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Quantitative information on the concurrent changes in major rumen microbial functions induced by dietary lipids in relation with the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids is scarce. During a three-period essay (9 days per period), rapeseed (Brassica napus L., RO), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., SO) and linseed (Linum usitatissimum L., LO) oils at the high level of 80 g/kg dry matter input (DMI) and a control without oil were compared in four 1-L dual outflow fermenters inoculated with bovine rumen microbiota and maintained on a maize silage-based diet. Neither the fermentation medium pH and redox potential nor starch and protein degradabilities were significantly altered. Oil supply significantly decreased butyrate and methane specific productions of to the benefit of propionate and hydrogen specific productions and decreased the microbial protein outflow and synthesis efficiency while increasing the outflows of ammonia and isovalerate, these effects being amplified by the fatty acids’ unsaturation degree. Besides, with no impact of the degree of unsaturation, oil supply increased the amount of fermented hexose, the productions of all SCFAs except butyrate and the specific production of acetate. The rumen variables apparently sensitive to oil unsaturation degree were thus related either to metabolic hydrogen removal pathways or to protein metabolism.

Rapeseed and sunflower meal are mainly used as animal feed but they can also be considered as a potential source of bioactive phenolic compounds. However, the desolventization/toasting processes that are needed to produce these meals might influence concentration and chemical structure of phenolic compounds, and change their bioactive properties. Moreover, the recovery processes of these molecules from meals are based on the use of solvent that generates effluents and might affect the integrity of the other constituents of the meals. Knowing this, the PHENOLEO project, funded by the SAS PIVERT, was a research program based on the biorefinery of rapeseed and sunflower meals that aimed to develop new routes of valorization of these materials mostly by the separation and valorization of their simple phenolic compounds. Thus, we decided to focus this study on the impact of the desolventization process on the biochemical composition of meals, the separation process of their simple phenolic compounds, the production of phenolic acids from meals and the potential valorization routes of the phenolic fraction.

The contents of the 2015 Rapeseed Convention, held in Saskatoon, Canada, under the auspices of GCIRC, provided an up-to-date review of rapeseed research and innovation and development perspectives, which may key to understanding the evolutions that will be expressed during the 15th Colza Congress, in Berlin, Germany, in June 2019, in a context marked both by the emergence of new technologies and by changes in market and societal demand.

Cooking-pressing or extrusion-pressing processes applied to soybeans produce partially deoiled cake used for animal feeding. These two processes were studied and compared with a view to implementation in an industrial unit. The various factors of hydrothermal treatment for conditioning the beans were studied at different scales (batch from 2 kg to 100 kg, and continuous flow at 100 kg/h) and the results showed the need for moist cooking to effectively deactivate the antitrypsin factors (FAT) while maintaining protein solubility. The extrusion-pressing was more effective for deoiling cakes than cookingpressing (5.4 vs. 6.7%) but less robust for deactivation of FAT (6.5 vs. 3.8 TIU/mg). The techno-economical study was carried out to simulate the crushing costs and net margins of both processes in a plant capacity of 20 000 t / year. It showed that the costs of both methods were similar (about 33 €/t). Gross margins were evaluated between 18 and 84 € / t in three valuation assumptions based on market price of oil, the mode value of the meal and the residual oil, the level of premiums GMO traceability and transport. The cooking-pressing process can also be applied to sunflower and rapeseed and versatility is an advantage to ensure continuous operation of the crushing unit in case of supply difficulties in soybean.

Sunflower meal is an alternative source of proteins for feedstuff but its high fiber content reduces the nutritional value. Different dehulling processes can improve the protein content and the nutritional value of meal. Partially dehulled sunflower meals with 32% and 36% of proteins produced in different crushing plants in France had been compared to non-dehulled sunflower meal (29% of proteins). The total French feedstuff production was simulated with a model including prices of raw materials observed during 2010-2011 campaign. The interest prices of the different qualities of sunflower meal compared to soybean meal varied from 0.43, 0.50 to 0.70 for 29, 32 and 36% of proteins content respectively. The 36% protein sunflower meal seems very well adapted to laying hens and ducks diets where 29% type should be more adapted to meat cows, sows and rabbits who need less concentrated diets. The new market for the 36 % protein sunflower meal type could notably help to provide local sources of proteins for high quality poultry production.

The oleaginous plants are invaluable reservoirs with food use, but also industrial. In the current context of environmental protection, green oilseed based chemistery finds a revival. Bibliographical data are rather rich in experiments of introduction of new oleaginous cultures as sources of oil and fatty acids for that purpose. This note attempts to draw up an inventory.

A key challenge in the actual context of fossil sources rarefaction, global warming, and of increase of the world global population, is to promote the use of molecules derived from renewable sources such as plants. Among these molecules, lipids and proteins are targets of interest. Plant lipids from oilseeds are attractive substitutes to the use of fossil oil. Till the beginning of the 20th century, numerous products used in the daily life were derived from natural renewable products. For instance, plant oil was commonly used as fuel for vehicles and was entering in the composition of paintings, lubricants etc. Unfortunately, natural oils have been progressively replaced by cheaper fossil oil in the fabrication of these products. Nowadays, fossil oils are becoming increasingly expensive being a finite comodity. It is thus important to reduce our dependence from fossil oil and develop substitution industries. Oilseeds contain important amounts of proteins which are mainly used in feed. As several kilograms of plant protein are needed to obtain one kilogram of animal protein, the interest toward using plant protein in food is reinforced. The developments of the use of plant lipids, as well as proteins are a major stakes for the competitiveness of European agriculture and industry, as well as for sustainable development. Extraction of oil and proteins from rapeseed has a significant cost, in term of energy and solvent uses, and finally affects the ultimate quality of the products (protein digestibility). In order to quantitatively extract seed reserves under mild conditions, it will be necessary to limit the amount of energy needed, and avoid any use of solvents. Ideally, seeds should be processed in a bio refinery. In this paper, we will describe how oilseeds store their reserves, and roadblocks for improving actual oilseed extraction processes. A continuum of research projects aimed at answering targeted questions will be presented, with selected results obtained.

Soybean is cultivated in Europe as a GM free cultivation. In spite of a growing demand in identity preserved (IP) seeds and of the high environmental benefit of the soybean in the crop rotations,a great decrease of the soybean acreage has been observed in France and in Europe since 2002. That’s why in 2007, Cetiom and Onidol, two bodies of the French oilseed crop organisation decided to carry out a comprehensive survey on the different actors of the soybean production chain from the farmers until the feed and food soybean users. The study showed that 12% of the total acreage is planted under organic farming and that most surfaces are still grown under IP process. It also highlighted that the decrease of soybean’s surfaces till 2008 was mainly due to an insufficient economic competitiveness compared to other crops. The survey proved that the French production gained market shares between 2002 and 2007 for the soyfood industry supply (from 5 to 25% of the total acreage). The remaining production is processed in small or medium extrusion plants for the local animal raising. The needs of the industry were described in details showing that the main asset of the French production is the good control of the whole production chain, the high quality management by the farmers, the good protein content and shorter logistic chains compared to the imported soybean. For the future, the increasing environmental constraints and the larger demand of European soyfood industry but also of local high-quality feed and animal raising could lead soybean to recover between 100 000 and 150 000 hectares in France.

Pressing is a crucial step in the crushing process of rapeseed seeds, regarding its major effect on the oil extraction yield, the energy consumption and the quality of the meal. In order to study and model in a rigorous way the behaviour of rapeseed seeds, and the oil extraction during pressing, the potential of a micro-pressing technique using a instrumented micro press adapted to quantities of seeds as low as 10 g for rapeseed and 3 g for Arabidopsis thaliana was examined and discussed. Using a phenomenological model, data from the pressing process and the material behaviour (compressibility modules) were obtained with a good precision, highlighting small differences between samples. The well-known positive effect of the temperature on the oil extraction yield was confirmed with A. thaliana. Micro-pressing of ground and cooked rapeseed seeds did not lead to the results usually reported in the literature for continuous pressing. The results strongly suggest that the performance of the static micro-pressing is related to the macro-and micro-structure of seeds and is less sensitive to the moisture than continuous pressing. Further experiments are needed to confirm that the micro-pressing could be an effective tool for predicting the extractability of oil and therefore, contribute to plant breeding programmes in the future.

Dans le contexte du développement de la culture du soja dans le Sud-Ouest de la France et à partir d’un diagnostic des filières de production de graines et des débouchés possibles, la mise en place d’une unité de trituration est envisagée dans cette région selon trois scénarios de taille d’usine et de localisation (3000 tonnes par an (t/an) dans le bassin Tarn-Aveyron, 15 000 t/an dans le Gers et 30 000 t/an dans la vallée de la Garonne). Le procédé retenu (aplatissage-cuisson-pression) permet la production de tourteau de valeur alimentaire proche du tourteau de soja déshuilé importé. Un modèle de calcul de la marge nette de trituration a simulé le fonctionnement et les résultats économiques de ces usines de 2007 à 2014. Pour les scénarios 3000, 15 000 et 30 000 t/an, les résultats obtenus montrent que l’augmentation de la taille de l’usine réduit très fortement le coût de trituration (respectivement 119,6 €/t, 44,9 €/t et 33,6 €/t) et que les coûts de transport sont logiquement impactés par la densité des bassins de production et de consommation. Le surplus économique créé s’élève respectivement à –72, 10 et –2 €/t en moyenne pour la période 2007–2014 et s’améliore notablement pour les cinq derniers trimestres (–25, 57 et 45 €/t). Le fonctionnement de la filière a été simulé selon les points de vue des différents acteurs économiques (céréalier, organisme stockeur, éleveur) pour évaluer le bénéfice retiré. Des perspectives sont indiquées pour la réduction des coûts et pour l’amélioration de la valeur des produits créée.

The recent success of dehulled sunflower meals on the French market encourages reconsideration of the possibility of applying dehulling techniques to rapeseed. Hulls account for 18−20% of rapeseed mass; they contain mostly fibres (72%, 78% and 99%, respectively of the seeds’ NDF, ADF and ADL). Complete removal of these hulls would result in a high (43%) protein meal with enhanced added value. However, the technical feasibility of producing such a meal is impeded by the relatively high oil content of the hull fraction. This article presents a model of mass balance that takes account both of the purity of the “hull” and “kernel” fractions and comparisons of gross margins between conventional processing and dehulling-based processing. The value of dehulled rapeseed meal is assessed against both a range of market scenarios and the composition and price of a selection of alternative feeds. The gross margin differential favours dehulling only in periods where proteins are expensive and oil relatively cheap, as at present. Reducing the oil content of the hulls affects considerably the profitability of dehulling whereas modification of the protein content has only a modest impact. An important unknown is the effect of antinutritional factors on the final price of dehulled meals. Management of the glucosinolates residues through processing might decrease their noxiousness though the information on this is scant. Since this lack of knowledge is an impediment to the implementation of dehulling technology, research and development investments should start by addressing this question. Technical solutions could be developed to recover the oil contained in the hulls. Such solutions include expelling, aqueous extraction or tail-end dehulling after direct extraction of the seeds.

La 3e conférence internationale sur les glucosinolates, intitulée « Glucosinolates and beyond », a rassemblé plus d’une centaine de participants à Wageningen aux Pays-Bas, du 12 au 15 Octobre 2014. Le programme a été organisé en quatre sessions couvrant la recherche fondamentale sur l’origine et la biosynthèse des glucosinolates au cours de l’évolution, et les applications concrètes en santé humaine et agriculture. Près de 90 communications orales et posters, portant sur les récents progrès et les questions émergentes pour les recherches futures ont été présentés.

Brassicas contain glucosinolates (GSL) which decomposition is able to reduce the growth of populations of soil-borne fungi, bacterias or nematodes. These biocid effects on soil-borne microorganisms make a form of allelopathy phenomenon. The allelopathic properties depends on the GLS composition of the Brassicas: Indian mustard and in a lower extend Oilseed rape culd have the most powerfull action, White mustard would have a weaker action. These properties also depends on crop residues: green manure with quick decomposition would result with a higher action than crop residues after grain harvest.The main mechanisms are known. In vitro, isothiocyanates obtained from the GSL decomposition inhibit all the phases of the cycle of Aphanomyces eutiches, the fungus responsible for root rot of peas. The mycelian growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis tritici, the fungus responsible for the wheat take all is inhibited by some isothyocyanates at low concentration. Furthermore, several studies give the evidence that the incorporation of Brassicas residues into the soil does inhibit the growth of both soil-borne pathogens. At last, the presence of roots of Brassicas inhibits the germination of the mycorhizes known to improve the mineral nutrition of its host plant. This phenomenon could explain the depressive effect of oilseed rape on the nutrition of a subsequent maize.This knowledge of Brassicas effects into cropping systems offers issues for a better management of precedent effects of Brassicas; these effects being positive (integrated cop protection) or negative (management of subsequent crop nutrition after Brassicas).

Brassicas contain glucosinolates (GSL) which decomposition is able to reduce the growth of populations of soil-borne fungi, bacterias or nematodes. These biocid effects on soil-borne microorganisms make a form of allelopathy phenomenon. The allelopathic properties depends on the GLS composition of the Brassicas: Indian mustard and in a lower extend Oilseed rape could have the most powerfull action, White mustard would have a weaker action. These properties also depends on crop residues: green manure with quick decomposition would result with a higher action than crop residues after grain harvest. The main mechanisms are known. In vitro, isothiocyanates obtained from the GSL decomposition inhibit all the phases of the cycle of Aphanomyces eutiches, the fungus responsible for root rot of peas. The mycelian growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis tritici, the fungus responsible for the wheat take all is inhibited by some isothyocyanates at low concentration. Furthermore, several studies give the evidence that the incorporation of Brassicas residues into the soil does inhibit the growth of both soil-borne pathogens. At last, the presence of roots of Brassicas inhibits the germination of the mycorhizes known to improve the mineral nutrition of its host plant. This phenomenon could explain the depressive effect of oilseed rape on the nutrition of a subsequent maize. This knowledge of Brassicas effects into cropping systems offers issues for a better management of precedent effects of Brassicas; these effects being positive (integrated cop protection) or negative (management of subsequent crop nutrition after Brassicas).

La normalisation joue un grand rôle dans les échanges économiques en participant à l’ouverture et à la transparence des marchés. La filière des Oléagineux et des Corps Gras a intégré depuis longtemps la normalisation dans sa stratégie. Élaborés à partir des besoins de la profession et notamment au niveau de la relation client-fournisseur, les programmes ont concerné principalement l’échantillonnage et l’analyse. Depuis quelques années, une forte évolution du contexte socio-économique et réglementaire (utilisation non-alimentaire, sécurité alimentaire, assurance qualité,) a élargi le champ de la normalisation. La démarche normative adoptée dans le cas des bio-diesels et de la détection des OGM dans les oléagineux est expliquée. Les conséquences de l’évolution de la normalisation et les enjeux pour la profession des oléagineux dans le futur sont évoqués.

L’aviculture européenne est dépendante d’approvisionnements en soja essentiellement en provenance du Brésil. Cette matière première riche en protéines est intéressante d’un point de vue nutritionnel pour l’alimentation des volailles mais pose des problèmes importants notamment en termes de prix et de conséquences environnementales. Les matières premières riches en protéines produites en France (oléo-protéagineux et coproduits de l’amidonnerie et de la distillerie) ne remplacent qu’en partie le soja importé du fait d’équilibres nutritionnels moins propices. Les protéagineux sont de plus très peu disponibles sur le marché. L’aviculture européenne, et plus largement l’élevage et l’agriculture, sont ainsi face à des enjeux importants d’ordre économique, social et environnemental. Les contraintes et leviers relatifs à la formulation d’aliments destinés aux volailles sont analysés et différentes voies de progrès sont envisagées à plus ou moins long terme : développer l’alimentation de précision afin d’améliorer l’ajustement des apports aux besoins des animaux en fonction des objectifs fixés, disposer de matières premières adaptées (process, mis en œuvre de filières adaptées, nouvelles matières premières et additifs, sélection variétale) mais aussi d’animaux adaptables. Une plus grande coordination entre acteurs, amont et aval, apparaît indispensable pour relever ces défis.

Les données recueillies au cours d’une enquête menée sur le long terme en France pour le suivi de la qualité des tourteaux d’oléagineux ont montré que l’utilisation de méthodes d’analyse inadaptées pouvait conduire à une sous-estimation des teneurs en huile résiduelle des tourteaux de colza et de tournesol. Dans le but d’évaluer les performances des méthodes d’analyses actuellement utilisées, une étude collaborative a été réalisée dans le cadre de la commission de normalisation française dans le domaine des aliments des animaux (AFNOR V18A) avec la plupart des laboratoires impliqués dans l’analyse des tourteaux d’oléagineux et des aliments pour animaux. Le circuit d’analyse comprenait huit échantillons, dont cinq avaient une teneur en huile résiduelle faible : trois tourteaux de colza fabriqués dans différentes usines, un tourteau de tournesol, un tourteau de soja. Les trois autres échantillons avaient une teneur en huile élevée et étaient constitués par un extrudat de graines de soja non déshuilé, un tourteau de colza et un tourteau de lin issus de pressage à froid. Les méthodes testées étaient basées sur trois principes : (A) extraction par solvant sans hydrolyse, (B) hydrolyse et extraction par solvant, (C) extraction par solvant sans hydrolyse et avec l’utilisation d’un broyeur à billes. L’étude montre que les données de répétabilité et de reproductibilité obtenues sont en accord avec les résultats de circuits d’analyse réalisés antérieurement et avec les données de fidélité mentionnées dans les normes NF V18-117 Partie 1 pour la méthode A, NF V18-117 Partie 2 pour la méthode B et ISO 734-2 pour la méthode C. Des différences ont été observées entre les trois méthodes pour les teneurs en huile mesurées, en particulier avec les échantillons qui ont subi des traitements thermiques pendant leur fabrication. Les méthodes A, C et B appliquées aux tourteaux déshuilés, conduisent, dans cet ordre, à des teneurs croissantes. La différence entre les résultats des méthodes A et B, correspondant à la matière grasse liée, varie de 0,7 (tourteau de soja) à 1,4 g/100g (tourteau de colza) et représente environ la moitié de la matière grasse mesurée par la méthode A. En comparaison avec la méthode A, l’extraction de la matière grasse non liée avec la méthode C est supérieure de 0,6 g/100g, ce qui montre l’aptitude de la méthode C à extraire la matière grasse difficilement accessible. L’étude montre que les trois méthodes donnent, comme prévu, des résultats différents dépendant des principes des méthodes utilisées et des procédés utilisés pour la fabrication des tourteaux. En définitive, le choix de la méthode la plus pertinente pour la détermination de la teneur en huile devrait être fait en fonction de l’utilisation prévue des résultats, pour la formulation des aliments des animaux ou pour l’optimisation du procédé d’extraction dans l’usine de trituration.

Background: In the context of developing plant protein sources for humans, sunflower is a good candidate in its form as an oilseed coproduct.Objectives: We aimed to compare the real digestibility in rats of a sunflower isolate to that of goat whey protein. We also studied the efficiency of 15N and 2H intrinsic labeling in this assessment.Methods: Sunflower seeds and goat milk were labeled with 15N and 2H. Male Wistar rats (10 wk old) were fed a meal containing 12% of either sunflower isolate (n = 8) or whey (n = 8). Six hours after meal ingestion, protein and amino acid digestibility were assessed by measuring nitrogen, hydrogen, and amino acids in the digesta, as well as isotope enrichments in the bulk and individual amino acids. The differences between groups and isotopes were respectively tested with an unpaired and a paired t test.Results: Protein isolate purity was 87% for whey and 94% for sunflower. 2H and 15N enrichments were, respectively, 0.12 atom % (AP) and 1.06 AP in sunflower isolate and 0.18 AP and 0.95 AP in whey. Fecal 15N protein digestibility was 97.2 ± 0.2% for whey and 95.1 ± 0.5% for sunflower isolate. The use of 2H resulted in a lower digestibility estimate than 15N for whey (96.9 ± 0.2%, P < 0.05) and sunflower (94.2 ± 0.5%, P < 0.01). For both isotopes, protein digestibility was about 2% higher for whey than for sunflower isolate. Mean 15N amino acid caecal digestibility was 97.5 ± 0.2% for whey and 96.3 ± 0.2% for sunflower isolate. The values obtained with 15N and 2H resulted in significant differences ranging from -0.1% to 3.5%. The DIAAS was >1.0 for whey and 0.84 for sunflower (lysine).Conclusions: The protein and amino acid digestibility of sunflower isolate was high but its DIAAS reflected a moderate lysine imbalance. Despite slight differences with 15N, deuterium produced comparable results, making it suitable for in vivo digestion studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]