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1. TAD evolutionary and functional characterization reveals diversity in mammalian TAD boundary properties and function

Author

Mariam Okhovat, Jake VanCampen, Kimberly A. Nevonen, Lana Harshman, Weiyu Li, Cora E. Layman, Samantha Ward, Jarod Herrera, Jackson Wells, Rory R. Sheng, Yafei Mao, Blaise Ndjamen, Ana C. Lima, Katinka A. Vigh-Conrad, Alexandra M. Stendahl, Ran Yang, Lev Fedorov, Ian R. Matthews, Sarah A. Easow, Dylan K. Chan, Taha A. Jan, Evan E. Eichler, Sandra Rugonyi, Donald F. Conrad, Nadav Ahituv, and Lucia Carbone

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Abstract Topological associating domains (TADs) are self-interacting genomic units crucial for shaping gene regulation patterns. Despite their importance, the extent of their evolutionary conservation and its functional implications remain largely unknown. In this study, we generate Hi-C and ChIP-seq data and compare TAD organization across four primate and four rodent species and characterize the genetic and epigenetic properties of TAD boundaries in correspondence to their evolutionary conservation. We find 14% of all human TAD boundaries to be shared among all eight species (ultraconserved), while 15% are human-specific. Ultraconserved TAD boundaries have stronger insulation strength, CTCF binding, and enrichment of older retrotransposons compared to species-specific boundaries. CRISPR-Cas9 knockouts of an ultraconserved boundary in a mouse model lead to tissue-specific gene expression changes and morphological phenotypes. Deletion of a human-specific boundary near the autism-related AUTS2 gene results in the upregulation of this gene in neurons. Overall, our study provides pertinent TAD boundary evolutionary conservation annotations and showcases the functional importance of TAD evolution.

Published
2023
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2. Deletion of Pax1 scoliosis-associated regulatory elements leads to a female-biased tail abnormality

Author

Aki Ushiki, Rory R. Sheng, Yichi Zhang, Jingjing Zhao, Mai Nobuhara, Elizabeth Murray, Xin Ruan, Jonathan J. Rios, Carol A. Wise, and Nadav Ahituv

Subjects
CP: Molecular biology, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Summary: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a sideways curvature of the spine, is sexually dimorphic, with increased incidence in females. A genome-wide association study identified a female-specific AIS susceptibility locus near the PAX1 gene. Here, we use mouse enhancer assays, three mouse enhancer knockouts, and subsequent phenotypic analyses to characterize this region. Using mouse enhancer assays, we characterize a sequence, PEC7, which overlaps the AIS-associated variant, and find it to be active in the tail tip and intervertebral disc. Removal of PEC7 or Xe1, a known sclerotome enhancer nearby, or deletion of both sequences lead to a kinky tail phenotype only in the Xe1 and combined (Xe1+PEC7) knockouts, with only the latter showing a female sex dimorphic phenotype. Extensive phenotypic characterization of these mouse lines implicates several differentially expressed genes and estrogen signaling in the sex dimorphic bias. In summary, our work functionally characterizes an AIS-associated locus and dissects the mechanism for its sexual dimorphism.

Published
2024
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3. Association of genetic variation in COL11A1 with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Author

Hao Yu, Anas M Khanshour, Aki Ushiki, Nao Otomo, Yoshinao Koike, Elisabet Einarsdottir, Yanhui Fan, Lilian Antunes, Yared H Kidane, Reuel Cornelia, Rory R Sheng, Yichi Zhang, Jimin Pei, Nick V Grishin, Bret M Evers, Jason Pui Yin Cheung, John A Herring, Chikashi Terao, You-qiang Song, Christina A Gurnett, Paul Gerdhem, Shiro Ikegawa, Jonathan J Rios, Nadav Ahituv, and Carol A Wise

Subjects
scoliosis, collagen XI, extracellular matrix, estrogen signaling, Medicine, Science, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common and progressive spinal deformity in children that exhibits striking sexual dimorphism, with girls at more than fivefold greater risk of severe disease compared to boys. Despite its medical impact, the molecular mechanisms that drive AIS are largely unknown. We previously defined a female-specific AIS genetic risk locus in an enhancer near the PAX1 gene. Here, we sought to define the roles of PAX1 and newly identified AIS-associated genes in the developmental mechanism of AIS. In a genetic study of 10,519 individuals with AIS and 93,238 unaffected controls, significant association was identified with a variant in COL11A1 encoding collagen (α1) XI (rs3753841; NM_080629.2_c.4004C>T; p.(Pro1335Leu); p=7.07E–11, OR = 1.118). Using CRISPR mutagenesis we generated Pax1 knockout mice (Pax1-/-). In postnatal spines we found that PAX1 and collagen (α1) XI protein both localize within the intervertebral disc-vertebral junction region encompassing the growth plate, with less collagen (α1) XI detected in Pax1-/- spines compared to wild-type. By genetic targeting we found that wild-type Col11a1 expression in costal chondrocytes suppresses expression of Pax1 and of Mmp3, encoding the matrix metalloproteinase 3 enzyme implicated in matrix remodeling. However, the latter suppression was abrogated in the presence of the AIS-associated COL11A1P1335L mutant. Further, we found that either knockdown of the estrogen receptor gene Esr2 or tamoxifen treatment significantly altered Col11a1 and Mmp3 expression in chondrocytes. We propose a new molecular model of AIS pathogenesis wherein genetic variation and estrogen signaling increase disease susceptibility by altering a PAX1-COL11a1-MMP3 signaling axis in spinal chondrocytes.

Published
2024
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4. Single-Cell Transcriptomic Atlas of Gingival Mucosa in Type 2 Diabetes

Author

Q. Wang, W. Lin, X. Zhou, K. Lei, R. Xu, X. Zhang, Q. Xiong, R. Sheng, W. Song, W. Liu, and Q. Yuan

Subjects
Mice, Mucous Membrane, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Gingiva, Animals, Lymphocytes, Fibroblasts, Transcriptome, General Dentistry, Immunity, Innate
Abstract

The oral gingival barrier is a constantly stimulated and dynamic environment where homeostasis is often disrupted, resulting in inflammatory periodontal diseases. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been reported to be associated with gingival barrier dysfunction, but the effect and underlying mechanism are inconclusive. Herein, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of gingiva from leptin receptor-deficient mice ( db/db) to examine the gingival heterogeneity in the context of T2D. Periodontal health of control mice is characterized by populations of Krt14+-expressing epithelial cells and Col1a1+-fibroblasts mediating immune homeostasis primarily through the enrichment of innate lymphoid cells. The db/db gingiva exhibited decreased epithelial/stromal ratio and dysfunctional barrier. We further observed stromal, particularly fibroblast immune hyperresponsiveness, linked to the recruitment of myeloid-derived cells at the db/db gingiva. Both scRNA-seq and histological analysis suggested the inflammatory signaling between fibroblasts and neutrophils as a potential driver of diabetes-induced periodontal damage. Notably, the “immune-like” stromal cells were wired toward the induction of gingival IL-17A hyperresponsiveness in db/db mice. Our work reveals that the “immune-like” fibroblasts with transcriptional diversity are involved in the innate immune homeostasis at the diabetic gingiva. It highlights a potentially significant role of these cell types in its pathogenesis.

Published
2022
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5. Transcriptional activities of methanogens and methanotrophs vary with methane emission flux in rice soils under chronic nutrient constraints of phosphorus and potassium

Author

R. Sheng, A. Chen, M. Zhang, A. S. Whiteley, D. Kumaresan, and W. Wei

Subjects
Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

Nutrient status in soil is crucial for the growth and development of plants which indirectly or directly affect the ecophysiological functions of resident soil microorganisms. Soil methanogens and methanotrophs can be affected by soil nutrient availabilities and plant growth, which in turn modulate methane (CH4) emissions. Here, we assessed whether deficits in soil-available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) modulated the activities of methanogens and methanotrophs in a long-term (20 year) experimental system involving limitation in either one or both nutrients. Results showed that a large amount of CH4 was emitted from paddy soil at rice tillering stage (flooding) while CH4 flux was minimum at ripening stage (drying). Compared to soils amended with NPK fertiliser treatment, the soils without P input significantly reduced methane flux rates, whereas those without K input did not. Under P limitation, methanotroph transcript copy number significantly increased in tandem with a decrease in methanogen transcript abundance, suggesting that P-deficiency-induced changes in soil physio-chemical properties, in tandem with rice plant growth, might constrain the activity of methanogens, whereas the methanotrophs might be adaptive to this soil environment. In contrast, lower transcript abundance of both methanogen and methanotrophs were observed in K-deficient soils. Assessments of community structures based upon transcripts indicated that soils deficient in P induced greater shifts in the active methanotrophic community than K-deficient soils, while similar community structures of active methanogens were observed in both treatments. These results suggested that the population dynamics of methanogens and methanotrophs could vary along with the changes in plant growth states and soil properties induced by nutrient deficiency.

Published
2016
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6. Effects of retinoic acid on the synthesis of selenoprotein and the antioxidative indices of bovine mammary epithelial cells in vitro

Author

L. Jin, S. Yan, B. Shi, R. Sheng, H. Shi, Y. Zhao, and J. Li

Subjects
vitamin a, antioxidant function, dairy cows, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract

The present study was conducted to examine the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on the synthesis of selenoprotein and the antioxidative indices of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) in vitro and to explore the antioxidative mechanisms of RA in the BMEC. The subconfluenced BMEC were divided into six treatments with six replicates per treatment and cultured in a Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium/F12 media (10% fetal bovine serum, 5 µg/ml ovine prolactin, 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 1 g/ml hydrocortisone, 0.5% insulin-transferrin-selenium) containing different levels of RA (0 (control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 1 or 2 mg/ml) for 24 h. Addition of RA promoted the proliferation of BMEC, increased the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), thioredoxin reductase (TRXR), and the content of selenoprotein P (SELP) in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The optimal RA dose was 1 μg/ml. However, positive effect of RA tended to be suppressed when RA was increased to 2 μg/ml. The expressions of mRNA and protein of GPX in BMEC were up-regulated by RA in a quadratic dose-response relationship (P < 0.01), and the addition of 1 μg/ml RA showed the best effect. The mRNA expressions of TRXR1 and SELP as well as the protein expression of TRXR1 were higher at 1-2 μg/ml RA. These results suggested that RA promoted antioxidant function of BMEC by regulating the synthesis of selenoprotein including GPX, TRXR, and SELP in vitro.

Published
2016
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7. Deletion ofPax1scoliosis-associated regulatory elements leads to a female-biased tail abnormality

Author

Aki Ushiki, Rory R. Sheng, Yichi Zhang, Jingjing Zhao, Mai Nobuhara, Elizabeth Murray, Xin Ruan, Jonathan J. Rios, Carol A. Wise, and Nadav Ahituv

Abstract

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a sideways curvature of the spine, is sexually dimorphic, with increased incidence in females. A GWAS identified a female-specific AIS susceptibility locus near thePAX1gene. Here, we used mouse enhancer assays, three mouse enhancer knockouts and subsequent phenotypic analyses to characterize this region. Using mouse enhancer assays, we characterized a sequence, PEC7, that overlaps the AIS-associated variant, and found it to be active in the tail tip and intervertebral disc. Removal of PEC7 or Xe1, a known sclerotome enhancer nearby, and deletion of both sequences led to a kinky phenotype only in the Xe1 and combined (Xe1+PEC7) knockouts, with only the latter showing a female sex dimorphic phenotype. Extensive phenotypic characterization of these mouse lines implicated several differentially expressed genes and estrogen signaling in the sex dimorphic bias. In summary, our work functionally characterizes an AIS-associated locus and dissects the mechanism for its sexual dimorphism.

Published
2023
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8. Effect of the ratios of acetate and β-hydroxybutyrate on the expression of milk fat- and protein-related genes in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Author

R. Sheng, S.M. Yan, L.Z. Qi, Y.L. Zhao, L. Jin, and X.Y. Guo

Subjects
ratio of short chain fatty acids, milk fat precursor, dairy cow, milk fat, milk protein, gene expression, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the different ratios of acetate and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) on cell viability, triacylglycerol (TAG) content, and mRNA expression of the genes related to lipid and protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). Primary cells were isolated from the mammary glands of Holstein dairy cows and were passaged twice. Then, the cells were cultured with different ratios of acetate and BHBA (1 : 3, 1 : 2, 1 : 1, 2 : 1, 3 : 1, 4 : 1, and 1 : 1, Group 1 to Group 7, respectively) for 48 h, and the fetal bovine serum in the culture media was replaced with fatty acid-free bovine serum albumin (BSA) (1 g/l). The control culture media contained only fatty acid-free BSA without unsaturated fatty acids (0mM). Cell viability was not affected by adding different ratios of acetate and BHBA, but TAG accumulation was significantly influenced by supplementing the culture media with different ratios of acetate and BHBA. The expression levels of genes related to milk fat (FASN, ACACA, CD36, SCD, FABP3, LPL, PPARG, and SPEBF1) and milk protein-related genes (CSN1S1, CSN3, mTOR, 4E-BP1, S6KB1, STAT5, JAK2, and LEPTIN) were significantly affected by the addition of different ratios of acetate and BHBA to the BMECs. Our results suggested that Groups 3 and 4 (1 : 1 and 2 : 1) had a stronger acceleration of milk fat synthesis, and Group 4 (2 : 1) had the strongest effect. The expression of the CSN1S1 and LEPTIN mRNAs was more effectively promoted in Groups 3 and 4 (1 : 1 and 2 : 1), and Group 3 (1 : 1) had the strongest acceleration. Expressions of genes related to milk protein synthesis (mTOR, 4E-BP1, S6KB1, JAK2, and STAT5) were up-regulated using a ratio of acetate and BHBA of 2 : 1. Taken together, the 2 : 1 ratio of acetate and BHBA had the best effect for both the milk fat synthesis and milk protein synthesis genes. However, further studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanism for regulating milk fat and protein synthesis by different ratios of acetate and BHBA.

Published
2015
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10. A role of the frontotemporal lobar degeneration risk factor TMEM106B in myelination

Author

Peter M. Sullivan, Tuancheng Feng, Isabel Iscol Katz, Rory R Sheng, Daniel H. Paushter, Santiago Solé-Domènech, Fenghua Hu, Frederick R. Maxfield, Mohammed Ullah, Xiaochun Wu, Christina S. Mendoza, Laura Camila Martinez Enriquez, and Xiaolai Zhou

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, Proteolipid protein 1, Cathepsin D, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Exocytosis, Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Lysosome, medicine, Animals, Humans, Myelin Sheath, Mice, Knockout, biology, Chemistry, Leukodystrophy, Brain, Membrane Proteins, Original Articles, Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, medicine.disease, Cell biology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Oligodendroglia, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Membrane protein, biology.protein, Female, Neurology (clinical), Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration, Lysosomes, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

TMEM106B encodes a lysosomal membrane protein and was initially identified as a risk factor for frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Recently, a dominant D252N mutation in TMEM106B was shown to cause hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. However, how TMEM106B regulates myelination is still unclear. Here we show that TMEM106B is expressed and localized to the lysosome compartment in oligodendrocytes. TMEM106B deficiency in mice results in myelination defects with a significant reduction of protein levels of proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), the membrane proteins found in the myelin sheath. The levels of many lysosome proteins are significantly decreased in the TMEM106B-deficient Oli-neu oligodendroglial precursor cell line. TMEM106B physically interacts with the lysosomal protease cathepsin D and is required to maintain proper cathepsin D levels in oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, we found that TMEM106B deficiency results in lysosome clustering in the perinuclear region and a decrease in lysosome exocytosis and cell surface PLP levels. Moreover, we found that the D252N mutation abolished lysosome enlargement and lysosome acidification induced by wild-type TMEM106B overexpression. Instead, it stimulates lysosome clustering near the nucleus as seen in TMEM106B-deficient cells. Our results support that TMEM106B regulates myelination through modulation of lysosome function in oligodendrocytes.

Published
2020
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12. Preparation of Diatomite Based Porous Slow-Release Materials and its Adsorption-Release Properties on Phoxim

Author

M. H. Niu, Jian Zhang, Y. Liu, Q. W. Ping, P. Lu, N. Li, Y. Zhang, and X. R. Sheng

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Diffusion, General Decision Sciences, Polymer, Computer Science Applications, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adsorption, Volume (thermodynamics), chemistry, Chemical engineering, Freundlich model, Phoxim, Porosity, General Environmental Science
Abstract

Slow-release materials have the property of controlling the slow-release of drugs. At present, polymer slow-release materials have been widely studied, but the stability is poor and the release effect of components is difficult to control. The diatomite mineral is light in weight, small in volume and stable in physical and chemical properties. A series of diatomite based porous slow-release materials were prepared to explore the adsorption-release performance. The prepared slow-release materials have excellent porous structure and adsorption-release properties. The adsorption process of phoxim onto slow-release materials accorded with Freundlich model. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 217.86 mg g-1 at 25 ÂoC. In addition, the release effect of phoxim from slow-release materials was obvious under acid or high temperature conditions. The limit release amount was 60.04 and 80.2% respectively. The slow-release time was up to 25 days which will reduce the phoxim residues efficiently. According to the fitting results of Ritger-Peppas model, the release process was controlled by Fick diffusion mechanism.

Published
2021
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13. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

Author

D. KLIONSKY, A. ABDEL-AZIZ, S. ABDELFATAH, M. ABDELLATIF, A. ABDOLI, S. ABEL, H. ABELIOVICH, M. ABILDGAARD, Y. ABUDU, A. ACEVEDO-AROZENA, I. ADAMOPOULOS, K. ADELI, T. ADOLPH, A. ADORNETTO, E. AFLAKI, G. AGAM, A. AGARWAL, B. AGGARWAL, M. AGNELLO, P. AGOSTINIS, J. AGREWALA, A. AGROTIS, P. AGUILAR, S. AHMAD, Z. AHMED, U. AHUMADA-CASTRO, S. AITS, S. AIZAWA, Y. AKKOC, T. AKOUMIANAKI, H. AKPINAR, A. AL-ABD, L. AL-AKRA, A. AL-GHARAIBEH, M. ALAOUI-JAMALI, S. ALBERTI, E. ALCOCER-GOMEZ, C. ALESSANDRI, M. ALI, M. AL-BARI, S. ALIWAINI, J. ALIZADEH, E. ALMACELLAS, A. ALMASAN, A. ALONSO, G. ALONSO, N. ALTAN-BONNET, D. ALTIERI, S. ALVES, C. DA COSTA, M. ALZAHARNA, M. AMADIO, C. AMANTINI, C. AMARAL, S. AMBROSIO, A. AMER, V. AMMANATHAN, Z. AN, S. ANDERSEN, S. ANDRABI, M. ANDRADE-SILVA, A. ANDRES, S. ANGELINI, D. ANN, U. ANOZIE, M. ANSARI, P. ANTAS, A. ANTEBI, Z. ANTON, T. ANWAR, L. APETOH, N. APOSTOLOVA, T. ARAKI, Y. ARAKI, K. ARASAKI, W. ARAUJO, J. ARAYA, C. ARDEN, M. AREVALO, S. ARGUELLES, E. ARIAS, J. ARIKKATH, H. ARIMOTO, A. ARIOSA, D. ARMSTRONG-JAMES, L. ARNAUNE-PELLOQUIN, A. AROCA, D. ARROYO, I. ARSOV, R. ARTERO, D. ASARO, M. ASCHNER, M. ASHRAFIZADEH, O. ASHUR-FABIAN, A. ATANASOV, A. AU, P. AUBERGER, H. AUNER, L. AURELIAN, R. AUTELLI, L. AVAGLIANO, Y. AVALOS, S. AVEIC, C. AVELEIRA, T. AVINWITTENBERG, Y. AYDIN, S. AYTON, S. AYYADEVARA, M. AZZOPARDI, M. BABA, J. BACKER, S. BACKUES, D. BAE, O. BAE, S. BAE, E. BAEHRECKE, A. BAEK, S. BAEK, G. BAGETTA, A. BAGNIEWSKA-ZADWORNA, H. BAI, J. BAI, X. BAI, Y. BAI, N. BAIRAGI, S. BAKSI, T. BALBI, C. BALDARI, W. BALDUINI, A. BALLABIO, M. BALLESTER, S. BALAZADEH, R. BALZAN, R. BANDOPADHYAY, S. BANERJEE, Y. BAO, M. BAPTISTA, A. BARACCA, C. BARBATI, A. BARGIELA, D. BARILA, P. BARLOW, S. BARMADA, E. BARREIRO, G. BARRETO, J. BARTEK, B. BARTEL, A. BARTOLOME, G. BARVE, S. BASAGOUDANAVAR, D. BASSHAM, R. JR, A. BASU, H. BATOKO, I. BATTEN, E. BAULIEU, B. BAUMGARNER, J. BAYRY, R. BEALE, I. BEAU, F. BEAUMATIN, L. BECHARA, G. BECK, M. BEERS, J. BEGUN, C. BEHRENDS, G. BEHRENS, R. BEI, E. BEJARANO, S. BEL, C. BEHL, A. BELAID, N. BELGAREH-TOUZE, C. BELLAROSA, F. BELLEUDI, M. PEREZ, R. BELLO-MORALES, J. BELTRAN, S. BELTRAN, D. BENBROOK, M. BENDORIUS, B. BENITEZ, I. BENITO-CUESTA, J. BENSALEM, M. BERCHTOLD, S. BEREZOWSKA, D. BERGAMASCHI, M. BERGAMI, A. BERGMANN, L. BERLIOCCHI, C. BERLIOZ-TORRENT, A. BERNARD, L. BERTHOUX, C. BESIRLI, S. BESTEIRO, V. BETIN, R. BEYAERT, J. BEZBRADICA, K. BHASKAR, I. BHATIA-KISSOVA, R. BHATTACHARYA, S. BHATTACHARYA, S. BHATTACHARYYA, M. BHUIYAN, S. BHUTIA, L. BI, X. BI, T. BIDEN, K. BIJIAN, V. BILLES, N. BINART, C. BINCOLETTO, A. BIRGISDOTTIR, G. BJORKOY, G. BLANCO, A. BLAS-GARCIA, J. BLASIAK, R. BLOMGRAN, K. BLOMGREN, J. BLUM, E. BOADA-ROMERO, M. BOBAN, K. BOESZEBATTAGLIA, P. BOEUF, B. BOLAND, P. BOMONT, P. BONALDO, S. BONAM, L. BONFILI, J. BONIFACINO, B. BOONE, M. BOOTMAN, M. BORDI, C. BORNER, B. BORNHAUSER, G. BORTHAKUR, J. BOSCH, S. BOSE, L. BOTANA, J. BOTAS, C. BOULANGER, M. BOULTON, M. BOURDENX, B. BOURGEOIS, N. BOURKE, G. BOUSQUET, P. BOYA, P. BOZHKOV, L. BOZI, T. BOZKURT, D. BRACKNEY, C. BRANDTS, R. BRAUN, G. BRAUS, R. BRAVO-SAGUA, J. BRAVO-SAN PEDRO, P. BREST, M. BRINGER, A. BRIONES-HERRERA, V. BROADDUS, P. BRODERSEN, E. ALVAREZ, J. BRODSKY, S. BRODY, P. BRONSON, J. BRONSTEIN, C. BROWN, R. BROWN, P. BRUM, J. BRUMELL, N. BRUNETTI-PIERRI, D. BRUNO, R. BRYSON-RICHARDSON, C. BUCCI, C. BUCHRIESER, M. BUENO, L. BUITRAGO-MOLINA, S. BURASCHI, S. BUCH, J. BUCHAN, E. BUCKINGHAM, H. BUDAK, M. BUDINI, G. BULTYNCK, F. BURADA, J. BURGOYNE, M. BURON, V. BUSTOS, S. BUTTNER, E. BUTTURINI, A. BYRD, I. CABAS, S. CABRERA-BENITEZ, K. CADWELL, J. CAI, L. CAI, Q. CAI, M. CAIRO, J. CALBET, G. CALDWELL, K. CALDWELL, J. CALL, R. CALVANI, A. CALVO, M. BARRERA, N. CAMARA, J. CAMONIS, N. CAMOUGRAND, M. CAMPANELLA, E. CAMPBELL, F. CAMPBELL-VALOIS, S. CAMPELLO, I. CAMPESI, J. CAMPOS, O. CAMUZARD, J. CANCINO, D. DE ALMEIDA, L. CANESI, I. CANIGGIA, B. CANONICO, C. CANTI, B. CAO, M. CARAGLIA, B. CARAMES, E. CARCHMAN, E. CARDENAL-MUNOZ, C. CARDENAS, L. CARDENAS, S. CARDOSO, J. CAREW, G. CARLE, G. CARLETON, S. CARLONI, D. CARMONA-GUTIERREZ, L. CARNEIRO, O. CARNEVALI, J. CAROSI, S. CARRA, A. CARRIER, L. CARRIER, B. CARROLL, A. CARTER, A. CARVALHO, M. CASANOVA, C. CASAS, J. CASAS, C. CASSIOLI, E. CASTILLO, K. CASTILLO, S. CASTILLO-LLUVA, F. CASTOLDI, M. CASTORI, A. CASTRO, M. CASTRO-CALDAS, J. CASTRO-HERNANDEZ, S. CASTRO-OBREGON, S. CATZ, C. CAVADAS, F. CAVALIERE, G. CAVALLINI, M. CAVINATO, M. CAYUELA, P. RICA, V. CECARINI, F. CECCONI, M. CECHOWSKA-PASKO, S. CENCI, V. CEPERUELO-MALLAFRE, J. CERQUEIRA, J. CERUTTI, D. CERVIA, V. CETINTAS, S. CETRULLO, H. CHAE, A. CHAGIN, C. CHAI, G. CHAKRABARTI, O. CHAKRABARTI, T. CHAKRABORTY, M. CHAMI, G. CHAMILOS, D. CHAN, E. CHAN, H. CHAN, M. CHAN, Y. CHAN, P. CHANDRA, C. CHANG, H. CHANG, K. CHANG, J. CHAO, T. CHAPMAN, N. CHARLET-BERGUERAND, S. CHATTERJEE, S. CHAUBE, A. CHAUDHARY, S. CHAUHAN, E. CHAUM, F. CHECLER, M. CHEETHAM, C. CHEN, G. CHEN, J. CHEN, L. CHEN, M. CHEN, N. CHEN, Q. CHEN, R. CHEN, S. CHEN, W. CHEN, X. CHEN, Y. CHEN, Z. CHEN, H. CHENG, J. CHENG, S. CHENG, W. CHENG, X. CHENG, Y. CHENG, Z. CHENG, H. CHEONG, J. CHEONG, B. CHERNYAK, S. CHERRY, C. CHEUNG, K. CHEUNG, E. CHEVET, R. CHI, A. CHIANG, F. CHIARADONNA, R. CHIARELLI, M. CHIARIELLO, N. CHICA, S. CHIOCCA, M. CHIONG, S. CHIOU, A. CHIRAMEL, V. CHIURCHIU, D. CHO, S. CHOE, A. CHOI, M. CHOI, K. CHOUDHURY, N. CHOW, C. CHU, J. CHUA, H. CHUNG, K. CHUNG, S. CHUNG, Y. CHUNG, V. CIANFANELLI, I. CIECHOMSKA, M. CIFUENTES, L. CINQUE, S. CIRAK, M. CIRONE, M. CLAGUE, R. CLARKE, E. CLEMENTI, E. COCCIA, P. CODOGNO, E. COHEN, M. COHEN, T. COLASANTI, F. COLASUONNO, R. COLBERT, A. COLELL, N. COLL, M. COLLINS, M. COLOMBO, D. COLON-RAMOS, L. COMBARET, S. COMINCINI, M. COMINETTI, A. CONSIGLIO, A. CONTE, F. CONTI, V. CONTU, M. COOKSON, K. COOMBS, I. COPPENS, M. CORASANITI, D. CORKERY, N. CORDES, K. CORTESE, M. COSTA, S. COSTANTINO, P. COSTELLI, A. COTO-MONTES, P. CRACK, J. 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TUXWORTH, J. TYLER, E. TYUTEREVA, Y. UCHIYAMA, A. UGUNKLUSEK, H. UHLIG, I. ULASOV, M. UMEKAWA, C. UNGERMANN, R. UNNO, S. URBE, E. URIBE-CARRETERO, S. USTUN, V. UVERSKY, T. VACCARI, M. VACCARO, B. VAHSEN, H. VAKIFAHMETOGLU-NORBERG, R. VALDOR, M. VALENTE, A. VALKO, R. VALLEE, A. VALVERDE, G. VAN DEN BERGHE, S. VAN DER VEEN, L. VAN KAER, J. VAN LOOSDREGT, S. VAN WIJK, W. VANDENBERGHE, I. VANHOREBEEK, M. VANNIER-SANTOS, N. VANNINI, M. VANRELL, C. VANTAGGIATO, G. VARANO, I. VARELA-NIETO, M. VARGA, M. VASCONCELOS, S. VATS, D. VAVVAS, I. VEGANAREDO, S. VEGA-RUBIN-DE-CELIS, G. VELASCO, A. VELAZQUEZ, T. VELLAI, E. VELLENGA, F. VELOTTI, M. VERDIER, P. VERGINIS, I. VERGNE, P. VERKADE, M. VERMA, P. VERSTREKEN, T. VERVLIET, J. VERVOORTS, A. VESSONI, V. VICTOR, M. VIDAL, C. VIDONI, O. VIEIRA, R. VIERSTRA, S. VIGANO, H. VIHINEN, V. VIJAYAN, M. VILA, M. VILAR, J. VILLALBA, A. VILLALOBO, B. VILLAREJO-ZORI, F. VILLARROYA, J. VILLARROYA, O. VINCENT, C. VINDIS, C. VIRET, M. VISCOMI, D. VISNJIC, I. VITALE, D. VOCADLO, O. VOITSEKHOVSKAJA, C. VOLONTE, M. VOLTA, M. VOMERO, C. VON HAEFEN, M. VOOIJS, W. VOOS, L. VUCICEVIC, R. WADE-MARTINS, S. WAGURI, K. WAITE, S. WAKATSUKI, D. WALKER, M. WALKER, S. WALKER, J. WALTER, F. WANDOSELL, B. WANG, C. WANG, D. WANG, F. WANG, G. WANG, H. WANG, J. WANG, K. WANG, L. WANG, M. WANG, N. WANG, P. WANG, Q. WANG, W. WANG, X. WANG, Y. WANG, Z. WANG, G. WARNES, V. WARNSMANN, H. WATADA, E. WATANABE, M. WATCHON, T. WEAVER, G. WEGRZYN, A. WEHMAN, H. WEI, L. WEI, T. WEI, Y. WEI, O. WEIERGRABER, C. WEIHL, G. WEINDL, R. WEISKIRCHEN, A. WELLS, R. WEN, X. WEN, A. WERNER, B. WEYKOPF, S. WHEATLEY, J. WHITTON, A. WHITWORTH, K. WIKTORSKA, M. WILDENBERG, T. WILEMAN, S. WILKINSON, D. WILLBOLD, B. WILLIAMS, R. WILLIAMS, P. WILLIAMSON, R. WILSON, B. WINNER, N. WINSOR, S. WITKIN, H. WODRICH, U. WOEHLBIER, T. WOLLERT, E. WONG, J. WONG, R. WONG, V. WONG, W. WONG, A. WU, C. WU, J. WU, K. WU, M. WU, S. WU, W. WU, X. WU, Y. WU, R. XAVIER, H. XIA, L. XIA, Z. XIA, G. XIANG, J. XIANG, M. XIANG, W. XIANG, B. XIAO, G. XIAO, H. XIAO, J. XIAO, L. XIAO, S. XIAO, Y. XIAO, B. XIE, C. XIE, M. XIE, Y. XIE, Z. XIE, M. XILOURI, C. XU, E. XU, H. XU, J. XU, L. XU, W. XU, X. XU, Y. XUE, S. YAKHINE-DIOP, M. YAMAGUCHI, O. YAMAGUCHI, A. YAMAMOTO, S. YAMASHINA, S. YAN, Z. YAN, Y. YANAGI, C. YANG, D. YANG, H. YANG, J. YANG, L. YANG, M. YANG, P. YANG, Q. YANG, S. YANG, W. YANG, X. YANG, Y. YANG, H. YAO, S. YAO, X. YAO, Y. YAO, T. YASUI, M. YAZDANKHAH, P. YEN, C. YI, X. YIN, Y. YIN, Z. YIN, M. YING, Z. YING, C. YIP, S. YIU, Y. YOO, K. YOSHIDA, S. YOSHII, T. YOSHIMORI, B. YOUSEFI, B. YU, H. YU, J. YU, L. YU, M. YU, S. YU, V. YU, W. YU, Z. YU, J. YUAN, L. YUAN, S. YUAN, Y. YUAN, Z. YUAN, J. YUE, Z. YUE, J. YUN, R. YUNG, D. ZACKS, G. ZAFFAGNINI, V. ZAMBELLI, I. ZANELLA, Q. ZANG, S. ZANIVAN, S. ZAPPAVIGNA, P. ZARAGOZA, K. ZARBALIS, A. ZAREBKOHAN, A. ZARROUK, S. ZEITLIN, J. ZENG, E. ZEROVNIK, L. ZHAN, B. ZHANG, D. ZHANG, H. ZHANG, J. ZHANG, K. ZHANG, L. ZHANG, M. ZHANG, P. ZHANG, S. ZHANG, W. ZHANG, X. ZHANG, Y. ZHANG, Z. ZHANG, H. ZHAO, L. ZHAO, S. ZHAO, T. ZHAO, X. ZHAO, Y. ZHAO, G. ZHENG, K. ZHENG, L. ZHENG, S. ZHENG, X. ZHENG, Y. ZHENG, Z. ZHENG, B. ZHIVOTOVSKY, Q. ZHONG, A. ZHOU, B. ZHOU, C. ZHOU, G. ZHOU, H. ZHOU, J. ZHOU, K. ZHOU, R. ZHOU, X. ZHOU, Y. ZHOU, Z. ZHOU, B. ZHU, C. ZHU, G. ZHU, H. ZHU, W. ZHU, Y. ZHU, H. ZHUANG, X. ZHUANG, K. ZIENTARA-RYTTER, C. ZIMMERMANN, E. ZIVIANI, T. ZOLADEK, W. ZONG, D. ZOROV, A. ZORZANO, W. ZOU, Z. ZOU, S. ZURYN, W. ZWERSCHKE, B. BRAND-SABERI, C. KENCHAPPA, S. OSHIMA, Y. RONG, J. SLUIMER, and C. STALLINGS

Subjects
flux, macroautophagy, phagophore, stress, vacuole, Autophagosome, LC3, lysosome, neurodegeneration, cancer
Abstract

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

Published
2021

14. Loss of TMEM106B and PGRN leads to severe lysosomal abnormalities and neurodegeneration in mice

Author

Shuyi Mai, Wenjun Xiong, Rory R Sheng, Tuancheng Feng, Fenghua Hu, Junke Zhang, Isabel Iscol Katz, Mohammed Ullah, Haiyuan Yu, and Jenn Marie Roscoe

Subjects
Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Biochemistry, Article, Pathogenesis, Mice, Progranulins, Lysosome, mental disorders, Genetics, medicine, progranulin, Animals, Molecular Biology of Disease, Molecular Biology, Microglia, business.industry, Neurodegeneration, neurodegeneration, nutritional and metabolic diseases, Membrane Proteins, Frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Articles, Spinal cord, medicine.disease, Axon initial segment, nervous system diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, TMEM106B, Frontotemporal Dementia, lysosome, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Haploinsufficiency, business, Lysosomes, Neuroscience
Abstract

Haploinsufficiency of progranulin (PGRN) is a leading cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Loss of PGRN leads to lysosome dysfunction during aging. TMEM106B, a gene encoding a lysosomal membrane protein, is the main risk factor for FTLD with PGRN haploinsufficiency. But how TMEM106B affects FTLD disease progression remains to be determined. Here, we report that TMEM106B deficiency in mice leads to accumulation of lysosome vacuoles at the distal end of the axon initial segment in motor neurons and the development of FTLD‐related pathology during aging. Ablation of both PGRN and TMEM106B in mice results in severe neuronal loss and glial activation in the spinal cord, retina, and brain. Enlarged lysosomes are frequently found in both microglia and astrocytes. Loss of both PGRN and TMEM106B results in an increased accumulation of lysosomal vacuoles in the axon initial segment of motor neurons and enhances the manifestation of FTLD phenotypes with a much earlier onset. These results provide novel insights into the role of TMEM106B in the lysosome, in brain aging, and in FTLD pathogenesis., Loss of the FTLD risk factor TMEM106B causes lysosome vacuolization in motor neuron axons and FTLD‐related phenotypes in mice. Loss of both TMEM106B and the FTLD protein PGRN causes severe autophagy‐lysosome defects, glial activation, neuronal loss and early death in mice.

Published
2020

15. Chondrosarcoma in a paediatric population: a study of 247 cases

Author

J.-W. Zheng, B Wang, Y.-S. Wu, Hui Xu, C.-H. Chen, W.-L. Fu, Lin Zhongke, G Li, Z.-G. Qiao, J.-G. Zhao, S.-R. Sheng, Dong Chen, Ai-Min Wu, and Naifeng Tian

Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases, 030222 orthopedics, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, chondrosarcoma, paediatric, business.industry, medicine.disease, survival, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Original Clinical Article, Medicine, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, prognosis, Chondrosarcoma, business, Paediatric population
Abstract

Purpose The aims of present study are to clarify the follow questions: 1) what constitutes paediatric chondrosarcoma?; 2) what are the effects of the demographic and tumour characteristics on survival in patients with paediatric chondrosarcoma?; 3) which prognostic factors of paediatric chondrosarcoma differ from those of the adult population, which have been reported previously? Methods Paediatric patients who were diagnosed with chondrosarcoma were searched for using the case listing session protocol of the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 databases (1973 to 2014). The extracted demographic information includes: age, race, gender, year of diagnosis, tumour sites, tumour histological subtype, grade, stage and treatment. Results A total of 247 paediatric chondrosarcoma patients were extracted and included in our present study. We find that the paediatric patients have significantly better survival rates than the adult patients. The year of diagnosis, tumour sites, tumour histological subtype, grade, stage and surgery received are independent prognostic factors for the survival rate of paediatric chondrosarcoma patients, but race, gender and age are not. Conclusion The paediatric chondrosarcoma patients have better survival rates than the adults. Paediatric patients with a diagnosis at an early age, tumour site at the vertebral column and pelvis/sacrococcyx, myxoid variants, high grade, distant stage and who did not have surgery have a poorer prognosis than patients with a diagnosis at a later age, tumour site at limbs, head and base, chondrosarcoma not otherwise specified, lower grade, localized stage and who received surgery. Level of Evidence II -Prognostic Study

Published
2019

16. Genome-Wide Association Study of Susceptibility to Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Author

Simon P. Hart, Vilmundur Gudnason, Yingze Zhang, Hiroto Hatabu, Rebecca Braybrooke, R. Gisli Jenkins, Shwu-Fan Ma, Michael Ng, Carlos Flores, George T. O'Connor, Ma'en Obeidat, Nik Hirani, Brian D. Hobbs, Megan L. Paynton, Amy Dressen, Ayodeji Adegunsoye, Helen Booth, Dominic Furniss, Philippe Joubert, Eunice Oballa, Ian Sayers, Martin D. Tobin, Krina T. Zondervan, Richard Hubbard, Xuan Li, Yohan Bossé, John D. Newell, Beatriz Guillen-Guio, Ann B. Millar, Wim Timens, Mary E. Strek, Gunnar Gudmundsson, Philip L. Molyneaux, Gary M. Hunninghake, Ani Manichaikul, Tasha E. Fingerlin, Rachel K. Putman, Richard J. Allen, Vidyia Navaratnam, Maria Molina-Molina, Don D. Sin, Helen Parfrey, Luke M. Kraven, Moira K. B. Whyte, Xuting R. Sheng, Phuwanat Sakornsakolpat, David J. Lederer, David C. Nickle, Ian P. Hall, Brian L. Yaspan, Louise V. Wain, Toby M. Maher, Gauri Saini, Ke Hao, Michael Hill, Naftali Kaminski, Andrew P. Morris, Hanfei Xu, Justin M. Oldham, David A. Schwartz, Robin J. McAnulty, Michael H. Cho, Victor E. Ortega, Margaret Neighbors, Imre Noth, William A. Fahy, Action for Pulmonary Fibrosis, National Institute for Health Research, British Lung Foundation, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Guided Treatment in Optimal Selected Cancer Patients (GUTS), Læknadeild (HÍ), Faculty of Medicine (UI), Heilbrigðisvísindasvið (HÍ), School of Health Sciences (UI), Háskóli Íslands, and University of Iceland

Subjects
Male, Pathology, Epidemiology, Respiratory System, Kinesins, Gene Expression, Genome-wide association study, Cell Cycle Proteins, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism, VARIANTS, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 0302 clinical medicine, KIF15, TELOMERES, genetics, 030212 general & internal medicine, Respiratory system, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, RISK, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, respiratory system, Middle Aged, MAD1L1, 3. Good health, medicine.anatomical_structure, SURVIVAL, epidemiology, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Kinesin/genetics, Signal Transduction, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Spindle Apparatus, DIAGNOSIS, Risk Assessment, REGION, 03 medical and health sciences, Critical Care Medicine, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Genetics, Erfðafræði, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Aged, Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics, Lungnasjúkdómar, Lung, Science & Technology, DEPTOR, business.industry, MUTATIONS, Case-control study, Editorials, RTEL1, medicine.disease, Epithelium, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, respiratory tract diseases, Genarannsóknir, 030228 respiratory system, EVENT, Case-Control Studies, GAIN, business, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis/genetics, Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a complex lung disease characterized by scarring of the lung that is believed to result from an atypical response to injury of the epithelium. Genome-wide association studies have reported signals of association implicating multiple pathways including host defense, telomere maintenance, signaling, and cell-cell adhesion. Objectives: To improve our understanding of factors that increase IPF susceptibility by identifying previously unreported genetic associations. Methods: We conducted genome-wide analyses across three independent studies and meta-analyzed these results to generate the largest genome-wide association study of IPF to date (2,668 IPF cases and 8,591 controls). We performed replication in two independent studies (1,456 IPF cases and 11,874 controls) and functional analyses (including statistical fine-mapping, investigations into gene expression, and testing for enrichment of IPF susceptibility signals in regulatory regions) to determine putatively causal genes. Polygenic risk scores were used to assess the collective effect of variants not reported as associated with IPF. Measurements and Main Results: We identified and replicated threenewgenome-wide significant (P, R.J.A. is an Action for Pulmonary Fibrosis Research Fellow. L.V.W. holds a GSK/British Lung Foundation Chair in Respiratory Research. R.G.J. is supported by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Research Professorship (NIHR reference RP-2017-08-ST2-014). I.N. is supported by the NHLBI (R01HL130796). B.G.-G. is funded by Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información (TESIS2015010057) cofunded by European Social Fund. J.M.O. is supported by the NHLBI (K23HL138190). C.F. is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant RTC-2017-6471-1; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion/Agencia Estatal de Investigación/Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, Unión Europea) cofinanced by the European Regional Development Funds “A way of making Europe” from the European Union and by agreement OA17/008 with Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables to strengthen scientific and technological education, training, research, development and innovation in Genomics, Personalized Medicine and Biotechnology. The Spain Biobank array genotyping service was performed at CEGEN-PRB3-ISCIII, which is supported by PT17/0019, of the PE I+D+i 2013–2016, funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and cofinanced by the European Regional Development Funds. P.L.M. is an Action for Pulmonary Fibrosis Research Fellow. M.O. is a fellow of the Parker B. Francis Foundation and a Scholar of the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research. B.D.H. is supported by NIH K08 HL136928, Parker B. Francis Research Opportunity Award. M.H.C. and G.M.H. are supported by NHLBI grants R01HL113264 (M.H.C.), R01HL137927 (M.H.C.), R01HL135142 (M.H.C. and G.M.H.), R01111024 (G.M.H.), and R01130974 (G.M.H.). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH. The funding body has no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript. T.M.M. is supported by an NIHR Clinician Scientist Fellowship (NIHR Ref: CS-2013-13-017) and a British Lung Foundation Chair in Respiratory Research (C17-3). M.D.T. is supported by a Wellcome Trust Investigator Award (WT202849/Z/16/Z). The research was partially supported by the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre; the views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the National Health Service (NHS), the NIHR, or the Department of Health. I.P.H. was partially supported by the NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre; the views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health. I.S. is supported by Medical Research Council (G1000861) and Asthma UK (AUK-PG-2013-188). D.F. was supported by an Intermediate Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust (097152/Z/11/Z). This work was partially supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. V.N. is funded by an NIHR Clinical Lectureship. G.G. is supported by project grant 141513-051 from the Icelandic Research Fund and Landspitali Scientific Fund A-2016-023, A-2017-029, and A-2018-025. D.J.L. and A.M. are supported by Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) and the MESA SNP Health Association Resource (SHARe) project are conducted and supported by the NHLBI in collaboration with MESA investigators. Support for MESA is provided by contracts HHSN268201500003I, N01-HC-95159, N01-HC-95160, N01-HC-95161, N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95163, N01-HC-95164, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, N01-HC-95169, UL1-TR-000040, UL1-TR-001079, UL1-TR-001420, UL1-TR-001881, and DK063491. Funding for SHARe genotyping was provided by NHLBI Contract N02-HL-64278. Genotyping was performed at Affymetrix (Santa Clara, California) and the Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Boston, Massachusetts) using the Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0. This work was supported by NIH grants R01 HL131565 (A.M.), R01 HL103676 (D.J.L.), and R01 HL137234 (D.J.L.).

Published
2020
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17. Effects of retinoic acid on the synthesis of selenoprotein and the antioxidative indices of bovine mammary epithelial cells in vitro

Author

H. Shi, Binlin Shi, S.M. Yan, R. Sheng, J. Li, Y. L. Zhao, and L. Jin

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, chemistry.chemical_classification, medicine.medical_specialty, biology, Glutathione peroxidase, Selenoprotein P, 0402 animal and dairy science, Retinoic acid, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 040201 dairy & animal science, Molecular biology, Superoxide dismutase, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, chemistry, Catalase, Epidermal growth factor, Internal medicine, biology.protein, medicine, Animal Science and Zoology, Selenoprotein, Fetal bovine serum
Abstract

The present study was conducted to examine the effects of retinoic acid (RA) on the synthesis of selenoprotein and the antioxidative indices of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) in vitro and to explore the antioxidative mechanisms of RA in the BMEC. The subconfluenced BMEC were divided into six treat - ments with six replicates per treatment and cultured in a Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium/F12 media (10% fetal bovine serum, 5 µg/ml ovine prolactin, 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor, 1 g/ml hydrocortisone, 0.5% insulin-transferrin-selenium) containing different levels of RA (0 (control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 1 or 2 m g/ml) for 24 h. Addition of RA promoted the proliferation of BMEC, increased the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), thioredoxin reductase (TRXR), and the content of selenoprotein P (SELP) in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). The optimal RA dose was 1 μg/ml. However, positive effect of RA tended to be suppressed when RA was increased to 2 μg/ml. The expressions of mRNA and protein of GPX in BMEC were up-regulated by RA in a quadratic dose-response relationship (P < 0.01), and the addition of 1 μg/ml RA showed the best effect. The mRNA expressions of TRXR1 and SELP as well as the protein expression of TRXR1 were higher at 1-2 μg/ml RA. These results suggested that RA promoted antioxi- dant function of BMEC by regulating the synthesis of selenoprotein including GPX, TRXR, and SELP in vitro.

Published
2016
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18. Zircon Macrocrysts from the Drybones Bay Kimberlite Pipe (Northwest Territories, Canada): A High-Resolution Trace Element and Geochronological Study

Author

Ekaterina P. Reguir, Panseok Yang, Anton R. Chakhmouradian, Ankar R. Sheng, and Barrett Elliott

Subjects
macrocrysts, lcsh:QE351-399.2, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, kimberlite, Ti-in-zircon geothermometry, Geochemistry, geochronology, trace elements, zircon, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Mantle (geology), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, lcsh:Mineralogy, Trace element, Geology, cathodoluminescence, Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology, Volcano, Geochronology, Magmatism, Bay, Kimberlite, Zircon
Abstract

Zircon macrocrysts in (sub)volcanic silica-undersaturated rocks are an important source of information about mantle processes and their relative timing with respect to magmatism. The present work describes variations in trace element (Sc, Ti, Y, Nb, lanthanides, Hf, Ta, Pb, Th, and U) and isotopic (U-Pb) composition of zircon from the Drybones Bay kimberlite, Northwest Territories, Canada. These data were acquired at a spatial resolution of &le, 100 &micro, m and correlated to the internal characteristics of macrocrysts (imaged using cathodoluminescence, CL). Six types of zircon were distinguished on the basis of its luminescence characteristics, with the majority of grains exhibiting more than one type of CL response. The oscillatory-zoned core and growth sectors of Drybones Bay zircon show consistent variations in rare-earth elements (REE), Hf, Th, and U. Their chondrite-normalized REE patterns are typical of macrocrystic zircon and exhibit extreme enrichment in heavy lanthanides and a positive Ce anomaly. Their Ti content decreases slightly from the core into growth sectors, but the Ti-in-zircon thermometry gives overlapping average crystallization temperatures (820 &plusmn, 26 &deg, C to 781 &plusmn, 19 &deg, C, respectively). There is no trace element or CL evidence for Pb loss or other forms of chemical re-equilibration. All distinct zircon types are concordant and give a U-Pb age of 445.6 &plusmn, 0.8 Ma. We interpret the examined macrocrysts as products of interaction between a shallow (&lt, 100 km) mantle source and transient kimberlitic melt.

Published
2018

19. Wind tunnel study of wind effects on a high-rise building at a scale of 1:300

Author

R. Sheng, Isabelle Calmet, Laurent Perret, J. Guilhot, F. Demouge, Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), Laboratoire de recherche en Hydrodynamique, Énergétique et Environnement Atmosphérique (LHEEA), and École Centrale de Nantes (ECN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Spectral signature, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Scale (ratio), Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Planetary boundary layer, Mechanical Engineering, [SPI.FLUID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Reactive fluid environment, Flow (psychology), Spectral density, Mechanics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, symbols.namesake, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 0103 physical sciences, Turbulence kinetic energy, symbols, Strouhal number, Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Civil and Structural Engineering, Wind tunnel
Abstract

The objective of the present paper is to investigate the unsteady characteristics of the global and local wind loads and their relationships with the oncoming atmospheric boundary layer through wind-tunnel tests on a high-rise building with a well-defined atmospheric boundary layer at a 1:300 scale. Complete information on wind (mean velocity profile, turbulence intensity, power spectrum of the fluctuation, etc.) and global and local wind loads is analyzed. The results of the present study show that, depending on the location, wall-pressure forces on the tower are under the influence of the upstream flow or the shear layers that form at the upstream corners of the building or both of them. Good agreement between the literature and the present study is found regarding the Strouhal number characteristics of the most energetic frequency in the wall-pressure spectra. Based on the analysis of the spectral coherence between wall-pressure signal at different pressure tap locations, the loss of the strong spectral signature for the global wind force in the longitudinal direction is attributed to the loss of phase coherence between pressure signals on these sides.

Published
2018
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20. Effect of the ratios of acetate and β-hydroxybutyrate on the expression of milk fat- and protein-related genes in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Author

X. Guo, R. Sheng, Y. L. Zhao, L. Jin, S. M. Yan, and L. Z. Qi

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Messenger RNA, 0402 animal and dairy science, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Biology, 040201 dairy & animal science, Molecular biology, Epithelium, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Biochemistry, Gene expression, Protein biosynthesis, medicine, Animal Science and Zoology, Viability assay, Primary cell, Gene, Dairy cattle
Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the different ratios of acetate and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) on cell viability, triacylglycerol (TAG) content, and mRNA expression of the genes related to lipid and protein synthesis in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). Primary cells were isolated from the mammary glands of Holstein dairy cows and were passaged twice. Then, the cells were cul

Published
2015
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21. Fluorescence-Based In Situ Quantitative Imaging for Cellular Lipids

Author

W, Cho, Y, Yoon, S-L, Liu, K, Baek, and R, Sheng

Subjects
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate, Recombinant Fusion Proteins, Cell Membrane, Gene Expression, Biosensing Techniques, Molecular Imaging, Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport, Membrane Lipids, 2-Naphthylamine, Escherichia coli, Phosphatidylcholines, Cysteine, Cloning, Molecular, Carrier Proteins, Unilamellar Liposomes, Fluorescent Dyes, Glutathione Transferase, Signal Transduction
Abstract

Membrane lipids are dynamic molecules and their local concentrations serve as regulatory signals for diverse biological processes. To achieve quantitative in situ imaging of various lipids, we developed a ratiometric analysis using fluorescence biosensors, each of which is composed of an engineered lipid-binding protein and a covalently attached solvatochromic fluorophore. To cover a wide range of lipid concentration, lipid-binding proteins are engineered to have variable dynamic ranges. These tunable sensors allow robust and sensitive in situ quantitative lipid imaging in mammalian cells, providing new insight into the spatiotemporal dynamics and fluctuation of key signaling lipids. The sensor strategy is also applicable to in situ quantification of multiple cellular lipids or a single lipid in the opposing leaflets of cell membranes.

Published
2017

23. Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

Author

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Atherton, S.S. Atkin, J.D. Attardi, L.D. Auberger, P. Auburger, G. Aurelian, L. Autelli, R. Avagliano, L. Avantaggiati, M.L. Avrahami, L. Azad, N. Awale, S. Bachetti, T. Backer, J.M. Bae, D.-H. Bae, J.-S. Bae, O.-N. Bae, S.H. Baehrecke, E.H. Baek, S.-H. Baghdiguian, S. Bagniewska-Zadworna, A. Bai, H. Bai, J. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Balaji, K.N. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Balzan, R. Banerjee, R. Bánhegyi, G. Bao, H. Barbeau, B. Barrachina, M.D. Barreiro, E. Bartel, B. Bartolomé, A. Bassham, D.C. Bassi, M.T. Bast, R.C., Jr. Basu, A. Batista, M.T. Batoko, H. Battino, M. Bauckman, K. Baumgarner, B.L. Bayer, K.U. Beale, R. Beaulieu, J.-F. Beck, G.R., Jr. Becker, C. Beckham, J.D. Bédard, P.-A. Bednarski, P.J. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Behrens, G.M.N. Behrns, K.E. Bejarano, E. Belaid, A. Belleudi, F. Bénard, G. Berchem, G. Bergamaschi, D. Bergami, M. Berkhout, B. Berliocchi, L. Bernard, A. Bernard, M. Bernassola, F. Bertolotti, A. Bess, A.S. Besteiro, S. Bettuzzi, S. Bhalla, S. 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Cordero, M.D. Corral-Ramos, C. Corti, O. Cossarizza, A. Costelli, P. Costes, S. Cotman, S.L. Coto-Montes, A. Cottet, S. Couve, E. Covey, L.R. Cowart, L.A. Cox, J.S. Coxon, F.P. Coyne, C.B. Cragg, M.S. Craven, R.J. Crepaldi, T. Crespo, J.L. Criollo, A. Crippa, V. Cruz, M.T. Cuervo, A.M. Cuezva, J.M. Cui, T. Cutillas, P.R. Czaja, M.J. Czyzyk-Krzeska, M.F. Dagda, R.K. Dahmen, U. Dai, C. Dai, W. Dai, Y. Dalby, K.N. Valle, L.D. Dalmasso, G. D'amelio, M. Damme, M. Darfeuille-Michaud, A. Dargemont, C. Darley-Usmar, V.M. Dasarathy, S. Dasgupta, B. Dash, S. Dass, C.R. Davey, H.M. Davids, L.M. Dávila, D. Davis, R.J. Dawson, T.M. Dawson, V.L. Daza, P. de Belleroche, J. de Figueiredo, P. de Figueiredo, R.C.B.Q. de la Fuente, J. De Martino, L. De Matteis, A. De Meyer, G.R.Y. De Milito, A. De Santi, M. de Souza, W. De Tata, V. De Zio, D. Debnath, J. Dechant, R. Decuypere, J.-P. Deegan, S. Dehay, B. Del Bello, B. Del Re, D.P. Delage-Mourroux, R. Delbridge, L.M.D. Deldicque, L. Delorme-Axford, E. Deng, Y. Dengjel, J. Denizot, M. Dent, P. Der, C.J. Deretic, V. Derrien, B. Deutsch, E. Devarenne, T.P. Devenish, R.J. Di Bartolomeo, S. Di Daniele, N. Di Domenico, F. Di Nardo, A. Di Paola, S. Di Pietro, A. Di Renzo, L. Di Antonio, A. Díaz-Araya, G. Díaz-Laviada, I. Diaz-Meco, M.T. Diaz-Nido, J. Dickey, C.A. Dickson, R.C. Diederich, M. Digard, P. Dikic, I. Dinesh-Kumar, S.P. Ding, C. Ding, W.-X. Ding, Z. Dini, L. Distler, J.H.W. Diwan, A. Djavaheri-Mergny, M. Dmytruk, K. Dobson, R.C.J. Doetsch, V. Dokladny, K. Dokudovskaya, S. Donadelli, M. Dong, X.C. Dong, X. Dong, Z. Donohue, T.M., Jr. Donohue-Jr, T.M. Doran, K.S. D'orazi, G. Dorn, G.W., II Dosenko, V. Dridi, S. Drucker, L. Du, J. Du, L.-L. Du, L. du Toit, A. Dua, P. Duan, L. Duann, P. Dubey, V.K. Duchen, M.R. Duchosal, M.A. Duez, H. Dugail, I. Dumit, V.I. Duncan, M.C. Dunlop, E.A. Dunn, W.A., Jr. Dupont, N. Dupuis, L. Durán, R.V. Durcan, T.M. Duvezin-Caubet, S. Duvvuri, U. Eapen, V. Ebrahimi-Fakhari, D. Echard, A. Eckhart, L. Edelstein, C.L. Edinger, A.L. Eichinger, L. Eisenberg, T. Eisenberg-Lerner, A. Eissa, N.T. El-Deiry, W.S. El-Khoury, V. Elazar, Z. Eldar-Finkelman, H. Elliott, C.J.H. Emanuele, E. Emmenegger, U. Engedal, N. Engelbrecht, A.-M. Engelender, S. Enserink, J.M. Erdmann, R. Erenpreisa, J. Eri, R. Eriksen, J.L. Erman, A. Escalante, R. Eskelinen, E.-L. Espert, L. Esteban-Martínez, L. Evans, T.J. Fabri, M. Fabrias, G. Fabrizi, C. Facchiano, A. Færgeman, N.J. Faggioni, A. Fairlie, W.D. Fan, C. Fan, D. Fan, J. Fang, S. Fanto, M. Fanzani, A. Farkas, T. Faure, M. Favier, F.B. Fearnhead, H. Federici, M. Fei, E. Felizardo, T.C. Feng, H. Feng, Y. Feng, Y. Ferguson, T.A. Fernández, Á.F. Fernandez-Barrena, M.G. Fernandez-Checa, J.C. Fernández-López, A. Fernandez-Zapico, M.E. Feron, O. Ferraro, E. Ferreira-Halder, C.V. Fesus, L. Feuer, R. Fiesel, F.C. Filippi-Chiela, E.C. Filomeni, G. Fimia, G.M. Fingert, J.H. Finkbeiner, S. Finkel, T. Fiorito, F. Fisher, P.B. Flajolet, M. Flamigni, F. Florey, O. Florio, S. Floto, R.A. Folini, M. Follo, C. Fon, E.A. Fornai, F. Fortunato, F. Fraldi, A. Franco, R. Francois, A. François, A. Frankel, L.B. Fraser, I.D.C. Frey, N. Freyssenet, D.G. Frezza, C. Friedman, S.L. Frigo, D.E. Fu, D. Fuentes, J.M. Fueyo, J. Fujitani, Y. Fujiwara, Y. Fujiya, M. Fukuda, M. Fulda, S. Fusco, C. Gabryel, B. Gaestel, M. Gailly, P. Gajewska, M. Galadari, S. Galili, G. Galindo, I. Galindo, M.F. Galliciotti, G. Galluzzi, L. Galluzzi, L. Galy, V. Gammoh, N. Gandy, S. Ganesan, A.K. Ganesan, S. Ganley, I.G. Gannagé, M. Gao, F.-B. Gao, F. Gao, J.-X. Nannig, L.G. Véscovi, E.G. Garcia-Macía, M. Garcia-Ruiz, C. Garg, A.D. Garg, P.K. Gargini, R. Gassen, N.C. Gatica, D. Gatti, E. Gavard, J. Gavathiotis, E. Ge, L. Ge, P. Ge, S. Gean, P.-W. Gelmetti, V. Genazzani, A.A. Geng, J. Genschik, P. Gerner, L. Gestwicki, J.E. Gewirtz, D.A. Ghavami, S. Ghigo, E. Ghosh, D. Giammarioli, A.M. Giampieri, F. Giampietri, C. Giatromanolaki, A. Gibbings, D.J. Gibellini, L. Gibson, S.B. Ginet, V. 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Zhang, J. Zhang, J.-P. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, M.-Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, M. Zhao, W.-L. Zhao, X. Zhao, Y.G. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y.-X. Zhao, Z. Zhao, Z.J. Zheng, D. Zheng, X.-L. Zheng, X. Zhivotovsky, B. Zhong, Q. Zhou, G.-Z. Zhou, G. Zhou, H. Zhou, S.-F. Zhou, X.-J. Zhu, H. Zhu, H. Zhu, W.-G. Zhu, W. Zhu, X.-F. Zhu, Y. Zhuang, S.-M. Zhuang, X. Ziparo, E. Zois, C.E. Zoladek, T. Zong, W.-X. Zorzano, A. Zughaier, S.M.

Published
2016

24. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

Author

Klionsky, D.J. Abdelmohsen, K. Abe, A. Abedin, M.J. Abeliovich, H. Arozena, A.A. Adachi, H. Adams, C.M. Adams, P.D. Adeli, K. Adhihetty, P.J. Adler, S.G. Agam, G. Agarwal, R. Aghi, M.K. Agnello, M. Agostinis, P. Aguilar, P.V. Aguirre-Ghiso, J. Airoldi, E.M. Ait-Si-Ali, S. Akematsu, T. Akporiaye, E.T. Al-Rubeai, M. Albaiceta, G.M. Albanese, C. Albani, D. Albert, M.L. Aldudo, J. Algül, H. Alirezaei, M. Alloza, I. Almasan, A. Almonte-Beceril, M. Alnemri, E.S. Alonso, C. Altan-Bonnet, N. Altieri, D.C. Alvarez, S. Alvarez-Erviti, L. Alves, S. Amadoro, G. Amano, A. Amantini, C. Ambrosio, S. Amelio, I. Amer, A.O. Amessou, M. Amon, A. An, Z. Anania, F.A. Andersen, S.U. Andley, U.P. Andreadi, C.K. Andrieu-Abadie, N. Anel, A. Ann, D.K. Anoopkumar-Dukie, S. Antonioli, M. Aoki, H. Apostolova, N. Aquila, S. Aquilano, K. Araki, K. Arama, E. Aranda, A. Araya, J. Arcaro, A. Arias, E. Arimoto, H. Ariosa, A.R. Armstrong, J.L. Arnould, T. Arsov, I. Asanuma, K. Askanas, V. Asselin, E. Atarashi, R. Atherton, S.S. Atkin, J.D. Attardi, L.D. Auberger, P. Auburger, G. Aurelian, L. Autelli, R. Avagliano, L. Avantaggiati, M.L. Avrahami, L. Azad, N. Awale, S. Bachetti, T. Backer, J.M. Bae, D.-H. Bae, J.-S. Bae, O.-N. Bae, S.H. Baehrecke, E.H. Baek, S.-H. Baghdiguian, S. Bagniewska-Zadworna, A. Bai, H. Bai, J. Bai, X.-Y. Bailly, Y. Balaji, K.N. Balduini, W. Ballabio, A. Balzan, R. Banerjee, R. Bánhegyi, G. Bao, H. Barbeau, B. Barrachina, M.D. Barreiro, E. Bartel, B. Bartolomé, A. Bassham, D.C. Bassi, M.T. Bast, R.C., Jr. Basu, A. Batista, M.T. Batoko, H. Battino, M. Bauckman, K. Baumgarner, B.L. Bayer, K.U. Beale, R. Beaulieu, J.-F. Beck, G.R., Jr. Becker, C. Beckham, J.D. Bédard, P.-A. Bednarski, P.J. Begley, T.J. Behl, C. Behrends, C. Behrens, G.M.N. Behrns, K.E. Bejarano, E. Belaid, A. Belleudi, F. Bénard, G. Berchem, G. Bergamaschi, D. Bergami, M. Berkhout, B. Berliocchi, L. Bernard, A. Bernard, M. Bernassola, F. Bertolotti, A. Bess, A.S. Besteiro, S. Bettuzzi, S. Bhalla, S. Bhattacharyya, S. Bhutia, S.K. Biagosch, C. Bianchi, M.W. Biard-Piechaczyk, M. Billes, V. Bincoletto, C. Bingol, B. Bird, S.W. Bitoun, M. Bjedov, I. Blackstone, C. Blanc, L. Blanco, G.A. Blomhoff, H.K. Boada-Romero, E. Böckler, S. Boes, M. Boesze-Battaglia, K. Boise, L.H. Bolino, A. Boman, A. Bonaldo, P. Bordi, M. Bosch, J. Botana, L.M. Botti, J. Bou, G. Bouché, M. Bouchecareilh, M. Boucher, M.-J. Boulton, M.E. Bouret, S.G. Boya, P. Boyer-Guittaut, M. Bozhkov, P.V. Brady, N. Braga, V.M.M. Brancolini, C. Braus, G.H. Bravo-San-Pedro, J.M. Brennan, L.A. Bresnick, E.H. Brest, P. Bridges, D. Bringer, M.-A. Brini, M. Brito, G.C. Brodin, B. Brookes, P.S. Brown, E.J. Brown, K. Broxmeyer, H.E. Bruhat, A. Brum, P.C. Brumell, J.H. Brunetti-Pierri, N. Bryson-Richardson, R.J. Buch, S. Buchan, A.M. Budak, H. Bulavin, D.V. Bultman, S.J. Bultynck, G. Bumbasirevic, V. Burelle, Y. Burke, R.E. Burmeister, M. Bütikofer, P. Caberlotto, L. Cadwell, K. Cahova, M. Cai, D. Cai, J. Cai, Q. Calatayud, S. Camougrand, N. Campanella, M. Campbell, G.R. Campbell, M. Campello, S. Candau, R. Caniggia, I. Cantoni, L. Cao, L. Caplan, A.B. Caraglia, M. Cardinali, C. Cardoso, S.M. Carew, J.S. Carleton, L.A. Carlin, C.R. Carloni, S. Carlsson, S.R. Carmona-Gutierrez, D. Carneiro, L.A.M. Carnevali, O. Carra, S. Carrier, A. Carroll, B. Casas, C. Casas, J. Cassinelli, G. Castets, P. Castro-Obregon, S. Cavallini, G. Ceccherini, I. Cecconi, F. Cederbaum, A.I. Ceña, V. Cenci, S. Cerella, C. Cervia, D. Cetrullo, S. Chaachouay, H. Chae, H.-J. Chagin, A.S. Chai, C.-Y. Chakrabarti, G. Chamilos, G. Chan, E.Y.W. Chan, M.T.V. Chandra, D. Chandra, P. Chang, C.-P. Chang, R.C.-C. Chang, T.Y. Chatham, J.C. Chatterjee, S. Chauhan, S. Che, Y. Cheetham, M.E. Cheluvappa, R. Chen, C.-J. Chen, G. Chen, G.-C. Chen, G. Chen, H. Chen, J.W. Chen, J.-K. Chen, M. Chen, M. Chen, P. Chen, Q. Chen, Q. Chen, S.-D. Chen, S. Chen, S.S.-L. Chen, W. Chen, W.-J. Chen, W.Q. Chen, W. Chen, X. Chen, Y.-H. Chen, Y.-G. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y. Chen, Y.-J. Chen, Y.-Q. Chen, Y. Chen, Z. Chen, Z. Cheng, A. Cheng, C.H.K. Cheng, H. Cheong, H. Cherry, S. Chesney, J. Cheung, C.H.A. Chevet, E. Chi, H.C. Chi, S.-G. Chiacchiera, F. Chiang, H.-L. Chiarelli, R. Chiariello, M. Chieppa, M. Chin, L.-S. Chiong, M. Chiu, G.N.C. Cho, D.-H. Cho, S.-G. Cho, W.C. Cho, Y.-Y. Cho, Y.-S. Choi, A.M.K. Choi, E.-J. Choi, E.-K. Choi, J. Choi, M.E. Choi, S.-I. Chou, T.-F. Chouaib, S. Choubey, D. Choubey, V. Chow, K.-C. Chowdhury, K. Chu, C.T. Chuang, T.-H. Chun, T. Chung, H. Chung, T. Chung, Y.-L. Chwae, Y.-J. Cianfanelli, V. Ciarcia, R. Ciechomska, I.A. Ciriolo, M.R. Cirone, M. Claerhout, S. Clague, M.J. Clària, J. Clarke, P.G.H. Clarke, R. Clementi, E. Cleyrat, C. Cnop, M. Coccia, E.M. Cocco, T. Codogno, P. Coers, J. Cohen, E.E.W. Colecchia, D. Coletto, L. Coll, N.S. Colucci-Guyon, E. Comincini, S. Condello, M. Cook, K.L. Coombs, G.H. Cooper, C.D. Cooper, J.M. Coppens, I. Corasaniti, M.T. Corazzari, M. Corbalan, R. Corcelle-Termeau, E. Cordero, M.D. Corral-Ramos, C. Corti, O. Cossarizza, A. Costelli, P. Costes, S. Cotman, S.L. Coto-Montes, A. Cottet, S. Couve, E. Covey, L.R. Cowart, L.A. Cox, J.S. Coxon, F.P. Coyne, C.B. Cragg, M.S. Craven, R.J. Crepaldi, T. Crespo, J.L. Criollo, A. Crippa, V. Cruz, M.T. Cuervo, A.M. Cuezva, J.M. Cui, T. Cutillas, P.R. Czaja, M.J. Czyzyk-Krzeska, M.F. Dagda, R.K. Dahmen, U. Dai, C. Dai, W. Dai, Y. Dalby, K.N. Valle, L.D. Dalmasso, G. D'amelio, M. Damme, M. Darfeuille-Michaud, A. Dargemont, C. Darley-Usmar, V.M. Dasarathy, S. Dasgupta, B. Dash, S. Dass, C.R. Davey, H.M. Davids, L.M. Dávila, D. Davis, R.J. Dawson, T.M. Dawson, V.L. Daza, P. de Belleroche, J. de Figueiredo, P. de Figueiredo, R.C.B.Q. de la Fuente, J. De Martino, L. De Matteis, A. De Meyer, G.R.Y. De Milito, A. De Santi, M. de Souza, W. De Tata, V. De Zio, D. Debnath, J. Dechant, R. Decuypere, J.-P. Deegan, S. Dehay, B. Del Bello, B. Del Re, D.P. Delage-Mourroux, R. Delbridge, L.M.D. Deldicque, L. Delorme-Axford, E. Deng, Y. Dengjel, J. Denizot, M. Dent, P. Der, C.J. Deretic, V. Derrien, B. Deutsch, E. Devarenne, T.P. Devenish, R.J. Di Bartolomeo, S. Di Daniele, N. Di Domenico, F. Di Nardo, A. Di Paola, S. Di Pietro, A. Di Renzo, L. Di Antonio, A. Díaz-Araya, G. Díaz-Laviada, I. Diaz-Meco, M.T. Diaz-Nido, J. Dickey, C.A. Dickson, R.C. Diederich, M. Digard, P. Dikic, I. Dinesh-Kumar, S.P. Ding, C. Ding, W.-X. Ding, Z. Dini, L. Distler, J.H.W. Diwan, A. Djavaheri-Mergny, M. Dmytruk, K. Dobson, R.C.J. Doetsch, V. Dokladny, K. Dokudovskaya, S. Donadelli, M. Dong, X.C. Dong, X. Dong, Z. Donohue, T.M., Jr. Donohue-Jr, T.M. Doran, K.S. D'orazi, G. Dorn, G.W., II Dosenko, V. Dridi, S. Drucker, L. Du, J. Du, L.-L. Du, L. du Toit, A. Dua, P. Duan, L. Duann, P. Dubey, V.K. Duchen, M.R. Duchosal, M.A. Duez, H. Dugail, I. Dumit, V.I. Duncan, M.C. Dunlop, E.A. Dunn, W.A., Jr. Dupont, N. Dupuis, L. Durán, R.V. Durcan, T.M. Duvezin-Caubet, S. Duvvuri, U. Eapen, V. Ebrahimi-Fakhari, D. Echard, A. Eckhart, L. Edelstein, C.L. Edinger, A.L. Eichinger, L. Eisenberg, T. Eisenberg-Lerner, A. Eissa, N.T. El-Deiry, W.S. El-Khoury, V. Elazar, Z. Eldar-Finkelman, H. Elliott, C.J.H. Emanuele, E. Emmenegger, U. Engedal, N. Engelbrecht, A.-M. Engelender, S. Enserink, J.M. Erdmann, R. Erenpreisa, J. Eri, R. Eriksen, J.L. Erman, A. Escalante, R. Eskelinen, E.-L. Espert, L. Esteban-Martínez, L. Evans, T.J. Fabri, M. Fabrias, G. Fabrizi, C. Facchiano, A. Færgeman, N.J. Faggioni, A. Fairlie, W.D. Fan, C. Fan, D. Fan, J. Fang, S. Fanto, M. Fanzani, A. Farkas, T. Faure, M. Favier, F.B. Fearnhead, H. Federici, M. Fei, E. Felizardo, T.C. Feng, H. Feng, Y. Feng, Y. Ferguson, T.A. Fernández, Á.F. Fernandez-Barrena, M.G. Fernandez-Checa, J.C. Fernández-López, A. Fernandez-Zapico, M.E. Feron, O. Ferraro, E. Ferreira-Halder, C.V. Fesus, L. Feuer, R. Fiesel, F.C. Filippi-Chiela, E.C. Filomeni, G. Fimia, G.M. Fingert, J.H. Finkbeiner, S. Finkel, T. Fiorito, F. Fisher, P.B. Flajolet, M. Flamigni, F. Florey, O. Florio, S. Floto, R.A. Folini, M. Follo, C. Fon, E.A. Fornai, F. Fortunato, F. Fraldi, A. Franco, R. Francois, A. François, A. Frankel, L.B. Fraser, I.D.C. Frey, N. Freyssenet, D.G. Frezza, C. Friedman, S.L. Frigo, D.E. Fu, D. Fuentes, J.M. Fueyo, J. Fujitani, Y. Fujiwara, Y. Fujiya, M. Fukuda, M. Fulda, S. Fusco, C. Gabryel, B. Gaestel, M. Gailly, P. Gajewska, M. Galadari, S. Galili, G. Galindo, I. Galindo, M.F. Galliciotti, G. Galluzzi, L. Galluzzi, L. Galy, V. Gammoh, N. Gandy, S. Ganesan, A.K. Ganesan, S. Ganley, I.G. Gannagé, M. Gao, F.-B. Gao, F. Gao, J.-X. Nannig, L.G. Véscovi, E.G. Garcia-Macía, M. Garcia-Ruiz, C. Garg, A.D. Garg, P.K. Gargini, R. Gassen, N.C. Gatica, D. Gatti, E. Gavard, J. Gavathiotis, E. Ge, L. Ge, P. Ge, S. Gean, P.-W. Gelmetti, V. Genazzani, A.A. Geng, J. Genschik, P. Gerner, L. Gestwicki, J.E. Gewirtz, D.A. Ghavami, S. Ghigo, E. Ghosh, D. Giammarioli, A.M. Giampieri, F. Giampietri, C. Giatromanolaki, A. Gibbings, D.J. Gibellini, L. Gibson, S.B. Ginet, V. Giordano, A. Giorgini, F. Giovannetti, E. Girardin, S.E. Gispert, S. Giuliano, S. Gladson, C.L. Glavic, A. Gleave, M. Godefroy, N. Gogal, R.M., Jr. Gokulan, K. Goldman, G.H. Goletti, D. Goligorsky, M.S. Gomes, A.V. Gomes, L.C. Gomez, H. Gomez-Manzano, C. Gómez-Sánchez, R. Gonçalves, D.A.P. Goncu, E. Gong, Q. Gongora, C. Gonzalez, C.B. Gonzalez-Alegre, P. Gonzalez-Cabo, P. González-Polo, R.A. Goping, I.S. Gorbea, C. Gorbunov, N.V. Goring, D.R. Gorman, A.M. Gorski, S.M. Goruppi, S. Goto-Yamada, S. Gotor, C. Gottlieb, R.A. Gozes, I. Gozuacik, D. Graba, Y. Graef, M. Granato, G.E. Grant, G.D. Grant, S. Gravina, G.L. Green, D.R. Greenhough, A. Greenwood, M.T. Grimaldi, B. Gros, F. Grose, C. Groulx, J.-F. Gruber, F. Grumati, P. Grune, T. Guan, J.-L. Guan, K.-L. Guerra, B. Guillen, C. Gulshan, K. Gunst, J. Guo, C. Guo, L. Guo, M. Guo, W. Guo, X.-G. Gust, A.A. Gustafsson, Å.B. Gutierrez, E. Gutierrez, M.G. Gwak, H.-S. Haas, A. Haber, J.E. Hadano, S. Hagedorn, M. Hahn, D.R. Halayko, A.J. 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Shioi, T. Shirabe, K. Shiri-Sverdlov, R. Shirihai, O. Shore, G.C. Shu, C.-W. Shukla, D. Sibirny, A.A. Sica, V. Sigurdson, C.J. Sigurdsson, E.M. Sijwali, P.S. Sikorska, B. Silveira, W.A. Silvente-Poirot, S. Silverman, G.A. Simak, J. Simmet, T. Simon, A.K. Simon, H.-U. Simone, C. Simons, M. Simonsen, A. Singh, R. Singh, S.V. Singh, S.K. Sinha, D. Sinha, S. Sinicrope, F.A. Sirko, A. Sirohi, K. Sishi, B.J.N. Sittler, A. Siu, P.M. Sivridis, E. Skwarska, A. Slack, R. Slaninová, I. Slavov, N. Smaili, S.S. Smalley, K.S.M. Smith, D.R. Soenen, S.J. Soleimanpour, S.A. Solhaug, A. Somasundaram, K. Son, J.H. Sonawane, A. Song, C. Song, F. Song, H.K. Song, J.-X. Song, W. Soo, K.Y. Sood, A.K. Soong, T.W. Soontornniyomkij, V. Sorice, M. Sotgia, F. Soto-Pantoja, D.R. Sotthibundhu, A. Sousa, M.J. Spaink, H.P. Span, P.N. Spang, A. Sparks, J.D. Speck, P.G. Spector, S.A. Spies, C.D. Springer, W. Clair, D.S. Stacchiotti, A. Staels, B. Stang, M.T. Starczynowski, D.T. Starokadomskyy, P. Steegborn, C. Steele, J.W. Stefanis, L. Steffan, J. Stellrecht, C.M. Stenmark, H. Stepkowski, T.M. Stern, S.T. Stevens, C. Stockwell, B.R. Stoka, V. Storchova, Z. Stork, B. Stratoulias, V. Stravopodis, D.J. Strnad, P. Strohecker, A.M. Ström, A.-L. Stromhaug, P. Stulik, J. Su, Y.-X. Su, Z. Subauste, C.S. Subramaniam, S. Sue, C.M. Suh, S.W. Sui, X. Sukseree, S. Sulzer, D. Sun, F.-L. Sun, J. Sun, J. Sun, S.-Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sun, Y. Sundaramoorthy, V. Sung, J. Suzuki, H. Suzuki, K. Suzuki, N. Suzuki, T. Suzuki, Y.J. Swanson, M.S. Swanton, C. Swärd, K. Swarup, G. Sweeney, S.T. Sylvester, P.W. Szatmari, Z. Szegezdi, E. Szlosarek, P.W. Taegtmeyer, H. Tafani, M. Taillebourg, E. Tait, S.W.G. Takacs-Vellai, K. Takahashi, Y. Takáts, S. Takemura, G. Takigawa, N. Talbot, N.J. Tamagno, E. Tamburini, J. Tan, C.-P. Tan, L. Tan, M.L. Tan, M. Tan, Y.-J. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, M. Tang, D. Tang, D. Tang, G. Tanida, I. Tanji, K. Tannous, B.A. Tapia, J.A. Tasset-Cuevas, I. Tatar, M. Tavassoly, I. Tavernarakis, N. Taylor, A. Taylor, G.S. Taylor, G.A. Taylor, J.P. Taylor, M.J. Tchetina, E.V. Tee, A.R. Teixeira-Clerc, F. Telang, S. Tencomnao, T. Teng, B.-B. Teng, R.-J. Terro, F. Tettamanti, G. Theiss, A.L. Theron, A.E. Thomas, K.J. Thomé, M.P. Thomes, P.G. Thorburn, A. Thorner, J. Thum, T. Thumm, M. Thurston, T.L.M. Tian, L. Till, A. Ting, J.P.-Y. Ting, J.P.Y. Titorenko, V.I. Toker, L. Toldo, S. Tooze, S.A. Topisirovic, I. Torgersen, M.L. Torosantucci, L. Torriglia, A. Torrisi, M.R. Tournier, C. Towns, R. Trajkovic, V. Travassos, L.H. Triola, G. Tripathi, D.N. Trisciuoglio, D. Troncoso, R. Trougakos, I.P. Truttmann, A.C. Tsai, K.-J. Tschan, M.P. Tseng, Y.-H. Tsukuba, T. Tsung, A. Tsvetkov, A.S. Tu, S. Tuan, H.-Y. Tucci, M. Tumbarello, D.A. Turk, B. Turk, V. Turner, R.F.B. Tveita, A.A. Tyagi, S.C. Ubukata, M. Uchiyama, Y. Udelnow, A. Ueno, T. Umekawa, M. Umemiya-Shirafuji, R. Underwood, B.R. Ungermann, C. Ureshino, R.P. Ushioda, R. Uversky, V.N. Uzcátegui, N.L. Vaccari, T. Vaccaro, M.I. Váchová, L. Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H. Valdor, R. Valente, E.M. Vallette, F. Valverde, A.M. Van den Berghe, G. Van Den Bosch, L. van den Brink, G.R. van der Goot, F.G. van der Klei, I.J. van der Laan, L.J.W. van Doorn, W.G. van Egmond, M. van Golen, K.L. Van Kaer, L. Campagne, M.L. Vandenabeele, P. Vandenberghe, W. Vanhorebeek, I. Varela-Nieto, I. Vasconcelos, M.H. Vasko, R. Vavvas, D.G. Vega-Naredo, I. Velasco, G. Velentzas, A.D. Velentzas, P.D. Vellai, T. Vellenga, E. Vendelbo, M.H. Venkatachalam, K. Ventura, N. Ventura, S. Veras, P.S.T. Verdier, M. Vertessy, B.G. Viale, A. Vidal, M. Vieira, H.L.A. Vierstra, R.D. Vigneswaran, N. Vij, N. Vila, M. Villar, M. Villar, V.H. Villarroya, J. Vindis, C. Viola, G. Viscomi, M.T. Vitale, G. Vogl, D.T. Voitsekhovskaja, O.V. von Haefen, C. von Schwarzenberg, K. Voth, D.E. Vouret-Craviari, V. Vuori, K. Vyas, J.M. Waeber, C. Walker, C.L. Walker, M.J. Walter, J. Wan, L. Wan, X. Wang, B. Wang, C. Wang, C.-Y. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, C. Wang, D. Wang, F. Wang, F. Wang, G. Wang, H.-J. Wang, H. Wang, H.-G. Wang, H. Wang, H.-D. Wang, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. Wang, M.-Q. Wang, P.-Y. Wang, P. Wang, R.C. Wang, S. Wang, T.-F. Wang, X. Wang, X.-J. Wang, X.-W. Wang, X. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.-J. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y.T. Wang, Y. Wang, Z.-N. Wappner, P. Ward, C. Ward, D.M.V. Warnes, G. Watada, H. Watanabe, Y. Watase, K. Weaver, T.E. Weekes, C.D. Wei, J. Weide, T. Weihl, C.C. Weindl, G. Weis, S.N. Wen, L. Wen, X. Wen, Y. Westermann, B. Weyand, C.M. White, A.R. White, E. Whitton, J.L. Whitworth, A.J. Wiels, J. Wild, F. Wildenberg, M.E. Wileman, T. Wilkinson, D.S. Wilkinson, S. Willbold, D. Williams, C. Williams, K. Williamson, P.R. Winklhofer, K.F. Witkin, S.S. Wohlgemuth, S.E. Wollert, T. Wolvetang, E.J. Wong, E. Wong, G.W. Wong, R.W. Wong, V.K.W. Woodcock, E.A. Wright, K.L. Wu, C. Wu, D. Wu, G.S. Wu, J. Wu, J. Wu, M. Wu, M. Wu, S. Wu, W.K.K. Wu, Y. Wu, Z. Xavier, C.P.R. Xavier, R.J. Xia, G.-X. Xia, T. Xia, W. Xia, Y. Xiao, H. Xiao, J. Xiao, S. Xiao, W. Xie, C.-M. Xie, Z. Xie, Z. Xilouri, M. Xiong, Y. Xu, C. Xu, C. Xu, F. Xu, H. Xu, H. Xu, J. Xu, J. Xu, J. Xu, L. Xu, X. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. Xu, Z.-X. Xu, Z. Xue, Y. Yamada, T. Yamamoto, A. Yamanaka, K. Yamashina, S. Yamashiro, S. Yan, B. Yan, B. Yan, X. Yan, Z. Yanagi, Y. Yang, D.-S. Yang, J.-M. Yang, L. Yang, M. Yang, P.-M. Yang, P. Yang, Q. Yang, W. Yang, W.Y. Yang, X. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Yang, Z. Yao, M.-C. Yao, P.J. Yao, X. Yao, Z. Yao, Z. Yasui, L.S. Ye, M. Yedvobnick, B. Yeganeh, B. Yeh, E.S. Yeyati, P.L. Yi, F. Yi, L. Yin, X.-M. Yip, C.K. Yoo, Y.-M. Yoo, Y.H. Yoon, S.-Y. Yoshida, K.-I. Yoshimori, T. Young, K.H. Yu, H. Yu, J.J. Yu, J.-T. Yu, J. Yu, L. Yu, W.H. Yu, X.-F. Yu, Z. Yuan, J. Yuan, Z.-M. Yue, B.Y.J.T. Yue, J. Yue, Z. Zacks, D.N. Zacksenhaus, E. Zaffaroni, N. Zaglia, T. Zakeri, Z. Zecchini, V. Zeng, J. Zeng, M. Zeng, Q. Zervos, A.S. Zhang, D.D. Zhang, F. Zhang, G. Zhang, G.-C. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Zhang, J.-P. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Zhang, M.-Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, X.D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhao, M. Zhao, W.-L. Zhao, X. Zhao, Y.G. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y. Zhao, Y.-X. Zhao, Z. Zhao, Z.J. Zheng, D. Zheng, X.-L. Zheng, X. Zhivotovsky, B. Zhong, Q. Zhou, G.-Z. Zhou, G. Zhou, H. Zhou, S.-F. Zhou, X.-J. Zhu, H. Zhu, H. Zhu, W.-G. Zhu, W. Zhu, X.-F. Zhu, Y. Zhuang, S.-M. Zhuang, X. Ziparo, E. Zois, C.E. Zoladek, T. Zong, W.-X. Zorzano, A. Zughaier, S.M.

Published
2016

25. Growth and optical properties of Ge oxide thin film on silicon substrate by pulsed laser deposition

Author

Yongfeng Mei, X. H. Huang, M. R. Sheng, Kok Wai Cheah, Zheng-Gao Dong, Gg G. Siu, Liang Fang, Xinglong Wu, and Xi-Mao Bao

Subjects
Physics, Photoluminescence, Silicon, business.industry, Analytical chemistry, Oxide, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Substrate (electronics), Pulsed laser deposition, chemistry.chemical_compound, Optics, chemistry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Thin film, business, Germanium oxide
Abstract

Germanium oxide thin films on silicon substrate were produced using pulsed laser deposition method under adjusted substrate temperature and oxygen pressure. There existed two PL bands observed in our samples, violet and blue bands. We attributed both of them to the neutral oxygen vacancy (NOV) but of different types: Ge Ge and Ge Si , respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) measurements in our samples not only proved the Ge O Si vibration but also assigned the peaks around 1000 cm − 1 in Si–Ge oxide system qualitatively.

Published
2004
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26. Growth and characterization of Si/SiGe strained-layer superlattices on bulk single-crystal SiGe and Si substrates

Author

S. R. Sheng, S.P. McAlister, Nelson Rowell, and M. Dion

Subjects
B1. Germanium silicon alloys, Auger electron spectroscopy, Materials science, Photoluminescence, business.industry, Superlattice, Chemical vapor deposition, Substrate (electronics), A3. chemical vapor deposition processes, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, Condensed Matter Physics, Inorganic Chemistry, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Crystallography, Transmission electron microscopy, Materials Chemistry, Optoelectronics, Thin film, business, Single crystal, A3. superlattices
Abstract

Short-period Si/SiGe strained-layer superlattices have been grown on bulk single-crystal SiGe substrates using a commercial low-temperature ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition reactor. The same structures were simultaneously grown on Si substrates for comparison. The materials were characterized by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), atomic force microscopy (AFM), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) and photoluminescence (PL). HRXRD, AES, and XTEM results show that the materials are high crystal-quality superlattice layers with abrupt interfaces as well as thickness and composition uniformity across superlattices of 5 periods. AFM images are consistent showing smooth surfaces with rms roughnesses much less than 1 nm for both the top layer and starting substrate surfaces. The low temperature PL spectra, which provide additional information about material quality and composition, show sharp, well-resolved near band-edge bound and free exciton lines and an intense broad sub-gap signal possibly related to superlattice transitions.

Published
2003
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27. Growth and characterization of ultrahigh vacuum/chemical vapor deposition SiGe epitaxial layers on bulk single-crystal SiGe and Si substrates

Author

M. Dion, Nelson Rowell, S.P. McAlister, and S. R. Sheng

Subjects
Auger electron spectroscopy, Materials science, Photoluminescence, Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, Analytical chemistry, Surfaces and Interfaces, Chemical vapor deposition, Condensed Matter Physics, Epitaxy, Single crystal, Layer (electronics), Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Abstract

High-quality SiGe epitaxial layers have been grown on low-defect-density bulk single-crystal SiGe substrates using low-temperature ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHV/CVD). The layers were simultaneously grown on Si substrates for comparison. Various techniques, including high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD), photoluminescence (PL), Auger electron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) were used to characterize the structural quality of the materials. There is good agreement between different techniques for the determination of the composition and thickness of the layers. HRXRD, PL, and XTEM results confirm that the materials deposited are high-quality single-crystal epilayers. The surface root-mean-square roughness measured by AFM is less than 0.4 nm, indicating very smooth surfaces. A thin undoped Si buffer layer was found to improve the structural quality of the layers. The bulk crystal SiGe substrates are useful for the...

Published
2002
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28. Medical Applications of Magnetorheological Fluids a Possible New Cancer Therapy

Author

G. A. Flores, R. Sheng, and J. Liu

Subjects
Flow control (data), Work (thermodynamics), Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Hemodynamics, 02 engineering and technology, Blood flow, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Volumetric flow rate, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 0203 mechanical engineering, Magnetorheological fluid, Fluid dynamics, Particle, General Materials Science, 0210 nano-technology, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

This work demonstrates the principle of a novel cancer therapeutic method using magnetic fluids to block the blood supply to a tumor in order to starve it. Plastic tubes are used to simulate the simplest blood network. The sealing effect to the fluid flow is easily achieved at low particle concentrations with strong pressure resistance and reasonable sealing times at low flow rate (Q = 0.078 ml/min). At high flow rate (Q > 0.62 ml/min), oscillations in pressure and step increases in weight of the fluid are found.

Published
1999
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29. In vitro investigation of a novel cancer therapeutic method using embolizing properties of magnetorheological fluids

Author

G.A Flores, R Sheng, and J Liu

Subjects
Materials science, Rheology, Magnetorheological fluid, Cancer therapy, Fluid dynamics, medicine, Cancer, Blood supply, Condensed Matter Physics, Pressure resistance, medicine.disease, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

This work demonstrates the principle of a novel cancer therapeutic method using magnetorheological fluids to inhibit the blood supply to a tumor in order to starve it. The sealing effect to the fluid flow is easily achieved at low particle concentrations with strong pressure resistance and reasonable sealing times in a simulated blood network using plastic tubes.

Published
1999
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30. Cost-effectiveness of a Behavioral Psychosocial treatment integrated across Home and School for Pediatric ADHD-Inattentive type

Author

Keith McBurnett, R. Sheng, J.L. Tran, P. Esonwune-Chukwudi, Allyson Beaulieu, Linda J. Pfiffner, and Leslie Wilson

Subjects
Male, Parents, Pediatrics, 050103 clinical psychology, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Total cost, Cost effectiveness, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Psychological intervention, Health informatics, Health administration, Behavior Therapy, mental disorders, medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Child, Psychiatry, health care economics and organizations, School Health Services, Inattentive type, Parenting, business.industry, Public health, Health Policy, 05 social sciences, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, respiratory system, respiratory tract diseases, Psychiatry and Mental health, Models, Economic, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Female, Health Expenditures, Pshychiatric Mental Health, Psychology, business, Psychosocial, Clinical psychology, 050104 developmental & child psychology
Abstract

We conducted a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of two behavioral psychosocial interventions for children with ADHD-inattentive type: Child Life and Attention Skills (CLAS) program and parent-focused treatment (PFT) compared to community-based treatment as usual (TAU). The CEA evaluated cost per ADHD case resolved measured by parent and teacher reports of ADHD inattentive symptoms. Total cost per patient for CLAS, PFT, and TAU were $1559, $710, and $0. CLAS, the costliest treatment, was more effective than PFT and TAU. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) per disordered case resolved are: $3997 for CLAS versus TAU, $3227 for PFT versus TAU, and $4994 for CLAS versus PFT. PFT is the more cost-effective option based on initial CEA. However, CLAS may be comparably cost-effective by streamlining the model, which resulted in an ICER of $29 compared to PFT. Notably, cost for CLAS is substantially below the annual cost for unresolved ADHD.

Published
2015
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31. Superlinear Convergence of Interior-Point Algorithms for Semidefinite Programming

Author

R. Sheng and Florian A. Potra

Subjects
Semidefinite programming, Control and Optimization, Computational complexity theory, Applied Mathematics, Theory of computation, Superlinear convergence, Mathematics::Optimization and Control, Computer Science::Computational Geometry, Management Science and Operations Research, Algorithm, Interior point method, Mathematics
Abstract

We prove the superlinear convergence of the primal-dual infeasible interior-point path-following algorithm proposed recently by Kojima, Shida, and Shindoh and by the present authors, under two conditions: (i) the semidefinite programming problem has a strictly complementary solution; (ii) the size of the central path neighborhood approaches zero. The nondegeneracy condition suggested by Kojima, Shida, and Shindoh is not used in our analysis. Our result implies that the modified algorithm of Kojima, Shida, and Shindoh, which enforces condition (ii) by using additional corrector steps, has superlinear convergence under the standard assumption of strict complementarity. Finally, we point out that condition (ii) can be made weaker and show the superlinear convergence under the strict complementarity assumption and a weaker condition than (ii).

Published
1998
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32. Superlinearly Convergent Infeasible-Interior-Point Algorithm for Degenerate LCP

Author

R. Sheng and Florian A. Potra

Subjects
Control and Optimization, Computational complexity theory, Path following algorithm, Applied Mathematics, Degenerate energy levels, Management Science and Operations Research, Linear complementarity problem, Matrix decomposition, Combinatorics, Matrix (mathematics), Theory of computation, Algorithm, Interior point method, Mathematics
Abstract

A large-step infeasible path-following method is proposed for solving general linear complementarity problems with sufficient matrices. If the problem has a solution, the algorithm is superlinearly convergent from any positive starting points, even for degenerate problems. The algorithm generates points in a large neighborhood of the central path. Each iteration requires only one matrix factorization and at most three (asymptotically only two) backsolves. It has been recently proved that any sufficient matrix is a P*(κ)-matrix for some κ≥0. The computational complexity of the algorithm depends on κ as well as on a feasibility measure of the starting point. If the starting point is feasible or close to being feasible, then the iteration complexity is \(O((1 + {\kappa)}\sqrt {nL})\). Otherwise, for arbitrary positive and large enough starting points, the iteration complexity is O((1 + κ)2nL). We note that, while computational complexity depends on κ, the algorithm itself does not.

Published
1998
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33. Hypervascular liver metastases: do unenhanced and hepatic arterial phase CT images affect tumor detection?

Author

Michael P. Federle, R Sheng, B C Jones, James H. Oliver, and Roland Baron

Subjects
Male, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Liver Neoplasms, Tumor burden, Contrast Media, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Portal venous phase, Helical ct, Metastasis, Tumor detection, Liver, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, medicine, Humans, Female, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Radiology, Tomography, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, business, Arterial phase
Abstract

To evaluate the relative roles of unenhanced and hepatic arterial phase (HAP) computed tomographic (CT) imaging in the detection of hypervascular liver metastases.Eighty-four patients with biopsy-proved liver metastases from hypervascular primary tumors other than hepatocellular carcinoma underwent unenhanced and HAP and portal venous phase (PVP) helical CT studies. Three blinded radiologists evaluated each series of images separately for the number, size, and enhancement characteristics of lesions. Sixty-nine patients had follow-up imaging proof of tumor burden.The three readers detected 381-402 lesions on the PVP images and 397-416 lesions on the unenhanced images. Unenhanced images allowed detection of 72%-80% of the lesions seen on PVP images. They detected 94-137 additional lesions on unenhanced but not PVP images. On the HAP images, 375-395 lesions were identified. HAP images allowed detection of 81%-90% of the lesions seen on PVP images. Forty-five to 78 additional lesions were detected on HAP but not on PVP images. In the 69-patient subset, maximal detection of tumor foci occurred in 94% of patients with unenhanced plus PVP images and in 78% with HAP plus PVP images. Unenhanced plus PVP images allowed detection of 96% of the 322 tumors in the subset population.Unenhanced plus PVP CT images allow detection of statistically significantly more hypervascular liver metastases than do HAP plus PVP images or imaging only in the PVP.

Published
1997
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35. Strong near-infrared photoluminescence and absorption from Si/Si1−xGex type-II multiple quantum wells on bulk crystal SiGe substrates

Author

N. L. Rowell, S. P. McAlister, and S. R. Sheng

Subjects
Materials science, Photoluminescence, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Silicon, chemistry, Absorption edge, Condensed matter physics, Exciton, chemistry.chemical_element, Substrate (electronics), Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Quantum well, Blueshift
Abstract

We report a study of photoluminescence (PL) and optical absorption in high-quality tensile-strained Si type-II multiple quantum wells (QWs) grown on bulk crystal SiGe substrates by using low-temperature ultrahigh-vacuum chemical vapor deposition. Detailed PL experiments, as a function of excitation density together with applied uniaxial stress, were performed to study the band alignment and to help elucidate the origin of the observed PL peaks. Spatially direct and indirect transitions of the Si QWs and an intense broad subgap PL were observed. With increasing excitation power, the PL lines of Si QWs shift to lower energies, whereas the broad PL shifts to higher energy. The applied [110] compressive stress results in a redshift of the substrate PL lines, as expected, but a blueshift of both the Si QW PL and the broad PL lines. The optical absorption data also show strong absorption in the near-infrared region where the broad PL was observed. Near the absorption edge (Eg), the energy dependence obeys a squ...

Published
2003
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36. Photoluminescence in tensile-strained Si type-II quantum wells on bulk single-crystal SiGe substrates

Author

S. P. McAlister, S. R. Sheng, and N. L. Rowell

Subjects
Photoluminescence, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Silicon, business.industry, Exciton, chemistry.chemical_element, Substrate (electronics), Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, Crystal, Band bending, chemistry, Optoelectronics, business, Single crystal, Quantum well
Abstract

Near-band edge photoluminescence (PL) in high-quality tensile-strained Si type-II quantum wells (QWs) with varying well width grown on bulk crystal SiGe substrates by using ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition has been studied. In contrast to the blueshifts observed in the PL lines of Si1−xGex QWs on Si, the PL lines of Si QWs exhibit redshifts with increasing excitation density. The PL from the SiGe substrate shows no such shift. The excitation-induced PL redshifts decrease as the well width decreases, and are essentially independent of temperature up to 15 K. The rapid thermal annealing (RTA) was found to improve the crystal quality of the samples. RTA enhances the integrated PL intensity, results in narrowing and blueshifting of PL bands at a given excitation density, and reduces the exponent in the excitation power dependence as well as the amount of excitation-induced PL redshifting. Possible mechanisms for the observed excitation-induced PL redshifts were examined, including band bending, band...

Published
2003
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37. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of 3-phenyl-2-thio-quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives in hypoxia and in normoxia

Author

R, Sheng, Y, Xu, Q J, Weng, Q, Xia, Q J, He, B, Yang, and Y Z, Hu

Abstract

A series of novel 3-phenyl-2-ethylthio/ethylsulfinyl/ethylsulfonyl/phenylthio/ phenylsulfonyl-quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives were synthesized and screened for their cytotoxicity in vitro on human leukaemia cell line HL-60, human esophagus cancer cell line ECA-109, human prostate cancer cell line PC-3, human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901, and human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 in hypoxia and in normoxia. Half of tested compounds showed higher cytotoxic activity both in hypoxia and in normoxia. The mechanism of one potent compound, 67, in hypoxia showed that the mitochondria pathway is involved in the antitumor activity of this class of compounds.

Published
2012

38. Bile leak after hepatic transplantation: cholangiographic features, prevalence, and clinical outcome

Author

John K. Sammon, William L. Campbell, Albert B. Zajko, and R Sheng

Subjects
Adult, Male, Reoperation, Leak, medicine.medical_specialty, Percutaneous, Adolescent, medicine.medical_treatment, Liver transplantation, Necrosis, Postoperative Complications, Cholangiography, Surgical Wound Dehiscence, medicine, Bile, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Child, Aged, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Bile duct, Anastomosis, Surgical, Infant, Middle Aged, Liver Transplantation, Surgery, Transplantation, medicine.anatomical_structure, Biliary tract, Child, Preschool, Drainage, Female, Bile Ducts, business, Complication
Abstract

To evaluate cholangiographic features and prevalence of bile duct leaks in liver transplant recipients and correlate the different types of leaks with clinical outcomes.For 6 years, 3,242 cholangiograms were obtained in 1,363 liver allografts in 1,306 patients. All cholangiograms with definite or suspected bile duct leaks, per the radiology reports, were retrospectively reviewed.Leaks were diagnosed in 59 allografts in 59 patients. The prevalence of leaks after liver transplantation, as depicted on cholangiograms, was 4.3% (59 of 1,363 grafts). Sixteen of 21 patients with anastomotic leaks needed 17 surgical repairs, four leaks were surgically drained without repair, and one was treated with percutaneous biliary catheter drainage. Twelve of 21 patients with T-tube exit-site leaks underwent T-tube drainage. Seven underwent surgical repair or drainage, one died, and one underwent retransplantation. Nine of 13 patients with leaks from bile duct necrosis required retransplantation.Bile duct leaks at biliary anastomoses and those resulting from bile duct necrosis have high morbidity, mortality, and graft loss rates and usually require surgical intervention. Most T-tube exit-site leaks heal with conservative treatment.

Published
1994
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41. [The diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease: a report of six cases]

Author

X, Liu, R, Sheng, A, Wang, and S, Qin

Subjects
Adult, Male, Lyme Disease, Treatment Outcome, Adolescent, Doxycycline, Ceftriaxone, Humans, Female, Penicillins, Middle Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Retrospective Studies
Abstract

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of 6 cases of Lyme disease from November, 1994 to December, 1998. According to our report, doxycycline, penicillin, and ceftriaxone are effective drugs for Lyme disease. The shorter the disease course is, the better the treatment effect will be. Patients in phase III usually need repeated treatment.

Published
2003

42. [Ultrastructure changes of the olfactory epithelium of the patients suffering from dysosmia caused by the chronic sinusitis]

Author

N, Wang, J, Cheng, R, Sheng, F, He, M, Zhang, Z, Pan, X, Zhang, and S, Wang

Subjects
Adult, Male, Olfaction Disorders, Olfactory Mucosa, Chronic Disease, Humans, Female, Middle Aged, Sinusitis, Epithelium, Aged
Abstract

To observe the ultrastructural changes of olfactory epithelium (OE) in patients suffering from dysosmia caused by chronic sinusitis.The specimens of olfactory epithelium were obtained from 35 patients operated for chronic sinusitis accompanied by dysosmia. According to the results of light microscope (LM) examination, the OE was divided into three groups by the types of pathological changes: normal, atrophic and respiratory epithelium metaplasia(REM). Transmission electron microscope was used to observe the ultrastructural changes of each group.Under the LM, the surface ultrastructure of the OE showed some abnormal changes: (1) surface microvillus of the supporting cells disappeared; (2) olfactory vesicle changed their shape due to vacuolization; (3) disappearance of canaliculus structure in the olfactory vesicle; (4) the olfactory cilia changed the shape or reduced; some of the reduced cilia underwent metaplasia. The ultrastructural changes of atrophic OE included: (1) minor and moderate atrophy: the organelles and the membrane-limited electron dense vesicles on the upper section of the supporting cells obviously decreased or disappeared, even underwent vacuolization. The basic cell degenerated; (2) serious atrophy: the turbidity of the cell structure, even double cell structure, the nuclei of the cell aggregated as the plaque and vesiculose change or karyopyknosis. As for the cytoplasm, there were the dilation of the ERs, turgidity of the mitochondrion, the disarrangement, diminution and vacuolization. Fasciculate cilia were distributed separately in the REM group.There is a positive relationship between the atrophy degree and the degree of the abnormal ultrastructural changes of the OE. The ultrastructural changes of OE in patients suffering from dysosmia caused by chronic sinusitis may provide reference for assessment of the treatment of dysosmia.

Published
2003

43. [The technology of processing carbonized Cirsium japonicum and quality standards of its prepared pieces]

Author

A, Ding, L, Zhang, L, Wu, L, Kong, and R, Sheng

Subjects
Male, Quality Control, Mice, Whole Blood Coagulation Time, Spectrophotometry, Atomic, Animals, Technology, Pharmaceutical, Female, Blood Coagulation, Cirsium, Hemostatics, Drugs, Chinese Herbal, Trace Elements
Abstract

The technology of processing carbonized Cirsium japonicum was selected by using orthogonal experiment design. The result shows that the best way is to bake of 10 min at 220 degrees C. The contents of macro and trace elements in the prepared pieces significantly increased.

Published
2003

44. Photoluminescence in UHV/CVD tensile-strained Si type-II quantum wells on bulk crystal SiGe substrates

Author

S.P. McAlister, S. R. Sheng, Nelson Rowell, and MRS

Subjects
Crystal, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Materials science, Band bending, Photoluminescence, Impurity, Condensed Matter::Other, Exciton, Substrate (electronics), Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, Molecular physics, Excitation, Quantum well
Abstract

Near band-edge photoluminescence (PL) in high-quality UHV/CVD tensile-strained Si type-II quantum wells (QWs) with varying well width grown on bulk crystal SiGe substrates has been studied. In contrast to the blue-shifts observed in the PL lines of Si1-xGex QWs on Si, the PL lines of Si QWs exhibit red-shifts with increasing excitation density. The PL from the SiGe substrate shows no such shift. The PL red-shifts decrease as the well width decreases, and are essentially independent of temperature up to 15K where a transition from bound exciton emission to higher energy free exciton emission occurs. The rapid thermal annealing (RTA) was found to improve the crystal quality of the samples. RTA enhances the integrated PL intensity, results in narrowing and blue-shifting of PL bands, and reduces the exponent in the excitation power dependence as well as the amount of red-shifting at a given excitation density. Possible mechanisms for the observed shifts to lower energies of the PL lines with excitation density were examined, including band bending, band-filling, and binding of excitons to impurities., 2002 MRS Fall Meeting - Symposium M - Progress in semiconductors II - Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications, 2-5 December 2002, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, Series: Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings; no. 744

Published
2003
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45. [Study of 6 cases of AIDS with pulmonary complication]

Author

W, Lu, L, Li, and R, Sheng

Subjects
Adult, Male, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Pneumonia, Pneumocystis, Humans, Tuberculosis, HIV Antibodies, Middle Aged, Tuberculosis, Lymph Node, CD4 Lymphocyte Count
Abstract

To improve and to increase the awareness of pulmonary complications of AIDS.Six cases of confirmed AIDS from may 1992 to August 1997 were analyzed.Of the six cases, there were five complicated with pneumocysitis carinii pneumonia (PCP) (in which one had PCP as the first occurred manifestation). The clinical presentations of PCP were fever(5/5), dyspnea on exertion or at rest(4/5), and hypoxemi with mean PaO2 of 58.1 mm Hg. Chest X-ray showed bilateral diffuse interstitial or alveolar infiltrates. Pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculous lymphadenities (fast-acid staining positive but PPD negative) and bronchial fungal infection were found in three cases.AIDS patients are at high risk of suffering from pulmonary complications, of which PCP is more common. If young pateints who were healthy in the past suddenly suffered from pneumonia and respiratory failure, PCP should be considered. When opportunistic pulmonary infections are diagnosed under special circumstances, one should be alert to the possibility of AIDS. In these cases serum HIV antibodies should be checked immediately.

Published
2002

46. Growth and characterization of UHV-CD Si/SiGe strained-layer superlattices on bulk crystal SiGe substrates

Author

M. Dion, S. R. Sheng, Nelson Rowell, and S.P. McAlister

Subjects
Diffraction, Auger electron spectroscopy, Photoluminescence, Materials science, business.industry, Transmission electron microscopy, Superlattice, Optoelectronics, Chemical vapor deposition, business, Layer (electronics), Characterization (materials science)
Abstract

High-quality short-period Si/SiGe strained-layer superlattices have been grown on bulk single-crystal SiGe substrates using a commercial low-temperature ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHV/CVD) reactor. These superlattices were characterized by high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), atomic force microscopy (AFM), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) and photoluminescence (PL). HRXRD, AES, and XTEM results confirm that the materials deposited are high crystal-quality superlattice layers with abrupt interfaces and excellent thickness and composition uniformity across superlattices of 5 periods. AFM images show similar surface RMS roughness of much less than 1 nm for both the top layer surface and the starting substrate surface, indicating very smooth surfaces. PL measurements further confirm material quality and composition, and show sharp, well-resolved near band-edge BE and FE PL and strong broad sub-gap PL perhaps related to direct-gap superlattice transitions. The materials grown here are very promising for applications of both high-speed electronic devices and high-efficiency optoelectronic devices., 2001 MRS Fall Meeting: Symposium A: Materials issues in novel Si-based technology, 26-28 November 2001, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, Series: Materials Research Society Symposia Proceedings; no. 686

Published
2002
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47. A knowledge-based patient image prefetching system: design, evaluation and management

Author

P J, Hu, C P, Wei, and O R, Sheng

Subjects
Radiology Information Systems, Artificial Intelligence, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Interprofessional Relations, X-Rays, Information Storage and Retrieval, United States
Abstract

One fundamental clinical role of radiologists is to provide attending physicians with interpretations of an individual patient's radiological images essential to a treatment plan or overall patient management. Interpreting images from a newly taken radiological examination often requires reference to prior images of the same patient to establish a baseline from which to confirm a suspected pathological process or injury or to evaluate the progression of one that has been identified. Such image references are crucial to the radiologist's examination reading and when inappropriately supported can result in prolonged reading time, decreased report quality, and frustration. To address the problem of inadequate image prefetching methods used by many health care organizations, we took a knowledge-based approach and developed Image Retrieval Expert System (IRES), which incorporates relevant medical/radiological knowledge and contains image retrieval heuristics commonly shared by radiologists. This article describes the design of IRES, highlights its preliminary evaluation results, and discusses issues important for managing this and similar technologies in a health care organization.

Published
1999

48. [Investigation of the genetic instability of tumor cells by transfection of RER+ cell lines with exogenous microsatellite sequence]

Author

C, Wang, X, Ding, L, Ni, R, Sheng, L, Wang, and S, Markowitz

Subjects
Genes, Reporter, Colonic Neoplasms, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Humans, Transfection, Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis, Cell Line, Microsatellite Repeats
Abstract

Frequent alterations of microsatellite sequence of cancer cells were found recently in a substantial fraction of human cancers including hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. This paper aimed to investigate the genetic instability of tumor cells by using microsatellite instability(MI) as the marker in vitro.Two RER+ cell lines (replication error phenotype), RKO and HCT116 and one RER- cell line, sw480, were used as the hosts for transfection with an episomal plasmid, pCMV-CAR, containing an exogenous (CA)14 repeat which was inserted within the coding sequence of lacZ reporter gene and thus made lacZ misreading. The transfectant clones were selected and established by hygromicin. Expression and production of lacZ reporter gene of restored reading frame were detected with X-gal staining assay.After hygromicin selection, stable pCMV-CAR transfectant clones were established. It was shown that mutation of deletion of insertion within(CA)14 occurred in the transfectant RER+ cells but not in the RER-cells. The mutation restored normal reading frame of lacZ gene, and resulted in expression and production of bio-active beta galactosidase which was detected with X-gal staining. This feature of the transfectant clones was maintained during culture passages.The alterations of the exogenous(CA)14 repeat in the transfectant RER+ clones revealed genetic instability and complicated mutation status of cancer cells. It is suggested that the exogenous (CA)14 in transfectant clones could be a useful target sequence for monitoring the effects of environmental agents on MI of human cancer cells.

Published
1998

49. [Hepatitis C virus infection among long-term hemodialysis patients]

Author

A, Lu, A, Wang, and R, Sheng

Subjects
Adult, Male, Transfusion Reaction, Hepacivirus, Hepatitis C Antibodies, Middle Aged, Hepatitis C, Hemodialysis Solutions, Renal Dialysis, Risk Factors, Humans, RNA, Viral, Female, Aged, Retrospective Studies
Abstract

We determined the prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among hemodialysis patients and evaluate their risk factors. 80 patients on maintenance hemodialysis in Peking Union Medical College Hospital Dialysis Center from December 1994 to June 1995 were studied. 30 medical students were used as health controls. Serum samples were tested for HCV antibodies by a second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for HCV RNA using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and retested for anti-HCV and HCV RNA three months later. 24 (30%) of 80 hemodialysis patients were anti-HCV positive, and 2 (3.6%) of 56 anti-HCV negative cases were found HCV RNA positive. By combined assessment, the HCV infection rate of hemodialysis patient was 32.5% (26/80). Mantel-Haenszel analysis showed that HCV infection was associated with multi-transfusions, dialysis over a long period, renal transplantation, history of operation. Samples of dialysate in 9 serum HCV RNA positive cases were directly detected for HCV RNA, and 3 were found HCV RNA detectable. HCV infection rate in hemodialysis patients is higher than that of general population. The main risk factors for HCV transmission is transfusion of unscreened blood but is not an independent factor, hemodialysis itself plays an important role, the length of time on dialysis, renal transplantation, blood-contaminated material and contaminated dialysis equipment are also the risk factors. Infected hemodialysis patients should be isolated.

Published
1997

50. [Study on the clinical and biological characteristics of 20 cases of chronic lymphoid leukemias]

Author

R, Sheng, G, Zhu, W, Xia, Y, Wu, J, Li, and J, Zhang

Subjects
Gene Rearrangement, Chronic Disease, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Humans, Immunoglobulins, Prognosis, Immunophenotyping, Leukemia, Lymphoid, Retrospective Studies
Abstract

To further define the chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL).Tweenty cases of CLL classified after the FAB proposals (1989) were retrospectively analyzed.Based on the clinical features, cell/tissue morphology, immunophenotype, IgH and TCR gamma gene rearrangement serum or urine immunoglobulin levels, 16 cases of B-lymphoid leukemia (12 of CLL, 1 of PLL, 2 of leukemia/lymphoma, and 1 of WM) as well as 4 cases of T-lymphoid leukemia (2 of leukemia/lymphoma, 1 of T-LGLL, and 1 of NK-LGLL) were identified. The diagnostic criteria,cell morphology,biological characteristics and prognosis for CLL were discussed.T-leukemia/lymphoma should be incorporated in the classification of CLL.

Published
1997

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