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Background: Ovarian cancer cytoreductive surgery necessitates the use of advanced Simulation-Based Learning (SBL) to optimise skill-based teaching and achieve technical proficiency. Objective: We describe and appraise the role of a novel postgraduate cadaveric course for cytoreductive surgery for advanced ovarian/fallopian tube or primary peritoneal cancer. Materials and Methods: Several consultant-level surgeons with expertise in upper gastrointestinal, colorectal, hepatobiliary and urological surgery, were invited to teach their counterpart GO surgeons. The 2-day course curriculum involved advanced dissections on thiel-embalmed cadavers. All dissections included applicable steps required during GO cytoreductive surgeries. Outcome measures: We used a feedback questionnaire and structured interviews to capture trainers and delegates views respectively. Results: All delegates reported a positive educational experience and improvement of knowledge in all course components. There was no difference in the perception of feedback across junior versus senior consultants. Trainers perceived this opportunity as a “2-way learning” whether they got to explore in depth the GO perspective in how and which of their skills are applicable during cytoreductive surgery. Conclusions: Collaborating with other surgical specialities promotes a “learning from the experts” concept and has potential to meet the rapidly increased demand for multi-viscera surgical excellence in GO surgery. What’s new? The concept of involving experts from other surgical disciplines in advanced cadaveric courses for cytoreductive surgery in ovarian cancer, will solidify the effort to achieve excellence in the GO training. Such courses can be essential educational adjunct for most GO fellowships.

The Hippo signaling pathway is widely considered a master regulator of organ growth because of the prominent overgrowth phenotypes caused by experimental manipulation of its activity. Contrary to this model, we show here that removing Hippo transcriptional output did not impair the ability of the mouse liver and Drosophila eyes to grow to their normal size. Moreover, the transcriptional activity of the Hippo pathway effectors Yap/Taz/Yki did not correlate with cell proliferation, and hyperactivation of these effectors induced gene expression programs that did not recapitulate normal development. Concordantly, a functional screen in Drosophila identified several Hippo pathway target genes that were required for ectopic overgrowth but not normal growth. Thus, Hippo signaling does not instruct normal growth, and the Hippo-induced overgrowth phenotypes are caused by the activation of abnormal genetic programs.

Spectral hole burning reduces sodium laser guide star efficiency. Due to photon recoil, atoms that are initially resonant with the single-frequency laser get Doppler shifted out of resonance, which reduces the return flux. Frequency-chirped (also known as frequency-swept) continuous-wave lasers have the potential to mitigate the effect of spectral hole burning and even increase the laser guide star efficiency beyond the theoretical limit of a single-frequency laser. On-sky measurements of a frequency-chirped, single-frequency laser guide star are performed at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma. In the experiment, a 35-cm telescope and a fast photon counting receiver system are employed to resolve the return flux response during laser frequency sweeps gaining insights into the population dynamics of the sodium layer. At a launched laser power of 16.5 W, we find a maximum gain in return flux of 22\% compared to a fixed-frequency laser. Our results suggest a strong dependence of chirping gain on power density at the mesosphere, i.e. laser power and seeing. Maximum gains are recorded at a chirping amplitude on the order of 150 MHz and a chirping rate of 0.8 MHz $\mu$s$^{-1}$, as predicted by theory. Time-resolved measurements during the chirping period confirm our understanding of the population dynamics in the sodium layer. To our knowledge these are the first measurements of return flux enhancement for laser guide stars excited by a single frequency-chirped continuous-wave laser. For higher laser powers, the effectiveness of chirping is expected to increase, which could be highly beneficial for telescopes equipped with high-power laser guide star adaptive optics systems, also for emerging space awareness applications using laser guide stars such as satellite imaging and ground-to-space optical communications.

Residents of long-term care facilities are at risk for coronavirus disease. We report a surveillance exercise at such a facility in Pennsylvania, USA. After introduction of a testing strategy and other measures, this facility had a 17-fold lower coronavirus disease case rate compared with those of neighboring facilities.

Introduction Many patients have difficulties achieving hypnotic discontinuation due to anxiety that arises when they knowingly reduce their hypnotic dose or withhold it entirely. This study tested a blinded tapering approach to reduce patients’ anxiety and help them discontinue their hypnotics. Methods The study sample included 78 (M age = 55.2 ± 12.8 yrs.; 65.4% women) users of benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Following baseline assessments, enrollees first completed 4 sessions of cognitive behavioral insomnia therapy (CBTI). Subsequently they were randomized to one of three 20-week, double-blinded tapering protocols wherein their medication dosage either remained unchanged (CTRL) or was reduced by 25% or 10% every two weeks. At the end of the 20-week period the study blind was eliminated and those who completed one of the two blinded tapering protocols entered a 3-month follow-up period, whereas CTRL participants were offered an open label taper before completing the follow-up. Results Among those who completed one of the blinded tapering protocols, 92.9% totally discontinued their medication use by the end of the 20-week tapering phase, whereas 77.3% in the CTRL group discontinued hypnotic use by the end of their open label tapering. At follow-up 72.1% of those who completed blinded tapering remained medication free whereas only 52% of those who underwent open-label tapering remained medication free. Comparisons at follow-up showed those who received the open-label taper continued to use hypnotics on average 2.06 nights/week compared to .051 times per week for the blinded taper group (p = .042). The average weekly diazepam equivalent dose of medication used by the open label tapering group was 11.29 mg whereas the weekly dose for the blinded tapering group was 3.22 (p = .069). Conclusion CBTI combined with blinded hypnotic tapering is a promising treatment approach for helping hypnotic users overcome their medication dependence. Support (if any) National Institute of Drug Abuse, Grant # R34 DA042329-01

Introduction Many patients have difficulties achieving hypnotic discontinuation due to anxiety that arises when they knowingly reduce their hypnotic dose or withhold it entirely. This study tested a blinded tapering approach to reduce patients’ anxiety and help them discontinue their hypnotics. Methods The study sample included 78 (M age = 55.2 ± 12.8 yrs.; 65.4% women) users of benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Following baseline assessments, enrollees first completed 4 sessions of cognitive behavioral insomnia therapy (CBTI). Subsequently they were randomized to one of three 20-week, double-blinded tapering protocols wherein their medication dosage either remained unchanged (CTRL) or was reduced by 25% or 10% every two weeks. At the end of the 20-week period the study blind was eliminated and those who completed one of the two blinded tapering protocols entered a 3-month follow-up period, whereas CTRL participants were offered an open label taper before completing the follow-up. Results Among those who completed one of the blinded tapering protocols, 92.9% totally discontinued their medication use by the end of the 20-week tapering phase, whereas 77.3% in the CTRL group discontinued hypnotic use by the end of their open label tapering. At follow-up 72.1% of those who completed blinded tapering remained medication free whereas only 52% of those who underwent open-label tapering remained medication free. Comparisons at follow-up showed those who received the open-label taper continued to use hypnotics on average 2-3 nights/week compared to about 1 time every other week for the blinded taper group (p = .05). The average weekly diazepam equivalent dose of medication used by the open label tapering group was about 5 times higher than the average weekly dose used by the blind tapering group (p = .025). Conclusion CBTI combined with blinded hypnotic tapering is a promising treatment approach for helping hypnotic users overcome their medication dependence. Support National Institute of Drug Abuse, Grant # R34 DA042329-01

SummaryBackground Proton pump inhibitor-responsive oesophageal eosinophilia (PPI-REE) is a recently described entity which resembles oeosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE), yet responds to acid suppressive treatment. Aim To determine whether EoE shares similar staining features with PPI-REE or with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Methods This retrospective study consisted of patients with an established diagnosis of EoE, PPI-REE, or GERD identified from a database during a 1-year period. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis was performed specifically targeting eotaxin-3 antibodies. All sections were qualitatively (intensity) and quantitatively (percentage of cells stained) assessed independently by two blinded pathologists. Results The cohort consisted of three groups of patients: EoE (n = 22), PPI-REE (n = 23) and GERD (n = 23) for a total of 68 patients. Study demographics included mean age 39 (14) years, 75% male and 77% Caucasian. There was a significant difference in the eotaxin-3 staining among EoE, PPI-REE and GERD groups [mean score (s.d.): 1.2 (1.2), 0.8 (1.0), 0.3 (0.7), P = 0.006]. Staining scores of EoE patients were significantly higher compared with GERD (P = 0.002) and a trend towards significance was seen between EoE and PPI-REE (P = 0.054). There was also a significant difference in EoE staining intensity score among the three groups (P = 0.006). Intensity scores of EoE were significantly higher compared with GERD [1.0 (0.9) vs. 0.22 (0.52), P

Summary Improved strategies are presented for recovering the chloroplast fraction from kiwifruit. One strategy is to extract chlorophyll from the ‘peel’, i.e. the outer 29% of the fruit, the remainder being processed to juice by conventional methods with the sacrifice of its chlorophyll content. This strategy recovers two-thirds of the chlorophyll content of the fruit and speeds the overall processing. A second strategy facilitates processing by washing the screens used for separating fruit tissues from chloroplast-containing juice. the washing with fine water jets cleans the screens in situ of the kiwifruit slime. It was also shown that chloroplast extracts when stored in a domestic freezer are stable for at least one year. Recombined frozen kiwifruit products such as sorbet and ice-cream are chlorophyll-colour stable for at least 7 months.

Summary Acid was removed from lemon juice by selective adsorption on to a weak-base resin. Four levels each of sucrose and citric acid were combined factorially and dissolved in the low-acid juice, providing sixteen stimulus combinations. Using graphic-rating scales, assessors evaluated the stimuli for intensities of overall flavour, sweetness, and acidity; the relation of each of these intensities to ideal; and general acceptability. The various acceptability responses proved to be internally consistent, and the experiment suggested an optimum sugar-acid blend from the sixteen combinations. Ratings of overall flavour strength followed a compressed pattern in a factorial plot, with increasing concentrations of sugar and acid exerting a diminishingly small effect. In the perception of individual components, sucrose clearly suppressed the perceived intensity of citric acid, but only the highest concentration of acid unequivocally suppressed sweetness. There was a striking similarity between each set of intensity responses and the corresponding ideal-relative responses, suggesting a link between intensity and hedonics.

The use of low-cost materials for P removal is of interest for developing cost-effective techniques for preventing P pollution. This paper reports a study on phosphate removal from aqueous solutions by sorption on two volcanic soils. The raw and HCl-treated soils were characterized with respect to oxalate-extractable and dithionite-extractable Al and Fe contents, surface area, and P sorption capacities. The phosphate sorption isotherms, kinetics, pH effects, and desorbability were evaluated in batch tests. The measured isotherm data were well fitted by the Freundlich and Temkin models. Phosphate sorption on these soils was relatively fast and the kinetics could be satisfactorily described by the simple Elovich and power function equations. The two soils had maximum phosphate sorption capacities of approximately 0.85 and 1.35 mg g-1 gram of soil at pH 6.0–6.5. The pH had different effects on phosphate sorption on these soils, likely due to either calcium phosphate precipitation or surface repulsion of the negatively charged phosphate species at a higher pH. Column flow-through tests using both synthetic phosphate solution and liquid swine manure confirmed the phosphate removal ability of the volcanic soils. It was concluded that volcanic soils could be potential low-cost materials for controlling P pollution from agricultural sources. Key words: Phosphate removal, volcanic soil, sorption, isotherm, kinetics, desorption

c ¨ Abstract The formation of small gold clusters at the initial stage of the metal growth on a thin film of the conjugated organic semiconductor diindenoperylene (DIP) leads to charging during ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) investigations. Additional irradiation of the sample with visible light was successfully applied to re-establish charge neutrality on the sample surface. By varying the light energy, we demonstrate that the optical formation of excitons and yor polarons results in efficient electron transfer from DIP to the positively charged Au clusters and thus the elimination of charging in UPS. This allows the collection of reliable information on the interface electronic structure. 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

SummaryThe unprecedented increase in literary production in Friuli in the post-war period has coincided with the rise of popular ethno-nationalism in the region. Although there is an evident connection between the political, social and cultural fields in Friuli, this relationship is both complex and full of potential conflicts. This paper provides a brief overview of Friulian regionalism, before considering the specific role assigned to literature in Friulian by proponents of regional autonomy. It examines the problematic nature of the dominant ideology of friulanità and discusses the responses of a number of authors to the prevailing themes of cultural discourse in the region. In conclusion, it examines the ideological conflicts caused by modernisation in the region, and considers the impact that the transformation of the region has had on the literary debate, concentrating on the difficulties caused by Friulian linguistic purism.

(2001). The Social Context of Literary Production in Post-war Friuli: Authors, Readers, and the Transformation of the Cultural Field. Italian Culture: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 85-110.

The surface atomic structure of the $p(2\sqrt{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4\sqrt{2})R45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ superstructure obtained at 0.5-monolayer coverage by deposition of germanium on the Ag(001) surface at room temperature has been investigated using surface x-ray diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy. A structural model is proposed with clusters of four Ge atoms preferentially adsorbed near hollow and bridge sites on the surface. The Ge-Ag bond strength is sufficient to induce rearrangement of the Ag atoms in the uppermost layers and stabilize the reconstruction.

Small amounts of Pb significantly enhance the surface diffusion on the Ge(111)c(2 × 8) surface. Scanning tunneling microscopy at different sample bias polarities has been used to study the local geometric and electronic properties of the mixed Pb and Ge adatom structure. It was found that all Ge adatoms transfer charge to the Ge rest atoms whereas the Pb atoms exist in two different electronic configurations. Pb atoms which do not transfer charge to Ge rest atoms allow the existence of various characteristic Pb-induced defects in the c(2 × 8) reconstruction. During the formation of these defects vacancies are created which facilitate the diffusion of adatoms over large distances on the surface.

Quantifying the biodegradation rate of organic contaminants is important in designing and evaluating bioremediation treatments and facilities. To study the effects of temperature and forced aeration on the biodegradation rate, a soil collected from a pipeline break site and contaminated with crude oil was bioremediated in a field-operated bioreactor near Nevis, AB, Canada under four treatments: a control with ambient temperature (averaging 20°C) and no forced aeration; heating alone (averaging 35°C); forced aeration alone (air flux was 0.41 min -1 m -2 ); and both heating and forced aeration. The soil was aggregated, amended with N and P fertilizers and packed 15-cm deep to a bulk density of 0.65 Mg m -3 in the bioreactor. The effect of temperature on the biodegradation rate of hydrocarbons was also studied under laboratory conditions for temperatures ranging from 5 to 50°C. Both heating and forced aeration significantly affected the biodegradation of hydrocarbons, but the effect of the former was greater. Under laboratory conditions, the biodegradation rate of hydrocarbons increased with temperatures, peaking between 30 and 40°C. The half-lives of the hydrocarbons remaining in soil in the field-operated bioreactor were 105 d for both the heating alone and the heating and forced aeration treatments, 182 d for the forced aeration treatment and 248 d for the control.

Nitrogen dynamics and cycling are important in plant-soil ecosystems, and they may differ between hydrocarbon-contaminated and uncontaminated soils. The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons and remediation methods on nitrogen dynamics and cycling in plant-soil ecosystems. The experiment involved two plant species (barley and field pea) grown in soils at four different hydrocarbon levels (0, 5, 25 and 55 g kg−1). Hydrocarbon contamination significantly reduced N uptake by plants, but increased N accumulation in soil microbial biomass. It widened the C:N ratio in soil and led to more available N being immobilized by soil microorganisms, which reduced available N for plantuptake. Urease activity increased with hydrocarbon content in soil due to the increase of microbial biomass and activity. Key words: Nitrogen dynamics, hydrocarbon contamination, microbial activity, remediation, Black Chernozem

Hydrocarbon emissions from a diesel invert mud residue (DIMR) were monitored while the hydrocarbons were being biodegraded in a solid‐phase bioreactor. Five to twenty percent of the reduction in diesel hydrocarbons was attributed to evaporation depending on the treatment, i.e. homogenization, cultivation, and aeration. Most of these volatile hydrocarbons were linear C8 — C12 alkanes and one‐ring aromatics. Of the treatments aeration had the largest effect on emissions; forced air through the bottom of the bioreactor cells increased emissions by three times over that of the non‐aerated cells. Cultivation increased hydrocarbon emission concentration as much as twofold over the pre‐cultivation value, however, emissions returned to the original levels within 12 hours. Homogenization had the least effect of all treatments. Diurnally, the emission rate was 40% higher in late afternoon than at midnight; the cause of which was probably atmospheric fluctuations such as temperature and solar radiation. The effects ...

The reproductive performance of 760 free-ranging female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), 168 of whom were 20 years of age and older at the time observations were begun, was assessed. The monkeys were resident on Raccoon Key or Key Lois, two islands located in the Florida Keys, USA. During 1992 and 1993, live birth rates generally declined with age among the Raccoon and Lois females aged eight years and older. This age-related deterioration of female fertility was the result of proportionately more younger females bearing live young during successive birth seasons, and proportionately more older females experiencing an inability to bear live offspring even after a barren year. It is suggested that (1) older females may be more strongly inhibited by the suckling stimulus than are their younger peers, and (2) the risk of a permanent loss of fecundity increases with each additional year of life or parturition. The live birth rates of females aged 16\p=n-\24years were greater on Raccoon Key than they were on Key Lois, because the Raccoon females within this age range were more successful at bearing live offspring during successive birth seasons; the reason for this difference could not be determined. Inter-population differences in both the body condition of the females and the severity of female\p=n-\female competition for access to males were not considered to be plausible explanations. It is possible that the difference in female fertility between the islands is the result of the greater age of the adult males on Key Lois, or the phytochemicals eaten by the females on Raccoon Key.

Biological properties of soil are not only essential for the maintenance of soil fertility and the sustainability of the plant-soil ecosystems, but also indicators of land reclamation of contaminated or disturbed soils. This experiment involves two plants (barley and field pea) growing in four soils with different hydrocarbon contents. The objective was to study the effect of hydrocarbons on plant growth and microbial activity, and to evaluate the acid phosphatase activity as an indicator of reclamation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. Barley root mass decreased with the increase of the hydrocarbon content but field pea roots were not sensitive to the hydrocarbon content in this experiment. The hydrocarbon contamination reduced the plant growth but increased the microbial activity. The acid phosphatase activity was controlled by both plant root production and microbial activity, therefore it was not a good indicator of the reclamation of oil-contaminated soils.

The responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) of perivascular nerves in human uterine arteries were characterized. The arteries were removed from pregnant and nonpregnant patients undergoing hysterectomy. Tetrodotoxin, guanethidine, and phentolamine blocked EFS (2 min, 80 V, 0.1-ms duration)-induced constriction. The constrictions and the endogenous norepinephrine levels were lower (P < 0.01) in uterine arteries from pregnant than from nonpregnant patients. When arterial rings were precontracted, the response to EFS was biphasic, consisting of an initial constriction followed by a postconstriction relaxation. The EFS-induced relaxation was endothelium independent and was greater (P < 0.01) in uterine arteries from pregnant than from nonpregnant patients. The relaxation was enhanced by guanethidine and superoxide dismutase, inhibited by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, blocked by tetrodotoxin, and unaffected by atropine, propranolol, or indomethacin. The results demonstrate that human uterine arteries respond to EFS with contraction and relaxation and that these responses may be mediated, respectively, by norepinephrine and, in part, by nitric oxide released from periarterial nerves. The decrease in neuronally mediated uterine arterial constriction and the increase in dilation could be physiological mechanisms for ensuring appropriate uteroplacental perfusion.

Nitrogen transformation is an important process in the bioremediation and revegetation of oil‐contaminated soils. Soils with various oil contents (from 0 to 60 mg hydrocarbon kg‐1 soil) were used in the experiment to study the effect of hydrocarbons on nitrogen transformation (net mineralization, nitrification and denitrification). The value of the net mineralization was positive in the uncontaminated soil but negative in the three oil contaminated soils. Hydrocarbons decreased the nitrification rate but increased the denitrification rate in soil. The residue (naphtha) remaining in SESR (solvent extraction soil remediation) soil had a greater effect on the nitrification process than the total hydrocarbon present. Water soluble hydrocarbon (dichloromethane extractable) content was positively correlated with denitrification rate in soil. The nitrogen transformation and cycling are controlled by not only the quantity but also the quality of the hydrocarbons in soil.

Myxobolus stanlii sp. n. was described from largescale stonerollers (Campostoma oligolepis) from the Mobile River Basin in Alabama. The parasite was described using critical identifying morphological features, and the 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequence. The spore body was ovoid, 10.03 ± 0.7 (7.5–11.0) μm long and 8.8 ± 1.5 (6.3–11.3) μm wide in frontal view. Spore thickness was 6.3 ± 2.7 (6.2–8.6) μm in sutural view. Polar capsules were pyriform, of equal size, and oriented in plane with the sutural ridge. Polar capsules were 2.45 ± 1.5 (range 2.1–4.3) μm in width and 4.6 ± 2.7 (range 4.5–6.9) μm in length. Based on the SSU rRNA gene sequence of Myxobolus stanlii sp. n. is most closely related to M. pseudodispar.

The effect of 45 min of high- (80% VO2max) versus moderate- (50% VO2max) intensity treadmill exercise on circulating leukocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations, catecholamine and cortisol concentrations, and the mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferative response was investigated in 10 well-conditioned (mean VO2max 66.0 +/- 1.9 ml/kg/min), young males (mean age 22.1 +/- 1.3 yrs). Blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise, with three more samples taken during 3.5 h of recovery. Treatment order on the treadmill (graded walking at 7.3 +/- 0.1 km/h, 6.5 +/- 0.6% grade, versus level running at 16.1 +/- 0.3 km/h) was counterbalanced, with subjects acting as their own controls and results analyzed using a 2 x 5 repeated measures ANOVA. The concanavalin A- (Con A) stimulated lymphocyte proliferative response was decreased at 1 h and 2 h post-exercise relative to baseline levels following both exercise-intensity conditions. However, when adjusted on a per-T cell (CD3+) basis to account for the change in number of T cells in the in vivo assay, only the high-intensity exercise condition was associated with a 1-h post-exercise decrease (21%, p = 0.05) in the proliferative response relative to baseline. Exercise at 80% versus 50% VO2max resulted in significantly greater increases in cortisol and epinephrine concentrations, providing a physiological rationale for the immediate-post-exercise lymphocytosis, 1- to 3.5-h lymphocytopenia, and the decrease in Con A-stimulated lymphocyte proliferative response (per CD3+ cell) that occurred in greater measure following high-intensity exercise.

The Phase 1 Characterization Sampling and Analysis Plan (CSAP) provides details about environmental data collection that will be taking place to support Phase 1 decommissioning activities described in the Phase 1 Decommissioning Plan for the West Valley Demonstration Project, Revision 2 (Phase I DP; DOE 2009). The four primary purposes of CSAP data collection are: (1) pre-design data collection, (2) remedial support, (3) post-remediation status documentation, and (4) Phase 2 decision-making support. Data collection to support these four main objectives is organized into two distinct data collection efforts. The first is data collection that will take place prior to the initiation of significant Phase 1 decommissioning activities (e.g., the Waste Management Area [WMA] 1 and WMA 2 excavations). The second is data collection that will occur during and immediately after environmental remediation in support of remediation activities. Both data collection efforts have a set of well-defined objectives that encompass the data needs of the four main CSAP data collection purposes detailed in the CSAP. The main body of the CSAP describes the overall data collection strategies that will be used to satisfy data collection objectives. The details of pre-remediation data collection are organized by WMA. The CSAP contains an appendixmore » for each WMA that describes the details of WMA-specific pre-remediation data collection activities. The CSAP is intended to expand upon the data collection requirements identified in the Phase 1 Decommissioning Plan. The CSAP is intended to tightly integrate with the Phase 1 Final Status Survey Plan (FSSP). Data collection described by the CSAP is consistent with the FSSP where appropriate and to the extent possible.« less

This plan provides the technical basis and associated protocols to support Phase 1 final status survey (FSS) data collection and interpretation as part of the West Valley Demonstration Project Phase 1 Decommissioning Plan process. This plan is consistent with the Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation Manual (MARSSIM). The Phase 1 Decommissioning Plan provides the relevant derived concentration guideline levels (DCGLs) for the Phase 1 radionuclides of interest. This plan includes protocols that will be applied to the deep excavations planned for Waste Management Area (WMA) 1 and WMA 2, for surface soils outside the WMA 1 and WMA 2 excavations that do not have contamination impacts at depths greater than one meter, and for areas that are used for Phase 1 contaminated soil lay-down purposes. All excavated and lay-down areas will be classified as MARSSIM Class 1 areas. Surface soils that have not been excavated, are not expected to exceed DCGLs, and do not have contamination impacts at depths greater than one meter will be divided into either Class 1 or Class 2 areas depending on the expected potential for surface soil contamination in those areas. The plan uses gamma scans combined with biased soil samples to address DCGLemc concerns. The plan uses systematic soil sampling combined with area factors to address DCGLw and DCGLemc concerns. The Sign test will be used to statistically evaluate DCGLw compliance. If the results from the characterization sampling and analysis plan (CSAP) data collection indicate that background may be a significant issue for Sign test implementation, the Wilcoxon rank sum (WRS) test will be used instead to demonstrate DCGLw compliance. A reference area will be selected on the basis of CSAP data results if the WRS test becomes a necessity. The WMA 1 excavation footprint includes approximately 476 foundation pilings that will be trimmed and left in place. Piling-specific systematic and biased sampling will be conducted to address concerns that these pilings may have served as preferential flow pathways into the underlying Lavery till. Phase 1 FSS data collection results will be summarized, presented, and interpreted in one or more FSS reports.

We compare the electronic structure of n-type and p-type dopable high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ cuprates, namely the hole-doped ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{1.4}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{0.2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.4}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ (${\mathit{T}}^{\mathrm{*}}$) system as well as the electron-doped ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ (T') and ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.85}$${\mathrm{Nd}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ (``infinite-layer'') systems. Investigations were done mainly by means of core-level and valence-band photoemission spectroscopy. Also we performed auxiliary measurements of Hall effect and magnetic susceptibility. From the investigations on the Cu-O layers we propose that one criterion for electron dopability in high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ cuprates is a comparatively high value of the Cu 3d Coulomb interaction ${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{d}\mathit{d}}$. This is concluded from model calculations on core-level and valence-band spectra. Also the superconducting infinite-layer compound ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.85}$${\mathrm{Nd}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ exhibits (besides a remarkably low Cu-O hybridization) this enhanced value of ${\mathit{U}}_{\mathit{d}\mathit{d}}$. For the rare-earth layers of T' and ${\mathit{T}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ we find small but characteristic differences in the electronic properties (Nd-O-hybridization and charge-transfer energy), which can be attributed to structural differences.Crystal-field splitting of Nd 4f levels and antiferromagnetic coupling of ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ moments in ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ and ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{1.4}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{0.2}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.4}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ have been investigated by evaluation of the magnetic susceptibility. The dopant ions cerium for T' and ${\mathit{T}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and neodymium for ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.85}$${\mathrm{Nd}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ are found to be tetra- and trivalent, respectively, which confirms again that the infinite-layer compound is an electron-doped cuprate.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been applied to 273 environmental standards, including pesticides, herbicides and related compounds. Members of the following chemical classes were analyzed: organophosphorus, organochlorine, phenol, triazine, uracil, phenoxy acid, urea, carboxylic acid, amide, and others including amines, organometallics, esters and heterocycles. Values for the heat of fusion, experimental temperature onset, theoretical temperature onset for 100% pure compound, and percent purity are presented. DSC was found to be a widely applicable method to most classes of organic environmental standards and their metabolites.

H1(R) is a Banach algebra which has better mapping properties under singular integrals thanL1(R) . We show that its approximate identity sequences are unbounded by constructing one unbounded approximate identity sequence {vn}. We introduce a Banach algebraQthat properly lies betweenH1andL1, and use it to show thatc(1 + lnn) ≤ ||vn||H1≤Cn1/2. We identify the maximal ideal space ofH1and give the appropriate version of Wiener's Tauberian theorem.

The rates of reduction of Cu(II) with H2O2 have been measured in NaCl and NaBr solutions and mixtures with NaClO4 as a function of pH (6 to 9), temperature (5 to 45°C) and ionic composition (0.1 to 6M). The effect of pH on the rates was found to be independent of temperature and ionic composition. The rates increased as a function of [H+] raised to the power of 1.3 to 1.6. Speciation calculations indicate that this pH dependence can be attributed to Cu(OH)2 being the reactive species. The rate constants in NaCl and NaBr and mixtures with NaClO4 were independent of ionic strength, but proportional to the halide concentration raised to the power of 2.0 (0.2 to 2.6M). These results can be attributed to Cu(OH)2Cl 2 2− being the reactive species to reduction with H2O2. The Cu(I) halide complexes formed from the reduction are not easily oxidized with O2 or H2O2. The faster rates in Br− solutions, which form stronger complexes with Cu+, support this contention. Measurements made in NaCl with added NaHCO3, NaB(OH)4 EDTA, NTA and glycine were also made. These measurements indicate that the CuL complexes (L=B(OH) 4 − , CO 3 2− , EDTA, NTA, and glycine) are not very reactive to reduction with H2O2. The addition of Mg2+ or Ca2+ caused the rates to increase due to the formation of MgL or CaL complexes and the resultant release of reactive Cu2+.

The effects of short-term overwork on performance measures, blood lactate, and plasma ammonia concentrations were examined in 28 elite junior weightlifters who participated in a 2 wk high volume resistance training camp. Performance testing (maximum effort vertical jump test and snatch lift) and blood chemistry analyses (ammonia and lactate) were conducted before (T1) and after (T2) 7 d of high volume training (2-3 workouts/d). Blood samples were collected from an antecubital vein at rest, preexercise, 5 min postexercise, and 15 min postexercise at T1 and T2. Results indicated a significant decrease from T1 to T2 in the maximum effort vertical jump test while the snatch lift test yielded no difference across time. Blood lactate and ammonia concentrations were significantly lower at 5 min postexercise at T2 while resting ammonia concentrations were significantly elevated at T2 compared to corresponding measures at T1. These data suggest possible early symptoms of overwork at T2 (decrease in performance of the maximum effort vertical jump test and the elevated resting ammonia concentrations); however, lower 5 min postexercise concentrations of lactate and ammonia at T2 indicated a positive adaptation to the 1 wk high volume resistance training period.

To follow regional deformation of the diaphragm in dogs, radiopaque markers were implanted under surgical anesthesia into different anatomic regions of the muscle in triangular arrays (approximately 1 cm to a side). After recovery from surgery, changes in area and shape of the triangles were followed with biplane cinefluorography during quiet breathing and during inspiratory efforts against an occluded airway (Mueller maneuvers). From changes in shape of the triangles during contraction, area changes were decomposed into a major direction and magnitude of shortening (Eg1) and a minor length change (Eg2) perpendicular to Eg1, both expressed as a fraction of initial length at end expiration. With the use of these techniques, systematic differences in regional area change were observed in different parts of the diaphragm during inspiratory efforts at different lung volumes. Regional area always decreased during contraction in the crural and midcostal zones of apposition to the rib cage. Area decreased less and often increased during inspiratory efforts in the costal dome near the central tendon and in the costal region near its rib cage insertion. Differences in regional area change were not due to differences in the Eg1 in different parts of the diaphragm but were a consequence of differences in widening of the muscle along Eg2 perpendicular to the direction of Eg1. As lung volume was passively increased above functional residual capacity, regional area decreased in all parts of the diaphragm except in the costal regions near rib cage insertion, where area increased.

Well-documented evidence shows that estrogen increases the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and that the effects of DVT are compounded by the stress of surgery and an anesthetic.This study sought to determine the current views and practice of plastic surgeons regarding combined oral contraceptive and surgery. In the United Kingdom, 285 consultant plastic surgeons were identified, and postal questionnaires were distributed to each surgeon.Of 286 postal questionnaires distributed to consultant plastic surgeons, 53% were returned and analyzed. Most of the surgeons considered combined oral contraceptive and surgery to be a risk factor for DVT, although only 54% discontinued it before surgery. Approximately 50% believed hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) is a risk, but fewer than a one-fourth of surgeons stopped its use before surgery. There was a range of distribution for the length of time HRT was discontinued for surgery. The majority of consultants discontinue HRT use for 5 to 6 weeks before surgery and until full ambulation after surgery. Data retrieved were used to compare documented evidence relating to combined oral contraceptive and surgery and its association with DVT.This survey shows that the management of patients taking estrogen-containing medication before plastic surgery varies, and guidelines regarding this should be sought.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been applied to 273 environmental standards, including pesticides, herbicides and related compounds. Members of the following chemical classes were analyzed: organophosphorus, organochlorine, phenol, triazine, uracil, phenoxy acid, urea, carboxylic acid, amide, and others including amines, organometallics, esters and heterocycles. Values for the heat of fusion, experimental temperature onset, theoretical temperature onset for 100% pure compound, and percent purity are presented. DSC was found to be a widely applicable method to most classes of organic environmental standards and their metabolites.

Pulmonary arterial pressure is higher during exercise after pneumonectomy than before. Several factors may contribute to the elevation, e.g., loss of vascular bed, overinflation of the remaining lung, and active pulmonary vasoconstriction. We measured hemodynamic changes during graded exercise in conditioned foxhounds and compared pulmonary pressure-flow relationships before and after left pneumonectomy. Pulmonary arterial pressure-flow relationship in the remaining lung is not altered by pneumonectomy, suggesting that the increase in pulmonary vascular resistance post-pneumonectomy is largely the passive consequence of increased pulmonary blood flow to the remaining lung. The potential for chronic hyperinflation of the remaining lung to increase pulmonary resistance after pneumonectomy may have been counterbalanced by a concomitant reduction in lung elastic recoil. Unexpectedly, both mean systemic blood pressure and hematocrit were higher with respect to cardiac output after pneumonectomy. Cardiac output and stroke volume at any given work load were lower after pneumonectomy than before, and heart rate response was unaltered. This pattern of responses suggests that increases in left and right ventricular afterload may have contributed to the reduction in cardiac output.

The Advanced Toroidal Facility is a large torsatron device with a major radius R0 = 2.1 m, an average plasma minor radius a ≈ 0.3 m, and a magnetic field B0 ≤ 2T. The sheared magnetic configuration...