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Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Fig. 51 Plate 2 H, distribution map Fig. 70 B) Dactylopius comstocki Kuwana, 1902: 52. Field characteristics: Found on aerial plant parts. Body of adult female 1.5‒4.0 mm long, pink to reddish brown but coated in mealy white wax; sometimes with 2 longitudinal stripes of thinner wax cover; with 17 pairs of wax filaments on margins, the posteriormost pair up to 0.6x body length. When disturbed, the ostiolar fluid released is colourless. At maturity an ovisac is produced, containing yellow eggs. Microscopic diagnosis: Slide-mounted adult female oval to broadly oval. Anal lobes moderately developed. Antennae usually each with 8 segments. Legs well developed; hind leg with numerous translucent pores on coxa, femur and tibia; tarsal digitules pointed at tio and longer than claw. Cerarii numbering 17 pairs; anal lobe cerarii each with 2 enlarged conical setae, about 6–8 auxiliary setae and a concentration of trilocular pores, all situated on an oval sclerotized area smaller than anal ring; anterior cerarii each with 2 smaller conical setae, 2–4 auxiliary setae and some trilocular pores; some cerarii on head each with 3 or (rarely) 5 conical setae. Circulus divided by an intersegmental line. Ostioles well developed. Anal ring with pores and 6 setae. Dorsum with long flagellate setae, almost as long as ventral setae. Multilocular disc pores absent in Iranian specimens, specimens from elsewhere occasionally with a few. Trilocular pores and minute discoidal pores scattered throughout. Oral rim tubular ducts rarely with a discoidal pore next to rim margin (not seen in Iranian specimens); present singly next to some cerarii, and always with 1 behind each frontal cerarius; also present submedially on abdominal and thoracic segments, except prothorax. Oral collar tubular ducts all same size, present singly or in small numbers on margins of posterior abdominal segments. Venter with long flagellate setae. Multilocular disc pores each with 10 loculi, present on anterior and posterior edges of abdominal segments IV– VII, a few on segments 1–III, and posterior to vulva, not reaching to margins; a few pores also present medially on thorax. Trilocular pores evenly distributed. Discoidal pores sparse throughout, but absent from next to eyes. Oral rim ducts slightly smaller than those on dorsum, present in small numbers on margins of thorax and segments I and II. Oral collar ducts of 2 sizes: larger type, similar to those on dorsum, fairly numerous around margins from anal lobes forwards to area between antennal bases; smaller type present across medial areas of segments III – VII. Distribution: Pseudococcus comstocki is known from 34 countries in the Nearctic, Neotropical, Oriental and Palaearctic Regions (García Morales et al. 2016) including Iran, where it has been recorded from Azarbaijan -e Garbi, Ghazvin, Gilan, Mazandaran and Tehran provinces (Moghaddam, 2013b). Host-plants: The species has been found on host-plants in 76 genera belonging to 46 families (García Morales et al. 2016). In Iran, it has been recorded on Fabaceae: Glycine max and Robinia pseudoacaciae, and Moraceae: Morus alba (Moghaddam 2013b). Economic importance: None in Iran. Natural enemies: None recorded in Iran., Published as part of MOGHADDAM, MASUMEH & WATSON, GILLIAN W., 2022, The Scale Insects Of Iran (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) Part 2 The Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae And Rhizoecidae) And Putoidae, pp. 1-169 in Zootaxa 5126 (1) on page 115, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5126.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6460412, {"references":["Kuwana, S. I. (1902) Coccidae (scale insects) of Japan. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 3, 43 - 98.","Garcia Morales M., Denno, B. D., Miller, D. R., Miller, G. L., Ben-Dov, Y. & Hardy, N. B. (2016) ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database. Available from: http: // scalenet. info (accessed 30 January 2021) https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / database / bav 118","Moghaddam, M. (2013 b) An annotated checklist of the scale insects of Iran (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea) with new records and distribution data. ZooKeys, 334, 1 - 92. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 334.5818"]}

Türkiye’de bazı Chamaemyiidae ve Cryptochaetidaetürlerinin kabuklubit ve koşnillerin (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) doğal düşmanlarıolduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışma Antalya, İzmir ve Muğla illerinde farklızamanlarda yapılan iki araştırmada (2009-2011, 2016-2018) yılları arasındayürütülmüştür. Bahar ve yaz ayları boyunca iki haftalık aralıklarla örnektoplanmıştır. Leucopomyia palliditarsis (Rondani)(Diptera: Chamaemyiidae)’nın Lichtensiaviburni Signoret (Hemiptera: Coccidae) ve Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) türleriile beslendiği Türkiye’de ilk kez tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca endoparazitoit olanCryptochaetum buccatum Hendel(Cryptochaetidae), Palaeoccoccusfuscipennis (Burmeister) (Monophlebidae) üzerinde Türkiye’de ilk defasaptanmıştır. C. grandicorne Rondaniise Gueriniella serratulae Fabricius(Monophlebidae) üzerinde Ankara’da tespit edilmiştir. Bu türlerin konukçularıve yayılışları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir., Some species of Chamaemyiidae and Cryptochaetidae are natural enemies of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) in Turkey. To further that knowledge, this study involved field sampling in two weeks period in Antalya, İzmir and Muğla Provinces during two different projects that covered the springs and summers between 2009 and 2011, and then between 2016 and 2018. From that sampling, Lichtensia viburni Signoret (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Pseudococcidae) are reported as new host records for Leucopomyia palliditarsis (Rondani) (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) in Turkey. In addition, the endoparasitoid Cryptochaetum buccatum Hendel (Cryptochaetidae) was recorded for the first time on Palaeoccoccus fuscipennis (Burmeister) (Monophlebidae) in Turkey. Also, Cryptochaetum grandicorne Rondani is reported from Gueriniella serratulae Fabricius (Monophlebidae) in Ankara. In addition, their hosts and distribution in Turkey are provided.

Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Fig. 11–13) Dactylopius comstocki Kuwana 1902: 52. Sintipo: Japón: Tokyo, Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, on mulberry tree. Depositado en: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, EEUU, y en Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japón. Pseudococcus comstocki; Fernald 1903: 100.Cambio de combinación. Seudococcus comstocki; Moghaddam 2009: 34. Error de escritura del nombre del género. Pseudococcus cosmtocki; Germain 2011: 8. Error de escritura del epíteto específico (tomado de García Morales et al. 2016). Material examinado. Argentina: Mendoza, Tunuyán, Junín, 17-I-1990, sobre Pyrus sp., Lanati col., 1(3) 1159; mismos datos excepto 24-XI-2005, 3(4)1160, 1161, 1162; mismos datos excepto 9-XII-2005, 3(5)1163, 1164, 1165; Mendoza, Tunuyán, 1–VIII–2005, sobre Morus sp. (morera), Lanati col.,1(2) 1166; Mendoza, Tunuyán, V-2005, sobre vid, Lanati col., 1(2) 1167; Río Negro, I-2011, sobre Fraxinus excelsior L., Garrido y MCGWillink cols., 4(5) 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171; Tucumán, Burruyacú, XII-1994, sobre Ficus sp., Saez col., 2 (7) 1172, 1173. Todos depositados en IFML. EEUU: N.J. North Bergen, 8-XII-1939, sobre Catalpa sp., Rau col., 1(3) INTA. Diagnosis. Poros translúcidos en coxa, fémur y tibia; ojos sin poros discoidales; con 17 pares de cerarios; cerario anal sobre superficie esclerosada amplia; conductos tubulares con borde oral dorsales, algunos asociados a poros discoidales, uno en zona frontal, uno submedial entre los ostíolos, escasos en tórax y abdomen; conductos con collar oral dorsales, numerosos, en tórax y abdomen; conductos con borde oral ventrales entre C5 y C11; conductos con collar oral ventrales de tres tamaños; poros multiloculares numerosos en abdomen y tórax (basado en Williams y Granara de Willink 1992). Discusión. Williams (2004) considera a Pseudococcus comstocki, Pseudococcus odermatti Miller y Williams y Pseudococcus apodemus Williams, de Filipinas e Indonesia, muy próximos entre sí y señala a Japón como posible centro de diversificación de P. comstocki; hasta el momento solamente las dos primeras especies se han encontrado en la región Neotropical. Pseudococcus odermatti se diferencia de P. comstocki porque carece de poros translúcidos en coxas y posee menor número de conductos con borde oral entre C5 y C11. Pseudococcus comstocki es tambien similar a P. cryptus Hempel (relaciones y diferencias en discusión de esa especie). Comentarios. García Morales et al. (2016) citan numerosos artículos sobre P. comstocki, los que aportan datos sobre su biología y control biológico. Heidari (2001) estudió la biología de esta especie sometida a diferentes temperaturas y encontró alteraciones en el desarrollo, longevidad, reproducción y determinación del sexo, sin discusión sobre las posibles variaciones en su morfología externa. Sin embargo, ejemplares de P. comstocki de Tucumán y Río Negro (Argentina), poseen 0–21 poros translúcidos en trocánter de patas posteriores; mayor número de setas cisvulvares y de conductos con borde oral en la superficie dorsal (ver Fig. 12 y 13); conductos ventrales con collar oral presentes o ausentes en zona cefálica; en tórax y abdomen algunos conductos con collar oral poseen borde difuso poco conspicuo (Fig. 12). A pesar de estas variaciones, la similitud en los caracteres diagnósticos y en las medidas de patas y antenas de estos ejemplares, nos lleva a ubicarlos en P. comstocki, redescripto en Williams y Granara de Willink 1992. Distribución. Zona sudamericana de Transición y región Andina: Argentina. Región Neotropical: Brasil, Colombia. Región Neártica: México.

Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Fig. 11���13) Dactylopius comstocki Kuwana 1902: 52. Sintipo: Jap��n: Tokyo, Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station, on mulberry tree. Depositado en: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, EEUU, y en Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Jap��n. Pseudococcus comstocki; Fernald 1903: 100.Cambio de combinaci��n. Seudococcus comstocki; Moghaddam 2009: 34. Error de escritura del nombre del g��nero. Pseudococcus cosmtocki; Germain 2011: 8. Error de escritura del ep��teto espec��fico (tomado de Garc��a Morales et al. 2016). Material examinado. Argentina: Mendoza, Tunuy��n, Jun��n, 17-I-1990, sobre Pyrus sp., Lanati col., 1(3) 1159; mismos datos excepto 24-XI-2005, 3(4)1160, 1161, 1162; mismos datos excepto 9-XII-2005, 3(5)1163, 1164, 1165; Mendoza, Tunuy��n, 1���VIII���2005, sobre Morus sp. (morera), Lanati col.,1(2) 1166; Mendoza, Tunuy��n, V-2005, sobre vid, Lanati col., 1(2) 1167; R��o Negro, I-2011, sobre Fraxinus excelsior L., Garrido y MCGWillink cols., 4(5) 1168, 1169, 1170, 1171; Tucum��n, Burruyac��, XII-1994, sobre Ficus sp., Saez col., 2 (7) 1172, 1173. Todos depositados en IFML. EEUU: N.J. North Bergen, 8-XII-1939, sobre Catalpa sp., Rau col., 1(3) INTA. Diagnosis. Poros transl��cidos en coxa, f��mur y tibia; ojos sin poros discoidales; con 17 pares de cerarios; cerario anal sobre superficie esclerosada amplia; conductos tubulares con borde oral dorsales, algunos asociados a poros discoidales, uno en zona frontal, uno submedial entre los ost��olos, escasos en t��rax y abdomen; conductos con collar oral dorsales, numerosos, en t��rax y abdomen; conductos con borde oral ventrales entre C5 y C11; conductos con collar oral ventrales de tres tama��os; poros multiloculares numerosos en abdomen y t��rax (basado en Williams y Granara de Willink 1992). Discusi��n. Williams (2004) considera a Pseudococcus comstocki, Pseudococcus odermatti Miller y Williams y Pseudococcus apodemus Williams, de Filipinas e Indonesia, muy pr��ximos entre s�� y se��ala a Jap��n como posible centro de diversificaci��n de P. comstocki; hasta el momento solamente las dos primeras especies se han encontrado en la regi��n Neotropical. Pseudococcus odermatti se diferencia de P. comstocki porque carece de poros transl��cidos en coxas y posee menor n��mero de conductos con borde oral entre C5 y C11. Pseudococcus comstocki es tambien similar a P. cryptus Hempel (relaciones y diferencias en discusi��n de esa especie). Comentarios. Garc��a Morales et al. (2016) citan numerosos art��culos sobre P. comstocki, los que aportan datos sobre su biolog��a y control biol��gico. Heidari (2001) estudi�� la biolog��a de esta especie sometida a diferentes temperaturas y encontr�� alteraciones en el desarrollo, longevidad, reproducci��n y determinaci��n del sexo, sin discusi��n sobre las posibles variaciones en su morfolog��a externa. Sin embargo, ejemplares de P. comstocki de Tucum��n y R��o Negro (Argentina), poseen 0���21 poros transl��cidos en troc��nter de patas posteriores; mayor n��mero de setas cisvulvares y de conductos con borde oral en la superficie dorsal (ver Fig. 12 y 13); conductos ventrales con collar oral presentes o ausentes en zona cef��lica; en t��rax y abdomen algunos conductos con collar oral poseen borde difuso poco conspicuo (Fig. 12). A pesar de estas variaciones, la similitud en los caracteres diagn��sticos y en las medidas de patas y antenas de estos ejemplares, nos lleva a ubicarlos en P. comstocki, redescripto en Williams y Granara de Willink 1992. Distribuci��n. Zona sudamericana de Transici��n y regi��n Andina: Argentina. Regi��n Neotropical: Brasil, Colombia. Regi��n Ne��rtica: M��xico., Published as part of Willink, Mar��a Cristina Granara de & Gonz��lez, Patricia, 2018, Revisi��n taxon��mica de Pseudococcus Westwood (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) de Centro y Sud Am��rica con descripciones de especies nuevas, pp. 1-117 in Insecta Mundi 673 on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3713533, {"references":["Kuwana, S. I. 1902. Coccidae (scale insects) of Japan. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 3: 43 - 98.","Fernald, M. E. 1903. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1 - 360.","Moghaddam, M. 2009. Insects of Iran: The List of Coccoidea in the Hayk Mirzayans insect Museum of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (2). Hemiptera: Coccoidea. Publications, Plant Pests and Diseases Research Institute, Insect Taxonomy Research Department No. 16: 1 - 45.","Germain, J. F. 2011. Les cochenilles, voyageuses au long cours. (Scale Insects, long term travelers). Phytoma 647: 31 - 34.","Garcia Morales, M., B. D. Denno, D. R. Miller, G. L. Miller, Y. Ben-Dov, y N. B. Hardy. 2016. ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Available at http: // scalenet. info /. (Ultimo acceso febrero 2018.)","Williams, D. J. 2004. Mealybugs of Southern Asia. The Natural History Museum, Kuala Lumpur: Southdene SDN. BHD. 896 p.","Heidari, M. 2001. The intrinsic rate of increase and temperature co-efficients of the Comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). Entomologica 33: 297 - 303."]}

This study was performed to monitor the seasonal occurrence of Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) by using pheromone traps and to test a mating disruption technique to control this pest in pear orchards. We compared the attractiveness of rubber septa loaded with 1.5 and 3.0 mg of the pheromone, 2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadien-3-yl acetate. A total of 1,021 and 1,431 males were caught in traps baited with 1.5 mg and 3 mg of the pheromone, respectively. The numbers of males caught were not affected by trap color, although yellow traps were more attractive than white traps. In 2012, P. comstocki males were captured between June and October, wit hpeaks in late June, early August, and late September. In 2013, the males were trapped between June and October, with peaks in m iddle June, late July, and late September. In pheromone mating disruption tests, catches were reduced by 17.7, 65.3, and 62.9% in orc hardstreated with 450, 900, and 1,350 mg per 10 a of the pheromone, respectively. At harvest, 3.4, 2.9, and 4.8% of fruits in orchar ds treate dwith 450, 900, and 1,350 mg per 10 a were damaged by P. comstocki, while 9.5% were damaged in the control orchard. Key words: Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana), Sex pheromone, Monitoring, Mating disruption, Pear초 록: 배나무에서 가루깍지벌레의 합성 성페로몬을 이용하여 수컷 성충의 발생 양상과 교미교란 효과 검토를 통해 효과적인 방제 정보를 제공 하고자 본 시험을 수행하였다. 가루깍지벌레 성페로몬(2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadien-3-yl acetate) 이 3 mg과 1.5 mg씩 침적된 고무 캡으로 수컷 유인수를 조사하였는데, 총포획수는 1.5 mg을 침적시킨 트랩에 1,021마리, 3 mg을 침적시킨 미끼에는 1,431마리의 수컷 성충이 포획되어 3 mg을 침적시킨 미끼에 더 많이 유인되었다. 황색과 백색 트랩에 의한 포획량의 차이는 황색트랩에 평균 포획수가 약간 더 많았지만 유의성은 없었다. 가루깍지벌레의 수컷 성충은 2012년에 6월부터 10월까지 포획되었는데, 6월 중순에 가장 많은 수가 포획되었고, 8월 상순, 9월 하순에도 발생 peak를 보였다. 2013년에도 6월부터 10월까지 포획되었는데, 6월 중순에 가장 높은 발생 최성기를 보였고 , 7월 하순, 9월 하순에도 발생 최성기를 보였다. 가루깍지벌레 성페로몬을 이용한 교미교란제를 10 a당 450, 900, 및 1,350 mg의 농도로 과수원에 설치한 경우, 수컷 성충의 트랩 유인저해율은 각각 17.7, 65.3, 62.9%였다. 한편, 10a당 450, 900, 및 1,350mg 처리한 시험구에서 수확기에 피해과율이 각각 3.4, 2.9, 4.8%를보인 반면, 교미교란제를 처리하지 않은 시험구에서는 9.5%였다.검색어: 가루깍지벌레, 성페로몬, 발생예찰, 교미교란, 배나무*Corresponding author: agridream@korea.krReceived March 13 2014; Revised April 29 2014Accepted June 5 2014가루깍지벌레(Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana))는 우리나라에서 배나무의 주요해충의 하나로 Kwon and Han(2003)은 11종의 과수에서 발생하는 깍지벌레류를 조사하였는데 배나무에서 5종의 깍지벌레가 발생하고 배가루깍지벌레(Comstockaspis matsumotoi)는 전남 나주의 일부 농가에서 봉지를 씌운 배 열매의 5% 이상 발생하고, 샌호제깍지벌레(C. perniciosa), 짚신깍지벌레(Drosicha corpulenta (Kuwana)), 온실가루깍지벌레(P. kraunhiae (Kuwana)), 배나무흰깍지벌레(Lopheleucaspis japonica (Cockerell)) 등이 지역에 따라서 발생한다고 하였다 . 그러나 남부지방 배나무에 발생하는 깍지벌레 중 온실가루깍지벌레가 80.6%로 우점한다고 하여 조사에 따라 다른 결과가

Two mealybug species, Planococcus kraunhiae and Pseudococcus comstocki, were reared on germinated broad bean seeds to determine the developmental thresholds and thermal constants in each developmental stage and preovipositional period at six temperatures. Since few Pl. kraunhiae and Ps. comstocki individuals developed into adults at 30°C and 32°C, respectively, their upper temperature limit is around 30°C. The lower developmental threshold temperature (T0) and thermal constant (K) for the entire developmental period were 12.2°C and 331 degree-days (DD) for Pl. kraunhiae, and 10.8°C and 346 DD for Ps. comstocki. T0 in the preovipositional period were 8.1°C and 225 DD for Pl. kraunhiae, and 10.7°C and 163 DD for Ps. comstocki. Fecundity was highest at 24°C in both species. Pl. kraunhiae laid an average of 526 eggs, and Ps. comstocki 498 eggs. The intrinsic rates of the natural increase in Pl. kraunhiae and Ps. comstocki were 0.117 at 24°C and 0.151 at 28°C, respectively.

Ben-Dov Y (1994) A systematic catalogue of the mealybugs of the world (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae and Putoidae) with data on geographical distribution, host plants, biology and economic importance. Intercept Limited, Andover, 686 p Cox JM (1989) The mealybug genus Planococcus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Bull Br Museum (Nat Hist) Entomol 58(1):1–78 CIE (1975) Distribution maps of plant pests. Pseudococcus comstocki [Distribution map]. Map 338. CIE, London Williams DJ (2004) Mealybugs of southern Asia. The Natural History Museum/Southdene SDN. BHD, London/Kuala Lumpur, 896 p

WOS: 000378865200032 PubMed ID: 27362639 Pseudococcus comstocki (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a mealybug species native to Eastern Asia and present as an invasive pest in northern Italy and southern France since the start of the century. It infests apple and pear trees, grapevines and some ornamental trees. Biocontrol programmes against this pest proved successful in central Asia and North America in the second half of the 20th century. In this study, we investigated possible bio-control agents against P. comstocki, with the aim of developing a biocontrol programme in France. We carried out systematic DNA-barcoding at each step in the search for a specialist parasitoid. First we characterised the French target populations of P. comstocki. We then identified the parasitoids attacking P. comstocki in France. Finally, we searched for foreign mealybug populations identified a priori as P. comstocki and surveyed their hymenopteran parasitoids. Three mealybug species (P. comstocki, P. viburni and P. cryptus) were identified during the survey, together with at least 16 different parasitoid taxa. We selected candidate biological control agent populations for use against P. comstocki in France, from the species Allotropa burrelli (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Acerophagus malinus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). The coupling of molecular and morphological characterisation for both pests and natural enemies facilitated the programme development and the rejection of unsuitable or generalist parasitoids. French "Agence Nationale de la Recherche"French National Research Agency (ANR) [ANR-10-JCJC-1708 BICORAMICS]; EUEuropean Union (EU) [324475 COLBICS, 265865 PURE]; Turkey-France Cooperation grant CNRS-TUBITAK; INRA Plant Health and Environment DivisionInstitut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) This work was funded by the French "Agence Nationale de la Recherche" (grant ANR-10-JCJC-1708 BICORAMICS), by the EU Seventh Framework Programme (grants Marie-Curie IAPP #324475 COLBICS and KBBE #265865 PURE), by a Turkey-France Cooperation grant CNRS-TUBITAK, and by the INRA Plant Health and Environment Division. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana), has been reported on peaches in Illinois. Egg masses are commonly present on fruits, limbs, and bases of new shoots. Phenacoccus mespili Sign. is known to be a pest of peaches in the Azerbaijan SSR, USSR (Ibadova 1985).

WOS: 000338003600008 Asiatic originated Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana), the Comstock mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is polyphagous cosmopolite species. Nowadays it is spreading through to Europe and becoming wide distribution. In this study, the developmental time, survival and fecundity of P. comstocki on two mulberry species (Morus alba and M. nigra) (Moraceae) were studied at four different temperatures (18 +/- 1, 23 +/- 1, 28 +/- 1 and 20-32 degrees C) and thermal constant was calculated. According to results, it appears that performance of P. comstocki and, consequently, its population increase were affected by feeding with different mulberry species and at different temperatures, and M. nigra seems to be more likely susceptible to the mealybug than M. alba in each temperatures because it displayed the highest performance on this host plant. The results showed that the population on M. nigra (r(m) = 0.123 female/female/day; R-0 = 108.933 female/female; T-0= 38.160 day; DT= 5.639 day) developed better than that on M. alba (r(m)= 0.115 female/female/day; R-0= 84.281 female/female; T-0= 38.600 day; DT= 6.032 day) at 28 degrees C. It was found that there was an inverse relationship between the growth period of the population and the temperature, development of the mealybug becoming fully grown was the fastest on both Morus species at 28 degrees C. The threshold for development (t) and the thermal constant (ThC) of the mealybug on M. nigra was determined as 7.87 degrees C, K = 513 degree-days respectively; while on M. a/ba, these parameters were found to be 7.76 degrees C and K = 518 degree-days respectively.

Asiatic originated Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana), the Comstock mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is polyphagous cosmopolite species. Nowadays it is spreading through to Europe and becoming wide distribution. In this study, the developmental time, survival and fecundity of P. comstocki on two mulberry species (Morus alba and M. nigra) (Moraceae) were studied at four different temperatures (18±1, 23±1, 28±1 and 20-32°C) and thermal constant was calculated. According to results, it appears that performance of P. comstocki and, consequently, its population increase were affected by feeding with different mulberry species and at different temperatures, and M. nigra seems to be more likely susceptible to the mealybug than M. alba in each temperatures because it displayed the highest performance on this host plant. The results showed that the population on M. nigra (rm = 0.123 female/female/day; R0 = 108.933 female/female; T0 = 38.160 day; DT= 5.639 day) developed better than that on M. alba (rm= 0.115 female/female/day; R0 = 84.281 female/female; T0= 38.600 day; DT= 6.032 day) at 28°C. It was found that there was an inverse relationship between the growth period of the population and the temperature, development of the mealybug becoming fully grown was the fastest on both Morus species at 28 °C. The threshold for development (t) and the thermal constant (ThC) of the mealybug on M. nigra was determined as 7.87 °C, K = 513 degree-days respectively; while on M. alba, these parameters were found to be 7.76 °C and K = 518 degree-days respectively.

Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) (Fig. 39) Dactylopius comstocki Kuwana, 1902: 52. DIAGNOSIS. Adult female broadly oval. Antennae 8 segmented. Legs well developed; translucent pores numerous on hind coxa, femur and tibia. Cerarii numbering 17 pairs. Anal lobe cerarii each with 2 enlarged conical setae, plus about 7 or 8 auxiliary setae and some trilocular pores, all on an oval sclerotized area, smaller in area than anal ring. Anterior cerarii each with 2 smaller conical setae, plus 2���4 auxiliary setae and a few trilocular pores, except on mesothorax (C 12) and head, where each cerarius with 3 conical setae. Circulus divided by an intersegmental line. Both pairs of ostioles well developed. Dorsal and ventral surface with long, slender setae. Multilocular disc pores absent on dorsum; ventrally present on anterior and posterior edges of abdominal segments IV���VII, a few on segments 1 ���III, and posterior of vulva; not reaching margins; a few pores also present medially on thorax. Trilocular pores evenly distributed on dorsum and venter. Discoidal pores scattered on dorsum and venter, but absent from next to eyes. Dorsal oral rim ducts often with a discoidal pore next to rim margin, near a few cerarii, and always with 1 behind each frontal cerarius; also present submarginally on abdomen, and on midline of abdominal segments VI and VII; ventral oral rim ducts slightly smaller than those on dorsum, present in small numbers on margins of thorax and abdominal segments I and II. Dorsal oral collar ducts normally of 2 sizes: long ducts on margins of posterior segments, and slightly shorter ducts around margins and across thoracic segments. Ventral oral collar ducts of 3 main sizes: a large type, similar to dorsal medial ducts, fairly mumerous around margins from anal lobes forwards to area between antennal bases; narrower type present across medial areas of abdominal segments III���VII, anterior to multilocular disc pores, and laterally next to inner edges of large type, and a minute duct across middle of abdominal segments, plus a few scattered medially on head and thorax. DISTRIBUTION. Afrotropical, Australasian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Palaearctic: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, France, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. In Iran, P. c o m s t o c k i occurs in Esfahan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Kerman, Mazandaran, Tehran and Yazd. This mealybug is known from 40 plant families (Ben-Dov et al., 2012). EXAMINED MATERIAL: Ghazvin: Ghazvin, 5 adult ��, on Robinia pseudoacacia (Fabaceae), 25.i. 2008 (Gharaii). Gilan: Rasht, Shaft, Chouber, 2 adult ��, unknown plant, 21.vii. 2009 (Hoseini); Rasht, Pesikhan, 3 adult ��, on Morus alba (Moraceae), 29.vii. 2009 (Hoseini). Mazandaran: Sari, Neka, 2 adult ��, on Glycine sp. (Fabaceae), 4.xi. 2002 (Keyhanian). Tehran: Tehran, 3 adult ��, on M. nigra, 22.ix. 2012 (Z. Ghanbari). COMMENTS. P. comstocki occurs on the aerial parts of the host plants and, although known as a pest of ornamentals and fruit trees elsewhere, has not been reported as causing damage in Iran. A molecular identification of three of the most important mealybug species, including P. comstocki, has been undertaken in the north of Iran (Hosseini & Hajizadeh, 2011). The accompanying illustration first appeared in Mealybugs of Central and South America, Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) with kind permission from the authors., Published as part of Moghaddam, Masumeh, 2013, A review of the mealybugs (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae, Putoidae and Rhizoecidae) of Iran, with descriptions of four new species and three new records for the Iranian fauna, pp. 1-107 in Zootaxa 3632 (1) on page 71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3632.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/217619

An improved one pot reaction that achieves the deoxygenation of α,β-unsaturated ketone with concomitant migration of the double bond is introduced, and applied to the synthesis of racemic 3-acetoxy-2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene, a pheromone component of Pseudococcus comstocki.

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A flutuação populacional da cochonilha-da-raiz (Pseudococcus comstocki) (Kuwana, 1902) e sua preferência alimentar foram estudadas quando infestando plantas de tiririca (Cyperus rotundus) oriundas dos municípios de Lavras, Lambari e Três Pontas, localizados na região sul do Estado de Minas Gerais, no período de março de 1996 a março de 1997. A cochonilha-da-raiz infestou a tiririca durante todos os meses de avaliação, variando, entretanto, a intensidade de infestação. Entre os locais estudados, Lambari apresentou a mais baixa densidade populacional da praga; em Lavras e Três Pontas as infestações foram semelhantes, sendo as mais elevadas. A temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar foram as variáveis climáticas que mais influenciaram a flutuação populacional da cochonilha-da-raiz em plantas de tiririca, nas três localidades estudadas. Foi observada maior preferência alimentar das cochonilhas por plantas de tiririca oriundas de Lavras e Três Pontas. The mealy bug Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana, 1902) population dynamics and preferential feeding on purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) accessions grown in three locations (Lavras, Lambari and Três Pontas) in the southern region of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, were studied from March 1996 to March 1997. Mealy bug infested purple nutsedge all over the year at different intensities. The lowest infestation was observed in Lambari, and in Lavras and Três Pontas was observed similar mealy bug infestation levels. Air temperature and relative humidity were climatic variables that mostly influenced the insect infestation. It was also observed that mealy bug preferred feeding nutsedge grown in Lavras and Três Pontas.

Species from Pseudococcidae family were studied. It was determined that the dry males of Planococcus citri, and Pseudococcus comstocki, collected by pheromone traps could be useful for the molecular analyses too. The ITS-2 sequences of males and females in case of Pl.citri, Planococcus ficus and Ps. comstocki were identical. This molecular method could differentiate the two mealybug species and this method can be useful to have idea specimens collected by pheromone traps.

The Comstock mealybug sex pheromone 2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadien-3-ol acetate and three analogs were synthesized and compared with natural material.

Outbreaks of the Comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwani), occurred in three of the five test plots where the pyrethroed insecticide, flucythrinate, was evaluated for control of apple insects. Where no insecticides were used, mealybug-damaged fruit did not exceed 7.2%, whereas in flucythrinate plots damage ranged from 7.6 to 22.4%. All other pyrethroed and organophosphate materials evaluated maintained mealybug damage below 2.0%. Packout studies evaluating factors responsible for cullage and downgrading of commercial apples found mealybug damage resulted in losses of $9.39 and $3.58/ha on ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘McIntosh’ cultivars treated with flucythrinate, whereas losses in an adjacent plot treated with phosmet were $0.72 and $.85/ha, respectively.

1. クワコナカイガラムシを寄生させたカボチャをティッシュペーパーに包んでおくと,雄幼虫だけがペーパーの間隙に移動・侵入した。2. 羽化した雄成虫は点灯すると(9L-15D)まもなく飛翔活動に移り,フェロモンに感応・誘引された。3. 雄成虫は誘引源から10∼20cmのところによく着地し,歩行しながらフェロモン源まで接近した。4. フェロモントラップの色相と,それに対する雄成虫の反応性を調べたところ,色相によって捕獲数が異なり,その順序は,赤=青緑=黒>緑>黄>白であった。

Within the past few years, two species of mealybugs have become serious pests of apple in North America. In Virginia, for some apparently unknown reason, the Japanese Comstock mealybug. Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana, has undergone a change in its feeding habits and produced a strain that has become well adapted to feeding and reproducing on apple.

During a visit to the Canary Islands in the early autumn of 1924, the chief purpose of which was an inspection of the banana plantations for insect and allied pests, four enemies were found, each of which was the cause of some loss. Two of these had relatively small importance,viz. a red spider (Tetranychus) and a thrips. The red spider was known locally as the “ red bug,” the popular name being “ aranillos ” (the little spiders) ; the mites were found on the fruits, which showed the paleness and discolouration that characterise plant tissue wounded by the red spider mouth-parts. The thrips, known locally as “ black bug,” also caused a paleness and discolouration of the attacked fruit. Both of these enemies were known to the Spanish workers as “ bicho blanco ” (the animal which causes a whiteness). The other two enemies were much more serious, one of them a moth, the banana miner,Hieroxestis subcervinella, Walk., the subject of another paper ; the second a scale-insect,Pseudococcus comstocki, the subject of this paper.

Pseudococcus Comstocki Kuw., is the principal insect enemy of Catalpa bungei in northern Virginia, eastern West Virginia and through the Cumberland Valley to Hagerstown, Maryland. Ovicidal properties of various materials were tested. Investigations covering a two years' period showed that the first two generations were controlled by a dormant treatment of hand cleaning and spraying. The third generation caused most of the injury in August and September and was controlled by mechanical methods only.

Pseudococcus comstocki Kuwana is classed among the injurious mealy-bugs. It attacks a wide range of host plants. So far it has become abundant in the United States only in certain states east of the Mississippi River. In Connecticut it has received the name catalpa mealybug, because of its injuriousness to that plant. It is recorded as attacking many food-producing plants, but so far it has not been rated as a serious pest of any commercial crop plants. P. comstocki has been recorded from California by G. F. Ferris, where it was taken on Monterey pines growing on the campus of Stanford University. Ferris also records this mealybug from a number of host plants, including citrus, collected in Japan by Dr. Kuwana. A lookout has been kept for the appearance of P. comstocki in southern California, as it is considered to be a potential pest of citrus.

From 1973 through 1975, the seasonal flight activity of the Comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstock (Kuwana), in California was monitored with sex pheromone traps. Four generations of male flight activity were detected in 1973 and 1974. Samples of leaves infested with mealybugs collected in 1974 confirmed the existence of a 4th generation. The 4th generation developed from a fraction of 3rd-generation eggs that did not enter winter diapause.

Both the enantiomers of 2,6-dimethyl-1,5-heptadien-3-ol acetate, the pheromone of Pseudococcus comstocki, were synthesized. The natural and dextrorotatory pheromone was proved to be the (R)-enantiomer.

6.Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana). Dactylopius comstocki Kuwana, Calif. Acad. Sci., Proc. 3 (3): 52, 1902. On cotton, Usinger., Published as part of Fullaway, D. T., 1946, Coccidae of Guam, pp. 157-162 in Insects of Guam II, Honolulu, Hawaii :Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 189 on page 157, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5164252

The determination of mealybugs closely related to Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuw.) has presented considerable difficulty in the past. Green (1921, p. 189) and Hough (1925, p. 52 and 1925a, p. 13) have given details of the distinguishing features for P. comstocki (Kuw.) and P. maritimus (Ehrh.) but the grounds given for the separation of the former from other closely related species are not fully satisfactory. The representatives of this group of mealybugs are becoming more and more widely spread throughout the world and of greater economic importance yearly. A correct designation of these insects is, therefore, of particular importance not only from the point of view of quarantine legislation but also of control measures. Research work on the morphological characteristics of species closely related to Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuw.) has been carried out on very large quantities of material from different parts of the world.

4-Methylpent-3-enal has been synthesized by the dehydration of trans-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1-methoxycyclopropane, and this has been brought into reaction with propen-2-ylmagnesium bromide. Acetylation of the carbinol so formed gave the acetate of (±)-2,6-dimethylhepta-1,5-diene-3-ol — the racemic form of the sex pheromone of the Comstock mealybug.

Specimens labelled Pseudococcus comstocki and P. maritimus that are known to have originated in New Zealand were examined and found to be misidentified. Since these specimens are the basis for published records of the occurrence of these species in New Zealand, it must be assumed that P. comstocki (Kuwana) and P. maritimus (Ehrhorn) do not in fact occur in this country. The specimens were found to be referable to P. calceolariae (Maskell) and P. obscurus Essig.

The synthesis of the acetate of 2,6-dimethylhepta-1,5-dien-3-ol — the sex pheromone of the Comstock bug — has been carried out by condensing isobutenyllithium with 3,4-epoxy-2-methylbut-1-ene and acetylating the 2,6-dimethylhepta-1,5-dien-3-ol formed. The overall yield of pheromone was 46%.