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In the traditional deep drawing process, a blank holder is required to press the blank over the die to prevent wrinkling and to control the material flow into the die cavity. But, this important to...

An investigation was carried out at experimental farm of Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.) on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) having nine different treatment combinations. The trial conducted in two consecutive years (2018 and 2019) with Randomized Complete Block Design. The experimental results revealed that all the treatment combination performed significantly superior than control. The treatment T2: Seed treatment with Trichoderma spp. @ 10 g/kg seed + vermicompost @ 50 q/ha + Neem cake application @ 12g/plant + foliar application of NPV @ 1 g/l once in 7 days (after borers appearance) recorded highest plant height (62.59 cm), higher number of branches per plant (5.77), highest number of fruits per plant (21.02), maximum fruit weight (49.85) and highest fruit yield (1047.73 g/plant, 9.43 kg/plot and 310.44 q/ha) as compared to the control. In overall investigation, the results concluded that the application of Trichoderma sp. along with vermicompost, neem cake and NPV gives better results in bell pepper cultivation to obtain higher crop growth and yield.

Composite materials have excellent mechanical and physical properties that are now-a-days being used in all engineering applications such as aeronautical, automotive, electronics, marine and sports applications etc. This is due to their characteristics of light weight and superior mechanical properties. The aim of this review article is to provide comprehensive review on widely used glass and jute fiber polymer composites. The effect of type of fiber used, their volume fractions, orientation, and method of manufacturing, filler, hardener and chemical treatment were studied and reported in this paper. This paper concludes that use of natural fiber composites has been also responsible for latest development in research in the composite industry.

The main aim of this study is to evaluate the mechanical properties of hybrid epoxy composites reinforced by using Nano Silica and Kevlar fiber. The weight percentages used as 1 wt%, 2 wt% and 3 wt% of Nano silica in epoxy composites and by altering the ratio of Kevlar fiber in epoxy resin the hybrid composites has been prepared. It was found that the incorporation of Nano Sic particles into the epoxy matrix improved the mechanical properties of the composites. Moreover, incorporating Kevlar fibers as an internal reinforcement layer enhanced the effect of mechanical properties of the epoxy composites reinforced.

A connecting rod is an intermediate link between the Piston and the Crankshaft. The primary function of the connecting rod is to transmit the motion from the piston pin to the crank pin, thus converting reciprocating motion of a piston into the rotary motion of crank. Connecting rod plays an important role while designing the Diesel or Petrol Engine. The changes in the material (Al7068 alloy and Si3N4) of the connecting rod to increase its strength to weight ratio while maintaining or reducing the maximum stress, maximum strain and the maximum deformation developed during loading. The performance of the component can be analyze by using the ANSYS software and the properties of the material can be find out by performing different tests, after manufacturing the composite material by using an appropriate fabrication process, connecting rod has been modeled in CREO according to specific engine specifications of TVS Apache 150 model. Stress, Strain and the deformation analysis of the connecting rod is carried on the ANSYS WORKBENCH.

Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) of Al6061with unbounded magnetic abrasive particles is responsible for surface finish of the order of nanometer. In the present work MAF experiments on Aluminum 6061 with four important controllable process parameters have been used such as grain size, working gap, rotational speed and the voltage. The silicon carbide (SiC) abrasive particle were mechanically mixed with iron powder of mesh size 300 & 400 respectively used to form magnetic abrasive powder (MAF) and added some amount of lubricant (servo engine oil) to obtained desired surface finish of the order of nanometer. The “MINITAB” software was used for linear regression model for the response & for analysis of variance (ANOVA). It was noted that process parameters like grain size, working gap, rotational speed and voltage play an important role in obtaining good surface finish.

Composites are proven a better option for automobile, aerospace industry especially due o its specific strength to weight ratio. Aluminium metal matrix composites having its own advantages, stir ca...

Gears are known to be useful in rotating motion transfer or power transmission from small product to larger, used everywhere. It was initially metallic foundation but now the polymeric material gea...

This article mainly focuses on development, characterization and tribological performance of aluminium alloy matrix based hybrid composite strengthening with silicon carbide and Graphite particles. The investigation is carry forward step by step starts with development of hybrid composite, study all the properties to insure its utility in automobile sector possible specially for cylinder blocks, pistons etc. All these are the areas where sliding wear plays a predominant role. Hence Investigation has been done on sliding wear characteristics of this composite developed by mechanical agitation casting route i.e. aluminium alloy strengthened by 3 wt% and 6 wt% of silicon carbide addition with constant 2 wt% graphite particles. To evaluate each and every parameter the test was performed at two sliding distances of 1256.56 m and 2513.27 m at sliding velocities 1.047 m/s and 2.094 m/s under three loading conditions i.e. 10 N, 30 N, and 50 N. All these tests were performed for 3 compositions of the Hybrid composite. Results clearly shows wear resistance obtained at maximum (6 wt%) silicon carbide with constant graphite. Mechanical tests along with characterization of composite are to be investigated. Maximum tensile strength 234.57 MPa and hardness 49.5 BHN noticed in 6 wt% SiC at constant Gr reinforced composite. Microstructure reveals the grain refinement with graphite particles addition and overall hardness of composite improves with up gradation of SiC weight percentage.

Composites materials are very eye-catching materials from last few decades because of having various efficient mechanical properties. These mechanical properties can be more efficient, when the nano-particles are incorporated with different types of polymers to produce a hybrid composite structure. Composite polymers are more prominently used these days because of its flexibility, high strength and ease of fabrication in optimized manner in terms of costs. This review paper mainly focused on enhancement of thermal and mechanical properties which is revealed by various tests performed on the samples of different weight percent of nano-particles embedded in FRP composites.

The current review article deals with Lithography and its techniques along with the recent developments in the field. Nano lithography, an emerging branch of Nanotechnology has created path breaking discoveries and developments till date. Nanolithography is basically the production or fabrication of structures or patterns in nano-meter scale. The field is currently on a huge demand and is considered essential for almost all the research and progress in science. There are three main lithographic techniques presently in use. The review covers the main and important steps for each technique useful to the user and also includes the advantages, disadvantages and applications of each technique. The recent discoveries and findings using photo-resists, substrates and photo masks etc. are also mentioned for each technique.

Al-SiC composite has improved mechanical properties which can be used in automobile sector to make different automobile parts. In the present study Al-SiC composites with different wt% of micron SiC particles have been fabricated by stir casting and the ultrasonic assisted stir casting process. The effect of ultrasonication for uniform mixing of the micron size SiC particles on the mechanical properties has been studied. The various mechanical properties like Tensile strength, Compressive strength, density, hardness etc. have been measured.

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are the smart materials which are widely used these days. This paper mainly focuses on how to enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of the shape memory polymer also improve the shape recuperation of the shape memory polymer. This can be done by various means. For example by incorporating CNTs, TIC, SiC etc. in the shape memory polymers. Shape memory polymer composite based materials are widely used in various fields such as medical and biomedical devices, self-mending systems, self-deployable structure, sensors and so on or their immediate execution in the industry are finally sketched.

Solution heat treatment and Cryogenic treatment of Al6082 aluminium alloy were experimentally carried out at Temperature 520 °C and −183 °C temperature by using muffle furnace and by dipping the specimen in liquid nitrogen solution bath respectively. The soaking time is varied from 10 min to 24 h in four step (10 min, 30 min, 60 min and 24 h). The variation in the tensile strength and hardness were evaluated. The tensile strength and hardness increases as a function of cryogenic duration. The results were compared with as received and solution treated specimen. The microstructure of the solution and cryo-treated specimen were studied by optical microscope. The grain size refinement was recorded in cryo-treated specimen. The grain size refinement increases with increase in the duration of cryo-treatment. The fractography of broken tensile specimen were done using SEM to discuss about ductile and brittle fracture.

Wood polymer composites (WPCs) is a category of natural fiber composites (NFCs) in which comparatively short fibers such as saw dust and wood flour are used to reinforce the plastics. Besides all the advantages of NFCs which are concern to sustainable material and environment, WPCs are easier to manufacture and economic. These qualities of WPCs have made it strong alternative for many conventional materials. This chapter presents an overview of manufacturing processes involved in the production of WPCs with their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses over the preparation of wood fibers and suitability of manufacturing techniques for different kinds of fibers and plastics. WPC’s properties such as strength, durability and external finishing highly depend upon their development process. A comparative discussion over properties of finished WPC products is included in the present chapter. It also enlighten the key factors involved in manufacturing process of WPCs such as process temperature, moisture content, heat evolved etc.

This paper reports the development of Silicon carbide (SiC) epoxy composites and their Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact testing. Samples were prepared by different weight percentage of SiC with epoxy matrix .Morphology of the prepared composites was also done.

Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AMMCs), reinforced with particulates, have observed their importance in many engineering applications like in aerospace and industrial industries because of low wear rate and a significant hardness. In the present study the optimization of parameter on erosive wear behaviour of LM24 composite reinforced with B4C has been done by using Taguchi technique and their results were verified by ANOVA. The LM24 and B4C composite were fabricated by simple stir casting technique. Scanning Electron Microscope used for predicting the wear mechanism of worn out surfaces of composite specimen. Dry sliding wear testing on pin on disc wear testing machine were conducted based on Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array. There are three process parameters have been taken such as applied load, sliding velocity and weight percentage of reinforcement for the analysis of wear. Results clearly showed that coefficient of friction and wear rate both increases with load and decreases with wt. % of reinforcement. But in case of velocity, wear rate first decreases up to certain limit and then increases with velocity. As enhancement in velocity the coefficient of friction decreases.

Now days, the environmental pollution and the prevention of non-biodegradable and non-renewable resources has gained the attraction of the researchers to develop new type of natural materials and products. The fibers obtained from the natural sources supply certain assistance to synthetic fibre materials because of their properties like lower cost, lower density, non-toxicity, comparable strength, and they have no problem while disposing the materials into the environment. Hence in this work, banana fiber have been used as the main reinforcing fibre with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) resin as the matrix and their samples are prepared to evaluate the mechanical properties of these composites. Hand layup method is used to prepare various types of natural fiber composite such as PVA and Banana fiber. In this method proper dispersion of PVA particles in water is done by conventional magnetic stirring at suitable rpm and assured the proper dispersion of the particle. The tensile strength of prepared PVA and Banana fibre composite is 18.57 Mpa. Percentage elongation of PVA and Banana fiber based fiber composite is 9.1%. Flexural strength investigate 10.2 Mpa for 30 g of filler concentration. It can be widely used in food packaging due to its good biodegrading efficiency and adequate strength for handling.

The Hybrid composites are the emerging materials which uses two or more reinforced particles or fibres simultaneously. As potential applications of the composites, wood reinforced thermoplastic composites are commercially attractive for high volume applications, but their properties can be enhanced by adding Nano SiO2 particles. Wood powder and nano SiO2 were mixed with high density polyethylene as matrix material. Wood powder with fixed 5 wt. % and Nano SiO2 with varying weight % (3, 5, 7 wt. %) are reinforced in HDPE to manufacture composite materials by compression moulding process. Mechanical properties including tensile strength, flexural strength and Izod impact strength were evaluated and it was revealed that tensile strength and flexural strength were obtained maximum at 5 wt. % of Nano SiO2 and impact strength was obtained maximum at 3 wt. % of Nano SiO2.

Four wheel drives possess an added advantage of maneuvering the driven vehicle at ease in adverse situations like slippery road, terrain, off road conditions. In present scenario of automobile transmission systems, automatic and manual changing of two wheel drive (2WD) to four wheel drive (4WD) is used. In manual operation the driver changes the lever as 2WD-4WD or as low-high gearing and the automated operation is executed by the sensors sensing the road conditions. Extensive researches on automobiles have shown that transmission and drive losses accounts for the significant proportions. Manufacturers are constantly developing methods and techniques to improve handling and performance of modern four wheel drives. The present research work evaluates the importance of torsion differential amongst the available compatible differentials in drive shifts owing to its dominant characteristics like it being a self-locked type, purely mechanical, requiring lesser maintenance, ‘no time delay’ before coming into action etc. But switching or changing from manual to automatic mode; the drive mechanism becomes complicated and costly due to large components. Therefore, need of hour is to select that drive and mechanism which suits the requirements and corresponding applications at reduced costs and components. This research signifies better prospects in terms of automatic switching of drive, reduced driver fatigue, enhanced battery life, reduced accidents etc. which is always appreciable.

Metal cutting forms the basis of industry its relevance among products of everyday life due its high strength application in structural, aviation, aerospace , military ,naval purpose etc. Based on recent study it is found that many high strength steel are cut using lasers and it has given exceptional result as compared to other Non conventional machining process it is important to know how the cutting is affecting the material properties and which parameters are responsible for such change. The various parameters and their effects are shown in the given study which is analyzed by different researchers along the course of time. The material and thickness and different optimization techniques by different researchers is also shown

Single slope single basin solar still has been designed and fabricated to conduct the experimentation in hot climatic condition of India at Rewa. In this paper, an attempt has been made to carry out the energy and exergy analysis for solar still performance evaluation. For this purpose energy and exergy thermal equations are used for the solar still. It has been observed that the total daily mass of water evaporated is obtained as 4.26 kg/m2 for 2 cm basin water depth of solar still. The values of exergy input are much higher than the values of exergy output. The hourly maximum exergy efficiency is obtained as 6.18% at 3:00 p.m. for 2 cm basin water depth. The study also found that the energy efficiency is always greater than exergy efficiency of the system. The values of daily energy and exergy efficiencies are 41.99% and 3.01% respectively.

Aluminium Matrix Composites (AMCs) are nowadays under serious consideration to replace conventional materials for a large number of structural applications such as those in the aeronautical/aerospace, transportation, defense and sports industries because of their superior properties. The excellent mechanical properties and comparatively low cost make them as an attractive option. They were developed to meet the demands for lighter materials with high specific strength, stiffness and wear resistance. Particulate reinforcement is among one of the routes to improve the strength, ductility and toughness of the composites. Their ability to be produced by conventional method such as stir casting and powder metallurgy is an added advantage. A lot of researchers have tried to synthesize these materials using numerous combinations. The present investigation deals with synthesis and mechanical properties evaluation of LM24 alloy based composites reinforced with B4C particles in order to find its feasibility for application in flywheels of sports vehicles, connecting rods etc. Thus properties such as density, ultimate tensile strength, hardness, Impact strength were found at different compositions and after proper analysis various results were generated.

This paper presents a new approach to improve the distillate output of a solar still by the application of blackened jute cloth attached with vertical backside wall and inclined basin liner in the basin box of solar still. Jute cloth provides the large evaporation surface area and utilizes the latent heat of condensation. It is very cheap and easily available in the local market. An experimental work conducted in Rewa, M.P., (Latitude: 24°33' 20.81'' N, Longitude: 81°18' 49.1'' E), in order to evaluate and compare the operational parameters of single sloped single basin solar still with jute cloth surface (modified still) and without jute cloth surface (conventional still). It is found that the cumulative distillate output of a modified solar still is approximately 62% higher than the conventional solar still.

Hybrid composites have vast potential as light weight strong material in several engineering applications. The designer can obtain the required properties easily by the choice of fibers and matrix in a controlled manner. In hybrid composite the properties can be altered by using specific fiber in the same resin matrix. In the present investigation, coir glass fiber hybrid composites were made by hand layup method by varying coir fiber length and number of glass fiber mats. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength and flexural strength of the developed hybrid composites were estimated in order to evaluate the effect of coir fiber length and number of glass fiber layers. Length of coir fibers and number of glass fiber mats found to has measurable effect on various mechanical properties of hybrid composite.

Cutting of sheet material is considered as an important process due to its relevance among products of everyday life as well as well as in high strength application in aircrafts, ships, cars, structures, military ,naval purpose etc. Based on recent study it is found that many high strength sheet martial are cut using CO2 laser and it is important to know how the cutting is affecting the material properties and which parameters are responsible for such change. As steel is the most common type of material used in the manufacturing industry so the research is based on the different grade of steels and the effect on those when processed using CO2 laser beam cutting. The various parameters and their effects are shown in the given study which is analyzed by different researchers along the course of time. The material, thickness and different optimization techniques by different researchers is also shown

Study for advanced and cost efficient finishing processes like magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process has been an area of research in order to enhance the performance of existing finishing processes and makes the process more efficient for industrial utilization. Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is one of the finishing process which can finish the surface of both magnetic and non-magnetic materials up to Nano-scale. Intent of this paper is to study all operating parameters (machining gap, current supply, input voltage, machining time, rotational speed, mesh size of abrasive, weight of abrasive, percentage of oil or binder in MAP, composition of MAP, type of abrasives), machining forces and their effects on the quality of surface finish achieved. In the view of existing literature, magnetic abrasive finishing for finishing of plane surfaces has undergon less attention. This paper reviews the results reported in past and recent researches. These results are used to study the performance of magnetic abrasive finishing process for flat surfaces and effect of variation in composition of magnetic abrasive powder on surface texture of work piece

Composite materials are the need of the time. The present era cannot think about the development without developing the new materials with exiciting properties to meet the diverse demand of the industry and society. Though lots of researches and developments are going on in thefield of composite materials to meet the industry’s requirements, natural fiber reinforced composites are still untouched. By keeping environmental issue in our minds, natural fiber reinforced composites may be a safer substitute to the traditional materials due to their properties like non-toxic, light weight, in-abrasive, economical, easy to use, recyclability, and biodegradability. The natural fiber reinforced composites give a pleasing effect in terms of several mechanical properties as compared to the synthetic fiber based composites. The present work is an attempt to prepare a new composite material by using Bamboo fiber reinforced in the epoxy resin with varying percentage of CNT and examine the mechanical characteristics of the prepared composite specimens. The composite samples were also anayyzed using Atomic Force Microscoe(AFM) to know the their grain size and grain boundary.

In recent years the use of metal matrix composite material increased very rapidly due to their high weight to strength ratio, low density, low thermal expansion coefficient, low maintenance and high temperature resistance. The composites which are reinforced with fly ash particulates attracting considerable interest due to their inherent good mechanical properties and low cost followed by Heat Treatment to achieve desired physical and mechanical properties through modification of their crystalline structure of the materials. This paper provides an extensive literature review on the overall performance of varying the size and wt. percentage of fly ash in fly ash reinforced composites with aluminium alloy. Literatures in each category are reviewed according to the keywords mentioned. The literature review framework in this paper provides a clear overview of the usage of fly ash as a reinforcing agent in different matrices along with its distinctive performances.

The existing effort deals with synthesis of (LM24) composite developed by reinforcing 3wt % and 5wt % TiB2 particles in the size range of 20-60 μm in the LM24 matrix. Hardness of the alloy and the composites were evaluated to see the changes in the hardness of the materials. The sliding wear tests were performed using pin on disc machine to study the wear properties. Effect of various experimental parameters like sliding distance, and applied pressure were studied on sliding wear response of the alloy and the composite. Micro structural examination of the alloy and composite was done to see the structural changes and distribution of the particles in the matrix. Worn surfaces were examined to see the mechanism of material removal. Results show that reinforcement of TiB2 particles in LM24 alloy increases the hardness and wear resistance. Microstructural study of the base alloy LM24 and composites were performed having special attention to the dispersion of TiB2 particles in LM24 base alloy matrix and interface closeness between TiB2 particles and LM24 alloy matrix. The microstructure of aluminium alloy shows primary Al dendrites and intermetallic phases around in the inter-dendrites region. The TiB2 particles were noted to be more or less uniformly distributed within the metallic matrix and these particles were trapped within the primary aluminium dendrites instead of inter-dendritic region. The importance of this work is to study the importance of TiB2 particles in enhancing the properties of the base alloy. In general, the properties of unreinforced materials show poor mechanical as well as wear properties and there is a need to improve the properties to a certain level so that the material can be extended to a certain level for its usefulness. In the present work, it has been observed that after reinforcing TiB2 particles to the base alloy considerable amount of enhancement in the properties can be achieved. It is quite sure that this project work will certainly help in designing of the various parts.

This paper presents rotating biological contactor (RBC) method for the treatment of phenol containing effluents. The wastewater containg aromatic chemical structure, is most difficult to trat due to its stability and recalcitrant towards degradation. Physico-chemical treatment methods are costlier affairs because of comsumption of large quantity of chemicals production of sludge and use of sophisticated instruments. Thus, RBC is the biological methods which preferred due to simple, cheap, process stability and eco-friendly operations and also offers high interfacial area generated in the rotating disc to establish good contact between the microbial species and pollutants.. Treatment of synthetic wastewater containing phenol was studied in a Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC). Parameters such as Mixed liqure suspended solid (MLSS) concentration, hydraulic retention time (HRT), initial phenol concentration, disc submergence, rotation per minute (RPM) have been optimized to increase the phenol removal efficiencies. More than 56% phenol removal was obtained at optimum conditions of 1 g/l glucose and 250 mg/l of phenol concentration at 14hr retention time, 40% disc submergence and 30 rpm.

The use of low cost material metal matrix composites is increasing rapidly in various engineering fields because of their better mechanical properties. In this study aluminium alloy (LM6) is used as matrix metal and rice husk ash (RHA) as reinforcement for developing a new metal matrix composite material. A rice husk ash 6% by weight are added and artificial aging process is done at temperature 135°C, 175°C and 225°C to develop metal matrix composites using stir casting method. The mechanical properties of composite such as hardness and wear properties were studied for the all test specimens.

Stress analysis is a very important field in product optimisation and in conjunction with Finite element methods, solving complex structures is relatively quicker. In this study stress analysis of a Bicycle frame is carried out using ANSYS Workbench 14.5 using various boundary conditions and compared it with theoretical results. All the stresses were found well below the yield stress of the material used and hence are in the safer zone

Magnesium based metal matrix composites produced by powder metallurgy are finding applications for automotive, aerospace, defence and other industries. These composites exhibit high hardness, wear resistance, low coefficient of thermal expansion along with light weight. The metal matrix composites (MMCs) are currently experiencing active developments all over the world. In the present work, magnesium reinforced with SiC particulate composites are fabricated using powder metallurgy process. The physical and mechanical properties like density, porosity, tensile strength, compressive strength and hardness were measured, so that this information can prove helpful in assessing their readiness for near-term commercial implementation in the automotive and other industries. The microstructure of the Mg-SiCp composites was also studied using scanning electron microscopy.

A theoretical and experimental study was conducted at the central Indian location of Rewa, M.P., India (Latitude: 24°33â² 20.81â²â² N, Longitude: 81°18â² 49.1â²â² E). This paper presents a detailed comparison of the theoretical and the experimental results obtained for a single sloped basin type solar still. Results for different parameters such as basin water temperature, glass cover temperature, distillate output, evaporative, convective and radiative heat transfer coefficients and attenuation factor were obtained for basin water depths ranging from 2cm to 10cm. For solar still, daily distillate output decreased with increase in basin water depth. The theoretical value of daily efficiency for 2cm and 10cm basin water depth was around 52.83% and 41.75%, respectively, and for the same basin water depth, experimental daily efficiency was around 41.49% and 32.42% respectively. A sound agreement between the theoretical and the experimental results was observed. Keywords: Single sloped solar still, Basin liner, Nocturnal output, Attenuation factor, Distillate output

IntroductionClinical diagnosis of dermatological manifestation of neoplastic skin lesion can pose a diagnostic difficulty at times. Histopathological diagnosis is mandatory for accurate characterization of disease entity for proper and timely management of cases.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyze malignant tumor of skin with respect to age, sex, clinical features and histopathological features and to evaluate the accuracy of clinical diagnosis with histopathological correlation.MethodologyThis is hospital based cross-sectional study conducted at Nepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kohalpur from February 2010 to January 2011. A total of 70 histopathological specimens of skin biopsies were studied and correlated with the clinical diagnosis. The data was entered into Microsoft office excel and analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 17.0).ResultsMalignant tumor of skin constituted 21.4% of total cases. In malignant tumor, most common sites were head and neck regions followed by lower limb with keratinocytic tumors being in the majority. Most of the specimens (65.7%) were obtained as excisional biopsies. Seven cases diagnosed as benign lesions clinically, turned out to be malignant on histopathological examination. Out of 13 cases in which clinical diagnosis was of malignancy, only 8 turned out to be malignant, thus for malignant lesions, the clinical diagnosis had a sensitivity of 53.3%, specificity of 90.9% and a positive predictive value of 61.5%.ConclusionsSquamous cell carcinoma was the most common malignant tumor in this study and histopathological correlation significantly modifies the overall management in dermatological disorders where clinical diagnoses are equivocal.Birat Journal of Health SciencesVol.2/No.1/Issue 2/ Jan - April 2017, Page: 156-161

Metal matrix composites are nowadays under serious considerations for many researchers because of its unique properties and reliability for the different applications. Also, the researchers are trying out to make best possible composite with desirable properties and low cost. In today’s scenario, there are different findings to make composites with low cost reinforcement. One of these can be done by the effective utilisation of the waste materials to make composites. Activated carbon is one of the valuable materials which is used in the drinking water filtration process and could be gone into the waste after usage for sometimes. So, this Activated carbon can be utilised as reinforcement, and great innovative search to make composites. In experimental procedure two composites with different compositions (2% activated carbon/LM24 and 4% activated carbon/LM24) and pure LM24 Aluminium alloy were taken. By the experimental study it is found that the hardness increases with increase in the% composition of the activated carbon. Impact strength and compressive strength decreases with the increase of activated carbon by weight percentage in the composite. It is found that these composites can be used for the applications where the hardness is the main criteria.

Metal matrix composites are light-weight, having high strength and wear resistance. Metal matrix composites are composed of a metallic base material which is reinforced with ceramic fibre, whisker or particulate as reinforcement material. Now a days, weight reduction and strength enhancement is the main concerns, for increasing the use of composite materials in various industries. Today composite materials are widely used in several industries such as automobile, aerospace, defence, insulator and radar domes. They find widespread applications in various systems viz. mechanical, structural, tribological, electromagnetic etc. In the present work nano-SiC particulates have been used as reinforcement in aluminium metal matrix with different weight% of Nano SiC. The composites were fabricated using powder metallurgy process through cold isostatic compaction chamber. The various properties viz. hardness, density, porosity, compressive strength and indirect tensile strength were measured. The microstructure of polished and etched surfaces of powder metal Al-Nano SiC composite samples was studied using scanning electron microscope. Micrograph shows the uniform distribution of Nano SiC particles in the Aluminium matrix.

Aluminium Matrix Composites (AMCs) are now a days under serious consideration to replace conventional materials for a large number of structural applications such as those in the aeronautical/aerospace, transportation, defence and sports industries because of their superior properties. The excellent mechanical properties like lighter materials with high specific strength, stiffness and wear resistance. Particulate reinforcement is among one of the routes to improve the strength, ductility and toughness of the composites. The present investigation deals with synthesis and characterization of mechanical properties of LM 24 alloy based composites reinforced with B 4 C particles. The mechanical properties such as Ultimate Tensile strength, Hardness, Impact strength were found at different compositions of boron carbide and composites properties increase with increasing of weight% of B 4 C particles.