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Traditionally, Bryophyllum pinnatum is used in the management of arthritis and inflammatory diseases. However, B. pinnatum has not been analysed previously for anti-inflammatory activity. Hence, this study is designed to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of various fractions of B. pinnatum leaf extract using rat model of formalin-induced paw edema. Treatment with various fractions showed marked decrease in formalin-induced paw volume and edema in rats. The results of BPAAF treatment were comparable to standard drug, diclofenac. These results indicate that B. pinnatum could be developed as ant-inflammatory drug after further studies.

In this new technological world, CNC and manual turning operations engage in a significant role in different types of designing and manufacturing industries. Before initiating the manufacturing processes, analysis is a crucial part of the manufacturing process. This study involves modelling and analysis of the CNC machining process of a cylindrical AA6082-T6 workpiece with a Tungsten Carbide tip tool. A 3D model is first modelled on CATIA V5 and the analysis is then carried on in Ansys R19.2’s explicit module. The experimental and analytical results are carried out to justify the work. The cutting parameters used in CNC machining are Spindle rotational speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. The Normal Stress’s percentage error value varied too much compared to Shear stress and Shear Strain. This shows that the aluminium is suitable for the machining processes and can also be used more efficiently.

Background: Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive and neurodegenerative disorder. A range of motor and non-motor symptoms may cause postural instability and impaired functional mobility often leading to falls and decrease quality of life. Physical therapy with Music therapy may be promising intervention to improve gait and related activities in Parkinson’s disease. Methodology: Permission was taken from institutional ethical committee. An experimental study was conducted on 30 individual selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Randomized allocation of the participants was done into experimental (Physical therapy with music therapy) and control (Conventional physical therapy) groups. Participants were evaluated pre and post intervention for gait using Dynamic gait index (DGI), balance using Time up and go (TUG) and quality of Life using Parkinson’s disease quality of life 39 (PDQ 39) questionnaire. A six weeks intervention program was given to the patients for four times per week. Result: Data was analyzed using Shapiro-wilk test accordingly parametric or non- parametric test were performed. Between groups comparisons showed extremely significant (p

Stripe rust and spot blotch are major biotic constraints in yield maximization in barley. Stripe rust is caused by fungus, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei and wide spread in northern hills, foot hills and in the states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. Spot blotch ( Bipolaris sorokiniana ) is one of the major diseases in north eastern Indo-Gangetic plains having warm and humid climate. The resistant sources for stripe rust are available but the genetic resources for spot blotch are indeed meagre. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to identify combined sources for stripe rust and spot blotch in barley. The experiments for stripe rust were conducted at Durgapura and Karnal during 2015-16 to 2017-18. While, spot blotch evaluation was carried out for two years at Faizabad and Karnal centres during 2015-16 and 2016-17. The indigenous genotypes namely DWRB127, DWRB128, DWRB136, DWRB137, DWRB143, RD2786 and Dolma showed resistance for stripe rust. Based upon stripe rust and spot blotch reactions the genotypes namely, DWRB136, Notch-2, Orosus and Bella Union were found promising. Similarly, the cross combination viz., Lbiran/Una80//Lignee640/3/Bbsc/4/Chamico and P.sto/3/Libran/Una80//Lignee640/4/Bllu/5/ Petunia1 were also considered promising for barley stripe rust and spot blotch. Therefore, these identified genotypes are suggested to be incorporated in future barley breeding programmes for gainfully utilization. DOI.10.25174/2582-2675/2020/88973

A study was conducted for estimating genetic variability and characters association for eleven yield components using 169 genotypes (13 parents, 78 F1 and 78 F2) of bread wheat through half-diallel mating design during rabi season 2012-13 and 2013-14. The genetic variability, heritability in broad sense, genetic advance, correlation coefficients and path analysis were carried out for the assessment of genotypes through eleven yield component traits namely; days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, number of effective tillers per plant, number of grains per spikelet, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant, harvest index and grain yield per plant. Analysis of variance showed significant differences (at1% level of significance) for all the traits under study in both the generations (F1 and F2). The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were high for plant height followed by number of effective tillers per plant, biological yield per plant, grain yield per plant, while high heritability coupled with high genetic advance were recorded for plant height and spike length in both F1 and F2 generations, respectively. Grain yield per plant was positively and significantly associated with a number of effective tillers per plant, spike length, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, biological yield per plant and harvest index while significantly but negatively associated with plant height. Path analysis revealed that the traits namely biological yield per plant, number of effective tillers per plant, number of grains per spike, plant height and harvest index exhibited positive direct effects on grain yield at both phenotypic and genotypic level in both generation (F1 and F2). These results, thereby suggests that yield improvement in breads wheats could be possible by emphasizing these traits while making selections in early generations.

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) thin films are deposited onto an ultrasonically clean glass substrate, by using the thermal evaporation technique at room temperature. The film thickness was varied in the range from 400 nm to 1300 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) are used to characterize the structural properties of films. The electrical and optical properties of films are characterized with a dc two-point probe, the Hall effect, and ultra-violet visible absorption spectra. The XRD spectra indicate that the thin films have polycrystalline nature and possess the cubic structure with (111) preferential orientation. The diffraction patterns are sharpen with increase in the film thickness. Scanning electron microscope data disclose that the films have nanograins approximately 97.89 nm in size. A reduction in the resistivity shows that the films are semiconductors in nature. For a film thickness of 1200 nm, the maximum mobility is 26.03 × 101 cm2/Vs, minimum resistivity is 0.08 × 106 (Ohm·cm), and band gap is 3.26 eV. The film thickness has been optimized on the basis of the observed properties., Тонкi плiвки ZnS осадженi методом термiчного випаровування при кiмнатнiй температурi на скляну пiдкладку, очищену ультразвуком. Товщина плiвок змiнювалася вiд 400 до 1300 нм. Структуру плiвок дослiджено за допомогою рентгеноструктурного аналiзу, растрової електронної мiкроскопiї (SEM) i рентгенiвського дисперсiйного аналiзу. Електричнi i оптичнi властивостi вимiрювалися двоточечним зондом на постiйному струмi, за ефектом Холла i за спектрами поглинання у видимому i ультрафiолетовому свiтлi. Рентгенiвськi спектри показали, що плiвки полiкристалiчнi i мають кубiчну структуру з переважаючою (111) орiєнтацiєю. Дифракцiйнi картини стають рiзкiшими з ростом товщини плiвок. За даними SEM розмiр нанозерен плiвок близько 97,89 нм. Зменшення опору свiдчить про напiвпровiдникову природу плiвок. У плiвок з товщиною понад 1200 нм максимальна рухливiсть дорiвнює 26,03 ·101 см2/В· с, мiнiмальний опiр 0,08 ·106 (Ом · см) i ширина забороненої зони 3,26 еВ. З урахуванням цих властивостей знайдено оптимальну товщину плiвок.

This research sought to determine the correlations between grain yield and its contributing traits and to measure the direct and indirect effects on grain yield in barley. Sixty four released varieties were grown under par-tially reclaimed saline- sodic soil, under irrigated conditions during rabi 2010-11. The grain yield per plant showed highly significant and positive correlation with 1000 grain weight (0.517), plant height (0.460), length of main spike (0.459), fertile tillers per plant (0.385), and grains per main spike (0.366). On the basis of relationship of grain yield with yield contributing traits, we can select the best genotype and can be utilised in breeding program.

Genetic variability is the back bone of crop improvement programme, effectiveness of selection depends upon nature and magnitude of genetic variability present in the genetic material. The aim of the present study was that to identify the potential genotypes performing well under partially reclaimed saline- sodic soil (pH 8.6-8.9, EC = 4-4.2 dSm-1, ESP = > 15). Sixty four released varieties of barley collected from Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal were grown during rabi season 2010-11, showing wide spectrum of variation for various characters. The characters studied were yield and yield contributing traits; namely plant height, days to maturity, fertile tillers / plant, length of main spike, grains per main spike, 1000-grains weight, grain yield per plant. The data on 7 characters was utilized for estimation of mean, range and least significant differences. The varieties RD-2552(8.52), HBL-276(8.35), RD- 2592(8.17), PL-419(8.15), Kedar(8.11), PL-751(8.10), JB-58(8.06), K-508(7.96) produced higher grain yield per plant and showed high to very high mean performance for several other yield component also. These selected varieties can be used in breeding program and can be recommended direct cultivation under partially reclaimed salinesodic soil.

Serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), a marker of malignant tumors, is generally slightly elevated in benign conditions. We report a case of cholecystitis with perforated gall bladder with significantly elevated level of serum CA 19-9 based on abdomen computed tomography and intra operative findings. A 70 years diabetic and hypertensive female presented with right hypochondriac pain associated with occasional itching and nausea without vomiting with markedly raised CA 19-9 (1554 U/ml) with CECT abdomen suggestive of perforated gall bladder with cholecystitis. Patient electively operated for open cholecystectomy and per operative findings were distended gall bladder with multiple calculi within with edematous gall bladder wall and adhesions between gall bladder and omentum and colon. Gall bladder removed and biopsy suggestive of chronic calculus cholecystitis. On post-operative day 5th and 7th CA 19-9 was repeated twice and drastic fall to 5 U/ml and 12 U/ml respectively. Chronic calculus cholecystitis with high elevation of CA 19-9 is rare.

Table S1. Mycelia growth, Colony characters and sporulation pattern of B4 culture plate on different medium. Table S2. Antimicrobial activities of extract of Trichoderma lixii (IIIM-B4). Microorganisms used were Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans. The lowest concentration at which there was no visible growth after 16 h was considered as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Table S3. Comparative summation of novel Tribacopin AV and known sequences of 11 residue peptaibols produced by Trichoderma lixii. Figure S1. Mycelia growth, Colony characters and sporulation pattern of Trichoderma lixii (IIIM-B4) endophytic fungi on different medium (i) Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) (ii) malt extract agar (iii) yeast extract malt extract agar (iv) Sabourauds dextrose agar (v) Oat meat agar (vi) Rose Bengal agar (vii) Potato carrot agar (viii) Corn meal agar (ix) Synthetic medium 1(x) synthetic medium 2. Figure S2. Mass studies depicting the peptaibols production from Trichoderma lixii (IIIM-B4) in different media. Figure S2a) Potato Dextrose Broth Figure S2a’) Potato Dextrose Agar Figure S2b) Malt extract agar Figure S2c) Yeast extract malt agar MEA Figure S2d) Sabourauds dextrose agar Figure S2e) Oat meat agar Figure S2f) Rose Bengal agar Figure S2g) Potato carrot agar Figure S2 h) Corn meal agar Figure S2i) Synthetic medium 1 Figure S2j) Synthetic medium 2. Figure S3. Separation of Group A peptaibols from Group C from extract of Trichoderma lixii through HPLC. Figure S4. Mass spectra of peptaibol Tribacopin AV having mass 1185. Figure S5. Sequence of Tribacopin AV based on MS/MS studies. (DOC 7700 kb)

Spot blotch (SB) in barley is caused by the fungal pathogen Cochliobolus sativus and considered one of the major constraints to successful barley production. Resistance to C. sativus was evaluated, using a barley collection of 336 genotypes (AM-2014), at the seedling and adult stages. Seedling resistance was evaluated by using a mixture of 19 virulent isolates in Morocco. Virulent isolates prevalent in Uttar Pradesh were used for phenotyping resistance at the adult stage in India. The AM-2014 panel was genotyped with 9-K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers using iSelect Illumina Infinium. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) were carried out using SNP markers, infection responses, disease severity, and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The mixed linear model was employed in TASSEL using principal component analysis (PCA) and Kinship matrix (K) as covariates. Higher SB severity, 82.3 ± 13.5 (mean ± SD), was recorded at the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) compared to 47.6 ± 15.0 at the Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology (NDUAT). Nine QTL, Rcs-qtl-1H-126.9, Rcs-qtl-2H-148.16, Rcs-qtl-3H-25.27, Rcs-qtl-5H-80.35, Rcs-qtl-6H-58.24, Rcs-qtl-7H-29.62, Rcs-qtl-7H-29.72, Rcs-qtl-7H-32.81, and Rcs-qtl-7H-34.74, were detected for SB resistance at the seedling stage. For SB severity at the adult stage, a QTL, Rcs-qtl-7H-32.81, was detected at BHU while seven QTL, Rcs-qtl-2H-91.09, Rcs-qtl-3H-145.64, Rcs-qtl-4H-14.43, Rcs-qtl-6H-6.49, Rcs-qtl-7H-114.43, Rcs-qtl-7H-151.66, and Rcs-qtl-7H-150.36, were found for SB severity at NDUAT. Three QTL, Rcs-qtl-4H-18.61, Rcs-qtl-4H-67.91, and Rcs-qtl-5H-110.25, were significant for AUDPC of SB at BHU. The QTLs reported in this study are important to advance marker-assisted selection and gene pyramiding of SB resistance in South Asia and North Africa in future.

The microstructure of Allvac 718 Plus (718 Plus; ATI, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) superalloy was examined after linear friction welding (LFW) and after standard postweld heat treatment (PWHT). The liquid phase reaction of second-phase precipitates, which are known to constitutionally liquate during conventional fusion welding, was observed in the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of the welded material. These phases included MC-type carbides, Ti-rich carbonitrides, and δ phase precipitates. This observation is contrary to the general assumption that LFW is a completely solid-state joining process. However, unlike conventional fusion welding processes that cause heat-affected zone liquation cracking in 718 Plus and many other superalloys, the LFW process did not cause cracking in 718 Plus superalloy despite the liquation of precipitates. This absence of cracking during joining is attributed to the applied compressive stress during the forging stage of the LFW process. Also, no cracking was observed after PWHT, although PWHT resulted in a microstructure that had a nonhomogeneous distribution of precipitates in the weld and the TMAZ. © 2014 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada as represented by: NRC Canada.

Thin films of non-stoichiometric indium antimonide (In0.66Sb0.34) have been deposited by electron beam evaporation technique on glass substrates at different substrate temperatures, (300–473 K). The films have polycrystalline nature with zinc blende structure. The decrease in electrical resistivity with increasing temperature shows semiconducting behavior. Hall measurements indicate that the films are of n-type. Optical transmission spectra of as deposited thin films have been measured at different substrate temperatures. All the electrical parameters i.e. electron mobility (µ), carrier concentration (n), resistivity (ρ), activation energy and band gap (Eg) have been found to be temperature dependent. Suitable explanations are given in the paper.

Thin films of non-stoichiometric indium antimonide (In0.66Sb0.34) of different thickness, 300–1,300 nm, deposited by electron beam evaporation technique on glass substrates have been found to have zincblende structure and of n-type semiconductor as determined by Hall measurements. All the electrical parameters i.e. Hall mobility (μ H), carrier concentration (n), resistivity (ρ) and band gap (E g) have been found to be thickness dependent. Suitable explanations are given in the paper.

The present investigation deals the electrical and optical characterization of n-type InSb thin films fabricated on glass substrate at room temperature by electron beam evaporation technique using non-stoichiometric starting materials. The starting materials have been prepared in vacuum with different composition of indium and antimony as In1 − xSbx (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.4). The electrical resistivity decreases with increase of temperature shows semiconducting behavior. The Hall measurement indicates that the films were n-type. The films of thickness 300 nm having resistivity (ρ) (1.132–0.660) × 10−2 Ω cm, carrier concentration (n) (0.504–0.450) × 1018/cm3, Hall mobility (μ) (1.096–2.106) × 103 cm2/V s and activation energy (0.102–0.067) eV for all composition of indium and antimony in starting materials. The direct band gap has been calculated by Fourier transform infrared absorption spectra recorded at room temperature. The energy dispersive analysis of X-rays measurement of thin films indicates the variation in chemical composition about 1 %.

Heat affected zone (HAZ) microfissuring was investigated in electron beam welds of two Allvac 718 PLUS (718 Plus) alloys with different boron and phosphorus contents. Two preweld solution heat treatments were used and microfissuring susceptibility was evaluated by measuring the HAZ crack lengths in both alloys after bead on plate welding. The segregation behaviour of boron and phosphorus was studied before and after welding by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Hot ductility behaviour of the alloys in the standard solution preweld heat treatment was also examined. The results of crack measurements, segregation studies and hot ductility tests correlated well with each other. It was observed that besides constitutional liquation of Nb rich MC type carbides, segregation of B and P largely influenced the microfissuring susceptibility of the alloy. Heat affected zone microfissuring increased with an increase in B + P concentrations and with an increase in the preweld solution heat treatment temper...

The fusion zone and heat affected zone (HAZ) microstructures of electron beam welded superalloy 718PLUS™ (718 Plus) that has been newly developed by ATI ALLVAC were examined. The microsegregation pattern during solidification of the fusion zone indicated that while Fe, Co, W, and Cr segregated to the core of the gamma dendrites, Nb, Ti, and Al were extensively rejected into the interdendritic liquid. Electron diffraction and X-ray microanalysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the fusion zone showed that the major secondary phases that formed from the interdendritic liquid were gamma/MC type carbide eutectic and gamma/Laves eutectic constituents. HAZ microstructure showed partially melted zone immediately adjacent to the fusion zone and intergranular microfissuring associated with resolidified products which suggested that HAZ cracking in this alloy occurred by liquation cracking. Microstructural examination of the HAZ using analytical scanning electron microscope showed resolidified gamma/Laves eutectic on the cracked and backfilled grain boundaries. Fine resolidified MC type carbide particles were also observed in the HAZ. Causes of grain boundary liquation were identified and the solidification of intergranular liquid in the HAZ was discussed.

The authors carried out failure analysis of bent and branched copper-nickel alloy pipelines that had failed in marine environments. These failures were almost always dominated by a brittle stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) mode and could often be attributed to the presence of ammoniacal byproducts in the operating environment. Attempts were made to reproduce the marine-type field failures in the laboratory by testing a Cu-5.37%Ni alloy, similar to the material used in failed pipelines. The tests were performed under slow strain rate test (SSRT) conditions in aqueous ammonia and ammoniacal seawater. Results revealed that the ammonia-induced brittle SCC failures were predominant and reduced the load-bearing capacity of the alloy. The real-life failures are not simple SSRT-type failures. The operating conditions, in addition to the induced residual stresses from manufacturing/processing, subject the system pipes to external forces and widely varying pressures and fluid flow rates. This combination of stresses can produce both static and cyclic stress conditions, similar to a static load coupled with a low-amplitude cyclic load. Tests conducted under superimposed cyclic stresses on prestressed specimens were found to accelerate the stress-corrosion failures in the present copper-nickel alloy in an ammoniacal environment.

A series of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)-ethylene dimethacrylate (EGDM) copolymers of varying compositions were synthesized by free-radically triggered thermal frontal polymerization (FP) as well as by suspension polymerization (SP) using azobisisobutyronitrile [AIBN] as initiator. The two sets of copolymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry, for determination of epoxy number and specific surface area. Frontal polymerization was more efficient, yielding greater conversions at much shorter reaction times. The self-propagating frontal polymerization also generates microporous material with narrow pore size distribution. It yields higher internal pore volume and surface area than suspension polymerization, surface morphologies are, however, inferior.

A theoretical investigation was conducted to examine the propagation characteristics of millimeter waves in sand and dust storms. The storm is considered to have three main constitutes i.e. sand, silt and clay. Reflectioncoefficients, transmission coefficients and absorption loss were calculated using derived equations. The propagation parameters are found to depend both on frequency and visibility. It has been found that for sparsely distributed particles the reflection coefficient is reduced by several orders of magnitude as compared to the case of zero visibility. The calculated values of propagation parameter in this analysis are compared with earlier reported value of transmission line model [1,2]. This verifies the accuracy of theory developed.

Networked, crosslinked poly[(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-co-(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate)] (HEMA-EGDM) was synthesized by frontal polymerization (FP) using azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. HEMA-EGDM copolymers of similar composition were also synthesized by suspension polymerization. The two sets of copolymers were characterized for functional groups (IR), pore volume (mercury intrusion porosimetry), surface area (nitrogen adsorption) and morphology (scanning electron microscopy). FP-generated polymeric network structures had higher internal pore volumes and surface areas but their surface morphologies were inferior to those of copolymers synthesized by suspension polymerization. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry

A SELF-SIMILAR FLOW BEHIND A CYLINDRICAL SHOCK WAVE WITH THERMAL RADIATION IN MAGNETOGASDYNAMICS

A theoretical investigation has been carried out to evaluate the effect of depolarization on the propagation of microwave/millimeter wave in sand and dust storms. The storm is considered to have three main constituents i.e, sand, silt and clay. An equation has been developed for depolarization In which the concept of scattering by dipole as well as back scattering has been utilized for this purpose. It has been found that the depolarization and loss due to depolarization caused by dust particles depend directly on orientation of Incident beam, frequency and particle density. The results obtained are in good agreement with experimental resuits reported eariler. This verifies the accuracy of theory developed.

Indium Antimonide (InSb) is a promising materials for mid and long wavelength infrared & high speed devices applications because of its small band gap. The Indium Antimonide (InSb) thin films have been deposited onto well cleaned glass substrate at different substrate temperatures (300 K, 323 K, 373 K) by electron beam evaporation technique in the high vacuum chamber at vacuum pressure ∼10−5 torr using prepared non‐stoichiometric InSb powder using formula In1−xSbx (0.2

Since the last two decades, in the area of electronics, group II‐VI compounds have drawn considerable interest due to their various applications. Cadmium selenide (CdSe), a member of this group, is one of the promising semiconducting material from its application point of view. The n‐type Cd1−XSeX and CdSe films have been deposited onto ultra cleaned glass substrates by electron bean evaporated technique under 10−5 torr vacuum. The n‐type Cd1−XSeX thin films has confirmed by Hall effect data. The resistivity of the film has been determined by I‐V measurement using four probe setup. It is observed that the resistivity decreases with increases Cd/Se ratio and we found that n‐type Cd1−XSeX thin films is more better than CdSe thin films.

Cadmium selenide (CdSe) thin films deposited by means of electron beam evaporation technique under high vacuum ∼10−5 torr on ultrasonically cleaned glass substrate. Using stating materials of various compositions of cadmium and selenium using formula Cd1−xSex where x is orbitory constant having value 0.20≤x≤0.40 here we take less value of x for the creation of anion vacancy in thin films. In present work the structural properties have been studies using XRD technique and found that starting materials and thin films both are polycrystalline in nature having hexagonal structure. Here we study the effect of composition ratio Cd/Se in starting material and its prepared thin films on its grain size and lattice parameter. From the analysis of X‐Ray diffractogram found that lattice parameter and grain size both are decreases with increasing Cd/Se ratio in thin films as well as in starting material the preferred orientation in thin films along (100) plane. The surface morphology was studied using SEM characteriza...

Heterojunction solar cells of SnO 2 : P / n -Si (textured), having AM1 efficiency of 11.0% on single silicon crystal, have been fabricated. The phosphorosu doped tin oxide films are deposited by chemical vapour deposition technique on a heated silicon substrate having a resistivity of 0.1 Ω cm. Before the deposition of SnO 2 : P , the wafers are textured and growth of a SiO 2 layer on the Si surface was avoided. The C - V measurement at 1 kHz frequency shows the abrupt nature of the junction with a built-in voltage V d = 0.62 V. The variation of cell parameters with temperature has also been studied.

SnO2:P/SiO2/n-Si (textured) (SPNT) heterojunctions were prepared by chemical vapour deposition of phosphorus-doped tin oxide films onto heated n-Si single crystals with orientation and a resistivity of 0.1 Omega cm. Before the deposition of SnO2:P the wafers were textured and a SiO2 layer was chemically grown onto the n-Si surface. The electrical properties of the SPNTheterojunction were studied by means of current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements. The dark I-V characteristics showed that injected current controls the transport mechanism. The presence of interface states was found to play an important role in the electrical properties of the junction. The C-V measurements at a frequency of 1 kHz showed the abrupt nature of a junction with a built-in voltage Vd=0.82 V. A solar cell of active area 2.0 cm2 shows a conversion efficiency of 12.6% under AM1 simulated irradiation.

Heterojunction SnO 2 : As/ n -Si (Textured) solar cells were fabricated by chemical vapour deposition of arsenic doped tin oxide films over textured n -type single-crystal silicon substrate of resistivity 0.1 Ω-cm. The performance of the solar cell has been analysed by measuring current density vs voltage characteristics under dark and illumination. A solar cell of area 2.0 cm 2 shows a conversion efficiency 12.6%, open circuit voltage 0.45 V and fill factor 0.70 at 300 K under AM1 simulated radiation. The dark current are controlled by a combination of thermionic emission and diffusion processes. The capacitance-voltage characteristics measured at 1 kHz frequency shows the abrupt nature of the junction with a built-in voltage V d = 0.56 V . The variation of cell parameters with temperature has been also studied.

Semiconductor/insulator/semiconductor solar cells having AM 1 efficiency of 14.5% on single silicon crystal were fabricated. The arsenic‐doped tin oxide films were deposited by the chemical vapor deposition technique on heated n‐Si substrate with 〈100〉 orientation having a resistivity of 0.1 Ω cm. Before the deposition of SnO2:As the wafers were made textured and the SiO2 layer was chemically grown on the Si surface. The capacitance‐voltage measurement at 1‐kHz frequency shows the abrupt nature of the junction with built‐in voltage Vd = 0.77 V. The variation of dark current density–voltage characteristics with temperatures was also studied.

Weldability of two versions of newly developed 718 Plus alloy, HC49 and HC20 was studied and compared with that of Inconel 718. 5.0” x 0.5” x 0.5” thick plates were heat treated at 950o and 1050oC, water-quenched then EB welded. Microstructures of the base metal and welds were examined by optical and analytical electron microscopy. Intergranular microcracks were observed in HAZ in all the three alloys, and their susceptibility to cracking was established by measuring total and maximum crack lengths. It was observed that HC49, with higher B and P, suffered most cracking and Inconel 718 the least. HAZ cracking was observed to be associated with resolidified liquated phase suggesting it to be liquation cracking. The EDS analysis suggested that the grain boundary liquation was due to the constitutional liquation of NbC and due to the GB segregation of B during the pre-weld heat treatment. The increased cracking in 718 Plus as compared to Inconel 718 was attributed to the softer matrix of Inconel 718, which could withstand the welding stresses better. More severe cracking in higher B version of 718 Plus than in the lower B 718 Plus could be due to the increased segregation of B on its grain boundaries.

Frontal polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was investigated to study the effect of type and concentration of initiator, solvent and diluent on the existence of a front, on front velocity as well as front temperature. A significant effect of the type of initiator and its concentration was recorded. Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) was obtained predominantly as a gel. The different gels were evaluated for water and cyclohexane gain and porosity, and the mechanism of gel formation is discussed. Amongst the three diluents used (silica gel, β- cyclodextrin and silica sol), gel formation was highest in the presence of silica sol (≈ 42%). Pore dimensions were less than 15 nm and pore size distribution was narrow. PHEMA networks showed significantly higher water regain due to swelling than attributed to the pore volume as estimated by mercury porosimetry or cyclohexane regain. Kinetics of the equilibrium swelling ratio was studied.

Transmit diversity schemes employ several antennas at the cellular base station to improve the forward link transmission performance (throughput, range, capacity and quality) without increasing the complexity of the mobile station. This paper attempts to evaluate the forward link performance improvement using different transmit diversity schemes by means of computer simulation. The schemes considered are space-time transmit diversity (STTD) and feedback mode transmit diversity (FBTD) proposed in a third generation (3G) WCDMA system. The effect of noisy channel estimates, due to imperfect channel estimation, and of imperfect closed loop power control, due to imperfect signal to interference ratio (SIR) estimation, on the performance is analyzed under different channel conditions and mobile velocities. The channel environments considered in the simulations are single ray Rayleigh fading, vehicular channel and pedestrian channel. It is observed that, with power control, the difference in the performance of ND, STTD and FBTD is not significant (around 1 dB to 2 dB) at high user velocities (>120 kmph). It is hence concluded that that with SIR based closed loop power control and imperfect channel estimation, diversity gains are not significant in the downlink of WCDMA system.