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Hospital waste has the potential to affect human health, the environment, communities, animals, and even individuals at home in both infectious and noninfectious ways. That is why efficient and sustainable hospital waste management and disposal are the only keys to reducing waste-related risks. Financially and environmentally viable hospital waste management and disposal activities are the dire need of the present time. The present study aims to identify the factors that should be incorporated when designing any hospital waste management strategy and to find the appropriate technology for hospital waste disposal in Quetta City, Pakistan, by using social, health, technological, economic, financial, institutional, and environmental factors, known collectively as the SHTEFIE criteria. Findings reveal that environmental, technological, and financial factors are dominant over all other factors. Incineration is the best technique among all other waste disposal techniques, but environmental protections must be strictly followed. Landfill is a financially sound technique and suitable for noninfectious and general waste, whereas autoclaving and microwaving are best used as waste treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime impacts residential neighborhoods not only through the loss of life and property but also by instilling a widespread fear among residents. To combat this fear, physical security measures like safety locks, gates, and high perimeter walls have proven effective in both developed and developing nations. This trend has led to the increased popularity of gated communities in Pakistan as a preferred housing choice. In addition to encouraging micro-segregation, these developments also attract a large number of residents. In order to better understand the differences in residents' fear of crime in relation to their health and socio-economic status, this paper compares residential housing schemes in Quetta, Pakistan (gated and non-gated). Surveys and on-site observations in four different residential areas of the city underpin the methodology. The results suggest that past experiences of crime victimization strongly affect feelings of safety in both gated and non-gated communities. The study highlights the complex relationship between the perception of safety, health and well-being, socio-economic status, and the type of community, highlighting how these factors collectively influence respondents' experiences and create micro-segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International System of Units (SI) has been updated with new prefixes, ronto and quecto for extremely small numbers, such as those in quantum physics, etc., and ronna and quetta for extremely huge numbers, such as the volume of data stored on servers for the Internet, etc. The authors look back at some milestones reached to the historic decision made at the 27th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM), which was held from November 15 to 18, 2022, at the Palais des Congrès in Versailles, France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This based on qualitative methodology using primary and secondary data to examine the patterns and effects of cheque dishonor in Quetta city. It aims to enhance the knowledge of interplay between financial dealings and societal norms by analysis also number of elements are observed that give to cheque dishonor like personal financial customs, banking process and economic limitations. Exploratory research and interviews were used to investigate about the cheque dishonor. Through six informants the primary data were collected while the secondary data obtained from the literature. The objectives of the study are to define the causes, effects and the challenges also that improves our understanding related to the interactions between the financial transactions, economic reality and societal norms. In the end, this study offers a valuable knowledge into the challenges faced by cheque dishonor and help to deter the negative impacts through by the development methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water stays critical to global economic growth and human survival. Balochistan the largest Province of Pakistan is facing drought, water scarcity, and quality problems, which have adversely impacted the life of the community. The cause for conducting research across the province on water scarcity across the province was limited due to the accommodation, transportation, time constraint, and data collection. Primary and secondary data both data as collected. The primary data was based on questionnaire and the secondary one was taken from the literature. The results indicated that the water level has reached alarming levels, mainly due to subsidy on electric tube wells, indiscriminate installation of tube wells, violation of tube well spacing norms, high delta cropping, population increase, and poor drought management. The paper describes social and environmental consequences of water shortage issues and analyzes the causes of water scarcity including the mismanagement issues of water resources which has intensified over the years. To address the challenges of water scarcity and resource management, this study purposes to find out the reasons plus effects of water scarcity in Quetta city. Additionally, it will also suggest solutions to overcome the water scarcity problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The current study aimed to assess barriers to physical activity (PA) among community dwellers with chronic diseases visiting a public healthcare institute in Quetta city, Pakistan. Subject and method: A cross-sectional design was adopted, and the Urdu version of Barriers to Being Active Questionnaire was used for data collection. The Mann–Whitney U and Jonckheere–Terpstra test were used to identify significantly associated variables that were later assessed for their relationship with the binary logistic regression model. Results: Four hundred nineteen patients participated in the study with a response rate of 97.2%. Barriers to PA were categorized into one or more of seven categories: lack of time, social influences, lack of energy, lack of willpower, fear of injury, lack of skill, and lack of resources. Social influence was significantly associated with all demographic variables (p < 0.05). Lack of energy and willpower was significantly associated with income and occupation, whereas fear of injury and lack of skills were significantly associated with age. The binary logistic regression model showed significant goodness of fit (Chi-square = 102.94, p = 0.001, df = 9). Social influence (adjusted OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.118–1.415, p < 0.001) emerged as a significant predictor of PA. Conclusion: Among all identified barriers, social influence was rated as the predictor of barrier to PA. Social norms and practices are hard to change and continue; however, rigorous efforts are needed at the grass roots level for a behavioral change to happen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research study was carried out to assess the impact and coping measures of flash floods in Quetta City during Monsoon 2022. A combination of both qualitative and quantitative research method was used as part of “After-Only” research design. Primary data sources included survey of the affected areas in Quetta City and interviews of officials from various departments. Secondary data sources involved records from relevant departments, newspapers, journals and internet. Random sampling technique was adopted during the survey and thematic analysis of total sample size of 390 was carried out. .The findings have revealed that unchecked urbanization and construction in waterways amplified the damaged caused by flash floods in Quetta in 2022. The empirical evidences and survey conducted of affected areas pointed out lack of implementation of available regulatory measures. In order to mitigate the effect of any future flash flood, existing regulatory mechanism in required to be implemented in true letter and spirit which should include reclaiming of encroached waterways, planning for rehabilitation of affected households to suitable location and detailed urban planning to cater for expansion of Quetta City.

Background and Aim: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, including buffalo, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs, causing major economic losses to the local farmers and, overall, to the national economy of the country. This study aimed to detect FMDV serotypes in year-round FMD outbreaks, hematological and biochemical changes, and oxidative stress in FMDV-infected cattle and buffaloes in the district of Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan, and the socioeconomic impact of FMD outbreaks on farmers. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in the district of Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan, where FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hematological, biochemical, and oxidative analyses were performed by analyzing the blood of FMDV-infected and non-infected animals. Information on the associated risk factors was obtained through a structured questionnaire by interviewing farmers in each FMD-affected farm. Results: Thirty-four out of 38 farms (89%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 75%–97%) were positive for FMD by ELISA. Higher FMD infection was detected in farms with a herd size of 100 animals (32%, 11/34) and 51–100 animals (18%, 6/34). Fifty-seven percent (114/200, 95% CI: 50%-64%) of animals were positive for FMD. Of these, 61% (69/114) were cattle and 39% (45/114) were buffalo. FMD positivity was higher in females (86%, 98/114) than in males (14%, 16/114) and higher in animals older than 2 years of age (52%, 59/114). On average, farmers lose U.S. dollars 3000 annually due to FMD outbreaks. Animals infected with FMDV had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) white blood cell counts and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower hemoglobin and total protein concentrations in buffalo and cattle, whereas infected cattle showed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower albumin levels. Globulin levels were lower in buffaloes infected. Alanine aminotransferase levels were lower in infected cattle (p ≤ 0.05). Creatinine levels were higher in infected buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Urea and phosphorus concentrations were higher in FMDV-infected cattle and buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Calcium levels were lower in infected cattle and buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Catalase enzyme activity in infected cattle and buffaloes was significantly lower (p < 0.05). Lipid peroxidation was significantly higher in FMDV-infected cattle and buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: This study confirmed serotype O circulation among cattle and buffalo in year-long FMD outbreaks in the Quetta District of Balochistan. Blood analysis identified a parameter deviated from the normal level due to FMDV infection. In addition, the outbreak of FMD has a significant negative economic impact on livestock farmers.

Infestations of pests are perhaps an anthropogenic catastrophe for trees. Aeolesthes sarta (Sart longhorned beetle—SLB) is one of the most severe pests that cause serious damage to a number of hardwood tree species, i.e., Populus, Salix, Acer, Juglans, and Malus. To investigate people's attitudes towards pest damage cost and future control extent of SLB, a door-to-door method was adopted to survey two major cities (Quetta—QU and Peshawar—PE) of the northwestern region of Pakistan where this pest has caused severe damage. Respondents were asked about SLB pest knowledge, pest damage costs, preferences for control choices, and program extent. According to respondents, more trees (181 ± 1.20 trees/ha/annum) were damaged in QU compared to PE. Populus spp. was the dominant tree genre that attacked and damaged the most. Around 85% of respondents from both cities stated the pest damage cost was calculated as high for QU (480,840.80 ± 4716.94$/annum) compared to PE. Respondents in both locations strongly supported (more than 82%) biological control of future SLB outbreaks. They all agreed that protecting ecologically vulnerable places and wildlife habitats should be the primary priority in a future SLB outbreak. Respondents from both cities who preferred to protect more land area in future SLB outbreaks were calculated to be high for QU (61%) compared to PE (58%). However, city variations in opinions regarding forest-type priority that should be protected and control options were observed. Socio-demographic characteristics were discovered to impact pest damage cost positively, as well as preferred SLB control extent. The findings of this study can help policymakers and forest managers develop publicly permissible pest control plans and make more accurate predictions about future pest outbreaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, including buffalo, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs, causing major economic losses to the local farmers and, overall, to the national economy of the country. This study aimed to detect FMDV serotypes in year-round FMD outbreaks, hematological and biochemical changes, and oxidative stress in FMDV-infected cattle and buffaloes in the district of Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan, and the socioeconomic impact of FMD outbreaks on farmers. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in the district of Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan, where FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hematological, biochemical, and oxidative analyses were performed by analyzing the blood of FMDV-infected and non-infected animals. Information on the associated risk factors was obtained through a structured questionnaire by interviewing farmers in each FMD-affected farm. Results: Thirty-four out of 38 farms (89%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 75%-97%) were positive for FMD by ELISA. Higher FMD infection was detected in farms with a herd size of <50 animals (50%, 17/34), followed by >100 animals (32%, 11/34) and 51-100 animals (18%, 6/34). Fifty-seven percent (114/200, 95% CI: 50%-64%) of animals were positive for FMD. Of these, 61% (69/114) were cattle and 39% (45/114) were buffalo. FMD positivity was higher in females (86%, 98/114) than in males (14%, 16/114) and higher in animals older than 2 years of age (52%, 59/114). On average, farmers lose U.S. dollars 3000 annually due to FMD outbreaks. Animals infected with FMDV had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) white blood cell counts and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower hemoglobin and total protein concentrations in buffalo and cattle, whereas infected cattle showed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower albumin levels. Globulin levels were lower in buffaloes infected. Alanine aminotransferase levels were lower in infected cattle (p ≤ 0.05). Creatinine levels were higher in infected buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Urea and phosphorus concentrations were higher in FMDV-infected cattle and buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Calcium levels were lower in infected cattle and buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Catalase enzyme activity in infected cattle and buffaloes was significantly lower (p < 0.05). Lipid peroxidation was significantly higher in FMDV-infected cattle and buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: This study confirmed serotype O circulation among cattle and buffalo in year-long FMD outbreaks in the Quetta District of Balochistan. Blood analysis identified a parameter deviated from the normal level due to FMDV infection. In addition, the outbreak of FMD has a significant negative economic impact on livestock farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the complex patterns and consequences of student moving from rural areas of Balochistan to Quetta city for higher education using a qualitative exploration methodology, which is grounded on primary and secondary data sources. This research further intends to add to the body of knowledge by providing insightful analysis of the always changing opportunities and difficulties coming from the interaction between migration and education. Diverse reasons, such as access to higher-quality education, exposure to new cultures and diversities, improved employment chances and the pursuit of specialized fields of study. Qualitative research approach was adopted to explore the phenomena through key informant interviews from key informants and exploratory research type was applied to the study as the study is exploratory in the nature. Considering the principles of saturation, overall, fourteen key informant interviews were conducted for collecting the primary data on the phenomena, whereas secondary data are gathered from available peer reviewed sources. The exploration aims to determine the factors driving pupil migration to Quetta city, assess the effect, explore the obstacles and hassles faced by shifting students. Complex insights into the qualitative dynamics of migration and their implications for students and the city are greatly added by this study. Through a in-depth comprehension of the intricacies linked to student mobility, the study illuminates motivating elements including the attraction of security and learning chances, as well as the transformational capacity of student movement. Furthermore, the research highlights historical, geographical, socio-political, and economic variables as impediments to student mobility. In general, this study improves our comprehension of the complex elements of student mobility and its effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has created several challenges worldwide, especially in developing countries. Recent research on community participation in efforts dealing with climate change indicates a promising direction for communities in developing countries to take. This research is based on the Green and Blue Quetta project, which was led by a resident and involved a team of dedicated volunteers concerned about the city's deteriorating environment due to climate change. Actively seeking participation by residents by the Green and Blue Quetta team and meticulous planning resulted in 10,000 trees planted in and around the city and significantly increased the awareness of climate issues among residents. People of various backgrounds, especially children, received education on climate change and the ways individuals can make their contributions to deal with environmental challenges. It is suggested that the case provides lessons that have implications for future environmental efforts for communities in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime impacts residential neighborhoods not only through the loss of life and property but also by instilling a widespread fear among residents. To combat this fear, physical security measures like safety locks, gates, and high perimeter walls have proven effective in both developed and developing nations. This trend has led to the increased popularity of gated communities in Pakistan as a preferred housing choice. In addition to encouraging micro-segregation, these developments also attract a large number of residents. In order to better understand the differences in residents’ fear of crime in relation to their health and socio-economic status, this paper compares residential housing schemes in Quetta, Pakistan (gated and non-gated). Surveys and on-site observations in four different residential areas of the city underpin the methodology. The results suggest that past experiences of crime victimization strongly affect feelings of safety in both gated and non-gated communities. The study highlights the complex relationship between the perception of safety, health and well-being, socio-economic status, and the type of community, highlighting how these factors collectively influence respondents’ experiences and create micro-segregation.

Objective: Molecular detection and co-presence of carbapenem-resistant genes in the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are less commonly reported from Quetta. In the present study, we determined to highlight the antibiotic sensitivity profile and genetic mechanism of carbapenem resistance. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted from May to September 2018 at the Hi-tech laboratory, Centre for Advance Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, University of Baluchistan, Quetta. Biochemical and molecular methods were ascertained for the recognition of the isolates and minimum inhibitory concentration was performed using E-test and broth microdilution methods. The molecular basis of carbapenemase activity was determined by identifying carbapenemase genes in the isolates. Results: Of the (n=23) P. aeruginosa isolated from pus aspirates obtained from surgical/burn units, we have detected blaIMP (n=7/8) 87.5%, blaNDM-1 (n=5/8) 62.5%, and blaSHV (n=4/8) 50%. The co-existence of multiple antibiotic-resistant genes, blaIMP, blaNDM-1 and blaSHV was found in (n=2/8) 25% isolates. These isolates displayed resistance against a range of antimicrobials from β-lactams, tetracyclines, cephalosporins, quinolones, monobactams, aminoglycosides, sulphonamides, phosphoric acid, macrolides, and polypeptide groups, suggesting extensive-drug resistance. Conclusion: The emergence of MBL and ESBL producers is an alarming threat in the region. It is of great importance to determine the resistance mechanism of bacterial bugs. The lack of new antimicrobials particularly against gramnegative bacteria is quite alarming worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the general public's awareness of medicine information, safety, and adverse drug reactions in Quetta, Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using randomsampling from April 2020 to April 2021 in Quetta. Samples were collected from respondents who met the inclusion criteria and had visited community pharmacies. The analysis was done using SPSS version 23. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess factors associated with good knowledge. Results: Multivariate analysis revealed that purchase on prescription was a determining factor of knowledge regarding knowledge of pharmaceutical products and their provided information, medicines usage and safety, and Medication ADRs. Patients who bought medicines on prescriptions were more likely to have better knowledge. Patients having education were more likely to have better knowledge. Conclusion: Public awareness about medicine information, safety, and the information provided by manufacturers is crucial to ensuring that patients have access to accurate information about their medications and can make informed decisions about their health. Healthcare providers and regulatory bodies must work together to improve access to information and promote safe medication practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many urban centres worldwide must depend on groundwater resources for domestic water supply due to less deteriorate and accessibility. The unplanned population growth and anthropogenic activities has been affected the sustainability of groundwater resources globally. Quetta, the provincial headquarter of largest province of Pakistan, is facing serious issues of water scarcity, decline and less recharge. The objective of current study is to identify groundwater recharge potential zone using latest techniques of multi criteria decision analysis based on geographic information system and remote sensing applications for the Quetta Valley. The satellite images and other data sources are used to develop the thematic layers, viz., land use land cover, drainage density, lineament density, soil, rainfall, slope, geology, and geomorphology of the study area using various tools within ArcGIS. By using multicriteria decision analysis technique, the thematic layers are integrated and weighted overlay index analysis is employed to rank the parameter by its influence on groundwater recharge. Based on multi criteria decision analysis technique, the weight is allocated to each significant parameter. The recharge zones map is categories into three categories: high, moderate, and poor zones base on groundwater recharge potential. The final map covers 48.9% high recharge area and moderate recharge area 28.2% while least recharge is observed in 22.9% area of total study area. The final map of potential groundwater recharge zone could help to suggest artificial recharge sites groundwater in the study area to sustain depleting groundwater resources which could be Urak, Balali, Jinnah Town, Killi Chiltan Lehri, Nawa Killi etc. The findings are useful for water resource development and management for provincial headquarter of biggest province of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mandigak, the most proud ancient region of Afghanistan, is located 50 kilometers northwest of Kandahar City. Kandahar province, with famous historical sites such as Mandigak Hill, etc., are places that have mostly attracted the attention of archaeologists, tourists and domestic and foreign researchers. Each of these places has a story from the distant past and shows the religious conditions religious, political, social and cultural of this province. In addition to that, the existence of such historical places represents the living conditions of the past people in our minds to some extent; this region had a good climate and fertile land; therefore, it created a very good environment for the life of the old tribes. The purpose of this research is to identify a number of ancient and historical features of Mandigak, which have been less discussed or debated so far. Introducing the real image of the ancient site of Mandigak to consolidate the country's rich history not only for the country's residents; It includes the most important and fundamental goal of this article, and the materials prepared in this article will be considered useful and valuable as a curriculum for improving the scientific capacity of students. In the research method section of this article, considering the library method of authentic domestic and foreign books and materials, authentic journals and internet sites, analyzing historical data using modern methods with methods of analysis and analysis is a research work to prove a large number of desired materials for writing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCB) of secondary school teachers currently serving in the district of Quetta. Using a quantitative research method, the data was gathered from the randomly selected 250 teachers via an adopted questionnaire having 5-points Likert scale. The gathered data (based on the various dimensions of OCB including conscientiousness, sportsmanship, civic virtue, courtesy, and altruism) were analyzed using descriptive techniques and inferential statistical techniques. The findings of the study reveal that teachers currently serving in the secondary schools in the district of Quetta display no significant difference in OCB based on their genders and the sector of their serving schools, that is, private and public. However, there was a significant difference in OCB based on their age and years of experience. The findings of the study recommend the policymakers and school administrations to engage the teachers in the socially betterment of teachers without considering their different characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulnerability assessment of an urban area to earthquake hazards is the requirement to attaining sustainable urban resilience. Quetta city is the capital of the province of Balochistan surrounded by mountains with the existence of many active faults. The main objective of the current study was to assess the earthquake vulnerability in Quetta valley. A total of 400 households were selected for the primary household survey. A simple random sampling technique is employed using proportionate allocation method because of the heterogeneity of the area in terms of population. Secondary data was taken from the Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP), the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (PBS), and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Analytical Hierarchal Process (AHP) & Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) methods are used to identify earthquake vulnerability. The results of the study reveal that the Northwestern and Southeastern parts of Quetta are seismically vulnerable to earthquake hazard; its geology coupled with the human dimension indicates a more disastrous future events. Results of the composite earthquake vulnerability show that seven out of thirteen Zones of Quetta city are highly vulnerable to all four components of vulnerability. Four Zones have a medium level of vulnerability and only two Zones are considered low earthquake vulnerable Zones in the study area. The topmost influential factors that make Quetta city highly earthquake-vulnerable are the soil type (0.45), peak ground acceleration (0.34), proximity to the hospitals and fire service stations (0.22, 0.21), elderly population (0.22) and fault lines (0.21) as shown in Fig. 12. This research study has significant implications for urban planners and provides a risk reduction platform in order to reduce future earthquake losses and make Quetta city more resilient and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the general public’s awareness of medicine information, safety, and adverse drug reactions in Quetta, Pakistan.Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using random sampling from April 2020 to April 2021 in Quetta. Samples were collected from respondents who met the inclusion criteria and had visited community pharmacies. The analysis was done using SPSS version 23. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess factors associated with good knowledge.Results: Multivariate analysis revealed that purchase on prescription was a determining factor of knowledge regarding knowledge of pharmaceutical products and their provided information, medicines usage and safety, and Medication ADRs. Patients who bought medicines on prescriptions were more likely to have better knowledge. Patients having education were more likely to have better knowledge.Conclusion: Public awareness about medicine information, safety, and the information provided by manufacturers is crucial to ensuring that patients have access to accurate information about their medications and can make informed decisions about their health. Healthcare providers and regulatory bodies must work together to improve access to information and promote safe medication practices.

Water scarcity is severe in Quetta, the capital city of Pakistan's largest province Balochistan. This scarcity of water if continued at this high rate can lead to a mass exodus from the province's only large metropolis and can create some gruesome social, political, and demographic issues. Considering these reasons, a study was carried out by adopting a qualitative research methodology using interviews with key officials related to water departments as a tool. The findings of the study suggest that water from the river Indus through the channel of Kachi canal should be pumped to Quetta in the shorter run to fill the gap of the water need. In the longer run, more dams need to be built. Moreover, the mismanagement and bad governance found within the water-related departments need to be taken highly into consideration to resolve the issue and a more balanced approach should be adopted to conserve and store water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted in order to analyze lactation performance of Friesian cattle in the local environment of Quetta, Pakistan and to evaluate non-genetic factors affecting the lactation traits. For this purpose, data on lactation performance of Holstein Friesian cows were collected from government livestock farms located at Quetta. Data obtained on calving from 608 cows during last sixteen years (2000-2016) were analyzed. After editing the data for consistency and errors it was subjected to statistical analysis using fixed effect models. Independent variables were year of birth, season of birth, year of calving, season of calving and parity. Age of animal (linear and quadratic effects) and lactation period were fitted as co-variables. Dependent variables were lactation performance traits (lactation milk yield, dry period, etc.). The results of all traits showed that the year of calving had a highly significant (p<0.01) effect on lactation length, month of calving and parity. Lactation milk yield was significantly affected by year of calving (p<0.01) and month of calving (p<0.05) while parity had a non-significant (p>0.05) effect. Milk yield over 305 days was significantly (p<0.05) affected by year and month of calving, while parity had a non-significant (p>0.05) effect. Similarly, year of calving and month of calving had a highly significant (p<0.01) effect on dry period which is non-significantly (p>0.05) affected by parity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is undertaken to investigate the perception of women entrepreneurs about Islamic banking in Quetta city. The researchers used qualitative approach for the purpose of better and in-depth understanding of women entrepreneurs about Islamic banking. For data collection, the semistructured interviews were conducted from 10 women entrepreneurs who were highly aware about Islamic banking. The data was analyzed by using thematic analysis. The study identified various themes such as Islamic, Shariah, modes of finance, Islamic values, Riba, uncertainty, gambling, Shariah board, Halal, social welfare, Zakat, and Charity. From the in-depth analysis of data, the study found that women entrepreneurs developed their understanding from newspaper, TV commercials, billboards, and some of them studied Islamic banking as a course work during their studies. They have clear understating regarding the all aspects of Islamic banking such as Islamic principles, Shariah board and its role, Islamic banking products, Islamic modes of finance, and Islamic banking contribution towards social welfare. The study suggested that Islamic banks should arrange various workshops, seminars and invite religious scholars and Islamic banking experts to create the awareness and to provide the better understanding about Islamic banking and its products in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listening Skill of any language is the key to all effective communication (Amir & Kang, 2018a; Amir & Kang, 2018b). Listening means the ability to receive and interpret the spoken text accurately and this fact makes it the one communication skill that a language learner should master. Considering the importance of the English language in Pakistan's educational system, and that of Listening comprehension in the communication system, this study critically evaluates listening competency making a comparison between various groups of Higher Secondary School students of the provincial capital Quetta. The purpose of the study is to identify problems and hurdles that students face while listening to the English language and recommend the remedial steps required to be taken by the subject specialists i.e. teachers of English. The study evaluated the performance of Higher Secondary Students in listening comprehension through the conduct of Listening Comprehension Test/Tests in the classrooms while Questionnaires were used to identify problems of listening comprehension, teaching strategies, listening habits, and other variables. The data collected was analyzed quantitatively to determine the significant differences and correlations between various groups and subgroups of students formed on the basis of sectors and gender. The study was expected to help the teachers and students in better academic performance and concluded with findings and subsequent recommendations for teachers and students to improve listening comprehension of English with respect to the Educational system prevailing in the province of Baluchistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backyard chicken farming is as an effective tool for poverty reduction in rural areas, by providing living to resource poor communities; it is an important source of extra cash income other than eggs and meat for family consumption. The present study was carried out to assess the role of backyard poultry farming in supplementing household economy of rural farmers dwelling in district Quetta, Pakistan. Information from ninety-nine randomly selected female backyard poultry farmers were gathered during November 2016 to March 2017. Owing to previous government and non-government interventions backyard poultry keeping was found as an established practice. Women were found the main custodian of backyard poultry birds and consequently were the main beneficiary of the activity. Poultry birds of Fayoumi and Golden / Rhode Island Red (RIR) breeds were the main types. Majority of the farmers reared these birds under scavenging conditions in combination with feeding on household left over dry bread (52%); most of the respondents (62%) were taking care of the birds by themselves which resulted in overall low production cost. Income included the earning received from sale of birds, eggs and the home consumption of poultry meat and eggs. Net income per annum per household was estimated as Pakistani Rupee (PKR) 79290/- (US$ 566). The estimated Rank Based Quotients (R.B.Q) based on farmers perception disclosed backyard poultry keeping as an important domestic source of meat and eggs with almost no or very little capital investment, ranked (I, 80%) followed by a substantial source of supplementary income and was ranked (II, 79%). Amongst the problems, disease outbreaks were the most prevailing problem (I, 90%) followed by unavailability of vaccines (II, 85%). The backyard poultry farming generated subsistence income and provided high quality valuable food that improved household nutrition.

This research is focused on the land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes impacts on the groundwater table and urbanization trend of Quetta valley for a period of 10 y. The land cover changes are occurring locally, regionally, and worldwide, which results in the expansion of urbanization trend and groundwater table depletion. Population growth leads to fast change in land use patterns, which increases the demand for basic needs. Urbanization and climatic impacts on depleting groundwater resources in Quetta need to assess and find a scientific solution using applications of the latest software. This study investigated the land cover changes in three categories, which were barren land, vegetation, built-up area by using maximum likelihood classification (MLC). Water table depletion was defined in five ranges from very low to very high by using the Kriging Method. It is inferred that the built-up area was increased the most in the last 10 y, that is, 2008-2018 as compared to other classes. The City area groundwater has been observed most of the depletion from 2008 to 2018. The selected Union Councils/Towns of Quetta District coming in the study area were City, Cantonment, Baleli, Kuchlak, Kachi Baig, Hanna, Shadenzai, and Saraghurgai were separated in polygons according to their boundaries to get the population density of each area. The Quetta city was found to be the most populated. It is imperative to inspect the land use change, water levels of current functional pumping wells, and population growth rate annually for its present management and future planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Work related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) are the sort of disorders which involves soft tissues. The involvement of soft tissues can be due to the over use, restlessness and improper use. The main target of WRMSD are working indicuduals. it may cause muscle strain, ligament strain, tendon strain, tendentious and bursitis. Methods: The cross section survey was conducted and data was collected from July to October 2018 from civil hospital Quetta, Pakistan. A self-constructed proforma was used among the 97 patients who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria and Spss version 23 was used. Results: The majority (n=49, 50.5%) were belongs to age group of 21 to 35 and were (n=51, 52.6%) were male. In marital status majority (n=64, 66%) were married. In involvement of part majority (n=28, 28.9%) were suffering from lower back problem. After checking the type of injury (n=48, 49.5%) were suffering from muscular strain. In the context of onset of injury majority (N=41, 42.3%) were experienced their problem suddenly. Conclusion: The study finalized that WRMSD is most common in working individuals especially in older and females. The WRMDS puts heavy burden on the society, annually. As the participants who belongs to low socio economic status are more vulnerable for WRMDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In musculoskeletal disorders the neck pain is the fourth common disorder. Annually it affects huge numbers of patients specially the working males, who are more likely to get affected by neck pain. Among the students the intensity was found dependent mainly on the affected area and gender. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among the Eastern medicine students of city campus, university of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan from June to August 2018. A self-constructed proforma was used among 284 participants and Spss version 23 was used. Results: The majority (n=229, 80.6%) belongs to age group of 18 to 23 years and ( n=149,50.4%) were male. In the involvement of side (unilateral/ bilateral) were significantly associated with the higher intensity of neck pain (p=0.05). Conclusion: The study summarized that the male participants who were suffering from bilateral neck pain were experiencing severe pain and were facing hindrances during their regular personal care. They should keep themselves aware regarding their neck heath. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater-grown vegetables are responsible for various diseases whereas freshwater-grown vegetables are comparatively expensive. This paper examines consumers' willingness to pay for freshwater grown leafy vegetables, such as, cauliflower, spinach and salad. For this purpose, a survey was conducted in five selected areas of Quetta city using contingent valuation method and 255 vegetable-consumers were questioned directly with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire. The results indicate that most of the vegetable consumers (87-88%) are willing to pay extra amounts for FWGV. On average, a vegetable consumer is willing to pay 27.4%, 43% and 52% more than the original price for the three leafy vegetables (cauliflowers, salads and spinaches, respectively). The factors such as household income, level of education, awareness, use of freshwater-grown vegetables and employment were identified as determinants of consumers' willingness to pay for FWGV. The study results reveal a high willingness to pay for FWGV by the vegetable consumers and suggests a comprehensive strategy on the part of the government to overcome the problem of wastewater-grown vegetables (WWGV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious diseases caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are a worldwide burden to health, especially in developing countries. Pakistan has one of the highest levels of HBV and HCV infection, causing a severe health problem with significant challenges and priorities. To prevent vertical transmission of infection, regular screening of pregnant women for HBV and HCV is vital. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of HBV and HCV virus in pregnant women having prenatal care. Study Design: Cross-Sectional study. Setting: Bolan Medical Complex Hospital and Sandeman Provincial Civil Hospital Quetta. Period: August 2017 to July 2018. Material & Methods: Blood serum samples were screened for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and for anti-HCV using immunochromatography methods. Results: A total of 12,209 pregnant women were tested over a period of one year (August 2017 to July 2018). The overall HBV infections frequency was 1.3% (95% CI 1.1-1.4%) and for HCV infections it was 0.6% (95% CI 0.6-0.7%). Whilst there was only small month-wise variation in the occurrence of HBV and HCV infections, HBV prevalence was highest in May (1.7%) and HCV prevalence was highest in August and December (0.8%). Conclusions: Screening of all pregnant women for HBV and HCV is essential for reducing and eliminating vertical transmission of infection. Risk factors for infection need to be avoided and managed properly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to determine the frequency of rpoB gene mutations within 81-bp RRDR in isolates from Quetta, Pakistan using GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay. Background: Multi drug resistance is one of the major obstacles in the control of tuberculosis throughout the globe. Study Design: A cross sectional experimental study was designed. Setting: A total of 500 clinical specimens obtained from suspected TB patients at Provincial TB Reference Laboratory, Fatima Jinnah General and Chest Hospital Quetta, Pakistan Period: From January to July 2017. Methodology: Were analyzed by GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS version 20. Results: Out of total 500 samples, MTB was detected in 211 (42%) cases by GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay [positive pulmonary cases 48.8% (206/422) and extra-pulmonary 6.4% (5/78)]. Among 211 MTB positive cases, the assay detected 11 (5.2%) cases with RIF-resistance caused by various rpoB gene mutations within 81-bp RRDR. All the eleven RIF-resistant isolates were found to have mutations only in Probe E and none of cases had RIF-resistance associated with probes A, B, C, and D. Out of 11 RRD cases, 4 (2%) were males and 7 (3.3%) were females. New TB cases were 3 (1.4%) and previously treated cases were 8 (3.8%). Conclusion: In our settings 11/211 (5.2%) of the TB patients showed rifampicin resistance. Probe E mutations (also called codons 531 and 533) were the only rpoB gene mutations detected by GeneXpert® MTB/RIF assay. No mutations were detected in the codons 511, 513, 516, 518, 522 and 526 sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]