60 ${\ge} 60$ km may imply elevated temperature beneath the solidified underplated magma. The continent‐side paleo rift affects the geological, thermal, and seismological properties around the continental margin at present. Plain Language Summary: It is crucial to understand the subsurface seismogenic and tectonic structures to mitigate the seismic hazards. This study investigates the lithospheric structure in the central Korean Peninsula. We use ambient noise tomography and Eikonal tomography. Dense seismic stations allow us to determine high‐resolution 3‐D seismic velocity models. The velocity models present strong lateral variation due to geological structures. The lateral heterogeneities around seismicity regions extend to the midcrust. Shear‐wave velocities at depths of ∼30–40 km are high along the east coast, suggesting uplifted mantle that is responsible for the opening of the East Sea (Sea of Japan). The tomography presents mantle upwelling signature along paleo‐rifting structure. The root of coast‐parallel high‐mountain range (Taebaek Mountain Range) is bounded by the uplifted mantle, presenting mountain range development in rift flank along paleo‐rift axis. The shear‐wave velocities in the middle to lower lithosphere (>=50 km) are low in the eastern central Korean Peninsula, which may be attributed to elevated temperature associated with paleo‐volcanic activity. The present and paleotectonic activities leave signatures in seismic structures. Key Points: Lithospheric structures in the central Korean Peninsula are explored using combined seismic tomographyContinental‐size uplifted mantle is present along a paleo rift in East SeaGeological structures in the lithosphere are interpreted from tomographic features [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory experiments suggest that the evolution of in-plane shear rupture along an interface separating two elastic blocks typically shows a transition from slow to fast slip. In contrast to the commonly used continuum mechanics-based approaches, here we study the shear rupture process along a weak interface using the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method. We incorporate a slip-weakening constitutive friction law to simulate the initiation and propagation of shear rupture under external conditions of a constant normal load and a steadily increased shear load. As the shear load increases, our modeling results reveal a sharp transition from episodic expansion and arrest to unstable runaway rupture, consistent with previous experimental results. In the stage of dynamic runaway, rupture velocity is limited by the Rayleigh wave velocity. We further investigate the effects of external loading conditions including load point velocity and normal stress on rupture behavior. We find that the dynamic rupture velocity increases with load point velocity and normal stress, also consistent with previous studies. Our results indicate that the DDA method can well capture some of the general characteristics of shear rupture process and, hence, can be applied to study other aspects of dynamic shear ruptures. Highlights: The slip-weakening friction law is incorporated into DDA to simulate shear rupture processes along a weak interface. Under the DDA model, rupture evolution is characterized by episodic expansion and arrest, followed by a sharp transition to dynamic runaway. The DDA model reproduces a suite of shear rupture behavior, consistent with previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acoustic emission (AE) is a non-destructive technique that relies on monitoring naturally occurring sources of high frequency ultrasound in components and structures. Ultrasonic waves propagate in the form of different wave modes—for instance Lamb waves in thin plates, or Rayleigh and P- and S- waves in bulk structures. Those wave modes have different properties, but also contain information regarding the source of the naturally occurring wave. Manually, the wave modes can be recognized by comparing a time–frequency representation of the signal to the dispersion curves expected in the tested object. For analyzing a large number of signals, this manual mode recognition becomes a tedious process. This paper proposes a method to automate the wave mode recognition based on some minimal knowledge of the occurring wave modes. As inputs, only the propagation speed of the possible wave modes and the source position need to be provided along with a limited set of reference wavelets for each wave mode. Cross-correlation of a signal with a reference wavelet of a mode reduces the signal to a limited number of peaks that may delineate the start of the mode. Using other signals from the same event but from different sensors, velocities are calculated for each peak in order to select the peak that corresponds to the arrival of the mode under investigation. To validate the method, a dataset was recorded based on four types of out-of-plane sources: Hsu-Nielsen sources of 0.3 and 0.5 mm, sensor pulse signals and AEs from melting ice. Since the presented dataset was recorded on a plate, the aim of the validation was to recognize the zero-order symmetrical and anti-symmetrical Lamb modes. The results of the proposed mode recognition method applied to this dataset are compared with results from manual mode recognition. For Hsu-Nielsen sources, the succes rate is found to be above 95%. For narrow-band pulsed signals or for AEs from melting ice with a low signal-to-noise ratio, succes rates between 75 and 80% relative to manual mode recognition are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: In this study, we propose a systematic and effective method, that is, an extended version of the generalized reflection/transmission (R/T) coefficient method, for computing the phase-velocity (${c}_r$) dispersion curves, attenuation coefficient ($\alpha $) curves, and eigenfunctions of both Rayleigh and Love waves as well as the ellipticity of Rayleigh waves in layered viscoelastic-vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) media. The numerical scheme of combining the root-searching method with the local optimization method is designed for determining the complex-valued modal solutions (i.e. complex wavenumber $k = {\omega {/ {\vphantom {\omega {{c}_r - i\alpha }}}} {{c}_r - i\alpha }}$) of surface waves. The near-surface sedimentary geological environment is taken as the model example because it is typical viscoelastic-VTI media. Besides the anisotropic-viscoelastic (AV) media, our algorithm can also compute surface waves in isotropic-elastic (IE), isotropic-viscoelastic (IV) and anisotropic-elastic (AE) media by resetting the corresponding parameters. Using the six-layer half-space models and in these four media, we verify the correctness of our algorithm by benchmarking the modal solutions against those from other methods. In the four-layer half-space model, by comparing the results of IE, IV, AE and AV media, we analyse the effects of velocity anisotropy, viscoelasticity and attenuation anisotropy on the dispersion and attenuation characteristics of both Rayleigh and Love waves in detail. Our study can provide a theoretical basis and useful tool for surface wave imaging considering the anisotropy and/or viscoelasticity of the medium, which has the potential to better investigate the solid Earth's internal structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]