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Students’ perceived learning in physical education (PE) is an important yet neglected area of research. Increased knowledge about students’ perceived learning can provide teachers with useful information to promote meaningful learning experiences in PE. Moreover, perceived learning can potentially be an alternative measurement to school grades when analyzing equality of outcome. Given that gender and migration background are associated with equality issues in PE, these groups are of particular focus in this study. With this background, the aim of this paper is threefold: (a) to explore students’ perceived learning in PE in Sweden, (b) to analyze what perceptions of PE are most prominent, and (c) present a way to quantitatively illustrate how perceptions about PE vary across gender and migration background. The analysis was based on a question about students’ perceived learning and was conducted in two steps. First, the students’ answers were categorized using qualitative content analysis. The analysis shows that the perceived learning in PE can be categorized into the following categories: ‘Physical doing’, ‘Emotional experiences’, ‘Health’, ‘Do not learn’, ‘Outdoor Education’ and ‘Social interaction’. Second, by quantitatively illustrate all answers in relation to the six categories, the result showed that the category of ‘Physical doing’ (36%) was the most prominent, and thereafter, in descending order are the categories of ‘Emotional experiences’ (22%), ‘Health’ (18%), ‘Do not learn’ (10%), ‘Outdoor Education’ (10%) and ‘Social interaction’ (4%). The results also showed that regardless of gender and migration background, students have somewhat similar perceptions of what they learn in PE. In this study we: (i) present a categorization of students’ perceived learning in PE, (ii) show that physical doing is a prominent aspect in students answers, lastly (iii) by quantitatively illustrate students’ perceived learning in PE, this study also suggest an alternative measurement to analyze equality in PE.

Anton's syndrome is a form of total cortical blindness where the patient is objectively blind but denies having vision loss.2009 The denial of vision loss is termed visual anosognosia.2014 In addit...

The aim of this article is to outline a theoretical framework for how the concept of trust can be used as analytical tool for a study of the aim, design, output and societal legitimacy of a Swedish welfare programme conducted to reduce disparities in health and social inequities and to give newborn a positive start in life. This programme, labelled Grow Safely, implies that home visits will be conducted at six occasions at first-time parents by different professionals: child health care nurses, midwifes, dental hygienists and counsellors from the social services. Prior to when the intervention is carried out, the involved professionals in the programme will be participating in training in order to increase the possibility that the home visits will be carried out in similar ways and be followed the same manual throughout the programme. The welfare programme will be based on relationships on different levels: between professionals and parents, between different professionals, between professionals and managers, and between organisations. Trust is believed to be of significance for the development of relationships as well as for the social legitimacy of the implantation of welfare programmes. Therefore, our ambition is to embrace a broad perspective on trust, combining insights from a variety of research traditions and analyses on macro, meso and micro levels in the outline a model for how the concept of trust can be used as an analytical tool for studying welfare programmes like Grow Safely. We argue for that the model can capture the significance of trust at different levels: individual, professional, organisational and societal levels as well as interplays between these levels, and consequently be useful in to analyse implementations of welfare programmes. Växa tryggt

Although students' perceived learning is central in physical education (PE), few measurements are available. Furthermore, little is known about how students' perceptions of PE effect students' perceived learning in PE. Therefore, the aim was to develop a scale to assess students' perceived learning and a measurement to assess students' perceived contentment in PE, and furthermore, to analyze the interrelationship between students' perceived learning and students' perceived contentment in PE. A total of 1203 students in Sweden who were aged 12-16 years participated. The results from the exploratory (n = 601) and confirmatory (n = 602) factor analyses as well as the validity and reliability analyses showed that there was psychometric support for the one-dimensional model perceived learning in PE and for the three-dimensional model perceived contentment in PE. The structural equation modeling analyses showed that both competence and joyfulness were directly and positively related to students' perceived learning.

The last chapter introduces a methodological tool for analysing social entrepreneurship in a sports policy context, built on a number of steps in relation to the five theses. This tool has become useful in the research process and is valuable for communicating the analysis. A comparison of the seven case studies is conducted in which both similarities and differences are identified and analysed.

Sport and social entrepreneurship are concepts that must be understood in relation to their specific societal context. Hence, this chapter looks at the broad characteristics of sport in Sweden with a focus on societal and political levels, comprising the extent of voluntary sport, its organization and financing involving the state, the market and civil society. The development of social entrepreneurship within Swedish sport is analysed. Even though the ideal of the social benefits of sport is firmly rooted in the Swedish sports movement, the argument is that the concept of social entrepreneurship must be reserved for clubs and activities that swim against the stream and set social goals before sport’s own core logics.

In the study of The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (1989), the internationally renowned Danish researcher Gosta Esping-Andersen characterizes the Scandinavian countries as examples of a social ...

This article concerns the relation between the state and the sports movement in Sweden. First, a theoretical model is presented for understanding and analysing the relation of the state to voluntarily organized sport. This model takes its starting point in administrative studies and modern political philosophy. Thereafter follows a general description of state support to sports in Sweden in the twentieth century. In this section the concept of an ‘implicit contract’ is used to show how the incompatible interests of the state and the sports movement have been solved in practice within the framework of Swedish welfare politics. The article ends with a discussion on whether current changes in government sport policy may lead to a reconsideration of the implicit contract between the state and the sports movement.

Scandinavia consists of the three countries on the Northern peninsula of Europe: Norway, Denmark and Sweden. This issue of Sport in Society includes a selection of articles addressing a set of what...

The aim of the essay is to describe the establishment of football pools in Sweden during the 1920s and 1930s and how this – unexpectedly – contributed to the breakthrough of sports within the framework of Swedish welfare politics. The essay begins with a short historical background. It continues with an account of the illegal pool industry which arose in Sweden in the 1920s followed by the forming of the government‐controlled gambling company Tipstjanst in 1934. After an analysis of the short‐ and long‐term importance of pools to Swedish sports, the effects the development in Sweden had on the sports policies of the other Scandinavian countries will be discussed. The essay concludes with a discussion of the link between the Swedish sports movement and the gambling market in modern times. The fact is that the gambling policy problems current in the inter‐war period have emerged in a new form – with uncertain consequences to Swedish sports’ future economy and relation to the government.

PurposeTo demonstrate the value in conducting a usability study and following an iterative design process to create a more user‐centered and sustainable digital library.Design/methodology/approachAfter identifying three key user groups, a series of usability tests and focus groups were conducted to assess how users interact with the site's interface. An iterative design process followed involving the development and testing of prototypes by representative users and stakeholders.FindingsUsers' interaction with a digital library is task‐oriented and context dependent. Serving the needs of multiple audiences is an iterative process and requires an ongoing dialog with users.Research limitations/implicationsLike most usability studies, the results are not generalizable.Practical implicationsIt offers an example of how an informal usability study and iterative design process can be conducted to create a more user‐centered digital library.Originality/valueThis paper provides new insights into the information needs and behaviors of users of cultural heritage digital libraries and builds on the literature on usability and iterative design.

Artiklen omhandler den svenske idrætspolitik og giver indblik i statens støtte til idrætten med paralleler til den generelle svenske velfærdspolitik. The article gives a characterization of Swedish sports policy in relation to Swedish welfare policies. The analysis is divided between two main lines. First, I argue that sport in several aspects can be seen as an integral part of Swedish welfare policy. Thereafter, I emphasize differences with the result that sport can also be described as a deviant and »unimportant« area of government policy, albeit with a remarkable ability to allocate public resources. Finally, I argue that the Swedish government’s sports policy in recent years lost much of its former character as a divergent »side-track« in Swedish welfare policies. Thus, sport has strengthened its position – but to the cost that sport as an area of government policy has become more traditional and predictable.

PCR was compared to DNA hybridization, ELISAs and bioassays for the identification of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Seventy E. coli strains of human and porcine origine were examined for heat-stable toxin (STI) and heat-labile toxin (LT). Hybridization was performed with two commercial alkaline phosphatase-conjugated oligonucleotide probes and two longer PCR-amplified radioactive probes. The adrenal cell test and the infant mouse test were used as reference methods. The LT PCR and hybridization using the radioactive LT probe detected all strains of both human and porcine origin, while the LT specific oligoprobe and the LT ELISA detected 62% and 59% of the strains, respectively. The agreement of the results of the different STI assays was generally higher for human than porcine isolates. The radioactive probe and the ELISA, with detection levels of 100% and 95%, respectively, correlated best to the bioassay for the detection of the humans STI strains. PCR and the STI specific oligoprobe however, detected only 80% and 75%, respectively. The corresponding figures for the porcine STI isolates were considerably lower. A great variation was demonstrated among the genes for STI among the isolates of both origin. It was concluded that the PCR was a fast and reliable method for the identification of LT. The STI PCR did not, however, fulfil the desired criteria, probably due to the variability in the sTI genes. It was also concluded that DNA hybridization using probes of at least 322 bases for LT and 175 bases for STI is useful for the verification of cultivated samples.

Raoul Follereau Hospital, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.To study the long-term outcome of patients with bacteriologically verified tuberculosis (TB), with or without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection.Sputum samples were collected from all patients referred to the hospital with clinical symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis. Direct microscopy and culture was performed at the Health Laboratory. Patients with a culture positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were followed for 3 years, and underlying factors were analysed regarding the outcome of treatment. A group of sex and age-matched HIV-negative individuals was used as controls.Of 206 bacteriologically verified pulmonary TB patients, 168 were followed up. Antibodies to HIV-2 were found in 33 patients (19.6%); eight patients (4.8%) had antibodies to HIV-1 or showed dual reactivity. Of 149 patients discharged to follow ambulatory treatment, the survival rate of HIV-2-positive patients was 42.3% (11/26) and for HIV-negative patients it was 81.9% (95/116). The difference in survival between HIV-2-positive and HIV-negative patients was highly significant (P0.00001). HIV-negative TB patients had a significantly higher mortality than their controls (mortality ratio 3.75, 95% confidence interval 1.58-8.90). Most patients who survived, regardless of HIV status, also became free from symptoms compatible wtih pulmonary TB.Although the mortality rate among HIV-positive TB patients was very much higher than among HIV-negative patients, there are weighty arguments for active contact tracing and effective treatment of all TB patients.

OBJECTIVE--To search for possible serum factors (immunochemical abnormalities) that reflect HLA-B27 associated inflammatory process with the proliferative endarteritis, which is an important cause of severe bradycardia and aortic valve regurgitation. PATIENTS AND METHODS--Seventy four men with pacemakers were studied: 24 were HLA-B27 positive and had associated rheumatic and cardiac disorders, 13 were B27 positive but had no clinical or radiographic signs of a related rheumatic condition, and 37 were B27 negative controls. Randomly obtained serum samples were examined for a series of serum factors. RESULTS--Thirteen (57%) of the 23 patients with HLA-B27 and associated rheumatic and cardiac conditions had platelet aggregating activity in their serum. No such activity was found in sera from patients in the other groups. None the less, immunochemical abnormalities were common among patients of all groups; 30 (41%) had antinuclear antibodies or rheumatoid factor or both. CONCLUSION--The platelet aggregating activity found in patients with HLA-B27 and associated rheumatic and cardiac conditions may reflect serum factors that increase the stickiness of platelets and increase their adhesion to the vessel wall. This suggests a link via release of platelet derived growth factor(s) with the characteristic histopathological feature of proliferative endarteritis. Immunochemical abnormalities were common in serum from all men with pacemakers.

The utilization of radioimmunoabsorption (RIA) for determination of the contents of specific antibody of fluorescent conjugates is described. Samples of seven fluorescent polyspecific anti-human immunoglobulin conjugates along with two controls were labelled with 125I and subsequently absorbed onto IgG-coupled Sepharose beads. Specific anti-IgG antibody concentrations could be calculated by measurements of the gamma emission from the immunoabsorbent. The values obtained were compatible with results achieved by investigation of conjugate performance in an indirect immunofluorescence system using a standard anti-nuclear factor serum.

Bestatin, a chemically well-defined immunomodulator, was tested for its capacity to interfere with PWM-induced Ig synthesis of peripheral lymphocytes from healthy donors. It was observed that secretion of IgA, IgG and IgM was impaired when Bestatin was present in the cultures. Serum Ig concentrations and antibody activities of IgG class to cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex and morbilli virus were examined in cancer patients who were treated with 30 mg of Bestatin daily for 1–21 weeks. These values remained constant during Bestatin treatment indicating that antibody secretion in vivo was not affected.

Clinical myasthenia gravis has been reported in an increased frequency after bone marrow grafting. The number of bone marrow transplanted patients making IgG autoantibodies directed against the autoantigens cardiolipin, SS-B (La) and thyroglobulin was found to be significantly lower as compared to the autoantigen acetylcholine receptor protein. The occurrence of antibodies to single-stranded DNA was found in a lower frequency than acetylcholine receptor antibodies but the difference was not statistically significant. Antibodies to cardiolipin were frequently observed prior to grafting. The G1m1,2 and G3m5 phenotype frequency did not differ in individuals who developed receptor antibodies from that found in the normal population. Analysis of HLA antigens in this patient group revealed no association to HLA B8/DR3 or B35/DR1. This may indicate that the etiology of myasthenia gravis induced by bone marrow grafting differs as compared with the spontaneous form of myasthenia gravis and the penicillamine-induced disease.

In sera from 4 of 25,000 individuals tested for antibodies against streptococci, extremely high antideoxyribonuclease B titers ( > 10(6) U/ml) were found. Two of the cases were diagnosed as monoclonal gammopathies. The M-components were shown to possess the anti-deoxyribonuclease B activity. The other two cases were diagnosed as relapsing erysipelas. The high serum titers of deoxyribonuclease B antibodies were accompanied by a very inflammatory reactivity in the patients' sera and by an oligopolyclonal pattern of immunoglobulin G. In routine diagnoses of streptococcal infections with the anti-deoxyribonuclease B test, patients with extremely high serum titers should be examined for the possible occurrence of gammopathies.

The effect of nuclear stimulators and inhibitors on the nuclear contents of nucleoplasmic antigens (ENA) was studied by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Human autoimmune sera, one reacting with RNase-A-sensitive and one with RNase-A-resistant components of ENA in the passive haemagglutination test, were used as indicators of the RNP and Sm antigens, respectively. Phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A both caused an accumulation of these antigens in normal blood lymphocytes. With pokeweed mitogen, staphylococcal protein A, or purified protein derivative the accumulation was apparently restricted to B cells, alpha-amanitine, 10 microgram/ml, prevented the mitogen-induced accumulation of RNP in normal human blood lymphocytes and reduced the contents of this antigen in several lymphoblastoid cell lines and in HeLa cells but did not significantly affect the contents of Sm antigen in any of these cell types. The experimental results suggest that the RNP and Sm nucleoplasmic antigens are normal rapid-phase reactants integrated in physiological nuclear mechanisms rather than inert structural constituents of the nuclear matrix or the products of a latent virus.

The Second Conference on Inter-American Commercial Arbitration, held in Mexico City, November 7-9, 1968, completed the formal reorganization of the Inter-American Commercial Arbitration Commission, established in 1934. Current measures to reorganize and revitalize the Commission and its inter-American arbitration system began three years ago and they have now culminated in the establishment of a viable Western Hemisphere system to conciliate or arbitrate commercial disputes. It is to be noted that the system in the Western Hemisphere is fully compatible with the arbitration programs recently established within the Economic Commission for Europe and within the Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East. When the 1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards is acceded to by the major trading nations of the world, hopefully in the not too distant future, then an efficient and effectively functioning world trade arbitration system will have been established. Such a prospect is well within our reach.

The staining pattern of anti-actin sera on various cells smeared on glass was compared to the relative amount of cellular actin estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis with subsequent scanning of the gel. Although the cells showed a varying stainability the actin content was fairly constant. Thus, the staining differences reflected changes in the organization of cellular actin rather than actual differences in the amount of actin.

A case of prolonged gonococcal speticemia is presented. Lack of genital symptoms, of demonstrable gonococcal antibodies in whole serum, and initially also of skin lesions contributed to a delayed diagnosis that was finally confirmed by positive blood culture. Evidence of circulating immune complexes was obtained by the demonstration of gonococcal IgG antibodies after dissociation of serum by gradient centrifugation of pH 4.0. The possibility that circulating immune complexes may contribute to the symptomatology of gonococcal septicemia is pointed out.

It was attempted to evaluate passive haemagglutination of antigen coated, tanned erythrocytes as a test by which to demonstrate anti-DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. The antigen was prepared using a minimum of procedures in order to produce a native preparation. The resulting material had most of the criteria applying to native DNA, but the protein content was about 9 per cent. It contained a thymocyte specific component, but no demonstrable trace of bovine species antigen. The reactions between the antigen and an anti-DNA serum from a patient with suspected SLE were inhibited by DNA and DNA-histone, but not appreciably by ENA, RNA or desoxyribonucleosides. Passive haemagglutination reactions against the antigen were positively correlated to a homogeneous immunofluorescence nuclear pattern and negatively correlated to a speckled pattern. Passive haemagglutination titres against ENA and DNA antigen were not correlated. Seventy-three per cent of randomly selected sera gave either purely DNase sensitive reactions (19 per cent) or reactions of combined sensitivity to DNase and other enzymes. Twenty-eight out of 53 sera reacting in the passive haemagglutination test reacted also in the immunofluorescence test against Chrithidia luciliae kinetoplasts. The latter reactions were DNase sensitive. It applies to both tests that DNase sensitive, but RNase resistant, reactions were well correlated, irrespective of their sensitivity to trypsin while DNase resistant or DNase and RNase sensitive reactions were not correlated. The passive haemagglutination test using a native but relatively crude DNA-preparation coated on tanned sheep erythrocytes supplemented by specificity tests with DNase and RNase treated antigen gives about the same information as the indirect immunofluorescence test against Chrithidia luciliae kinetoplasts. Furthermore, the results show that patients' sera reacting with a homogeneous nuclear pattern in the indirect immunofluorescence test may contain not only anti-DNA and anti-nucleohistone antibodies, but also antibodies to a number of non-histone chromatin associated proteins some of which contain RNA.

Seventeen human hematopoietic cell lines were tested by indirect immunofluorescence (IF) for reactivity with human serum containing smooth-muscle antibodies (SMA). The correlation of the IF pattern to the cell surface ultrastructure was revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Lymphoma cells, viewed by SEM, had short villi over the entire cell surface, but, by IF, showed a type of membrane fluorescence. Cells of lymphoblastoid lines had thin, long surface villi, sometimes asymmetric but most often distributed over the whole cell surface. Myeloma and leukemia cells, which had few membrane villi but a surface covered by "blebs" as revealed by SEM, demonstrated, by IF, only a few stub-like projections extending from the surface. Time-lapse cinematography revealed that the intensity and pattern of SMA staining were also correlated to the degree of motility. Indirect IF with human SMA-positive serum might be used in the classification of cell lines derived from human hematopoietic tissue.

The nucleoplasmic autoantigens RNP and Sm are of particular interest because of their associations with certain symptoms of mixed connective tissue disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. The RNP is generally thought to be a ribonucleoprotein and there is evidence that its RNA may be single-stranded. Experiments presented in this report are in support of the concept that the Sm-antigen may also be an RNA protein. Purified Sm-anti-Sm precipitates were shown to have high RNA contents and treatment of Sm-antigen with RNAase in a hypotonic medium strongly reduced in antigenicity. The latter effect indicates that the Sm-antigen may in contrast to the RNP contain double-stranded RNA, a possibility also suggested by the finding that the Sm-antigen was soluble in 2 M LiCl. The Sm-antigen was found further to differ from RNP in being selectively absorbed in BD-Sephadex, while RNP remained active in the supernatant. Cytochemical studies involving stimulation and inhibition experiments with lectins and RNA polymerase inhibitors showed that the Sm-antigen was, in distinction to RNP, sensitive to rifampicin but not to alpha-amanitine. This suggests that the RNAs of the nucleoplasmic antigens may be synthesized by different RNA polymerases.

The prevalence of symptomatic secondary Sjögren's syndrome in 66 patients with SLE recruited from a defined population in southern Sweden was 59%. In 26 patients (39%) the symptoms were mild and variable, related to disease activity, while in a smaller group (20%) the symptoms appeared to be constant. The latter patients had an increased frequency of thyroid disease and autoantibodies to SS-A. The patients in this group were older, but did not seem to differ in regard to other disease manifestations.

Anticardiolipin antibodies which seldom occur in healthy persons are frequently found in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Their presence, especially at high levels (greater than 10 units) are often accompanied by thromboembolic manifestations as well as thrombocytopenia and recurrent abortions. The incidence of cardiolipin antibodies was as great in SLE as in women with clinically unexplained recurrent abortions. The anticardiolipin levels remained unchanged in most patients for long periods and were remarkably unaffected by disease activity and therapy. On the other hand, in several cases the activated partial thromboplastin time which was prolonged in most patients with persistently high cardiolipin antibody levels, approached normal during treatment with prednisolone and salicylic acid. This seemed to facilitate a successful outcome of pregnancy. Absorption of sera with cardiolipin and other negatively charged phospholipids but not with uncharged phospholipids abolished the anticardiolipin activity in enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. In most sera with cardiolipin antibody levels greater than 10 units complement activation by the classical pathway could be demonstrated. Whether the anticardiolipin antibodies contributed to complement activation could not be determined.