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Geçtiğimiz birkaç on yılda turizm birçok ülkede en önemli ekonomik faaliyetlerden biri haline geldi. Son yıllarda Dünya genelinde hem salgın hem de savaş nedeniyle turizm faaliyetlerinde düşüş görülmektedir. Özellikle soğuk ülkelerden yaz aylarında Türkiye’ye turistler gelmektedir. Salgın ve savaşların yanı sıra küresel iklim değişikliğine bağlı olarak artan sıcaklık turizm aktivitelerini de etkilemektedir. İnsanlar bu artan sıcaklık karşısında kendilerini en rahat hissettiği ortamlarda turizm faaliyetlerini sürdürmek istemektedir. İnsan faaliyetlerine etki eden en önemli faktör biyoklimatik konfor koşullarıdır. Bu koşulların belirlenmesi önemlidir. Biyokonfor koşulları için çeşitli indeksler geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Aydın İli 2021 yılı haziran, temmuz ve ağustos aylarına ait sıcaklık, aylık ortalama ve maksimum bağıl nem (%), aylık ortalama rüzgâr şiddeti (km/saat), aylık ortalama yağış (mm) ve aylık ortalama güneşlenme süresi (saat) verileri temin edilmiştir. Veriler excel ortamında düzenlenmiştir. Veriler düzenlendikten sonra turizm iklim konforunun hesaplanmasında en yaygın olarak turizm konfor indeksi (TCI) formülü ile çalışma alanında yer alan meteorolojik gözlem istasyonlarına ait TCI değeri hesaplanmıştır. Açık kaynak koldu QGIS yazılımı içerisine meteorolojik gözlem istasyonları ve TCI değerleri atılmıştır. Ters mesafe ağırlıklı enterpolasyon yöntemi kullanılarak haziran, temmuz ve ağustos aylarına ait TCI haritası üretilmiştir. Bu haritalar üzerinde Aydın İli turizm iklim konforu değerlendirilmiştir., In the past few decades, tourism has become one of the most important economic activities in many countries. In recent years, there has been a decrease in tourism activities worldwide due to both epidemic and war. In Particular, Tourists come to Turkey from cold countries in the summer months. In addition to epidemics and wars, increasing temperature due to global climate change also affects tourism activities. People want to continue their tourism activities in environments where they feel most comfortable in the face of this increasing temperature. The most important factor affecting human activities is bioclimatic comfort conditions. It is important to identify these conditions. Various indices have been developed for bio comfort conditions. In this study, it was used for the data which are the temperature, monthly average and maximum relative humidity (%), monthly average wind speed (km/hour), monthly average precipitation (mm) and monthly average sunshine duration (hours) data for the months of June, July and August 2021 in Aydın Province has been provided. The data were organized in an excel environment. After the data were arranged, the TCI value of the meteorological observation stations in the study area was calculated with the most common Tourism Comfort Index (TCI) formula in calculating the tourism climate comfort. Meteorological observation stations and TCI values were imported into the open-source QGIS software. TCI maps for the months of June, July and August were produced using the inverse distance-weighted interpolation method. It has been evaluated on these maps for Aydın Province tourism climate comfort.

Assessment of environmental fragility in watersheds is an important tool to assist managers in planning and interventions for sustainable production and environmental conservation. The objective of this work was to use Fuzzy logic and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to classify environmental fragility using data obtained from public institutions. The Marreco River watershed in western Paraná, Brazil, was the study model. To classify areas, a geographic information system (GIS) and data from a digital elevation model (DEM), as well as data on soil occupation and type were used. The analysis found that 71.3% of the basin area has average fragility. Compared to two other forms of weighing elements of the slope map, the three presented statistical difference, but all indicated that the basin under study mostly has average environmental fragility. The use of fuzzy logic allowed application of a continuous variation of weights according to the variation of environmental characteristics, which may more effectively represent the reality and, therefore, provide more reliable results. This method may represent a useful tool to appropriately manage sustainable production and environmental conservation in watershed areas. Resumo A avaliação da fragilidade ambiental em bacias hidrográficas é uma importante ferramenta para auxiliar gestores no planejamento e intervenções para produção sustentável e conservação ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi utilizar a lógica Fuzzy e o método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) para classificação de fragilidade ambiental. Como modelo de estudo foi utilizada a bacia hidrográfica do Arroio Marreco, Toledo, Paraná, Brasil. Para classificar as áreas foi utilizado um sistema de informação geográfico (SIG) e dados de um modelo digital de elevação (MDE), bem como dados de ocupação e tipo de solo. A análise constatou que 71,3% da área da bacia tem fragilidade média. Ao comparar com outras 2 formas de atribuição de peso aos elementos do mapa de declividade, as 3 apresentaram diferença estatística, mas todas indicaram que a bacia em estudo tem fragilidade ambiental média em sua maior parte. A utilização da lógica Fuzzy permitiu aplicar uma variação de pesos contínua conforme a variação das características ambientais, podendo representar de forma eficaz a realidade e, consequentemente, apresentar resultados mais confiáveis. Este método pode ser uma ferramenta útil no planejamento adequado das atividades antrópicas e práticas econômicas para evitar processos de degradação ambiental em uma bacia hidrográfica.

Due to the growth of tilapia production and adaptability to different breeding conditions, to advances in technology and its acceptability by the consumer, this can be a viable alternative for small and medium-sized rural producers to increase income and diversify production. This work aimed to estimate the production potential of Nile tilapia, in ground-excavated ponds, through spatial analysis using Geographic Information System (GIS). Three municipalities located in the center-south region of the state of Paraná, Brazil, were chosen, which are not considered producers of tilapia. Satellite images were used through the QGIS software to map the ground-excavated ponds, which made it possible to estimate the productive potential of the fish, taking into account in the calculation an average productivity of 54 t/ha/year. Finally, the ellipse technique of directional distribution was used in order to identify the behavior of the spatial distribution of the ponds, providing the knowledge in its density and orientation. The results showed that to obtain the best tilapia production it is necessary to work with a safe margin of approximately 300 days to fatten the fish, precisely because it respects the regional climate throughout the year and especially in the winter months, where there is less weight increase in the species. Also, it was estimated that there is the possibility that the region will slaughter 34.12 t/fish/day, under standardized conditions which is considered a relevant production, in relation to the national production data presented in recent years by official agencies. Debido al crecimiento de la producción de tilapia y la adaptabilidad a las diferentes condiciones de creación, los avances tecnológicos y su aceptabilidad por parte del consumidor, esta puede ser una alternativa viable para los pequeños y medianos productores rurales para aumentar los ingresos y diversificar la producción. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estimar el potencial de producción de la tilapia del Nilo, en viveros excavados, a través de análisis espacial utilizando Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG). Fueron elegidos 3 municipios ubicados en la región centro-sur del estado de Paraná, Brasil, los cuales no son considerados productores de tilapia. Se utilizó imágenes de satélite por medio del software QGIS para realizar el mapeo de los viveros excavados, lo que permitió estimar el potencial productivo del pescado, teniendo en cuenta en el cálculo una productividad media de 54 t/ha/año. Finalmente, se utilizó la técnica de la elipse de distribución direccional para identificar el comportamiento de la distribución espacial de los viveros, proporcionando el conocimiento en su densidad y orientación. Los resultados mostraron que para obtener la mejor producción de tilapia es necesario trabajar con un margen seguro de aproximadamente 300 días para el engorde de los peces, precisamente porque se respeta el clima regional durante todo el año y principalmente en los meses de invierno, donde se produce un menor aumento de peso de la especie. Además, se estimó que la posibilidad de que la región sacrifique 34,12 t/pescado/día, en condiciones estandarizadas lo que se considera una producción relevante en relación con los datos de producción nacional, presentados en los últimos años por los organismos oficiales. Devido ao crescimento da produção de tilápia e adaptabilidade a diferentes condições de criação, aos avanços da tecnologia e da sua aceitabilidade por parte do consumidor, esta pode ser uma alternativa viável para os pequenos e médios produtores rurais para o aumento da renda e diversificação da produção. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar o potencial de produção da tilápia do Nilo, em viveiros escavados, através de análise espacial utilizando Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG). Foram escolhidos 3 municípios localizados na região centro-sul do estado do Paraná, Brasil, os quais não são considerados produtores de tilápia. Utilizou-se imagens de satélite por meio do software QGIS para realizar o mapeamento dos viveiros escavados, o que possibilitou estimar o potencial produtivo do pescado, levando-se em consideração no cálculo uma produtividade média de 54 t/ha/ano. Por fim, utilizou-se a técnica da elipse de distribuição direcional, a fim de identificar o comportamento da distribuição espacial dos viveiros, proporcionando o conhecimento na sua densidade e orientação. Os resultados mostraram que para obter a melhor produção da tilápia é necessário trabalhar com uma margem segura de aproximadamente 300 dias para engorda dos peixes, justamente por respeitar o clima regional ao longo do ano e principalmente nos meses de inverno, onde ocorre menor incremento de peso na espécie. Ainda, estimou-se que há possibilidade de a região abater 34,12 t/peixe/dia, em condições padronizadas, o que é considerada uma produção relevante em relação aos dados de produção nacional, apresentados nos últimos anos pelos órgãos oficiais.

L’utilisation de dessins de squelettes d’animaux numérisés, pour illustrer la représentation des parties squelettiques d’une espèce donnée, est devenue courante en archéologie, que ce soit en termes de présence ou d’absence, de quantité (cercles proportionnels) ou de pourcentage (par ex. densité). La quantification automatique de ces divers modes de représentation est rendue possible via le recours à un système d’information géographique (SIG). Dans le cadre de cette projection en plan des profils squelettiques, ce n’est pas la fonctionnalité de géolocalisation qui nous intéressera ici mais la possibilité d’introduire un lien dynamique avec des systèmes d’enregistrement de type tableurs ou bases de données. Les analyses statistiques et les représentations peuvent ainsi s’appuyer sur les inventaires archivés. Ces analyses peuvent être automatisées, fiables et cohérentes graphiquement, selon l’ensemble du jeu de données étudié. Ce processus requiert un temps de mise en œuvre plus important que pour un enregistrement classique mais cet état de fait est très largement compensé par l’important gain de temps acquis dans le traitement de ces données. De plus, ces modèles sont immédiatement réutilisables par tout archéozoologue et dans le cadre d’études ultérieures. Le choix des classes de pourcentage réalisé en DAO, implique des calculs supplémentaires (correction des classes de valeurs) pour être statistiquement fiable. En convertissant chaque partie squelettique en entité graphique dans le logiciel de SIG, on peut établir des relations (jointures) avec les tables de données et générer automatiquement leur remplissage. En outre, ces outils statistiques intégrés calculent directement les classes de valeur à appliquer, en fonction du jeu de données en présence. Ce projet d’utilisation d’un SIG au moyen de QGIS (logiciel open source) offre l’opportunité de simplifier et de systématiser l’ensemble de ces étapes de travail., The use of digitised animal skeletal drawings to illustrate the representation of the skeletal parts of a given species has become common in archaeology, whether in terms of presence or absence, quantity (proportional circles) or percentage (e.g. density). The automatic quantification of these various modes of representation is made possible through the use of a geographical information system (GIS). In the context of this plan projection of skeletal profiles, it is not the geolocation functionality that will interest us here but the possibility of introducing a dynamic link with recording systems such as spreadsheets or databases. Statistical analyses and representations can thus be based on archived inventories. These analyses can be automated, reliable and graphically consistent, depending on the set of data studied. This process requires a longer implementation time than for a classic recording, but this is largely compensated by the significant time saving acquired in the processing of these data. Moreover, these models can be immediately reused by any archaeozoologist and for subsequent studies. The choice of the percentage classes made in CAD, implies additional calculations (correction of the value classes) to be statistically reliable. By converting each skeletal part into a graphical entity in the GIS software, relationships (joins) can be established with the data tables and their filling automatically generated. In addition, these integrated statistical tools directly calculate the value classes to be applied, depending on the dataset present. This project of using a GIS by means of QGIS (open source software) offers the opportunity to simplify and systematise all these work steps.

This study proposed a method for identifying areas appropriate for fish farming in ground-excavated ponds using data obtained from public institutions. The method was applied to three cities located in the central-southern region of Paran&aacute, State, Brazil. In order to select appropriate areas, a geographic information system (GIS) was created using data from a digital elevation model (DEM), as well as data on soil occupation and type. A variable reclassification model (VRM) was created, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was applied to establish weights for a multi-criteria assessment of the factors. Non-classifiable areas and areas with constraints were identified and removed from the analysis. The sites classified as highly suitable or suitable represented 33.270.79 ha (18.71% of the total area), while the restricted areas represented 54,427.91 ha (30.60% of the total area). This method may represent a useful tool for decision making in the context of regional planning and may be used in the establishment of public policy and in the allocation of resources for aquaculture development.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2020-01-15T13:43:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Kleberson_Nascimento_2019.pdf: 5082862 bytes, checksum: 513dc982314d5a318745dec33620b94c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-01-15T13:43:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Kleberson_Nascimento_2019.pdf: 5082862 bytes, checksum: 513dc982314d5a318745dec33620b94c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-08-14 The present study is focused on Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) of water bodies, which are vegetation strips around water bodies that serve as soil stabilization mechanisms and prevent suspended residues from reaching the riverbed. With the intention of improving aspects of environmental preservation and regulation mechanisms of the current legislation, this study designed two geographic models, one that determines the width of the watercourses in the region under study and another that identifies the native vegetation using remote sensing. Through the resulting relationship between the two models, a symmetrical analysis of the data was carried out, determining the remaining forest cover and areas with deficit of tree vegetation, which must be reforested in order to comply with the guidelines of the Brazilian Forest Code, Law No. 12,727, of October 17, 2012. The techniques used the QGIS geoprocessing software for watershed characterization and the Google Earth Engine cloud processing platform for supervised image classification from Sentinel-2 satellite MSI sensor images. To increase the viability of the research, the use of free software and open data was preferred in most of the processes. The research resulted in two articles with Western Paraná as the study area. Article 1 resulted in mapping the hydrography and its respective widths, thus establishing an average total area of 299.9 km² of rivers with a length of 28,275.42 km. Based on the legislation, the Ideal Permanent Preservation Areas for the study territory was determined as 2,622.54 km². In Article 2, 5,954.33 km² of tree cover were classified and it was estimated that there is 812,98 km² of deficit in water APPs in the region under study. A temática deste estudo é voltada para as Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) hídricas, que são faixas de vegetação em torno de corpos d’água, que servem como um mecanismo de estabilização do solo e impedem que resíduos em suspensão trafeguem para o leito dos rios. Visando aspectos que almejem a preservação ambiental e mecanismos que auxiliem na regularização das normativas vigentes, este estudo elaborou dois modelos geográficos: um que determina as larguras dos cursos d'água e outro que identifica a vegetação nativa por meio de sensoriamento remoto. Por intermédio da relação resultante entre os dois modelos, realizou-se uma análise espacial da assimetria dos dados, determinando o remanescente florestal e as áreas com déficit de vegetação arbórea, que devem ser recuperadas para que cumpram com as diretrizes do Código Florestal, Lei Nº 12.727, de 17 de outubro de 2012. As técnicas utilizaram o software de geoprocessamento QGIS para a caracterização de bacias hidrográficas, e a plataforma de processamento em nuvem Google Earth Engine para classificação supervisionada proveniente das imagens do sensor MSI do satélite Sentinel-2. Para ampliar a viabilidade da pesquisa, priorizou-se a utilização, na maior parte dos processos, softwares gratuitos e dados abertos. A pesquisa deu origem a dois artigos tendo o Oeste do Paraná como área de estudo, sendo que o Artigo 1 resultou em mapeamento da hidrografia e suas respectivas larguras, estabelecendo uma área total média de 299,9 km² de rios com extensão de 28.275,42 km e, com base na legislação, determinou que as Áreas de Preservação Permanente ideais para o território de estudo é de 2.622,54 km². Já no Artigo 2 foram classificados 5.954,33 km² de cobertura arbórea, estimando a existência de 812,98 km² de déficit de APPs hídricas na região de estudo.

L’utilisation de figures numérisées en DAO (dessin assisté par ordinateur) de squelettes d’animaux pour illustrer les représentations de parties squelettiques en termes de présence/absence, de quantité (cercles proportionnels) ou de pourcentage (densité) est devenu courante. Ce complément offre, par rapport aux tableurs graphiques, une visibilité immédiate et plus de clarté. La quantification automatique de ces divers modes de représentations est rendue possible via le recours au SIG (système d’information géographique). Outre l’usage de la géolocalisation qui ne nous intéressera pas dans le cadre de cette projection en plan des profils squelettiques, les logiciels de SIG permettent d’introduire un lien dynamique avec des systèmes d’enregistrement (tableurs ou bases de données). Les analyses statistiques et les représentations obtenues des données d’inventaire archivées sont ainsi automatisées, fiables et cohérentes graphiquement selon l’ensemble du jeu de données étudié.Ce processus requiert un temps de mise en œuvre plus important mais qui est sans commune mesure au regard du traitement de ces données. D’autre part, le choix des classes de pourcentage, pour être statistiquement fiable, implique des calculs supplémentaires (correction des classes de valeurs). En convertissant chaque partie squelettique en entité graphique dans le logiciel, on peut établir des relations (jointures) avec les tables de données et générer automatiquement leur remplissage. De plus, ces outils statistiques intégrés calculent directement les classes de valeur à appliquer. Ce projet d’utilisation d’un SIG au moyen de QGIS (logiciel open source) offre l’opportunité de simplifier et de systématiser l’ensemble de ces étapes de travail.

The aim of the paper is developing the Digital Terrain Model (DTM in the further text) through QGIS software. In order to accomplish intention of the paper will test some of the methods and techniques that are widely known in nowadays and those are supported by QGIS software – an open source software. And those methods named TIN and GRID. For showing complexity on the study area will analyse some features or characteristics of terrain in the created DTM. All of these methods and techniques will be applied in QGIS. In general, the QGIS software has rich methodology for creation, intepretation, visualization and analysing the geo-spatial data and the DTM in particular.