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Contains fulltext : 166462.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) To include nominal and ordinal variables as predictors in regression models, their categories first have to be transformed into so-called 'dummy variables'. There are many transformations available, and popular is 'dummy coding' in which the estimates represent deviations from a preselected 'reference category'. A way to avoid choosing a reference category is effect coding, where the resulting estimates are deviations from a grand (unweighted) mean. An alternative for effect coding was given by Sweeney and Ulveling in 1972, which provides estimates representing deviations from the sample mean and is especially useful when the data are unbalanced (i.e., categories holding different numbers of observation). Despite its elegancy, this weighted effect coding has been cited only 35 times in the past 40 years, according to Google Scholar citations (more recent references include Hirschberg and Lye 2001 and Gober and Freeman 2005). Furthermore, it did not become a standard option in statistical packages such as SPSS and R. The aim of this paper is to revive weighted effect coding illustrated by recent research on the body mass index (BMI) and to provide easy-to-use syntax for SPSS, R, and Stata on http://www.ru.nl/sociology/mt/wec/downloads. For didactical reasons we apply OLS regression models, but it will be shown that weighted effect coding can be used in any generalized linear model. 5 p.

Contains fulltext : 156368_pre.pdf (Author’s version preprint ) (Open Access) Advertising professionals have great expectations for location-based advertising (LBA). The present study therefore set out to investigate whether ads that are tailored to consumers' location are indeed more effective than ads that are not. In addition, it was investigated whether LBA is particularly likely to be effective when the ad is not only location congruent but also relevant to consumers' goals. Therefore, a 2 (location congruence) × 2 (goal relevance) experimental design was employed. These expectations were borne out: the location-congruent ad resulted in more purchases than the location-incongruent ad, but only when the ad was high in goal relevance. These results suggest that it is profitable for advertisers to send "local" messages only when these messages are relevant. 13 p.

Item does not contain fulltext Smartphone apps allow retailers to track the location of their customers and provide the opportunity to reach them with location-based mobile ads. However, the efficacy of these ads often suffers from consumers' feelings of intrusiveness. Little research has investigated how location-based mobile messages should be designed to maximize their effectiveness and avoid undesired outcomes such as feelings of intrusiveness. The present study tested the effect of openness in ad design, in interaction with location congruency of mobile advertising, using a virtual reality supermarket setting. A process of moderated serial mediation demonstrates indirect positive effects of ad openness on brand choice (via intrusiveness and Aad), moderated by location congruency. Specifically, openness in mobile ad design lowers perceived ad intrusiveness, which positively affects consumers' brand choice (via Aad). This effect is stronger for ads that are presented in a location-congruent situation than for location-incongruent ads. 9 p.

Purpose – This paper aims to provide insight into the relationship between religiousness, trust in advertising and advertisement avoidance. Design/methodology/approach – A survey of 4,984 participants from the USA, the UK, Germany, Spain and France was conducted. Findings – This paper shows that religiousness is a (negative) predictor of avoidance of advertisements in traditional and digital media and that advertisement trustworthiness mediates this effect. Higher perceived trustworthiness of advertising among the more religious people leads to less advertisement avoidance. Less religious people trust advertising less and, consequently, show higher advertisement avoidance. The role of religiousness is explained by a positive relationship between religiousness and perceived advertisement trustworthiness because of religious people’s general conformity to authority and because of religion’s emphasis on the good of fellow human beings. Research limitations/implications – One limitation is that response bias may have occurred because of the self-reported data on advertisement avoidance in different media. Another limitation is that though the use of existing panels has advantages, it also has disadvantages. Two such disadvantages of the sampling procedure are the considerable non-responses and the impossibility of a non-response analysis for our study. Although all the respondents had Internet access and responded fairly quickly to the survey, we do not know whether they are special in any systematic way. Practical implications – The implication of the current paper is that advertisers might also benefit from more closely examining religion and religiousness as a key variable for segmentation. Religiousness constitutes a relatively stable society grouping, and media vehicles also are available for targeting people with different religions within societies (e.g. Websites, social media, magazines, television channels). Originality/value – This paper is the first to examine the relationship between religiousness, trust in advertising and advertisement avoidance from an international perspective. This is important because religiousness may have an impact on marketing communication efforts.

Sweeney and Ulveling (1972) introduced weighted effect coding, where the estimates for categories of nominal and ordinal variables are deviations from the arithmetic mean, typically from a sample. This somewhat neglected parameterization is preferred over the well-known effect coding (ANOVA) if the data are unbalanced (i.e., when categories hold different numbers of observations) and was recently revived in this journal (te Grotenhuis et al. 2016). In this paper, we show that weighted effect coding can also be applied to regression models with interaction effects. The weighted effect coded interactions represent the additional effects over and above the main effects obtained from the model without these interactions. This is a useful alternative to effect coding when the data are unbalanced as in most observational data. In this contribution, we describe this novel parameterization and provide syntax, data, and examples in SPSS, R, and Stata on http://www.ru.nl/sociology/mt/wec/downloads. For didactical reasons we apply OLS regression models, but weighted effect coded interactions can be used in any generalized linear model. Throughout this text we use the word ‘interaction’, while other researchers prefer ‘moderation’. Interactions between categorical variables Dummy coded interaction When directional interaction hypotheses are tested and categorical (i.e., ordinal or nominal scaled) predictor variables are involved, dummy coding is often appropriate. In this parameterization the main effects relate to a particular subset of respondents and for the remaining subsets the dummy coded interaction effects reflect deviations from these main effects. To create dummy coded interaction variables one has to multiply the original, 0/1 coded, dummy variables (Hardy 1993). As an empirical example we will investigate to what extent the mean BMI differs across three age categories in a group of respondents with one or more children and in a childless group (Umberson et al. 2011). We use data on self-reported body length and weight, in three random samples (n = 3314) drawn from the Dutch population (aged 18–70) in 2000, 2005, and 2011 (Eisinga et al. 2002, 2012a, b). We created the dummy coded variables Childlessdc with code 1 for respondents with no children and code 0 for respondents with one or more children, Middledc (code 1 for the middle-aged and 0 for both young and older respondents) and Olderdc (1 for older and 0 for both young and middle-aged respondents). The dummy coded interaction variables Childlessdc × Middledc, and Childlessdc × Olderdc are multiplications of these dummy coded variables (see Table 1 and our website for details). First, we estimated the main effects without interaction (see Table 4, Model 1) and second, we added the two interaction variables (Table 4, Model 2). Note that the reference categories (a) respondents with children, (b) youngsters, and (c) childless youngsters are omitted from the two models, which means that their estimates are set to zero. Table 1 Coding scheme for the dummy coded main and interaction effects for the childless, middle-aged and older-aged (references/omitted categories are with children, young, and childless × young)

Contains fulltext : 130171.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) In this contribution we deal with the contradiction between changing culture and stable structure, i.e., the phenomenon that a social structure that developed to accommodate a certain culture may remain stable over a long period of time, even when that culture changes. We do so for the case of the Dutch public broadcasting system, that was designed in the 1920s to fit with the segmented pluralism of Dutch society, in which a number of religiously and ideologically different groups had to peacefully co-exist. In the mid-1960s, Dutch society started to change rapidly and segmented pluralism started to wane. The public broadcasting system, however, hardly changed until today. First we explain how structure and culture initially matched and how the concept of path dependency can explain how over time culture and structure can grow apart. Then, with data of six national surveys between 1979 and 2005, we explore the possible cultural grounds for the fact that the segmented public broadcasting system has outlived the segmented pluralism of Dutch society that it was originally designed to match. 21 p.

Media in the family home . Long-term effects of parental media socialization on a person’s current media preferences .This study analyses the intergenerational transmission of book reading and television viewing preferences. Central are the long-term effects of the parental media example and parental media guidance activities during one’s childhood on adult highbrow and lowbrow media preferences. We used information from the Family Survey of the Dutch Population (FSDP 2003, 2009) on 2,539 men and women born between 1955 and 1984. Estimating structural equation models provided insights into the lasting effects of parental reading and television socialization. Disentangling direct and indirect effects of parental media socialization showed that both imitation and guidance are important in the intergenerational transmission of media preferences. Our results suggest that imitation is the main mechanism underlying the media socialization process. Yet, parental media guidance and a child’s school success partly mediate the imitation process. Foremost, this study demonstrates that parental media socialization activities during childhood have lasting effects on a person’s current media preferences.

In the past decades, Dutch society has changed a lot in a social-cultural sense. Three trends can be distinguished; a process of individualization, a changing emphasis on equality and solidarity, and de-ideologization. In this article we study whether membership of Dutch public broadcasting associations has changed in accordance with these trends, and whether they still represent the social-cultural diversity in Dutch society. The study is based on data from six national surveys between 1979 and 2005. A three dimensional joint correspondence analysis shows that membership of the Dutch public broadcasting associations has indeed changed in accordance with societal trends, though not at the same pace. The membership of the religious broadcasting associations has changed much more than the membership of the neutral, socialist, and intellectual broadcasting associations. Over the years, the members of the Dutch public broadcasting associations have social-culturally become more alike, though the differences are still considerable. Also, the membership of the public broadcasting associations is declining, becoming older, and higher educated. Thus, considering all of this, there is ample reason to reconsider the system of representation of social-cultural diversity in the Netherlands through social-culturally diverse public broadcasting associations.

Contains fulltext : 87198.pdf (author's version ) (Open Access) Analytical strategies are discussed to study trends in data from repeated social survey research with correspondence analysis. By adding time to the contingency table, changing social categories can be studied over time with composite, multiple, or joint correspondence analysis. Doing so, one has to assume a stable society. By adding time twice, changing social categories can be studied in the context of their changing society. This last analytical strategy is illustrated with the case of the membership of Dutch broadcasting associations in changing Dutch society of the last decades (1979-2005). 17 p.

Abstract In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op de maatschappelijk vaak gevreesde samenhang tussen het kijken naar stereotiep seksueel getinte muziekvideo's en de seksuele opvattingen van jongeren.

We investigate the effect of location-congruent mobile messages on perceived intrusiveness, value, and relevance through a field experiment using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM). We developed a mobile application for undergraduate students, featuring campus news and information concerning class schedules. This application also included daily ads for the University restaurant, which were either location-(semi)congruent or location-incongruent. Immediately after viewing the ads the app presented a short questionnaire to the participants for a period of four weeks, thereby measuring their perceived intrusiveness, relevance and value of these ads. During these four weeks daily ads were sent to 40 students, resulting in 107 responses from 23 participants. The results show that our participants perceived location-(semi)congruent ads as significantly more valuable and relevant, whereas no significant results were found for perceived intrusiveness. By investigating LBA in a field-study based on ESM utilizing participants own smartphone devices this study corroborates the presumed effects of location-(semi)congruency on marketing relevant ad perceptions. Field experiment examines how individuals react to Location-Based Ads (LBAs).In situ data collection via ESM using a context-triggered sampling design.Location (semi)congruency has a positive influence on perceived relevance and value.LBA has no significant influence on perceived ad intrusiveness.Intra-individual variations are significant with all three dependent variables.

The Glock and Stark theoretical framework on Christian beliefs and anti-Semitism implies that orthodox religious beliefs perpetuate secular anti-Semitism via particularism and religious anti-Semitism. Several critics have argued that the major weakness of this study is its failure to examine explanatory variables other than religious beliefs. This paper addresses these issues using data from a 1990-91 national Dutch survey. Although the results tend to support the assumption that nonreligious variables are far more important to the explanation of anti-Semitism and, too, that they attenuate the impact of Christian orthodoxy, the effects of the latter are by no means spurious. The most important conclusion of this paper is therefore that there still is, in Holland at least, a religious factor at work, albeit a modest one, generating anti-Semitic beliefs. Numerous studies have documented that people who consider themselves to be Christians are more likely to be anti-Semitic than those who are not religious. Despite the large amount of data that has been collected on this issue, however, the problem of whether and, if so, how and to what extent Christian religion per se engenders less compassion for Jews has never really been solved. Ambiguity remains because most studies have not been theory-guided, and consequently their findings were purely ad hoc. Further, in studying religion and its role in supporting anti-Semitism, one must always consider the possibility that nonreligious variables may create spurious patterns of relationships. Relatively little research has yet been done, however, to determine their confounding influences in order to support or challenge the assumption - held by many but made explicit by a few - that the Christian churches are conducive to anti-Jewish sentiments in their members. This paper examines the role orthodox Christian beliefs play in religious and secular anti-Semitism in the Netherlands, using data from a 1990-91 national Dutch survey. The study was triggered by the recent revival of hostility towards Jews across much of western Europe. Many of those who try to understand this upsurge emphasize anti-Semitic prejudice deeply entrenched within European Christian culture and history as the core of the problem. We therefore decided to examine whether vestiges of this legacy remain in Holland to

Contains fulltext : 102530.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The aim of the present study is to examine, on the one hand, whether adult television viewers’ choices are influenced by their childhood experience (i.e., their parents’ viewing choices) and, on the other hand, whether their choices are influenced by their current context (e.g., their partners' choices). The sample consists of 844 heterosexual couples. Genre choices made by each respondent's parents (when the respondent was 15 years old) were measured using retrospective questions about exposure to two genres: television news and soap series. Meanwhile, genre choices made by each respondent's partners were collected using self-reported questions about news and soaps. structural equation modelling was used to analyze the data. The results show that, first, adult television viewers' choices are predicted by their parents' choices that the respondents experienced when they were about 15 years old. Second, male partners have more influence on their female partners' television choices than the other way around. Third, both intergenerational and inter-partner influences on television choices are exerted through the preferences of the present household members. 21 p.

Contains fulltext : 103057.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) In this study, the authors scrutinize the intergenerational transmission of book reading and television viewing behaviors. They examine long-term effects of parents’ social status, parental media example, and media guidance activities during one’s childhood on adult media tastes. Data are employed from the Family Survey of the Dutch Population. By estimating structural equation models, the authors gained more insight into how parental socialization efforts influence children’s book reading and television viewing. Unraveling direct and indirect effects, they found that both parental socioeconomic status and media socialization activities play a major role in the intergenerational transmission of media tastes. Imitation appeared to be the main mechanism underlying the media socialization process. Parental media guidance, both directly and via its effect on children’s school success, partly mediates the imitation process, especially for reading. The current study above all shows that parental media socialization activities do enduringly affect a person’s media taste. Hence, socialization is found to play an indispensable role in the development of both highbrow and lowbrow reading and television tastes. 24 p.

We study the proportion of undecided Dutch voters using a time series (t = 921) of weekly survey data on vote intentions in the Netherlands for the period 1978- 1995. The figures suggest that the group of undecided voters follows a cyclical pattern over the election calendar. The size of this group invariably decreases sharply in weeks leading up to an election and gradually increases afterwards. We examine this electoral cycle using an artificial neural network model with the purpose of estimating when the undecided voters start making up their minds. We find that they begin to decide which party to vote on about nine weeks before a first order national parliamentary election and one (Provincial Council) to four weeks (European Parliament and City-councils) before a second order election. Whereas first order national parliamentary elections drive up the proportion of deciders considerably-almost 20 percent-second order elections expand this group by a few percentage points only. The results suggest that the electoral cycle represents the time-related effect of time-related media attention to elections.

Abstract In deze bijdrage wordt verslag gedaan van een verkennend onderzoek naar de samenhang tussen de deelname aan het arbeidsproces en verschillende patronen van mediagebruik, die voor velen beide een belangrijk onderdeel vormen van de alledaagse leefwereld.

This chapter examines how different researchers define media literacy (i.e., what people need to know about the media and their use to be deemed media literate). As opposed to previous reviews, this chapter attempts to structure the multitude of definitions using a schematic representation of media production and use. Such a construction provides a thematic overview of diverse definitions of media literacy. Thus, it specifies key aspects of the media and their use in terms of media literacy and corresponding emphasis in the media literacy literature. This analysis reveals that the vast majority of researchers consider understanding how media content is created to be a central aspect of media literacy. Scholars treat the ability to handle the media in a constructive manner as far less important, and the media literacy literature virtually ignores the fact that media producers are prone to media influence. Furthermore, this chapter indicates that little has changed in the field of media literacy in the last...

Contains fulltext : 72838.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Although interpretation is often considered a vital factor in the effects of news, its conceptualization and operationalization have been problematic. In this study, interpretation is defined in terms of the structural attribute of complexity. In a previous contribution, one aspect of interpretive complexity, differentiation, was operationalized and measured to test the usefulness of the concept in news research. This follow-up study introduces a method for measuring and analyzing a second aspect of interpretive complexity: Integration. Whereas differentiation represents the broadness of interpretations, integration refers to the cohesiveness of interpretations. This contribution describes two dimensions of integration, called micro-integration and macro-integration, and attempts to test their utility by operationalizing and measuring them in a small-scale study (N = 19). Results illustrate that the method yields data that are helpful in systematically exploring and comparing how viewers interpret television news by assessing differences in cohesiveness. The merits of the concept and method and their use for the study of news effects are evaluated.

In this study we analyzed to what extent partners who share the same household affect each other's exposure to television. With the use of linear structural equation modeling we analyzed data from a large scale representative survey in The Netherlands (n = 697 couples). Results indicate that both men and women influence their partner's exposure to television. When people spend much time watching television, their partners are also likely to spend a lot of time in front of the television. These influences on each other's exposure were of equal magnitude for both men and women. Finally, we found a strong socialization effect of parental viewing in the family of origin.

Abstract In deze veldexperimentele studie wordt onderzocht of televisiekijken in Nederland bijdraagt aan negatieve stereotypen en houdingen ten aanzien van Duitsers en daardoor bijdraagt aan discriminatie.

Item does not contain fulltext This paper addresses the question as to why many Christians hold prejudice against Jews. We try to find out whether, and to explain why the relationship between Christian religion and anti-Semitism in the Netherlands is inherent to Christian religion, spurious, or suppressed. We offer a theoretical model that combines the explanation of Glock and Stark and suggestions made by their critics. We test this theoretical model using data from a 1990-91 national Dutch survey (n = 1,134). Our findings indicate that the relationship between Christian religion and anti-Semitism is largely spurious, due to the breadth of perspective of people on social reality. However, Christian religion still is one of the determinants of secular anti-Semitism. We found no evidence of a suppressed relationship. 21 p.

The use of television news by large audiences is a rather common experience in modern society and, consequently, television news use is often supposed to be a rather simple, uniform act. From an action theoretical point of view, however, media use is conceived as a form of social action, and the use that people make of television news is regarded as a complex phenomenon. According to the action theoretical view on the use of television news, an appropriate concept of television news use should not only refer to internal an external actions of self-conscious audience members, but should also take into account the social and situational contexts in which news watching is embedded. The so-called interaction situation consists of more than just a television set and a viewer watching the news. The present study addresses some dimensions of the interaction situation of using television news; that is, characteristics of the ways in which people routinely structure the social and situational contexts surrounding their daily news watching, are explored. Using data from a 1994 national survey in the Netherlands (n=969), routines in everyday use of television news are explored and socio-cultural profiles of everyday news watching are described. This study focuses on (I) the existence of such routines in watching television news, (2) the relationship of these routines with variations in other aspects of mass media use, and (3) the correlations of these routines in daily television news watching with individual and social background variables. Two specific routines in everyday news watching can be discerned and clearly distinguished from three more general routines in watching television.