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Introduction: Unstable surfaces are commonly utilized to enhance the flexibility of the musculoskeletal system for achieving training or rehabilitation goals. However, their effects on shoulder muscle activation during various push-up (PU) exercises have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to synthesize electromyography (EMG) data of shoulder muscles in individuals without scapular dyskinesis performing different PU exercises on both stable and unstable surfaces. Methods: A systematic online search was conducted in electronic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, up to January 16, 2024, using predefined sets of keywords. Out of the 1,971 titles and abstracts screened, 80 articles were reviewed in detail by two independent researchers to check the eligibility, of which 28 eligible studies were ultimately included. Following assessment of the quality and risk of bias, the studies were categorized based on exercises and muscle groups, and a meta-analysis using a random-effects model was performed to estimate the overall effect size. Results: The use of unstable surfaces led to a decrease in anterior deltoid activity during PU [P = 0.032; I2 = 91.34%; SMD = -0.630 (95% CI -1.205, -0.055)], an increase in pectoralis major activity during PU [P = 0.006; I2 = 63.72%; SMD = 0.282 (95% CI 0.079, 0.484)], as well as during knee PU [P = 0.018; I2 = 32.29%; SMD = 0.309 (95% CI 0.052, 0.565)], and an increase in triceps brachii activity during PU [P = 0.000; I2 = 85.05%; SMD = 0.813 (95% CI 0.457, 1.168)], knee PU [P = 0.000; I2 = 0.00%; SMD = 0.589 (95% CI 0.288, 0.891)], as well as during push-up plus [P = 0.006; I2 = 13.16%; SMD = 0.563 (95% CI 0.161, 0.965)]. However, the use of unstable surfaces did not show a significant effect on the EMG activity of the pectoralis major during push-up plus [P = 0.312; I2 = 22.82%; SMD = 0.207 (95% CI -0.194, 0.609)]. Conclusions: Unstable surfaces can modulate muscle activity in different PU exercises, while the effects on the targeted muscles depend on the type of exercise. The findings of this review provide a framework based on the level of activity of each shoulder muscle during different PU exercises, which can help coaches, trainers, and sports therapists select the most suitable type of PU for designing training or rehabilitation programs. Particularly, the most suitable exercise for increasing anterior deltoid activity is PU on a stable surface. To concurrently increase activity of the pectoralis major and triceps brachii, adding unstable surfaces under hands during knee PU and standard PU is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fitness exercises, including push-ups, are very beneficial to personal health. Many Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based fitness trainers are developed based on human pose estimation models or assisted by Internet of Things (IoT) devices. However, many of them require access to a graphing processing unit (GPU) for model training or IoT sensors to deploy, less accessible for individuals. In our work, we designed and prototyped real-time mobile push-up detectors using three distinctive approaches: (1) Push-up pose classification, (2) Angle-heuristic estimation and (3) Optical flow detection. We trained our deep-learning model with over 2000 images to achieve a high accuracy for real time deployment. Models are tested on our video dataset applied data augmentation techniques to simulate real-world environmental conditions to evaluate model performance based on accuracy metrics (precision, recall, F1 score) and processing frame rate (FPS). From the results, we concluded that the angle-heuristic estimation method has the best overall performance and we analysed the reasons for the relatively poorer performance of the push-up pose classification and optical flow detection methods. All methods developed are capable of working on mobile devices without the need of GPU or IoT sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suspension training has become popular in sports and functional performance in recent years. Suspension training may promote higher improvement in physical performance compared to traditional training because of its greater instability. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of 10-week suspension and traditional push-up training on physical performance in young men. Thirty-two young men were divided randomly into two groups: suspension push-up (n = 17) and traditional push-up (n = 15). Physical performance tests included 900 push-up test for strength-endurance, Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability test (CKCUES) for shoulder stability, Y Balance Test (YBT) for dynamic balance, and Seated Medicine Ball Throw Test (SMBT) for power. Assessments were completed in two sessions in both groups before and after the 10-week push-up training. In baseline values, a significant difference was found for only the CKCUES test in favor of the suspension push-up group (P < 0.05). Both groups showed significant improvements in physical performance tests (P < 0.05); however, when compared groups, there was a significant difference in the 900 push-up test in favor of the suspension push-up group (P < 0.05). After 10 weeks of push-up training, Cohen's d effect size of both groups was high except for SMBT in the traditional push-up group. Both suspension and traditional push-up training effectively improved physical performance in healthy untrained young men. However, suspension push-up is more efficacious than traditional push-up in strength-endurance. Our results suggest that healthy untrained young men who desire to increase muscular strength and endurance may prefer suspension push-up training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionUnstable surfaces are commonly utilized to enhance the flexibility of the musculoskeletal system for achieving training or rehabilitation goals. However, their effects on shoulder muscle activation during various push-up (PU) exercises have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to synthesize electromyography (EMG) data of shoulder muscles in individuals without scapular dyskinesis performing different PU exercises on both stable and unstable surfaces.MethodsA systematic online search was conducted in electronic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, up to January 16, 2024, using predefined sets of keywords. Out of the 1,971 titles and abstracts screened, 80 articles were reviewed in detail by two independent researchers to check the eligibility, of which 28 eligible studies were ultimately included. Following assessment of the quality and risk of bias, the studies were categorized based on exercises and muscle groups, and a meta-analysis using a random-effects model was performed to estimate the overall effect size.ResultsThe use of unstable surfaces led to a decrease in anterior deltoid activity during PU [P = 0.032; I2 = 91.34%; SMD = −0.630 (95% CI −1.205, −0.055)], an increase in pectoralis major activity during PU [P = 0.006; I2 = 63.72%; SMD = 0.282 (95% CI 0.079, 0.484)], as well as during knee PU [P = 0.018; I2 = 32.29%; SMD = 0.309 (95% CI 0.052, 0.565)], and an increase in triceps brachii activity during PU [P = 0.000; I2 = 85.05%; SMD = 0.813 (95% CI 0.457, 1.168)], knee PU [P = 0.000; I2 = 0.00%; SMD = 0.589 (95% CI 0.288, 0.891)], as well as during push-up plus [P = 0.006; I2 = 13.16%; SMD = 0.563 (95% CI 0.161, 0.965)]. However, the use of unstable surfaces did not show a significant effect on the EMG activity of the pectoralis major during push-up plus [P = 0.312; I2 = 22.82%; SMD = 0.207 (95% CI −0.194, 0.609)].ConclusionsUnstable surfaces can modulate muscle activity in different PU exercises, while the effects on the targeted muscles depend on the type of exercise. The findings of this review provide a framework based on the level of activity of each shoulder muscle during different PU exercises, which can help coaches, trainers, and sports therapists select the most suitable type of PU for designing training or rehabilitation programs. Particularly, the most suitable exercise for increasing anterior deltoid activity is PU on a stable surface. To concurrently increase activity of the pectoralis major and triceps brachii, adding unstable surfaces under hands during knee PU and standard PU is recommended.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO, identifier CRD42021268465.

This study evaluated the effect of different feed pushing-up frequencies on the behavior, dry matter intake and milk production of dairy cows in the first lactation. In each monitoring, 32 - 37 dairy cows of Czech spotted cattle at the peak of lactation were represented. After the feed was delivered to cows, the feed was pushed-up 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 times in 5 different frequencies within 12 hours. Each frequency was monitored for 1 month in four repetitions. The behavior of dairy cows during feeding was monitored for 15 minutes after the feed delivery and after each food pushing-up. We evaluated how often the dairy cows came to the feeding table, how they used mixed ration and milk production. The frequency of feed pushing-ups has shown an effect on the dairy cow's milk yield. As a result of the 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 feed pushing-up frequencies, the average milk production per cow per day was 24.52; 25.84; 25.48; 25.78; 26.03 kg. Also feed conversion increased with the frequency of feed pushing-ups to 1.22; 1.29; 1.25; 1.30 aand nd 1.30 kg of milk from 1 kg of received dry matter. TMR dry matter utilization increased by 1% on average.

Background: Push-up (PU) is widely considered an effective exercise to stabilize the scapular, especially if performed on unstable surfaces. However, available studies cover a wide range of exercise variations and differ according to exercise prescription, muscle selection and study design. Therefore, findings are contradictory, and conclusions for a proper application of the PU are difficult to draw. Objective: To synthesize the available literature on the changes in the activity of the periscapular muscles in individuals without scapular dyskinesis while performing different types of PU on unstable surfaces. Search procedure: Four online databases were searched from the earliest publications to 9 August 2023, using predefined keywords. Out of the 2,850 potential references identified in the primary search, 92 studies were reviewed in detail, of which 38 met the inclusion criteria and were included. Methodological quality was evaluated using a standardized form based on the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies. Data combination was performed using CMA (v3), and the random-effects model was used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The use of unstable surfaces in people without scapular dyskinesis led to increased activity of the upper trapezius during the PU (p = 0.017; I² = 84.95%; SMD = 0.425 [95% CI 0.077, 0.773]) and knee PU (p = 0.023; I² = 70.23%; SMD = 0.474 [95% CI 0.066, 0.882]) exercises and increased activity of the middle trapezius (MT) (p = 0.003; I² = 64.50%; SMD = 0.672 [95% CI 0.225, 1.119]) and serratus anterior (SA) (p = 0.039; I² = 4.25%; SMD = 0.216 [95% CI 0.011, 0.420]) muscles during the push-up plus (PUP) exercise. Conclusion: Using an unstable support base during PU does not necessarily increase the activity of all scapular stabilizers. The amount of muscle activity depends on the type of PU other than the type of support base. If an unstable surface is used, PUP exercise appears to be the most effective modality to increase the quality of training, improve performance, and prevent the occurrence of scapular dyskinesis due to the increase in the activity of the MT and SA muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare the relationships between some motor skills in the upper extremity region of 20 male volleyball players aged 15-18 years, competing in the 8th Group of the 2nd League of the Turkish Volleyball Federation, with and without suspended and unsuspended Push-Up (PU) bosu ball exercises applied for 3 sessions every week for 8 weeks. In addition to the normal training program, the first group was trained with unsuspended (PU) and the second group was trained with suspended (PU) for 8 weeks. Both groups performed Medicine Ball Throw to evaluate upper extremity strength, Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test to evaluate endurance and Upper Extremity Y-Balance Test to evaluate balance before and after the training program. As a result of this study, the difference values of the test results before and after the training were compared. A significant difference was found between the groups in the upper extremity right and left arm 0,000, Y Balance Test Medial dominant 0,000, and non-dominant 0,004, Superolateral dominant and non-dominant 0,000, Inferiorlateral dominant 0,024 and non-dominant 0,000, chest and overhead 0,000 Health Ball Throw test difference changes (p<0,05). Performing the applications used in classical training methods on unstable grounds can increase the motivation of volleyball athletes and contribute to their performance. As a result, it seems that unsuspended and suspended (PU) exercises can increase the levels of medicine ball throwing, closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test and upper extremity Y-balance test with the exercises applied, although the levels are different. Further studies on the subject by increasing the number of participants in different groups and using electronic devices will be useful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Central European Agriculture is the property of Journal of Central European Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background:The use of push-ups has been suggested to strengthen the scapular stabilizers, while incorporating unstable surfaces is recommended to enhance the involvement of the neuromuscular system. However, the impact of this instability on electromyography (EMG) activity in the periscapular muscles during push-ups in individuals with Scapular dyskinesis remains uncertain. Consequently, the objective of the current study was to assess the influence of unstable surfaces on EMG activity in the trapezius and Serratus anterior muscles among individuals with scapular dyskinesis during push-ups.Methods:A comprehensive search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases, covering articles published from the inception of these databases until September 25, 2021. The search strategy utilized three main keyword categories: Scapular dyskinesis, electromyography, and push-up. Initially, 5,249 articles were identified through this search process. After a thorough assessment of the full text of these articles, four studies were deemed suitable for inclusion in the final review. Data extraction and evaluation of methodological quality were carried out as part of the review process. The Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) and corresponding 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were calculated to perform the meta-analysis using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) Software, Version 3. Statistical significance was determined by a p-value less than 0.05.Results:The findings of the study revealed that the utilization of unstable surfaces among individuals with scapular dyskinesis led to an increase in the activity of the upper trapezius (P= 0.011; SMD= 0.807 [95%CI 0.188, 1.427]). Conversely, it reduced the Serratus anterior's activity (P= 0.000; SMD= -0.665 [95%CI -1.023, -0.307]). However, the electromyography activity of the Lower trapezius was not significantly affected (P= 0.176).Conclusion:Due to the imbalance between the upper trapezius and serratus anterior muscles in individuals with scapular dyskinesis, caution should be exercised when using unstable surfaces. Incorrect utilization of unstable surfaces may worsen these individuals' muscle imbalance. Therefore, it is advisable to approach unstable surfaces with heightened caution in individuals with scapular dyskinesis.

Background: Push-up (PU) is widely considered an effective exercise to stabilize the scapular, especially if performed on unstable surfaces. However, available studies cover a wide range of exercise variations and differ according to exercise prescription, muscle selection and study design. Therefore, findings are contradictory, and conclusions for a proper application of the PU are difficult to draw.Objective: To synthesize the available literature on the changes in the activity of the periscapular muscles in individuals without scapular dyskinesis while performing different types of PU on unstable surfaces.Search procedure: Four online databases were searched from the earliest publications to 9 August 2023, using predefined keywords. Out of the 2,850 potential references identified in the primary search, 92 studies were reviewed in detail, of which 38 met the inclusion criteria and were included. Methodological quality was evaluated using a standardized form based on the Newcastle‒Ottawa scale for observational studies. Data combination was performed using CMA (v3), and the random-effects model was used to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI).Results: The use of unstable surfaces in people without scapular dyskinesis led to increased activity of the upper trapezius during the PU (p = 0.017; I2 = 84.95%; SMD = 0.425 [95% CI 0.077, 0.773]) and knee PU (p = 0.023; I2 = 70.23%; SMD = 0.474 [95% CI 0.066, 0.882]) exercises and increased activity of the middle trapezius (MT) (p = 0.003; I2 = 64.50%; SMD = 0.672 [95% CI 0.225, 1.119]) and serratus anterior (SA) (p = 0.039; I2 = 4.25%; SMD = 0.216 [95% CI 0.011, 0.420]) muscles during the push-up plus (PUP) exercise.Conclusion: Using an unstable support base during PU does not necessarily increase the activity of all scapular stabilizers. The amount of muscle activity depends on the type of PU other than the type of support base. If an unstable surface is used, PUP exercise appears to be the most effective modality to increase the quality of training, improve performance, and prevent the occurrence of scapular dyskinesis due to the increase in the activity of the MT and SA muscles.Systematic Review Registration: http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, CRD42021268465.

Purpose: To examine differences in fitness test performance and the attributions made for the performances between high school students of different weight status. Methods: High school students (n = 185) completed the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run and the push-up fitness tests and then completed the modified Causal Dimension Scale to assess their attributions for their performances. Results: Students of a healthy weight performed higher than overweight/obese students on both fitness tests. There were no significant differences in attribution dimension scores for either test between healthy weight and overweight/obese students. Student performance played a significant role on the attribution dimension scores for both tests. Students primarily attributed their push-up and Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run performance to ability. Conclusion: As student performance is significantly associated with attribution dimension scores, improving fitness test performance should subsequently foster adaptive attributions, creating a high expectancy for future success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This study aimed to determine the acute effect of agonist and antagonist conditioning activities (CA) on medicine ball throw performance among female softball players. Methods Thirteen national-level female softball players (age 22.2 ± 3.1 years; body mass 68.3 ± 11.3 kg; softball experience 7.3 ± 2.4 years) performed 3 medicine ball chest throws before conditioning activity (CA) and after CA respectively in 3rd, 6th, and 9th minute. CA was the bench press and bent-over barbell row with 2 sets of 4 repetitions at 60% and 80% of one-repetition maximum, and 2 sets of 4 repetition bodyweight push up. Results Two-way ANOVA revealed an increase in throwing distance (p

It is believed that a strong core will enable an athlete to effectively transfer forces from the lower extremities through the torso to the upper extremities. Control of the shoulder girdle force is important for the proper function of the upper extremities, although stabilising forces from the trunk and pelvis are also important. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between shoulder isometric push-up/pull-down strength and isometric strength of the abdominal muscles. Using the HUR Rehab-Line 5310 & 5120, isometric upper limb and core strength was measured. The statistical analysis revealed a moderate but significant positive association between the strength of the back muscles and isometric push-ups. Additionally, there was a weak and significant connection between isometric push-ups and abdominal strength. The study therefore draws the conclusion that there is a link between isometric upper limb performance and core musculature strength/stability. The abdominal and back muscles' isometric strength is closely tied to the isometric push-up, which is attributable to the contraction of the Pectoralis Major, Deltoid, and Triceps Brachii. The only muscle group identified to have a substantial and positive correlation with isometric pull-down strength is the abdominal muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, it is difficult to access physical exercise facilities because people spent most of their time at work. Therefore, physical exercises that could be done with less equipment and space are more likely needed, and a push-up is one of them. There are several kinds of push-up which two are regular push-up and knuckle push-up. Both of them differ in hand posture, which carries a different risk of injury. In this research, kinematic parameters of joints on both of the push-up method that was acquired from optical motion capture using 120 fps GoPro camera and six markers were compared to identify which method would lead to a higher risk of injury. From analyzing the elbow joints acceleration, it was observed that the maximum value of both the linear and angular acceleration of knuckle push-up was larger. This means that the elbow joints suffered more load during knuckle push-up, leading to a higher risk of injury.

Background: This study aimed to determine the acute effect of agonist and antagonist conditioning activities (CA) on medicine ball throw performance among female softball players. Methods: Thirteen national-level female softball players (age 22.2 ± 3.1 years; body mass 68.3 ± 11.3 kg; softball experience 7.3 ± 2.4 years) performed 3 medicine ball chest throws before conditioning activity (CA) and after CA respectively in 3rd, 6th, and 9th minute. CA was the bench press and bent-over barbell row with 2 sets of 4 repetitions at 60% and 80% of one-repetition maximum, and 2 sets of 4 repetition bodyweight push up. Results: Two-way ANOVA revealed an increase in throwing distance (p < 0.001) after bent over barbell row and push-up exercise, and an increase in throwing speed (p < 0.001) after bench press and push-up. All performance increases were in moderate effect size (Cohen d 0.33–0.41), and no differences were found between the experimental CA. Conclusions: We conclude that upper body throwing performance is similar after antagonist exercise and agonist CA, both agonist and antagonist CA increase muscle power. In the resistance training practice, we recommend the interchange of agonist and antagonist CA using bodyweight push-up or submaximal intensity (80% of 1RM) bench press and bent over barbell row to succeed post-activation performance enhancement in upper limbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the pelvic floor musculature (PFM) that takes place when performing the functional movement screen (FMS) exercise, comparing it with the activation in the maximum voluntary contraction of PFM in the supine position (MVC-SP) and standing (MVC-ST). Material and Methods: A descriptive, observational study conducted in two phases. In the first study phase, the baseline EMG activity of PFM was measured in the supine position and standing during MVC-SP and MVC-ST and during the execution of the seven exercises that make up the FMS. In the second phase of the study, the baseline EMG activity of PFM was measured in the supine position and standing during MVC-SP and MVC-ST and during the FMS exercise that produced the most EMG in the pilot phase: trunk stability push-up (PU). ANOVA, Friedman's and Pearson's tests were used. Results: All FMS exercises performed in the pilot phase showed a value below 100% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) except PU, which presented an average value of 101.3 μv (SD = 54.5): 112% MVC (SD = 37.6). In the second phase of the study, it was observed that there were no significant differences (p = 0.087) between the three exercises performed: MVC-SP, MVC-ST and PU (39.2 μv (SD = 10.4), 37.5 μv (SD = 10.4) and 40.7 μv (SD = 10.2), respectively). Conclusions: There is no evidence of the existence of significant differences in EMG activation in PFM among the three exercises analysed: MVC-SP, MVC-ST and PU. The results show better EMG values in the functional exercise of PU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the Scapholunate (SL) joint interval changes using Ultrasound (US) imaging in wrist-extended and neutral push-up positions. Observational study using within-subjects repeated measures design. Military, outpatient occupational therapy. Forty-three U.S. military service members between the ages of 18 and 50 with healthy wrists. The participants assumed wrist neutral-unloaded (NU), neutral-loaded (NL), extended-unloaded (EU), and extended-loaded (EL) push-up conditions. Two clinicians completed repeat volar SL joint interval US measurements to establish intra and inter-rater reliability. SL joint interval and arm positions were measured to describe the characteristics of four wrist push-up conditions. Changes in SL joint interval were analyzed to demonstrate kinematic changes amongst the four wrist push-up conditions. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was reported as the reliability measure for volar SL interval measurements in four wrist push-up conditions. Relative arm positions, the observed SL intervals, and weight placed on the scale during push-up conditions served as the main characteristics. The measured SL joint interval changes in four wrist push-up conditions were compared using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. ICC for intra-rater reliability of SL interval US measurements ranged from 0.76-0.89, and inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.71-0.80. Each wrist condition's mean SL interval measurements (mm) were NU=4.94+0.85, NL=4.27+0.75, EU=4.65+0.77, and EL=4.38+0.72. A narrower SL interval was observed in the extended wrist compared to the neutral wrist in unloaded conditions (p<.001, mean difference=0.29mm). The SL interval did not significantly differ with wrist positions in loaded conditions (p=.09, mean difference=0.10mm). This study identified the normal SL kinematics using a reliable US technique that can serve as the baseline for a diagnostic test for SL ligament injuries. Further studies identifying the amount of contribution of SL interval changes to wrist stability will aid in suggesting safe push-up wrist positions. The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the official policy or position of Madigan Army Medical Center, the Department of Defense, the Defense Health Agency, or any agencies under the U.S. Government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is believed that a strong core will enable an athlete to effectively transfer forces from the lower extremities through the torso to the upper extremities. Control of the shoulder girdle force is important for the proper function of the upper extremities, although stabilising forces from the trunk and pelvis are also important. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between shoulder isometric push-up/pull-down strength and isometric strength of the abdominal muscles. Using the HUR Rehab-Line 5310 & 5120, isometric upper limb and core strength was measured. The statistical analysis revealed a moderate but significant positive association between the strength of the back muscles and isometric push-ups. Additionally, there was a weak and significant connection between isometric push-ups and abdominal strength. The study therefore draws the conclusion that there is a link between isometric upper limb performance and core musculature strength/stability. The abdominal and back muscles' isometric strength is closely tied to the isometric push-up, which is attributable to the contraction of the Pectoralis Major, Deltoid, and Triceps Brachii. The only muscle group identified to have a substantial and positive correlation with isometric pull-down strength is the abdominal muscles.

The goal of the present article is to compare neuromuscular activation patterns among medial-lateral, superior-inferior, and rotational positions of palms for 14 selective muscles during the push-up exercise. Muscle activity and kinematics information of fifteen males (68.35 ± 7.18 kg, 175 ± 3.40 cm, 24.50 ± 7.50 years) were recorded by Myon Electromyographic (EMG) system and Vicon motion capture, respectively. EMG activity in the anterior deltoid, middle deltoid, posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, upper pectoralis major, middle pectoralis major, lower pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, triceps lateral, triceps medial, biceps brachii, upper trapezius, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius was measured. According to the results, the narrow position of palms increased the infraspinatus, upper pectoralis major, triceps brachii (lateral and medial head), middle trapezius, and lower trapezius muscles, while the wide position of palms enhanced the lower pectoralis major muscle. Superior positions of palms enhanced the upper trapezius, while the inferior positions of palms increased the anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, biceps brachii, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and pectoralis major (lower, middle, and upper) muscles. Internal positions of the palms increased all pectoralis major muscles (lower, middle, and upper), while external positions (lower, middle, and upper) enhanced the middle deltoid, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius muscles. The information about muscle activation during various types of push-ups can potentially help athletes, coaches, personal trainers, and clinicians to apply modified push-up exercises to make new systematic and useful exercise plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated a newly developed soft-type turtle releasing device (Soft-TRD) for setnets. Some setnet fish chambers (bag nets) are open at the sea surface, while others are closed (with ceiling netting) and submerged. Sea turtles that stray into submerged bag nets often drown because the ceiling netting prevents them from swimming up to the surface to breathe. The Soft-TRD has a slit that functions as an escape outlet at the center of a 2 m × 2 m netting. The escape slit remains closed, due to the buoyancy of a float attached at each end of the slit, and prevents fish from getting out. Turtles can push the escape slit upward, which opens and allows the turtles to escape. To decide the optimum design of the Soft-TRD, a turtle releasing trial was conducted in an outdoor water tank. Four loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) (standard carapace length (SCL): 67.1–72.8 cm) and five green turtles (Chelonia mydas) (SCL: 42.4–63.4 cm) were used for the trial. A single turtle was placed into the experimental bag net where the Soft-TRD (six models in total) was mounted at the center part of the ceiling, and its behavior was observed. All turtles successfully escaped the model with a 150 cm length escape slit, 10 cm overlaying width, and a 4 kgf buoyancy float at each end. The escape slit immediately closed after the turtles escaped. A sea trial (same model) was also performed using a submerged bag net (30 × 10 × 10 m) for two months. Approximately 90% (seven of the eight) of the entrapped loggerhead turtles successfully escaped out through the Soft-TRD. Fishing was not interrupted by the introduction of this device. The use of the Soft-TRD would be helpful in releasing sea turtles from the setnets and contribute to sea turtle conservation efforts.

Background: Push-ups (PU) are a common closed chain exercise used to enhance shoulder girdle stability, with variations that alter the difficulty or target specific muscles. To appropriately select and prescribe PU exercises, an understanding of muscle activity during variations of the PU is needed. The purpose of this scoping review was to identify common PU variations and describe their muscle activation levels. Methods: Databases searched included PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus for articles published between January 2000 and November 2019. Results: Three hundred three articles were screened for eligibility with 30 articles included in the analysis. Six PU types and five muscles met the criteria for analysis. Weighted mean electromyography (EMG) amplitude was calculated for each muscle across PU types and for each PU type as a measure of global muscle activity. Triceps and pectoralis major had the highest EMG amplitude during unstable, suspension, incline with hands on a ball and the standard PU. Serratus anterior had the highest EMG amplitude during PU plus and incline PU. The greatest global EMG amplitude occurred during unstable surface PU. Discussion: These results provide clinicians with a framework for prescribing PU to target specific muscles and scale exercise difficulty to facilitate rehabilitation outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the pelvic floor musculature (PFM) that takes place when performing the functional movement screen (FMS) exercise, comparing it with the activation in the maximum voluntary contraction of PFM in the supine position (MVC-SP) and standing (MVC-ST). Material and Methods: A descriptive, observational study conducted in two phases. In the first study phase, the baseline EMG activity of PFM was measured in the supine position and standing during MVC-SP and MVC-ST and during the execution of the seven exercises that make up the FMS. In the second phase of the study, the baseline EMG activity of PFM was measured in the supine position and standing during MVC-SP and MVC-ST and during the FMS exercise that produced the most EMG in the pilot phase: trunk stability push-up (PU). ANOVA, Friedman’s and Pearson’s tests were used. Results: All FMS exercises performed in the pilot phase showed a value below 100% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) except PU, which presented an average value of 101.3 μv (SD = 54.5): 112% MVC (SD = 37.6). In the second phase of the study, it was observed that there were no significant differences (p = 0.087) between the three exercises performed: MVC-SP, MVC-ST and PU (39.2 μv (SD = 10.4), 37.5 μv (SD = 10.4) and 40.7 μv (SD = 10.2), respectively). Conclusions: There is no evidence of the existence of significant differences in EMG activation in PFM among the three exercises analysed: MVC-SP, MVC-ST and PU. The results show better EMG values in the functional exercise of PU.

Social media is part of the lives of young adults. Their influence extends to health behavior or nutrition. "Fitness challenges" often appear and they should affect the motivation to exercise, body composition changes, performance improvement. 67 healthy young adults (32 women, 20.3 years; 35 men, 20.8 years) took part in the "challenge", where they completed 3 series of 12 – 15 push-ups every day for 30 days. After the intervention, both groups showed a statistically significant ( = 0.01) improvement, women 5.8 repetitions, men by 7 repetitions. The research was supplemented by a questionnaire, which showed a positive effect on increasing motivation for this activity. Furthermore, it has been shown that "fitness challenges" bring obvious health risks that need to be taken into account. It seems that with the optimal setting of the content of the exercise program, the "fitness challenge" can be a good instrument of increasing the physical acitivty, motivation to exercise, and positively influencing strength performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the present article is to compare neuromuscular activation patterns among medial-lateral, superior-inferior, and rotational positions of palms for 14 selective muscles during the push-up exercise. Muscle activity and kinematics information of fifteen males (68.35 ± 7.18 kg, 175 ± 3.40 cm, 24.50 ± 7.50 years) were recorded by Myon Electromyographic (EMG) system and Vicon motion capture, respectively. EMG activity in the anterior deltoid, middle deltoid, posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, upper pectoralis major, middle pectoralis major, lower pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, triceps lateral, triceps medial, biceps brachii, upper trapezius, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius was measured. According to the results, the narrow position of palms increased the infraspinatus, upper pectoralis major, triceps brachii (lateral and medial head), middle trapezius, and lower trapezius muscles, while the wide position of palms enhanced the lower pectoralis major muscle. Superior positions of palms enhanced the upper trapezius, while the inferior positions of palms increased the anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, biceps brachii, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and pectoralis major (lower, middle, and upper) muscles. Internal positions of the palms increased all pectoralis major muscles (lower, middle, and upper), while external positions (lower, middle, and upper) enhanced the middle deltoid, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius muscles. The information about muscle activation during various types of push-ups can potentially help athletes, coaches, personal trainers, and clinicians to apply modified push-up exercises to make new systematic and useful exercise plans.

Background/Aim: Today, we have the technology to break up a ureter stone in the ureter, as well as in the renal pelvis, with ureterorenoscopic procedures. In the past, when this option was not available, the surgeons improved several techniques and antiretropulsion devices to let the stone migrate through the renal pelvis. This study was conducted to clarify whether it is more advantageous to dust a stone in the ureter where it is impacted or in a wider area such as the renal pelvis. Methods: The data of 134 patients who underwent semirigid ureterorenoscopy (srURS) due to single and primary upper ureteral stones were included and analyzed in this retrospective cohort study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the development of spontaneous push-up during surgery (Group 1: The non-push-up group, Group 2: The push-up group). Results: While hemoglobin levels lowered significantly in both groups after the surgery, creatinine levels increased (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the groups regarding preoperative or postoperative laboratory findings (P>0.05). Operation times were similar in both groups, in contrast with the literature. Stone-free rates were significantly higher in srURS than in intrarenal surgery (RIRS) (P=0.03). Complication rates were also similar in this study. Conclusion: The application of srURS after fixing an upper ureter stone at its location using a Stone Cone® results in higher stone-free rates than pushing it back to dust it in renal pelvis. We recommend srURS supported by an antiretropulsion method as a treatment for upper ureteral stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerobic gymnastics is a competitive sport originating from traditional aerobics in which complex, highintensity movement patterns and elements of varying difficulty are performed to music. A fundamental technique in this sport is the Push Up performed with different variations, in an explosive way and as a landing position from a jump. Given the importance of this technique and therefore of the strength of the upper limbs, the aim of this study is to apply the jump tests normally used for the evaluation of the lower limbs to the upper limbs. The study involved two gymnasts (age 16) Gold level of Italian Gymnastics Federation. Three specific tests have been performed: Push Up Jump Test (PUJT); Explosive Push Up Test (EPUT); Free Fall Test (FFT). Two force platforms were used to obtain the vertical component of the ground reaction force (GRF). Peak force (Fmax), rate of force development (RFD), symmetry index (SI), contact time (CT) and flight time (FT) were calculated. This type of analysis can provide useful information on the way in which the force is expressed by the upper limbs, furthermore the comparison between the two limbs can help to identify any asymmetries in pushing or in the management of the impact on landing. It is necessary to carry out further studies on a larger sample aimed at validating this type of test, however the information obtained can be used both to prevent injuries and to monitor and improve performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate changes in firefighter recruits' select health and fitness measurements, from academy training to the early probationary firefighter period. Methods: Firefighter recruits from two New England fire academies were followed up prospectively from enrollment at the academy to graduation after 15- to 16-wk training programs, and then for an average of 8 months as probationary firefighters. The participants' demographic, lifestyle, and mental health information was collected using a questionnaire. Body mass index, percent body fat, blood pressure, and push-ups were also measured at each time point. Furthermore, the academies tested the recruits on selected fitness measures (push-ups, pull-ups, and 1.5-mile running time) at academy entry, midtraining, and at graduation. Results: Ninety-two recruits consented and were included in the analyses. The recruits' percent body fat significantly decreased (median, 21.0%–18.2%) from baseline to graduation, and push-up capacity significantly improved (median, 34–53 per minute) in the same period, along with pull-ups and 1.5-mile running time. However, the recruits' blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic, increased significantly by an average of 3 mm Hg during the training. Those completing probationary follow-up (45/92 recruits) showed that most health/fitness improvements declined after graduation. From academy graduation to probationary follow-up, recruits' physical activity decreased and TV screen time increased significantly, leading to a lower healthy lifestyle score (median, 4–3). After multivariate adjustments, the recruits' diastolic blood pressure increased by 2 mm Hg per measuring time throughout the study period. Conclusions: Fire academy training improved recruits' select health and fitness measurements, but the benefits dissipated as probationary firefighters, and blood pressures increased throughout the study period. Further interventions regarding blood pressure and to maintain training benefits after joining fire departments are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of National Education / Millî Eğitim Dergisi is the property of Milli Egitim Bakanligi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study aimed to determine the effects of plyometric push-ups as a conditioning activity (CA) on high-loaded bench press performance. Two groups of resistance-trained males age (24.5 ± 2.6 years, body mass 84.8 ± 8 kg) performed one of two CA protocols: 3 sets of 5 repetitions of plyometric push-ups with a 1 min rest interval between sets (PAPE; n=12) or equal time aerobic warm-up (CONT; n=12). Four minutes after completion of the CA protocols the participants performed 3 sets of 3 repetitions of the bench press exercise at 70%1RM and 4 min rest interval between sets to assess post-activation differences in peak power output (PP), mean power output (MP), peak bar velocity (PV), and mean bar velocity (MV) between conditions. The two-way ANOVA revealed significant condition × set interaction effect for PP (p<0.01), MP (p<0.05), PV (p<0.01), and MV (p=0.02). The post hoc for condition × set interaction showed that PAPE caused a significant decrease in PP and PV for P-Set2 and P-Set3 when compared to baseline (BA). The MP and MV for the PAPE condition decreased significantly during the P-Set3 compared to BA and to P-Set1. The t-test comparisons for delta values showed significant differences between PAPE and CONT in PP for P-Set1 – BA (p<0.01), in MP for P-Set2 – P-Set1 (p<0.03) and for P-Set3 – P-Set1 (p=0.04). Furthermore, there were significant differences in PV for P-Set3 – BA; P-Set2 – P-Set1; P-Set3 – P-Set1 (p<0.01; p<0.01; p<0.02 respectively). Finally, there were significant differences in MV for P-Set1 – BA; P-Set2 – P-Set1 and P-Set3 – P-Set1 (p<0.01; p<0.01; p<0.02 respectively). This study demonstrated that plyometric push-ups lead to performance enhancement of the bench press exercise at 70%1RM. The increases in performance were observed only in the first set following the CA, while a significant decrease of these variables was registered in P-Set2 and P-Set3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of the isometric push-up (IPU), dynamic push-up (DPU), and force plate pop-up (FP POP) as measures of upper-body isometric and dynamic strength qualities in surging athletes. Furthermore, the study aimed to compare pop-up performance between stronger and weaker surfers. Eighteen female (n = 9) and male (n = 9) surfers (age = 28.1 ± 6.4 years, mass = 69.6 ± 10.4 kg, and height = 172.5 ± 6.7 cm) completed a battery of upper-body strength assessments, of which exhibited high between-day reliability: IPU, (coefficient of variation [CV%] = 4.7, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.96), DPU (CV% = 5.0, ICC = 0.90), and FP POP (CV% = 4.4, ICC = 0.90). Participants were subsequently split into stronger (n = 9) and weaker (n = 9) surfers based on normalized peak force (PF) attained in the IPU. Pop-up performance was measured both in the water and during the FP POP and was referred to as time to pop-up (TTP). Significant between-group differences were observed for normalized PF during IPU (d = 1.59, p < 0.01) and DPU (d = 0.94 p = 0.04). Although not significant, there was a large magnitude difference in FP POP (d = 0.80, p = 0.08) and FP TTP (d = 0.85, p = 0.07). Significant correlations were identified between normalized IPU PF and normalized DPU FP (r = 0.69, p = 0.03) and FP TTP (r = 0.73, p = 0.02) in the stronger group. The weaker group exhibited a significant inverse correlation between normalized IPU PF and in-water TTP (r = -0.77, p < 0.01). The results suggest improvements in pop-up performance may be elicited by improving dynamic strength for stronger surfers, whereas pop-up performance in weaker surfers may be elicited by improving maximum strength. The upper-body strength assessments provided a novel insight into strength qualities that are associated with in-water performance of surfers (TTP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatan pukulan lurus setelah diberikan penerapan latihan push-up dan latihan pull-up pada siswa estrakulikuler pencak silat di SMPN 1 Kota Bengkulu. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen . Dengan sampel berjumlah 30 orang, dengan desain yang digunakan adalah pre test- pre test group design. Instrumen penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peningkatan pukulan lurus dengan menggunakan tes pukulan lurus olahraga pencak silat. Selisih rata-rata pree tes dan post tes menunjukan adanya perubahan signipikan dari latihan push-up dan latihan pull-up, dimana hasil rata-rata pre test 48,63 dan hasil rata-rata post test 52,8 dengan selisih 4,17. Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji t. Hasil penelitian diperoleh thitung 12,26 jika dibandingkan dengan ttabel 1,699, maka nilai thitung > ttabel berarti ada pengaruh yang signifikan dari latihan push-up dan latiha pull-up terhadap kemampuan pukulan lurus siswa ekstrakulikuler di SMPN 1 Kota Bengkulu.

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Prescrição e Fisiologia do Exercício is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Ensino em Fisiologia do Exercicio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Push-up is considered as an excellent exercise for both assessment and training in athletes. However, the influence of its mode of application on activation of shoulder girdle musculature has been scantily studied by previous research in young overhead athletes. Objectives: To investigate the activity of pectoralis major (PM) and triceps brachii (TB) muscle during push-up exercise performed on the push-up bar and perfect push-up using shoulder width (SW), narrow shoulder width (NSW) and wide shoulder width (WSW) hand positions in young overhead athletes. Methods: 24 young overhead athletes were recruited for the present study. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded for the PM and the TB muscles during the performance of push-up exercise on the push-up bar and perfect push-up using different hand positions (SW, NSW, and WSW). Root mean square (RMS) of the EMG signal was analyzed during each variation of push-up exercise for both muscles. Muscle activity was calculated as percentage maximum voluntary isometric contraction (% MVIC). Results: EMG activity of PM muscle was significantly greater in WSW hand position as compared to SW (p < 0.01) and NSW (p < 0.01) hand position; whereas, the activity of TB was significantly greater in NSW hand position as compared to SW (p < 0.01) and WSW (p < 0.01) hand position. There were no significant differences in the EMG activity of PM (p = 0.54) and TB (p = 0.68) muscles between the push-up bar versus the perfect push-up. Conclusion: WSW hand position may be used during a push-up when the goal is to strengthen PM; whereas, an NSW hand position may be utilized for the selective strengthening of TB muscle. Both perfect push-up and push-up bar may be utilized by overhead athletes for performing push-ups based on the availability of equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Optometry is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background Police academies need fit recruits to successfully engage in training activities. In a previous retrospective study, we documented that recruits with poor fitness at entry to the academy had significantly lower graduation rates, and we also suggested evidence-based entry-level fitness recommendations. Aims To validate our findings in a prospective cohort of police recruits. Methods Recruits entering Massachusetts municipal police academies during 2015–16 were followed prospectively until they dropped out, failed or successfully graduated their academy classes. Entry-level fitness was quantified at the start of each training class using: body composition, push-ups, sit-ups, sit-and-reach and 1.5-mile run time. The primary outcome of interest was the odds of failure (not successfully graduating from an academy). We used logistic regression to assess the probability of not graduating, based on entry-level fitness. Results On average, successful graduates were leaner and possessed better overall entry-level fitness. After adjusting for age, gender and body mass index, several fitness measures were strongly associated with academy failure: fewer sit-ups completed (OR 9.6 (95% CI 3.5–26.3) (≤15 versus 41–60)); fewer push-ups completed (OR 6.7 (95% CI 2.5–17.5) (≤20 versus 41–60)); and slower run times (OR 18.4 (95% CI 6.8–50.2) (1.5 miles in > 15 min 20 s versus 10 min 37 s to 12 min 33 s)). The prospective study results supported previously suggested minimum entry-level fitness (95% graduation rate) and target (98% graduation rate) recommendations. Conclusions Push-ups completed and 1.5-mile run time at police academy entry were successfully validated as predictors of successful academy graduation, while sit-ups were also a strong independent predictor in the prospective study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A turtle releasing device (TRD) can reduce the mortality of bycatch in setnets. Turtles that have entered the submerged bag net of setnets repeatedly push their heads up against the ceiling net (referred to here as a push‐up) in an effort to ascend to breathe. To aid the successful escape of turtles from the setnet, it is essential to understand the turtle's push‐up behaviour, as they need to reach the TRD and open its flap door.The objectives of this study were to clarify when turtles start to perform push‐ups, how these push‐ups change, and what factors affect push‐ups under the simulated condition of bycatch. A depth, temperature, and tri‐axial acceleration data logger and a video camera were employed to determine vertical movement, ambient temperature, the level of activity, and flipper beat frequency (FBF) of the turtles. Ten trials of 10–30 minutes for five subadult loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) were conducted using a submerged bag net (30 × 10 × 10 m) of a setnet in Mie Prefecture, Japan.Turtles started to perform push‐ups 5.1 ± 3.3 minutes after the start of each trial. FBF increased as more time elapsed in 35% of ascent phases recorded, and the level of activity during the following push‐ups was significantly higher than during other push‐ups. The level of activity in each sequence of push‐ups increased as more time elapsed; however, it started to decrease from 9.8 minutes after the first push‐up at the earliest. Therefore, the TRD should be designed to enable turtles to escape within approximately 10 minutes.The number of push‐ups in a single sequence, the activity level, and FBF were affected by water temperature. Therefore, the closing force of the TRD flap door needs to be changed according to the different seasons and regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is no consensus on the precise method of measuring amplitude of accommodation (AA) in routine clinical examination. In addition, studies have queried the use of Hofstetter's equation for computing the expected AA for different populations. This study was designed to compare four subjective methods of AA measurement in children and results from each method with Hofstetter's calculated average AA. Methods: An evenly distributed sample of 103 children aged 6-17 years attending schools in Benin City participated in this study. Amplitude of accommodation measurements--push-up (PU), push-down PD), minus lens to blur (MLB), and modified push-up (MPU)--were carried out in children with emmetropia. The values obtained for each method were compared with Hofstetter's calculated average values. Agreement among each method was investigated using Bland- Altman plots. Results: The means ± SD obtained for the right eye of subjects in Diopters (D) were: PU (12.69 ± 3.16), PD (12.50 ± 2.95), MLB (11.83 ± 2.99), and MPU (11.88 ± 2.88). Using the t-test, significant differences were found between all groups except the MLB and MPU pair. Hofstetter's calculated average differed significantly from results obtained using each method (P<0.0001). Bland-Altman plots showed levels of agreement between the PU and PD and the MLB and MPU methods. Conclusion: Given the difference in results between some of the measurement techniques and with Hofstetter's calculated average AA values, caution should be taken when making decisions concerning AA measurements and accommodative anomalies in school children aged 6-17 years in Benin-city, Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Amplitude of accommodation (AoA) can be determined clinically using different methods. Some methods are known to be more reliable than others for measuring AoA in different age categories. The purpose of this study was to compare Hofstetter’s age-expected norms with five recommended methods of measuring AoA in order to determine age-appropriate techniques for a Ghanaian population. Materials and methods: AoA was measured using four subjective methods (push-up, push-down, minus lens, and modified push-up) and one objective method, the modified dynamic retinoscopy. The amplitudes obtained by each technique were compared to each other and also compared to the age-expected amplitudes as predicted by Hofstetter’s equations. Results: 352 non-presbyopes aged 10-39 years were included in this study. All five methods except the push-up (p = 0.089) and modified push-up (p = 0.081) differed significantly from Hofstetter’s data, while the modified dynamic retinoscopy recorded the strongest agreement with Hofstetter’s average (ICC = 0.78, p ˂ 0.001). With reference to Hofstetter’s expected AoA, the minus lens, push-down, modified dynamic retinoscopy, and modified push-up methods underestimated AoA by −4.18D, −1.99D, −0.48D, and −0.43D, respectively. As age increased, underestimated AoA values by the minus lens (10-19 years: −5.57D, 20-29 years: −3.50D, 30-39 years: −2.39D), modified push-up (10-19 years: −1.51D, 20-29 years: +0.40D, 30-39 years: +0.56D), and push-down (10-19 years: −2.90D, 20-29 years: −1.07D, 30-39 years: −1.46D) methods decreased but the modified push-up in relation to Hofstetter’s expected was most accurate for the older age. The push-up, on the other hand, overestimated accommodation in all age categories by +0.42D (10-19 years: +0.01D, 20-29 years: +0.82D, 30-39 years: 0.67D). Thus, the push-up method became more accurate as age decreased. Conclusion: This study suggested that Hofstetter’s formulae could be used to predict the amplitudes of Ghanaian non-presbyopes aged 10-39 years using the push-up and modified push-up. With regard to Hofstetter’s data, the push-up method was more accurate for the younger age-group 10-19 years while the modified push-up was more accurate for the older age-group 20-39. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suboptimal recruit fitness may be a risk factor for poor performance, injury, illness, and lost time during police academy training. Aims: To assess the probability of successful completion and graduation from a police academy as a function of recruits' baseline fitness levels at the time of academy entry. Methods: Retrospective study where all available records from recruit training courses held (2006-2012) at all Massachusetts municipal police academies were reviewed and analysed. Entry fitness levels were quantified from the following measures, as recorded at the start of each training class: body composition, push-ups, sit-ups, sit-and-reach, and 1.5-mile run-time. The primary outcome of interest was the odds of not successfully graduating from an academy. We used generalized linear mixed models in order to fit logistic regression models with random intercepts for assessing the probability of not graduating, based on entry-level fitness. The primary analyses were restricted to recruits with complete entry-level fitness data. Results: The fitness measures most strongly associated with academy failure were lesser number of pushups completed (odds ratio [OR] = 5.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3-11.7, for 20 versus 41-60 push-ups) and slower run times (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.8-7.8, [1.5 mile run time of ≥15'20"] versus [12'33" to 10'37"]). Conclusions: Baseline pushups and 1.5-mile run-time showed the best ability to predict successful academy graduation, especially when considered together. Future research should include prospective validation of entry-level fitness as a predictor of subsequent police academy success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]