Search

Graphology is a method of assessment of human personality from individual's handwriting style. The personality in terms of various attributes like fear, honesty, work habits, social skills etc. can be profiled using Graphology. The personality profiling is based on various features like line spacing, margins, slant, letter size, text density etc. Letter t and i are very important personality trait indicators in graphology. Letter t is an indicator of will in individuals. Letter i is an indicator of social connectivity in individuals. This work proposes a deep learning classifier to classify the specific type of t and i patterns. Convolutional neural network is trained to extract the t and i features. The features extracted from t and i handwriting patterns are classified using the ensemble of Deep learning classifier. The performance of the proposed ensemble classification is tested against different handwritten documents. The proposed solution is able to achieve about 90% classification accuracy

In medical imaging, segmentation plays a vital role towards the interpretation of X-ray images where salient features are extracted with the help of image segmentation. Without undergoing surgery, clinicians employ various modalities ranging from X-rays and CT-Scans to ultrasonography, and other imaging techniques to visualise and examine interior human body organ and structures. To ensure appropriate convergence, training a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) from scratch is tough since it requires more computational time, a big amount of labelled training data and a considerable degree of experience. Fine-tuning a CNN that has been pre-trained using, for instance, a huge set of labelled medical datasets, is a viable alternative. In this paper, a comparative study was done using pre-trained models such as VGG-19 and ResNet-50 as against training from scratch. To reduce overfitting, data augmentation and dropout regularization was used. With a recall of 92.03%, our analysis showed that the pre-trained models with proper finetuning was comparable with Iyke-Net, a CNN trained from scratch.

We report a simple and efficient silicon wet etchant HNA (Hydrofluoric acid, Nitric acid, Acetic acid) for the stiction free release of silicon nitride/metal micro/nanomechanical structures. The HNA concentration was varied with the aim of developing a slow etch rate, which could be utilized to suspend the micron and sub-micron cantilever and fixed beam structures. The etch rate was found to decrease with decrease in HF and increase in HNO3 concentrations. Smooth surface and high selectivity are obtained in case of high HNO3 content. The obtained etchant with a slow etch rate of 440 nm/minute was successfully utilized for the release of silicon nitride cantilevers and fixed beam structures of 500 nm, 2 µm and 5 µm widths with varying lengths. The resonance frequency of suspended cantilevers characterized by Laser Doppler Vibrometer is in close agreement with the COMSOL simulated resonating frequencies proving that the etching process has been precise without changes to cantilever dimensions. In addition, the generated etchant was successfully used in releasing chrome/gold nanobeams as well without any damage to the metal layers.

The major composition of any glass substrates consists of more than 70% silicon dioxide with varying concentration of alkali and alkaline earth metals with minor additives such as Al2O3, B2O3 etc. In this study, glass substrates of different compositions were etched successfully using HF based wet etchants. The etch rate as well as the etched profile is greatly dependent on the composition of the glass substrate being used. Two different composition of glasses, wherein the alkali and alkaline earth metals are in different concentrations were used for the etch profile study. One is Borofloat-33 with no free metal ions and the other is Soda lime glass with free metal ions. The etched profile for Borofloat-33 glass had a partial anisotropy with an inclined angle of 33.7 degree while isotropic etch was obtained with soda lime glass. This anisotropy was maintained for Borofloat-33 glass even after continuous agitation during the etch process. The wet etch selectivity of the glass with respect to stack of a-Si/Cr/Au has been established for ∼106 µm deep etching.

In-vivo whole body monitors are calibrated with various types of phantoms like Bottle Mannikin absorption phantom (BOMAB), IGOR phantom, Masonite cut sheet phantom, realistic numerical phantoms (NORMAN, ICRP voxel phantom). These phantoms contain either point sources, rod sources, uniform source or radionuclides distributed in soft tissues etc. In this study the efficiency values of Shadow Shield wholebody counter (SSC) for 137Cs and 60Co obtained theoretically using ICRP adult voxel male reference phantom (ICRP-AM) having sources distributed in soft tissues and muscles ICRP-AM(S) are compared with the measured efficiencies of Indian BOMAB phantom having mid axial source distribution (BOM-I(A)). The results show that the efficiency value of BOM-I(A) for 137Cs and 60Co is 30% and 20% lower respectively compared to that of ICRP-AM(S). This is due to the variation in size, composition and source distribution between the two phantoms. Study using Indian Voxel phantom shows that the increase in the size of ICRP-AM contributed to an increase of 14% for 137Cs. In case of 60Co the size did not have any influence. Uniform distribution has 9% and 17% higher efficiency than axial distribution for 137Cs and 60Co respectively as shown by the simulation study using uniformly filled Indian BOMAB phantom (BOM-I(U)). The actual tissue composition and source distribution in soft tissue as shown by Indian voxel has efficiencies 12–14% higher compared to BOM-I(U). The systemic error due to the axial source distribution is recognized and quantified to be 22–25% lower compared to that of a realistic phantom with radionuclides in soft tissue and muscle. This study has resulted in an efficiency of the system using Indian realistic Voxel phantom. The efficiencies are 0.65 CPS/kBq for 137Cs and 0.49 CPS/kBq for 60Co.

n-Type SnS:Cu thin films are fabricated using chemical spray pyrolysis and are used successfully for solar cell device fabricationwith the configuration ITO/CZTS/SnS:Cu/ZnO:Al/Ag for the first time. The device has high open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 810 mV, short circuit current density (Jsc) of 0.87 mA/cm2, fill factor (FF) of 51% and an efficiency of 0.36%. Similar device structure is not reported so far. Even though the Jsc obtained is less, we could achieve a good Voc and FF value which are comparable with the parameters obtained for well established solar devices. The structural, morphological, electrical and optical properties of SnS:Cu films used for the cell fabrication are studied using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Hall measurements and UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy. The oxygen concentration is decreased from 49 to 8% as the Sulfur concentration is increased and hence proved that adjustment of precursor ratio is a very effective method to control the oxygen content of the samples, which is a determining factor in the performance of the device. This work suggests an easily adoptable method for preparing n-type SnS:Cu thin films favorable for device fabrication by varying tin to sulphur ratio.

This present study proposes a current controlled modulation method for brushless DC motors for electric vehicle. A quasi-square current control technique is used. Conventional controllers such as PI, PID controllers are used first, then the system is evaluated using Fuzzy Logic controller which further improves the system and also fuzzy controller is far better than other controllers due to the use of linguistic terms.

Chittur block represents a mid-land region of Palakkad district, Kerala and the block differs from the rest of the blocks in its climate and availability of groundwater. About 75% of the people depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Results showed that groundwater salinity levels (up to 1,963 mg/L TDS),fluoride (up to 6.3 mg/L) and nitrate (up to 141 mg/L) contents have increased significantly in tandem with the increase in groundwater abstraction. Before human intervention the chemical weathering of gneisses and granites was the main process impinging on the chemical signature of groundwater. The initial chemical equilibrium conditions change with increasing groundwater withdrawal rates and fertilizer input, in a milieu of lower natural groundwater recharge. The appearance of higher levels of bicarbonate, linked to denitrification processes, and the decrease in calcium, due to calcite precipitation, can lead to increased content of sodium and fluoride in groundwater. In this scenario the use of groundwater resources for human consumption and agriculture represents a public health risk if water management actions do not change the trend in water use in the near future. The potential loss of fertile soil by groundwater salinization must also be considered when planning sustainable policies in a region with over dependence on groundwater resources.

This paper reports optimization and characterization of Cu 2 SnS 3 (CTS) thin films prepared using simple and economical Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) technique. Effect of tin precursor (stannic/stannous chloride) on the structural, optical, electrical and morphological properties of CTS thin films were studied. Films have tetragonal structure. It was observed that films prepared using stannic chloride had optimum band gap for solar cell application. Hall measurement results proved that all samples were p-type having electrical resistivity of ∼10 −3 ohm cm. Using these films, Cu 2 SnS 3 (CTS)/In 2 S 3 (InS) solar cells were prepared (with structure ITO/CTS/InS/Ag). Solar cell fabricated with stannic chloride precursor shows four times enhancement in cell efficiency.

Video based vehicle detection is an active research area in Intelligent Transportation System. The aim is to efficiently extract the required data from large amount of videos captured by surveillance cameras by detecting, tracking identifying objects of interest and analyze their activities. This paper provides a review of literature on vehicle detection, recognition and tracking. Many approaches have been proposed for detection which includes appearance based models and motion based models .Vehicle recognition based on various attributes such as color, license plate, logos are discussed. Region based and feature based tracking along with various tracking algorithms are surveyed. Multi-view methods for vehicle detection are also discussed.

India is the second largest seafood producer in the world marketing more than 7000 edible species. In this regard, commendable studies have been conducted since the 1970s by different research groups and more data are reported. In this work, all the studies on 210Po and 210Pb measurements in abiotic and biotic components of India have been combined and reviewed. The concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb are estimated by radiochemical separation followed by alpha counting. Grain size, season, Tsunami waves and place of sampling have a decisive bearing on 210Po and 210Pb concentration in abiotic components. Plankton shows a higher Kd factor (104) compared to seaweeds and sea grass (103). Pond ecosystems recorded the highest Kd factor (4·3 × 104) compared to other freshwater and marine ecosystems. Bioaccumulation of 210Po and 210Pb varies with respect to variety of seafood. The committed effective dose (CED) calculated for shellfish species maintained a higher range of 2.5 × 10−2 mSv/y to 9.8 × 10−1 mSv/y and for fish species fluctuated from 3.8 × 10−4 mSv/y to 2.0 × 10−1 mSv/y. The studies conducted so far are scattered, and need to be gathered for future reference and planning (i.e. There is not much information available for Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra, West Bengal and Odessa coast). Therefore, it is strongly recommended that further and more complete research is undertaken to study the bioaccumulation of 210Po and 210Pb from seafood. Overall, the present review concludes that Indian seafood is radiologically safe.

A highly efficient technique for the generation of dense and homogeneous Au-nanodroplets using Anodic Aluminium Oxide template (AAO) for the fabrication of single crystal gold encrusted array of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) was successfully developed. In interest of extending AAO's practical applicability, the Au-thin film sandwiched between Si-substrate and AAO was torn-up into small nanodroplets at annealing temperature followed by removal of AAO template before VLS growth instead of growing SiNWs directly in presence of AAO template. It's observed that smaller Au-nanodroplets are mandatory to yield dense array of SiNWs, further, size of formed Au-droplets is directly relied on AAO pore-size. Thus, construction of desired pore diameter on AAO was critically controlled by the application of voltage in presence of different etchants (sulfuric acid (SA), oxalic acid (OA) and phosphoric acid (PA)). Among the different etchants used SA demonstrated smaller AAO-pore size at a specific voltage and concentration. Further, obtained smaller Au-nanodroplets (from SA etched AAO) exhibited a denser array of SiNWs on VLS growth at particular set of experimental conditions. Characterization by advanced techniques such as UV–Vis spectroscopy, Micro-Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), High-Angle Angular Dark Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) revealed that the formed SiNWs were of 199 ± 43 nm diameter with well-decorated gold nano encrustations on the surface and at the tip. The formed SiNWs were in resemblance with SiNWs obtained from high precision e-beam Lithography, evidencing the superiority of the current method.

Spray rate is rather a little-explored critical parameter in chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP). But interestingly it strongly influences formation and properties of the films. Hence in the present work, we report results of systematic analysis of changes in structural, electrical, optical, morphological and compositional properties of sprayed SnO2 films due to controlled variation in spray rate. We have observed two order enhancement in carrier concentration and conductivity and a two fold increase in charge mobility with increase in spray rate alone. Increase in carrier concentration with spray rate is also evident from the observed decrease in transmittance in IR region due to the increase in free carrier absorption. Analysis of the films using X-ray photo electron spectroscopy revealed increase in metal to oxygen ratio and reduction in unwanted oxygen species with spray rate.

Online Nuclear Emergency Response System (ONERS) is a comprehensive Decision Support System developed using Open source WebGIS (Geographical Information System) technologies for management of Off-Site Nuclear Emergencies for Nuclear Power Plant sites of India. The system is based on numerical meteorological and dispersion models, weather data and source term estimation using environmental radiation monitors. It simulates the pattern of atmospheric dispersion, concentration, radioactivity fallout, and radiation dose profiles in various pathways around the affected site. The system projects the current and future radiological scenario along with geographical and demographic information and simulates the consequences of atmospheric releases on population by spatial analysis. It also computes counter measures using national regulatory guidelines for suggestion of protective actions to decision makers and first responders. This work presents the salient features of the ONERS, its monitoring network and utility. The methodology of dose projections is tested by performing simulations for a postulated accident and the effectiveness of the system for decision making during emergency scenarios is illustrated for a hypothetical scenario.

Graphology assists in interpreting a person's character and identity attributes by analysing the handwriting. Graphology is the investigation of the sensible state of mind at the time of writing. These thoughtfully give understanding into the morality, hidden talents and enthusiastic conditions of the writer or artist. The handwriting is exceptional. Composing is a physical procedure. The cerebrum state is reflected in the handwriting, as the signals moves to fingers, where together they control the handwriting. Graphology can be utilized to analyse the characteristic features of an individual. The various approaches used in personality analysis using graphology are discussed in this paper.

22Nanoparticles are submicron moieties with at least one dimension that is less than 100 nm. They exhibit certain novel physical and chemical properties that are distinct from the characteristics of their bulk counterparts. Fabrication of nanostructured materials such as metal nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanosheets, and nanocomposites for biological applications has evoked great interest in researchers around the globe. During the past few years, a significant number of reports have been published on exploring the potential of nanoparticles as carriers for enzymes. The large surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles is one of the most advantageous characteristics over conventional materials used in immobilization and thus they offer high enzyme loading during the immobilization process. Enzymes immobilized onto nanoparticles also exhibit higher stability in a wide range of temperature and pH, compared to free enzymes. In recent years, magnetic nanoparticles particularly iron oxides (magnetite, Fe3O4 and maghemite, y-Fe2O3) have received significant importance due to their strong magnetic properties, chemical stability, and decreased toxicity. They find broad spectrum of biological applications such as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), separation of biomolecules or cells, agents for drug delivery, tumor diagnosis, tissue engineering, in hyperthermia therapy, etc. Surface functionalized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles serve as excellent candidates for immobilization of lipase enzyme as their magnetic property facilitates easy and effective recovery of the enzyme bound particles by the application of a magnetic field. This review focuses on the synthesis, surface functionalization, and immobilization of lipase enzyme on magnetic nanoparticles and the application of immobilized enzyme in biodiesel production.

Dynamic PET brain studies are common in research and are becoming common in clinical applications. Simulation of dynamic PET is an important step to validate techniques and methods. This study compares the CPU and GPU version of a GATE simulation running on a highperformance computing system. We simulated the Siemens 3T MR-BrainPET with dynamic brain activity. The results show close agreement in the number of coincidence events, including phantom scatter, which we made available in the output of GPU simulation through code changes. The code will be made available to the GATE community and the simulation data is available to the interested researchers.

CuInS2, In2S3 and fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) thin films were prepared by simple, cost effective Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) method and effect of [Cu]/[In] ratio on the structural, optical, electrical and morphological properties of CuInS2 thin films were investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that grain size of CuInS2 samples increases with increase in [Cu]/[In] ratio in the spray solution. It could be figured out that CuxS binary phases are absent in the films. Optical studies reveals that the band gap of the films decreases on increasing the [Cu]/[In] ratio. Type of conductivity and resistivity of CuInS2 films were estimated from Hall measurement system. On increasing [Cu]/[In] ratio resistivity decreases. Surface morphology of the films deposited at different spray rates were analyzed using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and results shows that there should be an optimum spray rate for device fabrication and was fixed at 4 ml/min. Surface structure and uniformity were confirmed by employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Composition and p-type conductivity of CuInS2 samples were analyzed through Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Finally the optimized CuInS2 films were used for device fabrication. The best device in this study has open circuit voltage of 457 mV and short circuit current density of 5.45 mA/cm2. Efficiency and fill factor were 0.94% and 38% respectively.

Development of 3D scenes from 2D pictures is the centrality venture for an effective prologue to 3D multimedia service. Depth estimation is the basic phenomena in the construction of 3D from multiple images. Depth determination from single view 2D images is most probably the challenging and more difficult process. This paper presents a new depth estimation approach based on human height as a reference. The proposed approach consists of two phases. In the primary stage, expansive picture set has been caught (indoor situations which incorporate human in remaining with clear foundation) and human item is removed from the caught picture. At that point, mathematical model has been built from the examination. In the second stage, depth value is assessed by utilizing mathematical model. These evaluated depth data is utilized for further process, for example, 3D view era.

Focus group discussion protocols for patients and community members. (PDF 889 kb)

Key informant interview protocols for physicians, health system officials/policymakers and nurses/ASHAs. (PDF 943 kb)

Household survey. (PDF 839 kb)

Health facility survey. (PDF 2323 kb)

Silicon tip fabrication by wet anisotropic etching using Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) and Tetra Methyl Ammonium Hydroxide (TMAH) was studied under varying process conditions using thermal oxide as a mask. The fabrication was carried out using only wet etching with a single layer of optical lithography. The mask structures used for the formation of tips were circles of different dimeter ranging from 30 μm to 120 μm to fabricate the tips with diameter from 40nm to 400nm, without post oxidation sharpening method. Experiments were carried out under two different conditions: a) Beaker containing small volume with constant stirring and b) Bulk volume MEMS bath with and without recirculation and filtration. The results were analyzed to understand the nature of alkali solution and the effect of temperature and method of recirculation/filtration on the dimensions and nature of the tips formed, along with the behavior of the oxide mask in the two different solutions.

Intensifying electronic component power dissipation levels, shortening product design cycle times, and greater than before requirement for more compact and reliable electronic systems with greater functionality, has heightened the need for thermal design tools that enable accurate solutions to be generated and quickly assessed. The present numerical study aims at developing a computational tool in OpenFOAM that can predict the heat dissipation rate and temperature profile of any electronic component in operation. A suitable computational domain with defined aspect ratio is chosen. For analyzing, “buoyant Boussinesq Simple Foam“ solver available with OpenFOAM is used. It was modified for adapting to the investigation with specified initial and boundary conditions. The experimental setup was made with the dimensions taken up for numerical study. Thermocouples were calibrated and placed in specified locations. For different heat input, the temperatures are noted down at steady state and compared with results from the numerical study.

In this report, the effect of incorporation of metallic tin (Sn) on opto-electronic properties of ZnO thin films is presented. ZnO thin films were deposited through ‘automated chemical spray pyrolysis’ (CSP) technique; later different quantities of ‘Sn’ were evaporated on it and subsequently annealed. Vacuum annealing showed a positive effect on crystallinity of films. Creation of sub band gap levels due to ‘Sn’ diffusion was evident from the absorption and PL spectra. The tin incorporated films showed good photo response in visible region. Tin incorporated ZnO thin films seem to satisfy the desirable criteria for buffer layer in thin film solar cells.

Deep vertical etching of Si using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and Au as catalyst has been studied in terms of relative reactant concentrations and catalyst morphology. The concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and hydrofluoric acid are highly important and the ratio of the same can be varied to achieve isotropic to highly anisotropic vertical etching. Catalyst morphology and positioning of the substrate was also seen to affect vertical etch profiles, with high catalyst deposition rates and horizontal placement of the sample giving deep etching without defects.

CuZnS is an alloy having mixed structure of CuxS and ZnS. Here we studied the structural, optical, compositional and electrical properties of CuZnS films prepared using chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP). Just by varying ratio of Cu to Zn was observed that material can be changed from P type to N type and electrical conductivity can be increased by 4 orders. Increase in concentration of Cu leads to decrease bandgap to 1.8 eV from 3.4 eV. CuZnS films having high concentration of copper can be used as good absorber and weakly doped films as buffer / window layers in solar cells.

Thin film solar cells were fabricated using CuInS2 as absorber layer and CdS as buffer layer. CuInS2 and CdS layers are deposited using chemical spray pyrolysis and chemical bath deposition respectively. Proper movement and collection of generated carriers really affect the performance of the cell. Introduction of a very thin layer of silver doped ZnO (ZnO:Ag) window layer between the buffer layer and ITO improves performance of the cell, with open circuit voltage of 409mV, short circuit current density of 2.89 mA/cm2, fill factor of 44.3% and conversion efficiency of 0.52%.

Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) thin films were prepared by using automated Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) machine and the effect of concentration of the precursors on the conductivity and transmittance of the films were studied. The resistivity (ρ) and mobility (μ) are in the range of 10−3–10−4 Ω-cm and 8.2–13.5 cm2V−1s−1 respectively. The electron density lies between 3.4 × 1020 and 6.6×1020 cm−3. The film transmittance varies between 70 to 80% and the films shows very good reflectivity in the IR-NIR region. Prepared films can be used as transparent electrodes in photo voltaic and optoelectronic devices.

XPS depth profile studies were carried out to analyze the composition and stoichiometry of sprayed CZTS thin films giving an efficiency of 1.85% in CZTS based thin film solar cell. Surface layers were nearly stoichiometric (Cu:Zn:Sn:S=2:1:1:4) whereas the inner layers were found to be Copper rich in composition making it electrically more conductive.

A vanishing point is one of the possibly several points in a 2D image where lines that are parallel in the 3D source converge. Vanishing point provides a lot of information in most of the applications like distance of objects in 3D Scene. This point depends on camera viewing angle as well as distance between the parallel edges in a scene. In order to find the relationship between the vanishing points with view angle and distance between parallel edges, various data were collected by having an experimental setup by varying the distance between two parallel sticks in an image and also by varying the angle of the camera with the parallel sticks. Different data mining techniques were used, and the results were found in two phases. The results of regression model for the relationship between the angle of the camera and the X and Y coordinates of the vanishing point have been analyzed using neural network model, which gave 100 % validity on the model.