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Background/Objectives The Japan-multimodal intervention trial for prevention of dementia (J-MINT) is intended to verify the effectiveness of multi-domain interventions and to clarify the mechanism of cognitive improvement and deterioration by carrying out assessment of dementia-related biomarkers, omics analysis and brain imaging analysis among older adults at high risk of dementia. Moreover, the J-MINT trial collaborates with partnering private enterprises in the implementation of relevant interventional measures. This manuscript describes the study protocol. Design/Setting Eighteen-month, multi-centered, randomized controlled trial. Participants We plan to recruit 500 older adults aged 65–85 years with mild cognitive impairment. Subjects will be centrally randomized into intervention and control groups at a 1:1 allocation ratio using the dynamic allocation method with all subjects stratified by age, sex, and cognition. Intervention The multi-domain intervention program includes: (1) management of vascular risk factors; (2) group-based physical exercise and self-monitoring of physical activity; (3) nutritional counseling; and (4) cognitive training. Health-related information will be provided to the control group every two months. Measurements The primary and secondary outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 6-, 12-, and 18-month follow-up. The primary outcome is the change from baseline to 18 months in a global composite score combining several neuropsychological domains. Secondary outcomes include: cognitive change in each neuropsychological test, incident dementia, changes in blood and dementia-related biomarkers, changes in geriatric assessment including activities of daily living, frailty status and neuroimaging, and number of medications taken. Conclusions This trial that enlist the support of private enterprises will lead to the creation of new services for dementia prevention as well as to verify the effectiveness of multi-domain interventions for dementia prevention. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.14283/jpad.2021.29 and is accessible for authorized users.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids help maintain insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial function, and anti-inflammation. It is well known that deterioration in these areas can cause frailty. However, little is known about the differences in serum polyunsaturated fatty acid levels among frailty components. We investigated the cross-sectional relationship between frailty and serum fatty acids in 1,033 community-dwelling older adults aged 60-88 years. Polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations were measured from fasting blood samples. The modified phenotype criteria defined frailty. Polyunsaturated fatty acid levels were compared among each component using general linear modeling after controlling for sex, age, body mass index, smoking status, household income, and medical history. Lower polyunsaturated fatty acid levels were associated with the modified frailty criteria, including shrinking and weakness (p0.05). Our findings suggest that serum polyunsaturated fatty acid levels differ depending on the frailty status of older adults.

Dose adjustment of vancomycin (VCM) is important in improving clinical outcomes and avoiding adverse effects such as nephrotoxicity. Although pharmacist-managed VCM therapy has been reported to optimize treatment, there are no studies focused on pharmacist expertise to date. In this study, we compared the contribution of pharmacists trained for infectious diseases and general pharmacists to dose adjustment of VCM.We retrospectively investigated VCM trough concentration after dose adjustment by both trained (n = 67) and general (without special training for infectious diseases; n = 85) pharmacists. We also compared the incidence of nephrotoxicity during VCM treatment in both groups.The rate of achieving therapeutic VCM trough concentration (10-20 μg/mL) was higher in the trained group than in the control group (80.6 vs. 54.1%, p0.001). No significant differences in incidence of nephrotoxicity were observed between the two groups (p = 0.744). Trained pharmacists could contribute more successfully to the achievement of therapeutic VCM concentration ranges without increasing the risk of nephrotoxicity.

Summary Objective This study aimed to assess the relationship between weight gain from early adulthood and visceral fat accumulation. Methods The participants were 549 men aged 42 to 64 years who were randomly selected from the local resident registry for the National Institute for Longevity Sciences' neighbourhood. They were asked to recall their weight at 18 years of age, and then, post‐18 weight‐change values were calculated for each participant (their current weight minus their weight at 18). The participants were divided according to their median body mass index (BMI) at 18 years of age (initial BMI) (

The phylogenetically-conserved vertebrate transcription factor, NFIB, is an orchestrator of glial differentiation in the developing mammalian central nervous system. We found NFIB expression to be reduced in glioblastoma (GBM), the commonest and most lethal primary adult brain cancer, so investigated what effect increased expression of NFIB had on GBM. Increased expression of NFIB in primary GBM cell lines induced expression of markers of glial differentiation, inhibited cell proliferation, reduced stem/progenitor cell growth, altered cell cycle progression and inhibited tumor growth in murine models of GBM. We thus identified NFIB to be a novel tumor suppressor gene in GBM.

The Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study-Existing Cohorts Combine (JALS-ECC) is a pooled study based on individual participant data from existing prospective cohort studies in Japan. Its purpose was to consider associations between risk factors and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes, as well as differences between subgroups, defined by age, gender or geographical region, which could not be detected in the smaller samples.Individual records for 66,691 participants in 21 cohort studies were pooled, accounting for a total of 575,628 person-years. From this data, there were 409 deaths attributed to stroke and 169 deaths attributed to coronary heart disease (CHD). Total stroke and CHD events were 1,478 and 178, respectively. Of the 1,424 total stroke events with a reported stroke subtype, 975 were classified as ischemic, 267 as hemorrhagic, and 178 as subarachnoid hemorrhage.The JALS-ECC collected data from existing cohort studies covering a diverse Japanese population, which has provided information about the effects of modifiable factors on the risks of the CVD. Such information should provide a reliable basis for establishing prevention strategies.

The present study assesses the effects of dietary diversity on information processing speed among 1,766 men and women aged 40 to 79 years who participated in the first and follow up (second to seventh) waves of the National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging at least once. Information processing speed was assessed using a component of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised at all waves. Dietary diversity was determined using the Quantitative Index for Dietary Diversity based on a three-day dietary record at the first wave. Sex- and age decade-stratified, general linear, mixed models comprised fixed effects of dietary diversity (high/low groups), age at the first wave, years of follow-up, interactions, and covariates (education, living alone, family income, smoking, body mass index, energy intake, and medical history). The results indicated that the effects of dietary diversity were marginally significant for males aged in their 40s, 50s, and 70s (p < 0.06), suggesting that more dietary diversity was associated with better information processing speed. Regardless of dietary diversity (high/low groups), information processing speed increased with aging during the 40s and decreased in 60s and 70s in both sexes (p < 0.05). Interaction between dietary diversity and follow-up years revealed a significant interaction effect only among females aged in their 70s (p = 0.04), and information processing speed decreased less in groups with high than low diversity (-0.34 vs. -0.58 points/year). In conclusion, daily intake of various foods might help to protect information processing speed decline in females aged in their 70s.

In many cases, a jagged, fir-tree like pattern appears on the surface of 1000- and 5000-series aluminum alloy sheets when they are anodized. This pattern has its origin in the “fir tree structure” formed in the sheet ingots.

Japanese bush warblers, Cettia diphone , are a common species in Japan and have a poly-gynous breeding system. In the breeding ground some males have their own territories withmore than one female. Male floaters are also not uncommon in the breeding ground. Tounderstand breeding strategy in this species, exact parentage should be elucidated. In orderto obtain a tool for this purpose, we isolated 34 microsatellite loci from a genomic libraryin this species and developed primers for 12 loci. These primers were tested in the Japanesebush warbler and successfully amplified. In analyses of 49 unrelated individuals, allelicnumbers ranged from two to 22, and observed heterozygosity ( H O ) ranged from 0.27 to 0.854except for two loci (Cdi29 and Cdi35a) with H O < 0.1. Keywords : Cettia diphone , Japanese bush warblers, microsatellite, primer Received 8 August 2002; revision received 28 September 2002; accepted 28 September 2002 Japanese bush warblers ( Cettia diphone ) are distributedalong the eastern rim of the Eurasian continent and theJapanese islands and are one of the best known species inJapan because of their unmistakable songs (Hamao 1997).They are residents or short-distant migrants on Honshu(main) island in Japan. In early spring, males begin to singin wintering sites, such as bushes, parks, and backyardsof lowland areas and most of them migrate to highermountainsides and breed in bamboo bushes or grassmeadows. At the field site in Chichibu, Honshu island, weobserved their behaviour and collected blood samples forhormone measurement after capture with mist nets. Wefound that males sing from late March through August inthe breeding area and circulating testosterone is foundhigh during this period (Wada

Thomsonite with ideal chemical composition and with an ordered framework structure was synthesised hydrothermally from zeolite Na−A, which was ground to X-ray amorphous, with 0.05 mol dm−3 CaCl2 solution at 200°C. The dehydration behaviour of the prepared thomsonite was examined by TG-DTA. It was revealed that thomsonite lost most of zeolitic water below 450°C in three steps at about 180°, 340° and 390°C. The peak profiles of, the two higher-temperature endotherms were sharp and similar, and the weight loss at each step was approximately equal.

A B S T R A C T: A basic lead carbonate-montmorillonite complex was prepared by treating a natural montmorillonite hydrothermally for 120 h at 250~ with lead powder, dry ice and lead nitrate solution. The product is a non-swelling material showing well-outlined, hexagonal, thin plates

A low-temperature X-ray powder diffractometer has been developed and applied to the measurement of lattice constants of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O x superconductor at 80 K, only 3 K higher than the critical temperature. The relationship between the lattice constants and electrical resistivity was studied. The Bi2Sr2CaCu2O x sample was prepared by solid-state reaction and sintered by a hot-press system at 750°C. Lattice constants of the Bi2Sr2CaCu2C x were measured at 293 to 80 K. The electrical resistivity of the sample, measured by the standard four-probe method, reached 0 Ω cm at 77 K. The resistivity decreased rapidly along with rapid shrinkage of the c-axial length.

Cold agglutinins are cold reactive autoantibodies that have haemolytic effects on red blood cells mediated via complement fixation. Neuropathy associated with cold agglutinins has been described,1-5 however, details of its pathomechanism are unclear. Here, we report the clinical, electrophysiological, and pathological findings of a mononeuropathy multiplex in a patient with cold agglutinins, who responded very well to plasmapheresis. A 72 year old man was admitted with a 1 month history of progressing dysaesthesia and weakness of the limbs. He had no anaemia, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, or lymphadenopathy. Cranial nerves and the cerebellum were not involved. There was severe weakness and atrophy of bilateral thenar, interossei, and plantar muscles with severe dysaesthesia of both palms and plantaris. Pin prick and light touch were reduced as well as position and vibratory sensation in both hands and feet. Deep tendon reflexes were hypoactive. Babinski’s sign was negative. Laboratory investigation showed a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate: 52 mm/hour (normal

Structured Abstract Authors – Hashimoto K, Otsuka R, Minato A, Sato-Wakabayashi M, Takada J, Inoue-Arai MS, Miyamoto JJ, Ono T, Ohyama K, Moriyama K Objectives – To investigate the short-term effects of maxillary distraction osteogenesis (DO) on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function in 21 subjects with cleft lip and palate (CLP). Design – Morphological changes in the maxillofacial region were measured using lateral cephalometric radiographs taken immediately before (pre-DO) and after DO (post-DO) and 1 year after DO (1-year follow-up). A questionnaire was evaluated using a visual analog scale. A chi-square test was used to compare the prevalence of TMJ symptoms between pre-DO and 1-year follow-up. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between changes in cephalometric variables and TMJ symptoms in association with maxillary DO. Statistical significance was set at p

The indication of adjunctive mitral valve surgery in patients with ischaemic mitral regurgitation (MR) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting remains controversial.1 Furthermore, no approach currently predicts in which patients ischaemic MR will resolve with revascularisation alone. It has been recently suggested that a reduction in ischaemic MR caused by an improvement in regional left ventricular (LV) contractility during low dose dobutamine stress echocardiography (LDSE) might predict a beneficial effect of revascularisation on ischaemic MR.1 This study tested the hypothesis that LDSE induced changes in ischaemic MR are associated with changes in regional LV contractility. Fifteen consecutive patients with stable coronary artery disease, ischaemic LV dysfunction, ejection fraction (EF) < 50%, and at least moderate MR (regurgitant fraction (RF) ⩾ 30%) were selected for enrolment from all patients that had a resting echocardiogram. Exclusion criteria included the following: technically inadequate echocardiogram, structurally abnormal mitral valve, more than trace aortic regurgitation, and non-sinus rhythm. The mean (SD) age of the 15 patients was 68 (8) years; 10 were male and 11 had a prior myocardial infarction. The site of the infarction was anterior in five patients, lateral in one patient, inferoposterior in one patient, both anterior and lateral in one patient, and both anterior and inferoposterior in …

This paper presents new results for segmentation of 3D ultrasound using a robust and smooth segmentation method based on a homogeneity-driven three dimensional level set algorithm. The segmentation was applied to echocardiographic data from healthy volunteers acquired with two 3D ultrasound machines based on matrix-phased array technology. A comparison of ventricular volumes and geometry is performed based on manual and automatic methods of segmentation. Results showed good agreement of the segmentation methods and the ultrasound machines for ventricular geometry and quantitative assessment of cardiac function.

Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) operates three cabled observatories in the northwest Pacific around Japan. Each observatory has a cable end station which is composed of several environmental monitoring instruments to measure physical parameters on deep seafloor. The first observatory had consisted of only a cable end station. It was deployed in the Sagami Bay at a depth of 1172 m, 7 km off Hatsushima Island, central Honshu in 1993 and renewed in March 2000. The second cable end station was deployed at the landward slope of the Nankai Trough at a depth of 3572 m, 120 km off Cape Muroto, Shikoku, in March 1997. Third station was deployed at the landward slope of the southern Kuril Trench at a depth of 2630 m, 220 km off Kushiro, Hokkaido, in August 1999. ADCP (RDI BBADCP 150 kHz) and electro-magnet current meter are attached on the all of the cable end stations as the bottom current monitoring instrument. Measurement data of each observatory are transmitted to the land stations in real-time using a submarine electro-optical cable. Following phenomena were obtained as results and topics of the observation. 1) deep exchange flow, which was divided in the internal boundary, was observed in the Sagami Bay. 2) As the features of the deep currents, the southwestward current can be observed on the landward slope in the Nankai Trough. 3) A turbidity current was observed two hours after the mainshock of the "2003 Tokachi-oki Earthquake (M8.0)" on September 26, 2003. The bottom current speed has reached over 140 cm/sec

In July 1999, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) installed a cabled geophysical observatory system off Kushiro, southeastern Hokkaido Island, Japan. This observatory system comprises three ocean bottom seismographs (OBSs), two tsunami gauges, and a cable-end environmental monitoring system, connected with a 240 km long fiber optical cable. Processing OBSs and land-based data together, and comparing magnitude common recorded with that determined by Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), we found event detection level was improved down to magnitude 1.5, which is much lower than the previously designed as down to magnitude around 2. We compared detection level before and after installing OBSs, and found dramatic improvement on the earthquake detection level after installation of the cabled system. Four years and two months after the installation, a megathrust earthquake (The 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake, MJMA 8.0) occurred just beneath the system. The system recorded clear unsaturated seismograms just at 28.6 km from the epicenter, which is the first observation on the ocean floor recording an earthquake with magnitude eight in the world. This paper reports hypocenter distribution derived from permanent cabled OBSs and land-based observation in the period from mainshock of the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake, to middle of May 2004. In the large slip area of the mainshock, a planar, with ten-degree dip, hypocenter distribution is obtained. Another deep planar seismic zone is found about 20 km depth from the plate interface. We think that the geophysical observations helps to understand the initiation process of the rupture of the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake and that observations including seismological, geodynamic, hydrogeological, and the other multidisciplinary observations would provide a clue to future understanding of seismogenic processes at southern end of the Kurile subduction zones

We located hypocenters for more than two years, using combined datasets from land-based observations and ocean-bottom seismological data acquired by a permanent cable geophysical observatory system (JAMSTEC system), installed off Kushiro-Tokachi in July 1999. Hypocenter distribution characterizes that: 1) double seismic zone just east of the cabled observatory system, 2) a relatively low seismicity west of the cabled system, and 3) characteristic shallow seismic activity below the cabled system.

Scientific results started appearing in the literature using realtime and continuous time series of data obtained on the seafloor for seismic and micro-tsunamic observations. JAMSTEC has developed three out of a total of eight cabled observatories in the Japanese water. The installed observatories are all operating to aid earthquake studies for disaster mitigation at the future potential hazards, which take place at plate boundaries surrounding the Japanese islands. Along with earthquake activity monitoring purposes, it has become clear that there are potentially and scientifically meaningful outcome from such observations. We summarize the latest scientific results from monitored data produced by our cabled observatories and, then, to demonstrate advantages of such underwater seismic and tsunamic stations. Until now, three main areas could be pointed out as meaningful scientific products from cabled observations: (1) fine mapping of offshore seismicity, (2) modeling of micro-tsunamic pressure fluctuations caused by deep earthquakes, and (3) constraining earthquake source parameters such as source depths of offshore events using tsunami simulation. They are all interesting scientific results from the observational data could also readily be exploited for earthquake studies on deformation processes at the plate boundaries and on early tsunami warning system as a part of future disaster mitigation methodologies. It is obvious that newly deployed monitoring systems have revealed, at least partially, meaningful phenomena, which have been invincible due to lack of observations in the offshore. Technical and theoretical developments for offshore earthquake monitoring must be well considered for profound perception of geophysical processes associated with offshore seismic activities.

A ceramic compact of ZnIn/sub 2/S/sub 4/ with spinel structure and another polymorphism of ZnIn/sub 2/S/sub 4/ with a layer structure known as IIIa phase were synthesized by reaction-sintering of the mixed powder of ZnS and In/sub 2/S/sub 3/ at 450/spl deg/C and 800/spl deg/C under Ar (containing 1% H/sub 2/) atmosphere, respectively. Their thermoelectric properties were investigated in the temperature range from 200/spl deg/ to 600/spl deg/C. Power factor of IIIa type was much larger than that of the spinel type, although it was slightly lower than maximum power factor of the oxide homologous compounds ((ZnO)/sub m/In/sub 2/O/sub 3/). To increase the thermoelectric properties of ZnIn/sub 2/S/sub 4/ a c-plane oriented sintered body of IIIa phase was successfully fabricated by a usual ceramic process. The power factor in the direction perpendicular to c-axis was larger than that in the direction parallel to c-axis due to higher electrical conductivity in the former direction.

This study was carried out to test the hypothesis that changes in head/body position induce changes in upper-airway dimensions. Contiguous images were obtained by means of magnetic resonance imaging in normal awake subjects during nasal breathing. A statistical analysis was made on 5 consecutive slices, including the most constricted sites in both the retropalatal and retroglossal regions. Dimensional changes in the upper airway in association with changes in head/body position were evaluated. In the retropalatal region, there was a significant decrease in the lateral dimension in the lateral recumbent position compared with that in the supine position. The cross-sectional area in the retroglossal region was significantly increased in both the "supine with the head rotated" and "lateral recumbent" positions. This change was accompanied by significant volumetric changes in the retroglossal region. Thus, sleeping with the head rotated may be effective for improving upper-airway obstruction.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of changes in body and head positions on respiratory-related activity of the genioglossus muscle in normal subjects in 8 body and head positions: (1) upright body with head straight, (2) upright body with head rotated to the right, (3) upright body with head rotated to the left, (4) supine body with head straight, (5) supine body with head rotated to the right, (6) supine body with head rotated to the left, (7) lateral recumbent body to the right, and (8) lateral recumbent body to the left. Phasic activity of the genioglossus muscle decreased significantly when subjects rotated their heads and moved from the supine to the lateral recumbent position. It is therefore concluded that genioglossus muscle activity is modulated in response to head rotation and changes in body position.

Previous studies have shown the antioxidant effects of polyphenols in red wine.1–4 An acute effect of red wine on the coronary microcirculation has been shown in healthy volunteers, although neither white wine nor vodka had an acute effect on coronary microcirculation in that study.5 Thus, we hypothesised that the coronary microcirculation can be improved by a daily intake of red wine polyphenols without alcohol. In addition, this effect may be seen not only in the healthy person but also in the patient with coronary artery disease (CAD). Recent advances in transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) have enabled non-invasive assessment of coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) in the clinical setting.6,7 This non-invasive technique has made serial assessment of CFVR after daily intake of red wine polyphenols possible even in patients with CAD. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short term effect of taking red wine polyphenols on the coronary microcirculation by using TTDE to assess patients with CAD. Ten male patients with angiographically documented CAD were recruited for this study (mean (SD) age 61 (7) years, body mass index 28.5 (5.2) kg/cm2) in New York, USA and Osaka, Japan from October 2000 to March 2002. Exclusion criteria were as follows: (1) anterior myocardial infarction (MI); (2) significant stenosis (> 50%) in the left anterior descending coronary artery; (3) recent MI (< 6 months); (4) severely disturbed cardiac function (ejection fraction < 40%); (5) uncontrolled hypertension (systolic …

On the study of the behaviors of neurons during the appearance of evoked potential or seizure discharge in the Ammon's horn produced by repetitive electrical stimulation, the following results are obtained:1. The unit discharges are roughly classified into three groups of 1) complete synchronous type, 2) incomplete synchronous type, and 3) indifferent type according to their synchronization with response-wave and seizure discharge, and in response-wave and seizure discharge alike, the percentages of the unit discharges in each type are approximate. Further, according to discharging frequency of unit spike, we get facilitation type, inhibition type, and indifferent type.2. On the second positive phase of the response-wave caused by repetitive electrical stimulation, there arise the gigantic spikes (G-spike) of 3-5msec. duration, and they appear as a negative-positive spikes at a shallow layer near the alveus, while as positive-negative biphasic ones near pyramidal cell layer. They arise spontaneously at the seizure discharge and show an extremely close relation with seizure.

Summary The present experiments aimed at examining the results obtainable both by the intersection of the posterior commissure and by the stimulation of the pretectal region, the midbrain and other parts with an intention of making the course of light reflex pathwxy more clear-cut and precise. In twenty adult rabbits the parts causing a pupilloconstriction by the electric stimulation were looked for, and the apperance of evoked pctential from these parts upon photic stimulus and that of responses from the parts not causing a pupillary symptom but responding to a photic stimulus were pursued by means of the cathode ray oscillograph. The results are summarized as follows:. 1. The parts which cause a pupillccon striction as the reaction to electric stimulation are divided into two groups, one accompanied by evoked potential. The parts at which an evoked potential is recorded can be thought to receive an impulse from retina and to form a part of the light reflex pathway. On the other hand, those at which no evoked potential appears are regarded as a pupillocon strictor pathway but as having nothing to do with the light reflex pathway, though there are found some parts with exceptional respons. 2. As the parts which cause the bilateral pupilloconstriction upon electric stimulaticn and do give rise to the evoked potential upon bilateral photic stimulation, are to be mentioned the midline part of the posterior commissure including its neighbouring parts, and the midline part on the base of menencephalic central gray matter. The parts which cause a pupilloconstriction of similar degree on either side give birth to an evoked potintial of nearly similar wave form to the bilateral photic stimulus. 3. The parts which cause the contralateral pupilloconstriction upon electric stimulation and which give rise to an obviously evoked potential upon photic stimulus given to the pupilloconstrictor side, are the pretectal region. especially Area pretfctalis propria, Nucl. lentiformis pars parvocel-lularis and Nucl. interstitials cormissurae posterioria. The nature of the evoked potentials reveals that these parts represent some sort of relay nuclei in the light reflex pathway. 4. The parts which cause the ipsilateral pupillcconstriction and at which an evoked potential appears, are in the main the descending peduncle of the posterior commissure and the pudloconstrictor nucleus. the evoked potential at the descending Feduncle of the posterior commisure shows a monophasic negative wave, while that at the pupilioconstrictor nucleus gives a triphaslc wave. A distinct difference is always Obse vable between them. 5. Even when evoked potentials upon photic stimulus can be recorded from some parts of the lateral geniculate body, the superior colliculus, the optic radiation and the mesencephalic reticular formation, there is missed any pupilloconstrictor response upon electric stimulation there. An evoked potential of the fibres reaching from the optic tract to the pretectal region, if any, must be overlappd and overturned by the above-mentioned potentials and, therefore, is indeterminable so far under this circumstance. From the above data, we believe. we could demonstrate the validity of conclusion obtained from intersection of the posterior commissure and from stimulation of the pretectal region and the midbrain in rabbits, that an afferent path of light reflex changes neuron in the pretectal region. makes a complete decusation at the posterior commissure, passes through the descending peduncle of the posterior commisure and ultimately reaches the pupilloconstrictor nucleus.

Das durch Reaktion von Titan mit Salz- oder Flussaure gebildete Titanhydrid weist, je nach den Bildungsbedingungen, einen wechselnden Wasserstoffgehalt (50 bis 67 Atom-%) auf. Bei schneller Reaktion sind die gebildeten Hydridkristalle grobkornig, bei langsamer Reaktion dagegen klein, aber von praktisch gleicher Grose.

Beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-MG) levels were determined in serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and tumor cyst fluid obtained from patients with a variety of intracranial tumors. In addition, a simultaneous determination of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was carried out in some patients. The beta 2-MG levels were elevated in 11/101 intracranial tumors, including glioma (4/34), non-glial tumors (1/18), malignant lymphoma (2/18), and metastatic brain tumors (4/31). There were no significant differences in the beta 2-MG levels of serum among the different patient groups. On the other hand, the beta 2-MG levels in CSF were significantly higher in patients with malignant lymphoma and metastatic brain tumors than in those with glioma and non-glial tumors. Fifteen (83.3%) of 18 patients with malignant lymphoma and 6(25.0%) of 24 patients with metastatic brain tumors showed increased the levels of beta 2-MG in CSF. The beta 2-MG levels in the tumor cyst fluid of 11 intracranial tumors exceeded normal serum levels in all but two patients. When the CEA levels in the serum and CSF were measured simultaneously, meaningful differences between malignant lymphoma and metastatic brain tumors were clearly observed. The highest incidence and highest levels of the CEA in serum and CSF were only noted in patients with metastatic brain tumors. Conversely, the serum CEA was slightly raised in 11.8% of malignant lymphoma and the levels of CEA in CSF were within normal range in all these patients. Serial determination of CSF beta 2-MG in patients with malignant lymphoma correlated well with their clinical findings.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)