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In quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), normalizing target gene expression using a reference gene is an indispensable step to control the variability of RNA extraction yield, RNA integrity, reverse transcription efficiency, and PCR amplification. In the present study, we identified candidate reference genes with stable expression during grapes’ flowering and berry development stages. Ten genes, including ACT, CYP5, RLI, TUB, UBC, UBC17, UBC60, UFD1, VAG, and ZNF with relatively stable expression, were selected based on RNAseq data generated earlier in grape hybrid ‘ARI 516’. The expression of these candidate genes was tested at different stages of flowering and grape berry development. Five different algorithms such as RefFinder, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and the comparative ΔCq method were used to test the expression stability of candidate genes. A comprehensive ranking obtained by RefFinder showed that UBC17, RLI, and ZNF were the most stable reference genes during flower and berry development stages. UBC17, RLI, and ZNF were calibrators to normalize the expression of VvAGL11 as a target gene to validate the worthiness of identified reference genes. The result demonstrated that newly identified reference genes could be successfully used to normalize the expression of the target gene accurately. These reference genes will provide more choices for selecting appropriate reference genes to normalize gene expression in grapes.

Turkey Pox Virus (TKPV) is one of avipox virus affecting poultry breeding causing many economic losses due to general skin lesion on the non-feathered area of the body (cutaneous form) and may be fatal in case of diphtheritic form. Turkey breeding in Egypt is getting a lot of attention lately so the disease of turkey get more concern, the most important disease that causes loses is (TKPV). The most effective way to control the disease is vaccination the birds with suitable vaccine protecting against the circulating virus therefor this study for production of TKPV vaccine. TKPV was isolated by inoculation of eleven day old embryonated chicken egg on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) then the egg adapted TKPV was propagated on chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) till adaptation at the 15th passage when titer was reaching to log 105.5 TCID 50/ ml . The adapted virus was transmitted to Vero cell line to produce the qualified vaccine. All quality control measures approved that the vaccine is ready to be used to control the TKPV disease in Egypt. C4L like gene expression was employed to evaluate TKPV virulence via Quantitative RT-PCR to ensure TKPV attenuation that begin from the 15th passage till complete attenuation at the 20th passage. Once all procedures are finished, the lyophilized live attenuated TKPV vaccine is prepared for use in control the disease in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid, reliable, and efficient characteristics of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) make it a highly advantageous method for assessing gene expression levels. The identification of stable reference genes is crucial for successful gene expression studies. Cultivated strawberry fruit has been extensively investigated as a model for studying the non-climacteric fruit ripening process. However, more research needs to be conducted on identifying suitable reference genes at different developmental stages of strawberry fruit. We selected the 'Yanli' and 'Chuliandeweidao' cultivars to screen potential reference genes in various tissues, organs, and developmental stages of strawberry fruit. Based on the analysis of high-quality haplotype-resolved genome and transcriptomic FPKM data, FaADPrf1 (ADP-ribosylation factor 1), FaGAPC2 (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), FaPPC1 (Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase 1), and FaEF1-α (Elongation factor 1-alpha) were selected as candidate reference genes, along with the commonly used Fa26S rRNA, for normalization purposes. A qRT-PCR analysis showed 89.21% to 101.51% amplification efficiency for five candidate reference genes, with correlation coefficients (R2) exceeding 0.99. Reference genes' expression stability was assessed using GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and Comparative delta-Ct method. RefFinder analysis determined that FaGAPC2 and FaADPrf1 were the most suitable reference genes, considering the results obtained from the abovementioned four methods. The calculated results were validated by studying the expression of FaMYB10, FaUGT1, and FaCHS in different developmental stages of 'Yanli' fruit. This validation confirmed that both FaGAPC2 and the combination of FaGAPC2 and FaADPrf1 could serve as suitable reference genes, with the combination of FaGAPC2 and FaADPrf1 being more suitable than the single FaGAPC2 in certain cases. In summary, we obtained suitable reference genes for research on cultivated strawberry fruit development, which will benefit further study on the ripening of non-climacteric fruits.

Turkey Pox Virus (TKPV) is one of avipox virus affecting poultry breeding causing many economic losses due to general skin lesion on the non-feathered area of the body (cutaneous form) and may be fatal in case of diphtheritic form. Turkey breeding in Egypt is getting a lot of attention lately so the disease of turkey get more concern, the most important disease that causes loses is (TKPV). The most effective way to control the disease is vaccination the birds with suitable vaccine protecting against the circulating virus therefor this study for production of TKPV vaccine. TKPV was isolated by inoculation of eleven day old embryonated chicken egg on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) then the egg adapted TKPV was propagated on chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) till adaptation at the 15th passage when titer was reaching to log 10 5.5 TCID 50/ ml . The adapted virus was transmitted to Vero cell line to produce the qualified vaccine. All quality control measures approved that the vaccine is ready to be used to control the TKPV disease in Egypt. C4L like gene expression was employed to evaluate TKPV virulence via Quantitative RT-PCR to ensure TKPV attenuation that begin from the 15th passage till complete attenuation at the 20th passage.

Antiviral drug development is important for human health, and the emergence of novel COVID-19 variants has seriously affected human lives and safety. A bacteriophage--a bacterial virus with a small and simple structure--is an ideal experimental candidate for studying the interactions between viruses and their hosts. In this study, the effects and mechanisms of catecholamines on phages were explored, and dopamine (DA) was found to have general and efficient anti-infection effects. A clear dose-dependent effect was observed when different phages were treated with DA, with higher DA concentrations exhibiting stronger anti-phage activity. The half maximal inhibitory concentration values of DA for vB-EcoS-IME167, T4 Phage, and VMY22 were determined as 0.26, 0.12, and 0.73mgmL1, respectively. The anti-phage effect of DA increased with treatment duration. In addition, the anti-infection activities of DA against vB-EcoS-IME167, T4 Phage, and VMY22 were increased by 105, 104, and 104 folds compared to that of the control. This ability of DA was observed only in phages and not in the host bacteria. Morphological changes of phages were observed under transmission electron microscopy following their treatment with DA, and considerable changes in adsorption were confirmed via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. These results suggest that the anti-phage effect of DA is primarily due to the destruction of the external structure of the phage. This study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to report the universal anti-phage infection effect of dopamine, which provides novel information regarding DA and forms a basis for further research and development of antiviral drugs. Moreover, it provides a new perspective for the research about the defense and counter-defense of bacteria and bacteriophages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the type(s) of body fluid present in forensic casework exhibits can assist with scene reconstruction and indicate potential activity types. Confirmatory body fluid identification can be achieved using mRNA-based profiling assays. This commonly involves endpoint reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) with capillary electrophoresis (CE) detection. In comparison, real-time quantitative RT-qPCR is more sensitive, quantitative, and does not require post-PCR processing. We have developed real-time RT-qPCR assays for forensic body fluid identification. This study compared the performance (sensitivity, PCR efficiency, precision) of five real-time RT-qPCR kits across circulatory blood, buccal, semen, and vaginal fluid samples with normal and extended (3-step) PCR cycling. An objective scoring system for the experimental performance parameters was considered along with other features of the commercial kits. Statistical analysis by ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey of the slope estimates, which relate to PCR efficiency, revealed that many observed differences were insignificant (p > 0.05). Sensitivity and precision were also similar across most kits and PCR cycling protocols. Using the scoring system, the five highest performing kit and cycling combinations were: TaqMan-extended, followed by the TaqPath-normal, QuantiNova-extended, QuantiNova-extended, then UltraPlex-normal. Based upon high performance, room temperature set-up, and multiplexing capability, the UltraPlex kit was selected for our body fluid identification assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] is an economically important nut crop susceptible to the genetic disorder, Non-infectious Bud Failure (NBF). Despite the severity of exhibition in several prominent almond cultivars, no causal mechanism has been identified underlying NBF development. The disorder is hypothesized to be associated with differential DNA methylation patterns based on patterns of inheritance (i.e., via sexual reproduction and clonal propagation) and previous work profiling methylation in affected trees. Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) is a closely related species that readily hybridizes with almond; however, peach is not known to exhibit NBF. A cross between an NBF-exhibiting 'Carmel' cultivar and early flowering peach ('40A17') produced an F1 where ∼50% of progeny showed signs of NBF, including canopy die-back, erratic branching patterns (known as "crazy-top"), and rough bark. In this study, whole-genome DNA methylation profiles were generated for three F1 progenies exhibiting NBF and three progenies considered NBF-free. Subsequent alignment to both the almond and peach reference genomes showed an increase in genome-wide methylation levels in NBF hybrids in CG and CHG contexts compared to no-NBF hybrids when aligned to the almond genome but no difference in methylation levels when aligned to the peach genome. Significantly differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified by comparing methylation levels across the genome between NBF- and no-NBF hybrids in each methylation context. In total, 115,635 DMRs were identified based on alignment to the almond reference genome, and 126,800 DMRs were identified based on alignment to the peach reference genome. Nearby genes were identified as associated with the 39 most significant DMRs occurring either in the almond or peach alignments alone or occurring in both the almond and peach alignments. These DMR-associated genes include several uncharacterized proteins and transposable elements. Quantitative PCR was also performed to analyze the gene expression patterns of these identified gene targets to determine patterns of differential expression associated with differential DNA methylation. These DMR-associated genes, particularly those showing corresponding patterns of differential gene expression, represent key targets for almond breeding for future cultivars and mitigating the effects of NBF-exhibition in currently affected cultivars.

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 global pandemic in 2019, monitoring COVID-19 infection status and trend through wastewater, known as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), has been widely used in many countries and regions. WBE consists of five steps: wastewater sample collection, viral concentration, viral nucleic acid extraction, quantification of virus using quantitative RT-PCR, and dissemination of the wastewater surveillance results. This method could be used for early warning of COVID-19 outbreak in a population, monitoring COVID-19 distributions and epidemic trend, prediction of COVID-19 prevalence rate, understanding of temporal trend of SARS-COV-2 variants, and simultaneous surveillance of multiple pathogens. WBE and clinical surveillance can be used concurrently and the former is a good complement to the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expression level of the progesterone receptor (PGR) plays a crucial role in determining the biological characteristics of serous ovarian carcinoma. Low PGR expression is associated with chemoresistance and a poorer outcome. In this study, our objective was to explore the relationship between tumor progesterone receptor levels and RNA profiles (miRNAs, piwiRNAs, and mRNAs) to understand their biological characteristics and behavior. To achieve this, we employed next-generation sequencing of small non-coding RNAs, quantitative RT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry to analyze both FFPE and frozen tumor samples, as well as blood plasma from patients with benign cystadenoma (BSC), serous borderline tumor (SBT), low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (LGSOC), and high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). Our findings revealed significant upregulation of MMP7 and MUC16, along with downregulation of PGR, in LGSOC and HGSOC compared to BSC. We observed significant correlations of PGR expression levels in tumor tissue with the contents of miR-199a-5p, miR-214-3p, miR-424-3p, miR-424-5p, and miR-125b-5p, which potentially target MUC16, MMP7, and MMP9, as well as with the tissue content of miR-16-5p, miR-17-5p, miR-20a-5p, and miR-93-5p, which are associated with the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cells. The levels of EMT-associated miRNAs were significantly correlated with the content of hsa_piR_022437, hsa_piR_009295, hsa_piR_020813, hsa_piR_004307, and hsa_piR_019914 in tumor tissues. We developed two optimal logistic regression models using the quantitation of hsa_piR_020813, miR-16-5p, and hsa_piR_022437 or hsa_piR_004307, hsa_piR_019914, and miR-93-5p in the tumor tissue, which exhibited a significant ability to diagnose the PGR-negative tumor phenotype with 93% sensitivity. Of particular interest, the blood plasma levels of miR-16-5p and hsa_piR_022437 could be used to diagnose the PGR-negative tumor phenotype with 86% sensitivity even before surgery and chemotherapy. This knowledge can help in choosing the most effective treatment strategy for this aggressive type of ovarian cancer, such as neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by cytoreduction in combination with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy and targeted therapy, thus enhancing the treatment's effectiveness and the patient's longevity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze the expression and prognostic role of the tight junction protein claudin-10 in high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). Claudin-10 protein expression by immunohistochemistry was analyzed in 588 HGSC (414 effusions, 174 surgical specimens). Expression in mesotheliomas (n = 97; 47 effusions, 50 surgical specimens) was studied for comparative purposes. CLDN10 mRNA expression by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was analyzed in 40 HGSC effusions. Claudin-10 protein expression was found in 360/588 (61%) HGSC vs. 19/97 (20%) mesotheliomas (p < 0.001), and was higher in HGSC surgical specimens compared to effusions (p < 0.001). qRT-PCR confirmed the presence of CLDN10 mRNA in HGSC effusions. High (> 25%) claudin-10 expression in HGSC effusions was significantly associated with shorter overall survival (OS; p = 0.036) and progression-free survival (PFS; p = 0.045) in univariate analysis, and was an independent prognosticator of OS in multivariate analysis (p = 0.045). In conclusion, claudin-10 protein expression is higher in HGSC compared to mesothelioma, although the diagnostic power of this marker appear to be lesser than other claudin family members. Claudin-10 expression in HGSC effusions is marker of more aggressive disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aims/Introduction Several research groups have reported methods for quantifying pancreatic beta cell (β‐cell) injury by measuring β‐cell‐specific CpG unmethylation of the insulin gene in circulation using digital droplet PCR or next‐generation sequencing. However, these methods have certain disadvantages, such as the need to consider the background signal owing to the small number of target CpG sites and the need for unique equipment. Materials and Methods We established a novel method for detecting four CpG unmethylations of the insulin gene using two‐step amplification refractory mutation system PCR. We applied it to type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients with a wide range of disease durations and to healthy adults. Results The assay showed high linearity and could detect a single copy of unmethylated insulin DNA in experiments using methylated and unmethylated plasmid DNA. The unmethylated insulin DNA level in the type 1 diabetes group, whose β‐cell mass was considerably reduced, was similar to that of healthy adults. An inverse correlation was observed between copy number and disease duration in patients with unmethylated insulin DNA‐positive type 1 diabetes. Conclusions We developed a novel method for detecting unmethylated insulin DNA in circulation that can be performed using a conventional real‐time PCR system. This method would be useful for analyzing dynamic profiles of β‐cells in human disease such as type 1 diabetes.

Abstract Photoperiodic responses are observed in many organisms living in the temperate zones. The circadian clock is involved in photoperiodic time measurement; however, the underlying molecular mechanism for detection of the day length remains unknown. We previously compared the expression profiles of the Cryptochrome(Cry) genes in the zebrafish eye and reported that Cry1ab has a double peak with variable expression duration depending on the photoperiod. In this study, to understand commonalities and differences in the photoperiodic responses of ocular Cry genes, we identified Cryptochrome genes in two other teleost species, goldfish and medaka, living in temperate zones, and measured ocular Cry mRNA levels in all of the three species, under different photoperiods (long-day [14 h light: 10 h dark] and short-day [10 h light: 14 h dark] and in constant darkness. Cry1ab mRNA levels did not show dual peaks in goldfish or medaka under the examined conditions; however, the mRNA expression profiles of many Crys were altered in all three species, depending on the day length and light condition. Based on their expression profiles, Cry mRNA peaks were classified into three groups that better synchronize to sunrise (light-on), midnight/midday (middle points of the dark/light periods), or sunset (light-off). These results suggest the presence of multiple oscillators that oscillate independently or a complex oscillator in which Cry expression cycles change in a photoperiod-dependent manner in the eye.

BackgroundThe root extract of Rhodiola rosea has historically been used in Europe and Asia as an adaptogen, and similar to ginseng and Shisandra, shown to display numerous health benefits in humans, such as decreasing fatigue and anxiety while improving mood, memory, and stamina. A similar extract in the Rhodiola family, Rhodiola crenulata, has previously been shown to confer positive effects on the gut homeostasis of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Although, R. rosea has been shown to extend lifespan of many organisms such as fruit flies, worms and yeast, its anti-aging mechanism remains uncertain. Using D. melanogaster as our model system, the purpose of this work was to examine whether the anti-aging properties of R. rosea are due to its impact on the microbial composition of the fly gut.ResultsRhodiola rosea treatment significantly increased the abundance of Acetobacter, while subsequently decreasing the abundance of Lactobacillales of the fly gut at 10 and 40 days of age. Additionally, supplementation of the extract decreased the total culturable bacterial load of the fly gut, while increasing the overall quantifiable bacterial load. The extract did not display any antimicrobial activity when disk diffusion tests were performed on bacteria belonging to Microbacterium, Bacillus, and Lactococcus.ConclusionsUnder standard and conventional rearing conditions, supplementation of R. rosea significantly alters the microbial community of the fly gut, but without any general antibacterial activity. Further studies should investigate whether R. rosea impacts the gut immunity across multiple animal models and ages.

Within the successive waves that occurred during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, recommendations arose to test symptomatic and contact subjects by using rapid antigen devices directed against the viral nucleocapsid protein with the aim to isolate contagious patients without delay. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of four rapid lateral-flow tests (RLFT) that were commercially available on the French market in 2022 to recognize various strains of SARS-CoV-2. Series of five-fold dilutions of seven viral suspensions belonging to different lineages of SARS-CoV-2 (19A, 20A, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron) were used to evaluate the analytical sensitivity of four commercially available RLFTs (manufacturers: Abbott, AAZ, Becton-Dickinson and Biospeedia). Cell culture and quantitative RT-PCR were used as references. Excellent correlations were observed for each lineage strain between the viral titer obtained via cell culture and the number of RNA copies measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Although the four tests were able to recognize all the tested variants, significant differences in terms of sensitivity were observed between the four RLFTs. Despite the limitation represented by the small number of devices and clinical isolates that were tested, this study contributed by rapidly comparing the sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 RLFTs in the Omicron era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have attempted to develop molecular signatures of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) based on the quantitation of protein-coding and non-coding RNAs to predict disease prognosis. Due to the heterogeneity of EOC, none of the developed prognostic signatures were directly applied in clinical practice. Our work focuses on high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) due to the highest mortality rate relative to other types of EOC. Using deep sequencing of small non-coding RNAs in combination with quantitative real-time PCR, we confirm the dualistic classification of epithelial ovarian cancers based on the miRNA signature of HGSOC (type 2), which differs from benign cystadenoma and borderline cystadenoma—precursors of low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (type 1)—and identified two subtypes of HGSOC, which significantly differ in the level of expression of the progesterone receptor in the tumor tissue, the secretion of miR-16-5p, miR-17-5p, miR-93-5p, miR-20a-5p, the level of serum CA125, tumor size, surgical outcome (optimal or suboptimal cytoreduction), and response to chemotherapy. It was found that the combined determination of the level of miR-16-5p, miR-17-5p, miR-20a-5p, and miR-93-5p circulating in blood plasma of patients with primary HGSOC tumors makes it possible to predict optimal cytoreduction with 80.1% sensitivity and 70% specificity (p = 0.022, TPR = 0.8, FPR = 0.3), as well as complete response to adjuvant chemotherapy with 77.8% sensitivity and 90.9% specificity (p = 0.001, TPR = 0.78, FPR = 0.09). After the additional verification of the obtained data in a larger HGSOC patient cohort, the combined quantification of these four miRNAs is proposed to be used as a criterion for selecting patients either for primary cytoreduction or neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval cytoreduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) play crucial roles in regulating islet function, with Gαs‐ and Gαq‐coupled receptors being linked to the stimulation of insulin secretion. We have quantified the mRNA expression of 384 non‐olfactory GPCRs in islets isolated from lean and obese organ donors to determine alterations in islet GPCR mRNA expression in obesity. Methods: RT‐qPCR was used to quantify GPCR mRNAs relative to five reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, PPIA, TBP, and TFRC) in human islets isolated from lean (BMI = 22.6 ± 0.5) and obese (BMI = 32.0 ± 0.8) donors. Results: Overall, 197 and 256 GPCR mRNAs were detected above trace level in islets from lean and obese donors, respectively, with 191 GPCR mRNAs being common to the lean and obese groups. 40.9% (n = 157) and 27.1% (n = 104) of the mRNAs were expressed at trace level whilst 7.8% and 6.3% were absent in islets from lean and obese donors, respectively. Hundred and seventeen GPCR mRNAs were upregulated at least twofold in islets from obese donors, and there was >twofold downregulation of 21 GPCR mRNAs. Of particular interest, several receptors signalling via Gαs or Gαq showed significant mRNA upregulation in islets from obese donors (fold increase: PTH2R: 54.0 ± 14.6; MC2R: 34.3 ± 11.5; RXFP1: 8.5 ± 2.1; HTR2B: 6.0 ± 2.0; GPR110: 3.9 ± 1.2; PROKR2: 3.9 ± 0.7). Conclusions: Under conditions of obesity, human islets showed significant alterations in mRNAs encoding numerous GPCRs. The increased expression of Gαs‐ and Gαq‐coupled receptors that have not previously been investigated in β‐cells opens up possibilities of novel therapeutic candidates that may lead to the potentiation of insulin secretion and/or β‐cell mass to regulate glucose homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel coronavirus pandemic incited unprecedented demand for assays that detect viral nucleic acids, viral proteins, and corresponding antibodies. The 320 molecular diagnostics in receipt of US Food and Drug Administration emergency use authorization mainly focus on viral detection; however, no currently approved test can be used to infer infectiousness, that is, the presence of replicable virus. As the number of tests conducted increased, persistent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA positivity by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in some individuals led to concerns over quarantine guidelines. To this end, we attempted to design an assay that reduces the frequency of positive test results from individuals who do not shed culturable virus. We describe multiplex quantitative RT-PCR assays that detect genomic RNA (gRNA) and subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) species of SARS-CoV-2, including spike, nucleocapsid, membrane, envelope, and ORF8. Viral RNA abundances calculated from these assays were compared with antigen presence, self-reported symptoms, and culture outcome (virus isolation) using samples from a 14-day longitudinal household transmission study. By characterizing the clinical and molecular dynamics of infection, we show that sgRNA detection has higher predictive value for culture outcome compared to detection of gRNA alone. Our findings suggest that sgRNA presence correlates with active infection and may help identify individuals shedding culturable virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To optimize the extraction method of total RNA from pancreatic cancer and adjacent tissues, and provide high-quality experimental samples for the pathogenesis of pancreatic-related diseases. Methods The pretreatment of pancreatic cancer and paracancerous tissues was accomplished through shredding, RNase-free washing and RNase inhibition. RNA was isolated by liquid nitrogen grinding and trizol-chloroform extraction. The integrity of RNA was identified by agarose gel electrophoresis and bioanalyzer. With the same amount of RNA as the reverse transcription template, oligo dT primers were used for reverse transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA); stem-loop structure primers were used to reverse transcription of microRNA (miRNA). The expression levels of mRNA and miRNA were detected by quantitative RT-PCR. Compared with conventional methods, RNA samples extracted by the optimized method had a lower degradation degree and higher integrity. Results Compared with pancreatic cancer tissue, RNA in adjacent tissue is more easily degraded, and the expression level of mRNA tends to decrease. However, there is no significant difference in miRNA expression between pancreatic cancer and adjacent tissue. Conclusions Pretreatment of pancreatic cancer and adjacent tissues could reduce the RNA degradation, and provide high-quality experimental samples for RNA investigation and high experimental accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic caused by novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a global threat. Wastewater surveillance in Japan and abroad has led to the detection of SARS-CoV-2, causing concern that SARS-CoV-2 in the feces of infected persons may contaminate the aquatic environment. Bivalves such as oysters cultivated in coastal areas are known to filter and concentrate viruses such as norovirus present in seawater in their bodies; however, whether they do so with SARS-CoV-2 is unknown. Therefore, we examined cultivated oysters sold in Japan for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 between October 2021 and April 2022 to clarify the extent of viral contamination and evaluate the risk of food-borne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), known as pig coronavirus, was used to spike midgut-gland samples as a whole process control. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 and PEDV was investigated using a modified polyethylene glycol precipitation method and RT-qPCR. While all samples spiked with the whole process control were positive, no SARS-CoV-2 was detected in any of the 145 raw oyster samples surveyed, despite a marked increase in infections caused by the Omicron variant from January to April 2022 in Japan. Therefore, our results suggest that with well-developed sewage treatment facilities, consumption of oysters cultivated in coastal areas may not be a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks.

Aims/Introduction: Several research groups have reported methods for quantifying pancreatic beta cell (β‐cell) injury by measuring β‐cell‐specific CpG unmethylation of the insulin gene in circulation using digital droplet PCR or next‐generation sequencing. However, these methods have certain disadvantages, such as the need to consider the background signal owing to the small number of target CpG sites and the need for unique equipment. Materials and Methods: We established a novel method for detecting four CpG unmethylations of the insulin gene using two‐step amplification refractory mutation system PCR. We applied it to type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients with a wide range of disease durations and to healthy adults. Results: The assay showed high linearity and could detect a single copy of unmethylated insulin DNA in experiments using methylated and unmethylated plasmid DNA. The unmethylated insulin DNA level in the type 1 diabetes group, whose β‐cell mass was considerably reduced, was similar to that of healthy adults. An inverse correlation was observed between copy number and disease duration in patients with unmethylated insulin DNA‐positive type 1 diabetes. Conclusions: We developed a novel method for detecting unmethylated insulin DNA in circulation that can be performed using a conventional real‐time PCR system. This method would be useful for analyzing dynamic profiles of β‐cells in human disease such as type 1 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the most common malignancy of follicular cell derivation, is generally associated with good prognosis. Nevertheless, it is important to identify patients with aggressive PTCs and unfavorable outcome. Molecular markers such as BRAF V600E mutation and TERT promoter mutations have been proposed for risk stratification. While TERT promoter mutations have been frequently associated with aggressive PTCs, the association of BRAF V600E mutation with increased recurrence and mortality is less clear and has been controversially discussed. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether differentially expressed genes can predict BRAF V600E mutations as well as TERT promoter mutations in PTCs. RNA sequencing identified a large number of differentially expressed genes between BRAF V600E and BRAF wildtype PTCs. Of those, AHNAK2, DCSTAMP, and FN1 could be confirmed in a larger cohort (n = 91) to be significantly upregulated in BRAF V600E mutant PTCs using quantitative RT-PCR. Moreover, individual PTC expression values of DCSTAMP and FN1 were able to predict the BRAF V600E mutation status with high sensitivity and specificity. The expression of TERT was detected in all PTCs harboring TERT promoter mutations and in 19% of PTCs without TERT promoter mutations. Tumors with both TERT expression and TERT promoter mutations were particularly associated with aggressive clinicopathological features and a shorter recurrence-free survival. Altogether, it will be interesting to explore the biological function of AHNAK2, DCSTAMP, and FN1 in PTC in more detail. The analysis of their expression patterns could allow the characterization of PTC subtypes and thus enabling a more individualized surgical and medical treatment., (© 2024 The Author(s). Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)-restorer system is a useful tool to exploit heterosis in soybean. The major restorer gene for the M-type CMS is known as Rf-m, located in the 162.4-kb region on chromosome 16. Sequence analysis has revealed that the Rf-m locus in Glycine max consists of seven pentatricopeptide repeat (GmPPR) genes. The deduced amino acid sequences contain 8 to 14 PPR motifs, and a phylogenetic analysis grouped these GmPPR proteins into two PPR subfamilies: Glyma.16G161800 belongs to the PLS subfamily, and the P subfamily consists of Glyma.16G161900, Glyma.16G162000, Glyma.16G162100, Glyma.16G162700, Glyma.16G162800, and Glyma.16G163100. The phylogenetic analysis of seven GmPPR proteins and 27 other plant PPR proteins also showed that proteins in the same subfamilies cluster together. Comparative sequence analysis was conducted using the seven Rf-m candidate GmPPR genes from the sterile line W931A, the maintainer line W931B, and the restorer line WR016, the result showed that Glyma.16G161900 had higher polymorphism than the other candidate genes. Based on real-time quantitative RT-PCR data, all seven GmPPR genes were differentially expressed but showed constitutive expression in roots, stems, leaves, and pollen grains. Additionally, the expression level of Glyma.16G161900 in the sterile line W931A was significantly higher in all tissues than in the restorer line WR016. Taken together, these results suggest that Glyma.16G161900 is the most likely candidate for the restorer gene Rf-m. This study is the first report and analysis of candidate fertility restorer (Rf) genes encoding PPR proteins in soybean.

Photoperiodic responses are observed in many organisms living in the temperate zones. The circadian clock is involved in photoperiodic time measurement; however, the underlying molecular mechanism for detection of the day length remains unknown. We previously compared the expression profiles of the Cryptochrome(Cry) genes in the zebrafish eye and reported that Cry1ab has a double peak with variable expression duration depending on the photoperiod. In this study, to understand commonalities and differences in the photoperiodic responses of ocular Cry genes, we identified Cryptochrome genes in two other teleost species, goldfish and medaka, living in temperate zones, and measured ocular Cry mRNA levels in all of the three species, under different photoperiods (long-day [14 h light: 10 h dark] and short-day [10 h light: 14 h dark] and in constant darkness. Cry1ab mRNA levels did not show dual peaks in goldfish or medaka under the examined conditions; however, the mRNA expression profiles of many Crys were altered in all three species, depending on the day length and light condition. Based on their expression profiles, Cry mRNA peaks were classified into three groups that better synchronize to sunrise (light-on), midnight/midday (middle points of the dark/light periods), or sunset (light-off). These results suggest the presence of multiple oscillators that oscillate independently or a complex oscillator in which Cry expression cycles change in a photoperiod-dependent manner in the eye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reference genes are the key to study gene expression patterns using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). No studies on the reference genes of Athetis dissimilis , an important agricultural pest, have been reported. In order to determine the reference genes for qRT-PCR normalization in A. dissimilis under different conditions, 10 candidate genes [18S ribosomal protein (18S), 28S ribosomal protein (28S), arginine kinase (AK), elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal protein L32 (RPL32), ribosomal protein L40 (RPL40), alpha-tubulin (α-TUB), beta-actin (β-ACT), and beta-tubulin (β-TUB)] of A. dissimilis were selected to evaluate their stability as reference genes under different biotic and abiotic conditions by using five tools, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, ΔCt, and RefFinder. Furthermore, CSP1 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were used as target genes to validate the candidate reference genes. The results showed that different reference genes were needed under different experimental conditions, among which, EF-1α , RPL40 , and 18S are most suitable reference genes for studying genes related development stages of A. dissimilis , RPL40 and α-TUB for larval tissues, α-TUB and 28S for adult tissues, EF-1α and β-ACT for insecticidal treatments, β-ACT and 28S for temperature treatments, EF-1α and β-ACT for starvation treatments, RPL40 and 18S for dietary treatments, and 18S , 28S , and α-TUB for all the samples. These results provide suitable reference genes for studying gene expression in A. dissimilis under different experimental conditions, and also lay the foundation for further research into the function of related genes in A. dissimilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almond [ Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] is an economically important nut crop susceptible to the genetic disorder, Non-infectious Bud Failure (NBF). Despite the severity of exhibition in several prominent almond cultivars, no causal mechanism has been identified underlying NBF development. The disorder is hypothesized to be associated with differential DNA methylation patterns based on patterns of inheritance (i.e., via sexual reproduction and clonal propagation) and previous work profiling methylation in affected trees. Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) is a closely related species that readily hybridizes with almond; however, peach is not known to exhibit NBF. A cross between an NBF-exhibiting 'Carmel' cultivar and early flowering peach ('40A17') produced an F1 where ∼50% of progeny showed signs of NBF, including canopy die-back, erratic branching patterns (known as "crazy-top"), and rough bark. In this study, whole-genome DNA methylation profiles were generated for three F1 progenies exhibiting NBF and three progenies considered NBF-free. Subsequent alignment to both the almond and peach reference genomes showed an increase in genome-wide methylation levels in NBF hybrids in CG and CHG contexts compared to no-NBF hybrids when aligned to the almond genome but no difference in methylation levels when aligned to the peach genome. Significantly differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified by comparing methylation levels across the genome between NBF- and no-NBF hybrids in each methylation context. In total, 115,635 DMRs were identified based on alignment to the almond reference genome, and 126,800 DMRs were identified based on alignment to the peach reference genome. Nearby genes were identified as associated with the 39 most significant DMRs occurring either in the almond or peach alignments alone or occurring in both the almond and peach alignments. These DMR-associated genes include several uncharacterized proteins and transposable elements. Quantitative PCR was also performed to analyze the gene expression patterns of these identified gene targets to determine patterns of differential expression associated with differential DNA methylation. These DMR-associated genes, particularly those showing corresponding patterns of differential gene expression, represent key targets for almond breeding for future cultivars and mitigating the effects of NBF-exhibition in currently affected cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic diabetes extensively complicates the glucose metabolism to onset and progress the complication. Concurrently, several contemporary medicines, especially organo-metallic formulations, are emerging to treat hyperglycemia. The current study aims to emphasize the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) potential for glucose metabolism regulation in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out to detect the mRNA expression of Glucose transporters 2 (GLUT2), Glucokinase (GK) and Glucose 6 Phosphatase (G-6-Pase). The study shows remarkable results such as the prognostic effect of GNPs in reinforcing the repression of enzyme complex G-6-Pase about 13.3-fold when compared to diabetes control. Also, molecular docking studies showed significant inhibition of G-6-Pase by the terpenoid ligands with alpha and beta amyrin from leaf extract of Couroupita guianensis. Thus the study explored the novel mechanism of G-6-Pase downregulated by GNPs intervention that majorly contributes to the regulation of circulatory glucose homeostasis during diabetes.

Almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] is an economically important nut crop susceptible to the genetic disorder, Non-infectious Bud Failure (NBF). Despite the severity of exhibition in several prominent almond cultivars, no causal mechanism has been identified underlying NBF development. The disorder is hypothesized to be associated with differential DNA methylation patterns based on patterns of inheritance (i.e., via sexual reproduction and clonal propagation) and previous work profiling methylation in affected trees. Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) is a closely related species that readily hybridizes with almond; however, peach is not known to exhibit NBF. A cross between an NBF-exhibiting ‘Carmel’ cultivar and early flowering peach (‘40A17’) produced an F1 where ∼50% of progeny showed signs of NBF, including canopy die-back, erratic branching patterns (known as “crazy-top”), and rough bark. In this study, whole-genome DNA methylation profiles were generated for three F1 progenies exhibiting NBF and three progenies considered NBF-free. Subsequent alignment to both the almond and peach reference genomes showed an increase in genome-wide methylation levels in NBF hybrids in CG and CHG contexts compared to no-NBF hybrids when aligned to the almond genome but no difference in methylation levels when aligned to the peach genome. Significantly differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified by comparing methylation levels across the genome between NBF- and no-NBF hybrids in each methylation context. In total, 115,635 DMRs were identified based on alignment to the almond reference genome, and 126,800 DMRs were identified based on alignment to the peach reference genome. Nearby genes were identified as associated with the 39 most significant DMRs occurring either in the almond or peach alignments alone or occurring in both the almond and peach alignments. These DMR-associated genes include several uncharacterized proteins and transposable elements. Quantitative PCR was also performed to analyze the gene expression patterns of these identified gene targets to determine patterns of differential expression associated with differential DNA methylation. These DMR-associated genes, particularly those showing corresponding patterns of differential gene expression, represent key targets for almond breeding for future cultivars and mitigating the effects of NBF-exhibition in currently affected cultivars.

Reference genes are the key to study gene expression patterns using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). No studies on the reference genes of Athetis dissimilis, an important agricultural pest, have been reported. In order to determine the reference genes for qRT-PCR normalization in A. dissimilis under different conditions, 10 candidate genes [18S ribosomal protein (18S), 28S ribosomal protein (28S), arginine kinase (AK), elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1-α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal protein L32 (RPL32), ribosomal protein L40 (RPL40), alpha-tubulin (α-TUB), beta-actin (β-ACT), and beta-tubulin (β-TUB)] of A. dissimilis were selected to evaluate their stability as reference genes under different biotic and abiotic conditions by using five tools, geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, ΔCt, and RefFinder. Furthermore, CSP1 and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were used as target genes to validate the candidate reference genes. The results showed that different reference genes were needed under different experimental conditions, among which, EF-1α, RPL40, and 18S are most suitable reference genes for studying genes related development stages of A. dissimilis, RPL40 and α-TUB for larval tissues, α-TUB and 28S for adult tissues, EF-1α and β-ACT for insecticidal treatments, β-ACT and 28S for temperature treatments, EF-1α and β-ACT for starvation treatments, RPL40 and 18S for dietary treatments, and 18S, 28S, and α-TUB for all the samples. These results provide suitable reference genes for studying gene expression in A. dissimilis under different experimental conditions, and also lay the foundation for further research into the function of related genes in A. dissimilis.

Each environmental factor is able to change the way genes are expressed. Application of nanoparticles also affects the expression of different genes in plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three different concentration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles, TiO2 (zero, 200 and 800 micrograms per milliliter) on the relative expression of catalase, P450, SOD, diTDS and WRKY genes in Vitex plant leaf tissue using qRT-PCR. Plant cultivation was carried out in 2018 in the greenhouse of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. The experiment was arranged as completely random design with 5 replications. XRD measurements showed that applied TiO2 nanoparticles were in the form of anatase. Statistical analysis of gene expression in treated leaves of Vitex plant with TiO2 nanoparticles showed that this nanoparticle significantly affected the expression of catalase, P450, SOD, diTPS and WRKY genes. A concentration of 800 micrograms per milliliter of TiO2 nanoparticle increased the expression of catalase, P450, SOD and WRKY genes and decreased the expression of diTPS gene. In contrast, concentrations of 200 micrograms per milliliter only increased the expression of catalase and WRKY genes. The expression of the diTPS gene under treatments of 200 and 800 micrograms per liter of TiO2, compared with control, decreased by 2.1 and 0.46, respectively. Overall, the nanoparticle was able to influence the expression of genes in the biosynthetic pathway of terpenoids, as well as the plant's antioxidant enzymes, depending on the concentration of nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each environmental factor is able to change the way genes are expressed. Application of nanoparticles also affects the expression of different genes in plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three different concentration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles, TiO2 (zero, 200 and 800 micrograms per milliliter) on the relative expression of catalase, P450, SOD, diTDS and WRKY genes in Vitex plant leaf tissue using qRT- PCR. Plant cultivation was carried out in 2018 in the greenhouse of Islamic Azad University of Mashhad. The experiment was arranged as completely random design with 5 replications. XRD measurements showed that applied TiO2 nanoparticles were in the form of anatase. Statistical analysis of gene expression in treated leaves of Vitex plant with TiO2 nanoparticles showed that this nanoparticle significantly affected the expression of catalase, P450, SOD, diTPS and WRKY genes. A concentration of 800 micrograms per milliliter of TiO2 nanoparticle increased the expression of catalase, P450, SOD and WRKY genes and decreased the expression of diTPS gene. In contrast, concentrations of 200 micrograms per milliliter only increased the expression of catalase and WRKY genes. The expression of the diTPS gene under treatments of 200 and 800 micrograms per liter of TiO2, compared with control, decreased by 2.1 and 0.46, respectively. Overall, the nanoparticle was able to influence the expression of genes in the biosynthetic pathway of terpenoids, as well as the plant's antioxidant enzymes, depending on the concentration of nanoparticles.

Recent studies have attempted to develop molecular signatures of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) based on the quantitation of protein-coding and non-coding RNAs to predict disease prognosis. Due to the heterogeneity of EOC, none of the developed prognostic signatures were directly applied in clinical practice. Our work focuses on high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) due to the highest mortality rate relative to other types of EOC. Using deep sequencing of small non-coding RNAs in combination with quantitative real-time PCR, we confirm the dualistic classification of epithelial ovarian cancers based on the miRNA signature of HGSOC (type 2), which differs from benign cystadenoma and borderline cystadenoma—precursors of low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (type 1)—and identified two subtypes of HGSOC, which significantly differ in the level of expression of the progesterone receptor in the tumor tissue, the secretion of miR-16-5p, miR-17-5p, miR-93-5p, miR-20a-5p, the level of serum CA125, tumor size, surgical outcome (optimal or suboptimal cytoreduction), and response to chemotherapy. It was found that the combined determination of the level of miR-16-5p, miR-17-5p, miR-20a-5p, and miR-93-5p circulating in blood plasma of patients with primary HGSOC tumors makes it possible to predict optimal cytoreduction with 80.1% sensitivity and 70% specificity (p = 0.022, TPR = 0.8, FPR = 0.3), as well as complete response to adjuvant chemotherapy with 77.8% sensitivity and 90.9% specificity (p = 0.001, TPR = 0.78, FPR = 0.09). After the additional verification of the obtained data in a larger HGSOC patient cohort, the combined quantification of these four miRNAs is proposed to be used as a criterion for selecting patients either for primary cytoreduction or neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval cytoreduction.

Within the successive waves that occurred during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, recommendations arose to test symptomatic and contact subjects by using rapid antigen devices directed against the viral nucleocapsid protein with the aim to isolate contagious patients without delay. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of four rapid lateral-flow tests (RLFT) that were commercially available on the French market in 2022 to recognize various strains of SARS-CoV-2. Series of five-fold dilutions of seven viral suspensions belonging to different lineages of SARS-CoV-2 (19A, 20A, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron) were used to evaluate the analytical sensitivity of four commercially available RLFTs (manufacturers: Abbott, AAZ, Becton-Dickinson and Biospeedia). Cell culture and quantitative RT-PCR were used as references. Excellent correlations were observed for each lineage strain between the viral titer obtained via cell culture and the number of RNA copies measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Although the four tests were able to recognize all the tested variants, significant differences in terms of sensitivity were observed between the four RLFTs. Despite the limitation represented by the small number of devices and clinical isolates that were tested, this study contributed by rapidly comparing the sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 RLFTs in the Omicron era.

Sex determination and caste differentiation are two crucial processes for morphology building in honeybees. It is unclear whether there is an interaction between these two processes. Here, we investigated the expression of fem and Amdsx genes between female castes of honeybees. We found that the expression of fem and Amdsx is significantly higher in queens than in workers, and this expression was positively regulated by juvenile hormone (JH). Our results suggest that sex-determining genes fem and Amdsx are also involved in honeybee caste differentiation.

Quantitative RT- PCR is one of the most common methods to study gene expression in response to stress. Therefore, it is crucial to have suitable reference genes (RGs) for result normalization. Although several reports describe UV-B-modulated gene expression in Solanum lycopersicum , there are no suitable RGs identified until now. The aim of this work was to evaluate the suitability of seven traditional genes: actin (ACT), tubulin (TUB), ubiquitin (UBI), glyceraldehyde- 3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), elongation factor 1α (EF1α), phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2A) and GAGA binding transcriptional activator (GAGA); and two non-traditional genes: thioredoxin h1 (TRX h1) and UV-B RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8), as candidate RGs for their potential use as reliable internal controls in leaves, stems and roots of tomato seedlings exposed to acute and chronic UV-B. The stability of these genes expression was evaluated using five statistical algorithms: geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, Delta Ct and ANOVA. Considering the comprehensive stability ranking, we recommend ACT + TUB as the best pair of RGs for leaves, PP2A + GAPDH + TRX h1 for stems and TUB + UVR8 for roots. The reliability of the selected RGs for each tissue was verified amplifying tomato chalcone synthase 1 (CHS1) and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) photolyase (PHR1-LIKE). Under UV-B treatment, CHS1 was upregulated in leaves, stems and roots whereas PHR1-LIKE was only upregulated in leaves and stems. This interpretation differs when the most and least stable RGs are chosen. This is the first report regarding suitable RGs selection for accurate normalization of gene expression in tomato seedlings exposed to UV-B irradiation. • Nine candidate reference genes (RGs) were validated in tomato seedlings exposed to UV-B • Four conditions and three tissues were analysed with five statistical algorithms. • ACT +(TUB/PP2A/TRX h1) were the suggested RG in leaves, PP2A + GAPDH + TRX h1 in stems and TUB + UVR8 in roots. • UV-B induced CHS1 and PHR1-LIKE mRNA in leaves and stems whereas CHS1 in roots. • This work will facilitate RT-qPCR studies of UV-B exposed tomato seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) chalkiness greatly reduces the rice quality and the commercial value. In this study, qWCR4, a previously reported quantitative trait locus (QTL) of white-core rate (WCR), was confirmed by a BC5F2 segregation population and further fine mapped to a 35.26 kb region. In the qWCR4 region, LOC_Os04g50060 and LOC_Os04g50070 showed significant differences in expression level in endosperm between two NILs, whereas four other genes had no expression. Starch granules in the central endosperm of chalky grains from NIL(J23B) with higher WCR exhibited a typically round and loosely packed morphology. NIL(J23B) with higher WCR accompanied a higher seed filling speed. Moreover, qWCR4J23B (qWCR4 allele in J23B) increased WCR, grain numbers per plant, seed setting rate, grain width, and thousand-grain weight, contributing to a superior yield per plant. All in all, our research results not only lay a foundation for map-based cloning of qWCR4 but also provide new genetic resources for rice yield and quality breeding.

Chronic diabetes extensively complicates the glucose metabolism to onset and progress the complication. Concurrently, several contemporary medicines, especially organo-metallic formulations, are emerging to treat hyperglycemia. The current study aims to emphasize the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) potential for glucose metabolism regulation in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out to detect the mRNA expression of Glucose transporters 2 (GLUT2), Glucokinase (GK) and Glucose 6 Phosphatase (G-6-Pase). The study shows remarkable results such as the prognostic effect of GNPs in reinforcing the repression of enzyme complex G-6-Pase about 13.3-fold when compared to diabetes control. Also, molecular docking studies showed significant inhibition of G-6-Pase by the terpenoid ligands with alpha and beta amyrin from leaf extract of Couroupita guianensis. Thus the study explored the novel mechanism of G-6-Pase downregulated by GNPs intervention that majorly contributes to the regulation of circulatory glucose homeostasis during diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is one of the important worldwide health issues. The hilA gene encodes a transcriptional activator that regulates expression of the majority of the genes responsible for the Salmonella invasive phenotype. In the present study, PCR was performed using our designed primers for amplification of upstream and downstream regions of Salmonella typhimurium hilA gene. Each DNA fragment was T/A-cloned into pGEM-T easy vector and then sub-cloned into pET32 expression vector together with Kanamycin resistance gene. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium) using electroporation. The hilA-Knockout mutant was characterized to evaluate the predicted role of the hilA gene in virulence. Quantitative RT-PCR was carried out to study the impact of hilA knock out on the expression of downstream genes including invF and invA. We confirmed the successful preparation of hilA gene construct (pET32-up-kan-down) followed by the efficient electroporation of the construct to bacterial cells. The homologous recombination resulted in the hilA confirmed by PCR. We demonstrated that hilA knockout leads to attenuation of invA and invF genes expression. The hilA knockout strain may be useful for the development of efficient vaccines against the Salmonella typhimurium.

A single transcription factor is known to coordinate expression of a set of metabolites in a biochemical pathway; its use therefore can be a functional strategy in generating plants with desired traits. Triticum aestivum Dof1 (TaDof1) transcription factor is mainly associated with improved nitrogen assimilation in plants. In the current research, the transgenic wheat overexpressing TaDof1 transcription factor, under a constitutive promoter, was developed by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The two elite wheat cultivars (Galaxy and Faisalabad-2008) were selected for transformation study. The T0 plants were subjected to screening using selection medium containing herbicide BASTA. PCR results confirmed that only 8 out of 31 plants possessed the complete TaDof1 cassette. A transformation efficiency of 0.46% for Galaxy and 0.08% for Faisalaad-2008 was obtained. The quantitative RT-PCR was performed on T1 plants grown under nitrogen-limiting conditions. A substantial rise in the expression of citrate synthase (CS), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), and pyruvate kinase (PK) genes regulated by TaDof1 was observed after 4 weeks of nitrogen stress in T1 plants. The maximum fold increase of 464 was recorded for ICDH. Our findings indicate a cooperative modification of nitrogen and carbon metabolisms since they are intimately linked together. Overexpression of TaDof1 in wheat resulted in a significant increase in various agronomic traits. Furthermore, various physiological and biochemical markers (chlorophyll, protein, and soluble sugar contents) exhibited a profound change in TaDof1 transgenic plants in comparison with wild type plants. The results clearly depict the merits of employing transcription factors in engineering plant metabolisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract—Serotonin receptors of subtype 1А (5-HT1A) are involved in the regulation of aggressive behavior. New data show that 5-HT1A receptors are capable of heterodimerization and antagonistic interaction with type 7 serotonin receptors (5-HT7); hence, it is important to study the involvement of 5-НТ7 receptors in aggressive behavior. Specifically, it is necessary to study the patterns of co-expression of 5-НТ1А and 5-НТ7 receptors in the brains of animals that differ in the degree of genetically defined aggression. In this paper, we have studied the expression of serotonin 5-НТ1А and 5-НТ7 receptors in several cerebral structures of rats with genetically defined aggressive behavior or the lack of aggression. We have revealed significant changes in the expression of these receptors both at mRNA and receptor protein levels. Of particular interest is the changes in the levels of the membrane protein of 5-НТ1А and 5-НТ7 receptors in the midbrain and hippocampus of aggressive rats. A decrease in the level of 5-НТ1А receptors in the midbrain is associated with an increase in the level of this receptor in the hippocampus; meanwhile, the level of 5-НТ7 receptor is increased in the midbrain and decreased in the hippocampus of aggressive rats compared to tame animals. These data indicate interaction between 5-НТ7 and 5-НТ1А receptors. In addition, the expression of 5‑НТ7 receptors is increased in the frontal cortex and the mRNA level of the 5-НТ7 receptor gene is decreased in the hypothalamus of aggressive rats compared to tame animals. Therefore, significant changes in the expression of 5-НТ7 receptors in the brain of rats selected for a high level of fear-induced aggression towards humans have been revealed for the first time. Genotype-dependent peculiarities of combined expression of 5-НТ1А and 5-НТ7 receptors have been revealed in the investigated brain structures. Our data suggest that interaction between 5-НТ1А- and 5-НТ7-receptors may be an important factor in the regulation of genetically defined aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) is the most common technique used to compare the expression levels of genes under different experimental or clinical conditions. Data should be normalized with housekeeping genes (HKGs) to obtain reliable results in RT-qPCR. Likewise, the use the most stable and suitable HKG for the study design improves the reliability of the study results. The selection and validation of a stable HKG according to the study design to obtain reliable data is an essential and integral step in expression -based studies. The several software programs have been developed for HKG selection. The most stable HKG to be selected for normalization needs to be carefully evaluated by experimental studies before selection. In this review, summarized Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE), characteristics of HKGs, selection and validation of most suitable and stable HKGs according to study design and, usage in RT-qPCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a SYBR green I–based reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV). Analytical sensitivity of the assay was ~ 100 times higher than conventional RT-PCR. The precision of the RT-qPCR established for RNA standards was high, with intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation of 0.23–0.89% and 0.23–1.02%, respectively. The test was highly specific for BEFV strains, with no cross-reactivity with other viruses of veterinary significance. The assay detected BEFV RNA as early as 1 d post-infection (dpi) and up to 7–8 dpi in the blood samples of experimentally infected cattle. The most stable reference gene, peptidylprolyl isomerase A (PPIA), was selected for the quantification of BEFV. Viral RNA loads reached peak level at 3–5 dpi and then decreased rapidly through 7–8 dpi. Our assay provides a reliable approach for the detection of BEFV in the early infection stage and for use in the profiling of BEFV kinetics in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Begonia semperflorens (B. semperflorens), belonging to the family Begoniaceae, has now been widely cultivated worldwide and is famous for its ornamental plants with colourful flowers and distinctive leaves. The selection of appropriate internal reference genes is very important to accurately determine target gene expression via quantitative real-time PCR. However, internal reference gene selection has never been conducted in B. semperflorens. In this study, seven candidate reference genes of B. semperflorens, including 18S ribosomal RNA (Bs18S), pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein (BsPPR), actin-related protein 5 isoform X2 (BsACT), DNAJ homologue subfamily C member 17 (BsDNAJ), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (BsGAPDH), NAD-dependent malic enzyme 59 kDa isoform, mitochondria (BsNAD-ME), and peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase CYP26-2, chloroplast (BsCYP), which were obtained from our previous studies, were selected. The stabilities of these genes under stress conditions were analysed using geNorm and NormFinder. Validation of target gene expressions, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (BsPAL) and respiratory burst oxidase homologue D (BsRBOHD) under biotic and abiotic conditions, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (BsPAL), anthocyanidin synthase (BsANS), chalcone synthase (BsCHS), and flavanone-3-hydroxylase (BsF3H) under low temperature, using these seven internal reference genes for normalisation further confirmed the stabilities of the selected genes and indicated the need for reference gene selection for normalising gene expressions in B. semperflorens. Of the seven candidate reference genes, the combination of BsACT, BsDNAJ, and BsNAD-ME was the ideal reference gene set for normalising gene expression in samples under biotic conditions. BsCYP combined with BsACT or BsGAPDH was the best reference gene pair under abiotic conditions. BsACT and BsPPR could be combined to normalise gene expression under low temperature. Our results will benefit future studies on gene expression in plants of Begoniaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen which is responsible for widespread nosocomial infections. It encompasses a fungus specific serine/threonine protein phosphatase gene, CaPPZ1 that is involved in cation transport, cell wall integrity, oxidative stress response, morphological transition, and virulence according to the phenotypes of the cappz1 deletion mutant. Results: We demonstrated that a short-term treatment with a sublethal concentration of tert-butyl hydroperoxide suppressed the growth of the fungal cells without affecting their viability, both in the cappz1 mutant and in the genetically matching QMY23 control strains. To reveal the gene expression changes behind the above observations we carried out a global transcriptome analysis. We used a pilot DNA microarray hybridization together with extensive RNA sequencing, and confirmed our results by quantitative RT-PCR. Novel functions of the CaPpz1 enzyme and oxidative stress mechanisms have been unraveled. The numbers of genes affected as well as the amplitudes of the transcript level changes indicated that the deletion of the phosphatase sensitized the response of C. albicans to oxidative stress conditions in important physiological functions like membrane transport, cell surface interactions, oxidation-reduction processes, translation and RNA metabolism. Conclusions: We conclude that in the wild type C. albicans CaPPZ1 has a protective role against oxidative damage. We suggest that the specific inhibition of this phosphatase combined with mild oxidative treatment could be a feasible approach to topical antifungal therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the impact of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b expression on early diagnosis and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. Methods One hundred and eighteen patients with gastric cancer diagnosed in Huashan Hospital,Fudan University from Jan.2015 to Jan.2017 were selected as the gastric cancer group.Seventy-five patients with gastric polyps by pathological diagnosis and 45 healthy people were selected as gastric polyps group and healthy control.Quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b in each group.The relation among serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b levels,clinic pathological parameters in gastric cancer patients and prognosis was observed,and their efficacy of diagnose and predicting death within 2 years was also observed. Results The serum miRNA-128a expression in gastric cancer group was significantly higher than that in gastric polyp group (q=26.388,P<0.01) and healthy control (q=32.195,P<0.01),the expression in gastric polyp group was significantly higher compared with the healthy control (q=7.198,P<0.01),and after operation the expression level was significantly lower than that before operation (t=14.321,P<0.01).The serum miRNA-128b expression in gastric cancer group was significantly lower than that in gastric polyp group (q=211.148,P<0.01) and healthy control group (q=249.984,P<0.01),the expression of those in gastric polyp group was also significantly lower compared healthy control group(q=38.232,P<0.01),and the expression was significantly higher after surgery than before surgery (t=15.139,P<0.01).The serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b expression had high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of gastric cancer,the sensitivity of combined detection was 78.8%,the specificity was 97.3%,and the area under curve was significantly higher than miRNA-128a (Z=3.436,P<0.01) and miRNA-128b (Z=2.658,P<0.01).The expression of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b in patients with gastric cancer were significantly correlated with tumor cell differentiation,TNM staging,lymph node metastasis and depth of invasion (P<0.01).After 2 years' follow-up,the serum miRNA-128a expression in survival group was significantly lower than that in death group (P<0.01).When its level was >98.47 fmol/L,the sensitivity of predicting death within 2 years was 89.5%,the specificity was 81.8%,and the curve area was 0.889.The serum miRNA-128b expression in survival group was significantly higher than that in death group (P<0.01),when its level was ≤ 94.86 fmol/L,the sensitivity of predicting death within 2 years was 94.7%,the specificity was 81.8%,and the curve area was 0.931. Conclusions Combined detection of serum miRNA-128a and miRNA-128b is helpful for diagnosis in patients with gastric cancer and has important reference value for predicting death in gastric cancer patients within 2 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue virus (DENV), a member of the family Flaviviridae, is a threat for global health as it infects more than 100 million people yearly. Approved antiviral therapies or vaccines for the treatment or prevention of DENV infections are not available. In the present study, natural compounds were screened for their antiviral activity against DENV by in vitro cell line-based assay. α-Mangostin, a xanthanoid, was observed to exert antiviral activity against DENV-2 under pre-, co- and post-treatment testing conditions. The antiviral activity was determined by foci forming unit (FFU) assay, quantitative RT-PCR and cell-based immunofluorescence assay (IFA). A complete inhibition of DENV-2 was observed at 8 µM under the co-treatment condition. The possible inhibitory mechanism of α-Mangostin was also determined by docking studies. The molecular docking experiments indicate that α-Mangostin can interact with multiple DENV protein targets such as the NS5 methyltransferase, NS2B-NS3 protease and the glycoprotein E. The in vitro and in silico findings suggest that α-Mangostin possesses the ability to suppress DENV-2 production at different stages of its replication cycle and might act as a prophylactic/therapeutic agent against DENV-2.

Abstract Background Invertases (INVs) are key enzymes regulating sucrose metabolism and are here revealed to be involved in responses to environmental stress in plants. To date, individual members of the invertase gene family and their expression patterns are unknown in sugarcane due to its complex genome despite their significance in sucrose metabolism. Results In this study, based on comparative genomics, eleven cDNA and twelve DNA sequences belonging to 14 non-redundant members of the invertase gene family were successfully cloned from sugarcane. A comprehensive analysis of the invertase gene family was carried out, including gene structures, phylogenetic relationships, functional domains, conserved motifs of proteins. The results revealed that the 14 invertase members from sugarcane could be clustered into three subfamilies, including 6 neutral/alkaline invertases (ShN/AINVs), and 8 acid invertases (ShAINVs). Faster divergence occurred in acid INVs than in neutral/alkaline INVs after the split of sugarcane and sorghum. At least a one-time gene duplication event was observed to have occurred in the four groups of acid INVs, whereas ShN/AINV1 and ShN/AINV2 in the β8 lineage were revealed to be the most recently duplicated genes among their paralogous genes in the β group of N/AINVs. Furthermore, comprehensive expression analysis of these genes was performed in sugarcane seedlings subjected to five abiotic stresses (drought, low temperature, glucose, fructose, and sucrose) using Quantitative Real-time PCR. The results suggested a functional divergence of INVs and their potential role in response to the five different treatments. Enzymatic activity in sugarcane seedlings was detected under five abiotic stresses treatments, and showed that the activities of all INVs were significantly inhibited in response to five different abiotic stresses, and that the neutral/alkaline INVs played a more prominent role in abiotic stresses than the acid INVs. Conclusions In this study, we determined the INV gene family members of sugarcane by PCR cloning using sorghum as a reference, providing the first study of the INV gene family in sugarcane. Combining existing INV gene data from 7 plants with a comparative approach including a series of comprehensive analyses to isolate and identify INV gene family members proved to be highly successful. Moreover, the expression levels of INV genes and the variation of enzymatic activities associated with drought, low temperature, glucose, fructose, and sucrose are reported in sugarcane for the first time. The results offered useful foundation and framework for future research for understanding the physiological roles of INVs for sucrose accumulation in sugarcane.

While quantitative PCR (qPCR) is widely recognized as being among the most accurate methods for quantifying gene expression, it is highly dependent on the use of reliable, stably expressed reference genes. With the increased availability of high-throughput methods for measuring gene expression, whole-transcriptome approaches may be increasingly utilized for reference gene selection and validation. In this study, RNA-seq was used to identify a set of novel qPCR reference genes and evaluate a panel of traditional “housekeeping” reference genes in two species of the evolutionary model plant genus Mimulus. More broadly, the methods proposed in this study can be used to harness the power of transcriptomes to identify appropriate reference genes for qPCR in any study organism, including emerging and nonmodel systems. We find that RNA-seq accurately estimates gene expression means in comparison to qPCR, and that expression means are robust to moderate environmental and genetic variation. However, measures of expression variability were only in agreement with qPCR for samples obtained from a shared environment. This result, along with transcriptome-wide comparisons, suggests that environmental changes have greater impacts on expression variability than on expression means. We discuss how this issue can be addressed through experimental design, and suggest that the ever-expanding pool of published transcriptomes represents a rich and low-cost resource for developing better reference genes for qPCR.

Objective: To investigate the antiviral property of a lead ligand, YK51 that was synthesized based on the flavanoid of a natural product toward dengue virus type-2 (DENV2) replication. Methods: cRNA was isolated from HepG2 cells inoculated with 1000 median tissue culture infective dose of DENV2 and treated with different doses of the ligand followed by RT-PCR to quantify the virus gene copies. Confocal microscopy of actin and tubulin redistribution was also performed. Results: The quantitative RT-PCR result showed reduction of the DENV2 gene copies as the ligand concentration was increased. The confocal microscopy result showed increase in the tubulin intensity (79.6%) of infected BHK21 cells treated with the ligand, compared with the non-treated cells (54.8%). The 1.5-fold increase in the intensity of tubulin suggested that the ligand inhibitory effect stabilized the cellular microtubule structure. Conclusions: The synthesized ligand YK51 reduced DENV2 viral load by inhibiting virus replication thus is highly potential to be developed as antiviral agent.