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This research explores the development and evaluation of breakfast cereals formulated from pearl millet (P-1) and finger millet (F-1) flours, with a focus on their nutritional composition and potential anti-obesity properties. The techno-functional properties were assessed, revealing that P-1 exhibited a bulk density of 0.40 ± 0.01 g/ml and a true density of 0.61 ± 0.03 g/ml, while F-1 showed a bulk density of 0.54 ± 0.03 g/ml and a true density of 0.65 ± 0.02 g/ml. The Carr index and Hausner ratio were significantly higher in P-1 (40.33 ± 0.41 and 1.68 ± 0.03, respectively) compared to F-1 (22.3 ± 0.3 and 1.31 ± 0.02, respectively). Both flours demonstrated comparable water absorption indices, but P-1 had superior foaming capacity and stability. Nutritional analysis indicated that P-1 contained 12.64% moisture, 6.02% fat, 10.29% protein, 63.94% carbohydrates, 2.38% ash, and 2.75% fibre, whereas F-1 had 8.92% moisture, 1.78% fat, 8.65% protein, 73.65% carbohydrates, 1.77% ash, and 4.04% fibre. Composite flours (PF-1, PF-2, PF-3) exhibited varying compositions: PF-1 had 9.86% moisture, 5.83% fat, 11.62% protein, 66.04% carbohydrates, 2.19% ash, and 3.03% fibre; PF-2 had 10.79% moisture, 3.87% fat, 10.01% protein, 68.97% carbohydrates, 2.05% ash, and 3.37% fibre; PF-3 had 9.87% moisture, 2.84% fat, 9.33% protein, 71.12% carbohydrates, 1.92% ash, and 3.74% Fiber. Antioxidant activity was higher in F-1 (80.63%) compared to P-1 (59.58%), with PF-1, PF-2, and PF-3 showing 64.84%, 70.14%, and 75.4%, respectively. Lipase and amylase inhibition capacities were 73.15% and 28.66% for P-1, 28.31% and 30.65% for F-1, and varied for composites: PF-1 (79.12% lipase, 46.41% amylase), PF-2 (50.75% lipase, 53.15% amylase), and PF-3 (39.51% lipase, 41.84% amylase). These findings underscore the distinct nutritional and functional properties of these flours, highlighting their potential in obesity management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proximate and phytochemical analysis of leaves of Anthocleista vogelii Planch. was studied. The phytochemical screening indicated qualitatively the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, reducing sugars, and the absence of phlobatanins, anthranoids. The results from the proximate composition indicate that the leaves contained some important nutrients such as Carbohydrate 52.50±0.60, Fatty acid 4.40±0.11, Fibre content 17.30±0.22 and Protein content 17.30±0.11. The presence of the phytoconstituents in Anthocleista vogelii shows that the plant contains essential nutrients, hence, it can be viewed as a potential component for the production of drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drying is an important post-harvest process to preserve seaweed as they are highly susceptible to spoilage due to their high moisture content. Drying can be performed in multiple ways by changing the temperature, pressure, air flow, and humidity. Therefore, the choice of drying method can affect the quality of the product in terms of sensory, chemical, and physicochemical properties. Seaweeds contain nutrients (protein, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals) and bioactive compounds. The compounds impact properties such as texture, taste, odor, and appearance. However, there is currently limited knowledge about how different drying methods affect the quality of seaweed products. In this paper we demonstrate, how different drying methods: i) convective drying (52 °C), ii) microwave-vacuum drying (-40 to 40 °C at 10 Pa), and iii) freeze-drying (-20 to 20 °C at 20 Pa) influence the food quality of Fucus vesiculosus and Ulva sp. by investigating physico-chemical properties such as water holding capacity, water absorption, and color, the changes in some of the chemical compounds such as macronutrients, fatty acids, amino acids, antioxidants, and pigments, as well as the taste, odor, appearance, and texture within sensory attributes. This study found that different drying methods have a species-dependent influence on the quality of seaweed, with Ulva sp. showing more similarities of using microwave-vacuum and freeze-drying methods, while the drying method for F. vesiculosus should be selected based on the desired food quality due to significant variations between the drying methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the phytochemical, proximate and mineral contents of leaves and stem of Potato tree (Solanum erianthum) sourced from Botanical Garden in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. The phytoconstituents detected in the hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts included alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides. The crude protein contents of the leaves and the stem were 25.52% and 15.31 %, respectively. The crude fibre content of the leaves was 33.5% while that of the stem was 73.5%. The carbohydrate contents of the leaves and the stem were 29.68 % and 4.62%, respectively. The potassium content obtained for the leaves was 1128 mg/100g while that of the stem was 528 mg/100g. The magnesium contents of the leaves and stem were 356 mg/100g and 216 mg/100 g, respectively. The calcium content of the leaves and stem of the plant were 300 mg/100g and 191 mg/100, respectively. In addition, the iron content of the leaves and the stem were22.46mg/100g and 16.89 mg/100g, respectively. The results show that apart from their medicinal uses, the leaves and stem of the plant are potential food sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main purpose of this study was to assess the proximate and functional properties of pigeon pea seeds and sorghum grain flour blends. Specifically the study determined the proximate composition and functional properties (bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, foaming capacity, emulsion capacity, wettability, swelling index, gelation time and gelation temperature) of the flour blends. Composite flour was formulated by blending the pigeon pea and sorghum flour in the ratios of 4:1, 1:1, 3:2 respectively using 100percent wheat flour as the control. The proximate and functional properties were determined using standard methods. Data were analyzed using means and standard deviation. Results for proximate composition of the flour samples show, among others, that moisture content ranged from 6.93-9.13 percent, ash 1.02-3.29percent, fat 1.84--2.81percent. Sample B which is made from100 percent pigeon pea flour was higher than the other samples in terms of ash, fat, protein, and fiber. Results for functional properties, ranged from 0.71-0.85percent, 0.83-1.37percent, 0.67-1.13percent, 17.95-25.16percent, 33.95-45.89percent, 35.33-71.00percent, 1.76-2.23percent, 12.91-23.53percent and 66.00-78.17percent respectively. This finding show that there were variations among the flour samples, however the flour blends possess appropriate functional properties that could make them suitable for use in development of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University / Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract This research explores the development and evaluation of breakfast cereals formulated from pearl millet (P-1) and finger millet (F-1) flours, with a focus on their nutritional composition and potential anti-obesity properties. The techno-functional properties were assessed, revealing that P-1 exhibited a bulk density of 0.40 ± 0.01 g/ml and a true density of 0.61 ± 0.03 g/ml, while F-1 showed a bulk density of 0.54 ± 0.03 g/ml and a true density of 0.65 ± 0.02 g/ml. The Carr index and Hausner ratio were significantly higher in P-1 (40.33 ± 0.41 and 1.68 ± 0.03, respectively) compared to F-1 (22.3 ± 0.3 and 1.31 ± 0.02, respectively). Both flours demonstrated comparable water absorption indices, but P-1 had superior foaming capacity and stability. Nutritional analysis indicated that P-1 contained 12.64% moisture, 6.02% fat, 10.29% protein, 63.94% carbohydrates, 2.38% ash, and 2.75% fibre, whereas F-1 had 8.92% moisture, 1.78% fat, 8.65% protein, 73.65% carbohydrates, 1.77% ash, and 4.04% fibre. Composite flours (PF-1, PF-2, PF-3) exhibited varying compositions: PF-1 had 9.86% moisture, 5.83% fat, 11.62% protein, 66.04% carbohydrates, 2.19% ash, and 3.03% fibre; PF-2 had 10.79% moisture, 3.87% fat, 10.01% protein, 68.97% carbohydrates, 2.05% ash, and 3.37% fibre; PF-3 had 9.87% moisture, 2.84% fat, 9.33% protein, 71.12% carbohydrates, 1.92% ash, and 3.74% Fiber. Antioxidant activity was higher in F-1 (80.63%) compared to P-1 (59.58%), with PF-1, PF-2, and PF-3 showing 64.84%, 70.14%, and 75.4%, respectively. Lipase and amylase inhibition capacities were 73.15% and 28.66% for P-1, 28.31% and 30.65% for F-1, and varied for composites: PF-1 (79.12% lipase, 46.41% amylase), PF-2 (50.75% lipase, 53.15% amylase), and PF-3 (39.51% lipase, 41.84% amylase). These findings underscore the distinct nutritional and functional properties of these flours, highlighting their potential in obesity management.

Abstract Mushrooms have been considered as a therapeutic and nutrient-rich foods in numerous countries for years due to their significant levels of nutritional components, vitamins and antioxidants. This study aimed to assess the nutrient content, mineral profile and antioxidant properties of eight different kinds of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus sp.) cultivated in Bangladesh. The mushrooms were analyzed for their moisture content, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, fibers, ash, vitamin A, and vitamin C. The mineral profile included sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron, as well as heavy metals. Antioxidant activities were evaluated through various methods, including phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content, total antioxidant activity, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) scavenging capacity. The findings revealed that the mushrooms under investigation were high in carbohydrate (ranges between 45.25 and 63.22 g/100 g), protein (23.48–33.16 g/100 g) and dietary fiber (42.87–52.31 g/100 g). The total ash content was ranged from 7.28 to 9.41 g/100 g and vitamin C content was 0.020–0.416 mg/100 g. Interestingly, all of the mushrooms had a lower fat content (0.91–2.6%). The mineral profile indicated the presence of varying concentrations of essential elements. Hazardous heavy metals, such as Cd and Cr were not detected in the mushroom sample, while As and Pb were detected but lower than the tolerance levels. The oyster mushrooms exhibited high levels of phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents, as well as significant antioxidant capacity. A methanol extract of the oyster mushrooms exhibited scavenging activity against DPPH in a dose dependent manner with the highest capacity (75.4%) obtained at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml. Our result suggests that these studied oyster mushrooms could be a good source of nutrition and antioxidants, which could be used as functional foods.

Tiwai onion (Eleutherine americana L. Merr) is renowned for therapeutic properties due to the bioactive constituents, including polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize water content, ash, fat, protein, polyphenol, flavonoid, tannin, and antioxidant capacity, as well as to observe the functional groups and morphology of dried tiwai powder. The methodology comprised 2 factors, namely harvest age and drying methods. The results showed significant effects of harvest age and drying methods on water, fat, total phenol, total flavonoid, anthocyanin content, and antioxidant capacity, while ash, protein, and tannin content were not significantly affected. In Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, changes in functional groups were observed, although not significant in wave numbers range of 1,800 - 1,350 and 1,200 - 950 cm-1. Specifically, an increase was observed in signals from C-C, C-O, and C-O-C vibrations. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at 1000x magnification showed that air drying at 5 months of harvest age produced dense granules, while electric oven and microwave drying of older harvests led to a flatter structure and crumbly texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anambra and Gongola basins are part of the sedimentary inland basins in Nigeria characterized by fossil fuels and in response to its present energy problem, Nigeria has shifted its power generating focus to coal. The studied coals were obtained from two localities, namely Ankpa and Maiganga in Kogi and Gombe States, respectively. The coals were investigated to determine its quality in terms of use and resource potential. The coals were analyzed by proximate, ultimate, elemental, mineralogy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry analyses. The objectives of the study are to determine the coals cokability, rank, paleoenvironments, hydrocarbon potential, and slagging tendency. The average values of moisture content, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon are 5.54%, 16.42%, 48.45%, and 30.71%, respectively, for Ankpa coals, while Maiganga recorded 10.68%, 8.60%, 44.33%, and 36.41%, indicating high volatile sub-bituminous non-coking coals that are optimum for combustion and electric power generation. The Van Krevelen plot based on the H/C vs. O/C showed Type IV kerogen. The XRD results, correlation plots, and Detrital Authigenic Index (DAI) values of 7.49 and 13.49 in Ankpa and Maiganga coals, respectively, indicated that Ankpa coals are enriched in authigenic minerals like quartz, pyrite, and calcite, while kaolinite and quartz were probable detrital minerals in the Maiganga coals. The agglomeration of the coals deduced by Base/Acid (B/A), Silicon ratio (G), Silica/Alumina (S/A), Iron/Calcium (I/C), Carbon/Hydrogen (C/H), and Fixed Carbon/Volatile matter (FC/V) showed weak–medium-strong for the Ankpa coals and strong for Maiganga coals.

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient contents and phytochemical composition of the leaves, roots, and stem bark of Cissus populnea. The specimens came from Nsukka in Nigeria's Enugu State. Laboratory experimental design was used for this study. Samples of leaves, roots, and stem barks were prepared by drying them for two hours at 50 0C in a food dehydrator, ground into fine powder and dried again using the air-drying process The analyses were carried out using standard methods. The proximate analyses showed that the samples contain crude protein (1.89 - 2.11%), crude fibre (22.23 - 22.48%), crude fat (1.99 - 2.09%), carbohydrates (43.71 - 64.96%), ash (4.11 - 6.64%) and moisture (4.46- 4.84%). The phytochemical data showed that all plant components contained phenol, alkaloids, tannins, and terpenoids, but not steroids. Both saponin and flavoloid were found in the plant's roots and leaves only. Flavonoid was not detected in the stem. The results of mineral compositions showed that the root, stem, and leaf samples included potassium (340.83 – 439.33 mg/100g) calcium (132.99 – 295.78 mg/100g), iron (1.12 – 4.21 mg/100g), magnesium (27.41- 39.67 mg/100g) and manganese (0.14 – 3.99 mg/100g). Because of its nutrient contents and phytochemical proportions, consumers are encouraged to use any parts, though root parts of the plant seem to contain high nutrient.

In this study, the oil amounts, bioactive components, fatty acid profiles and element quantities of the date kernels (Osailah, Rothanh Qassim, Rushudiah, Nabtat‐Ali, Sbakah) were determined. The oil quantities of the date seeds were altered to be between 3.50 (Osailah) and 5.55% (Nabtat‐Ali). The total phenolic quantities of the seeds were assigned to be between 330.83 (Rothanh Qassim) to 365.42 mg GAE/100 g (Osailah) while antioxidant activities of date seeds are assessed to be between 13.89 (Rothanh Qassim) and 38.74% (Nabtat‐Ali). The total flavonoid quantities of the date seeds were displayed to be between 4824.83 (Osailah) and 9133.17 mg/100 g (Sbakah). The (+)‐ Catechin and 1,2‐dihydroxy benzene quantities of the date seeds were established to be between 75.01 (Rothanh Qassim) and 186.02 mg/100 g (Sbakah) to 67.43 (Rothanh Qassim) and 199.89 mg/100 g (Sbakah), respectively. Oleic acid amounts of the seed oils were altered to be between 45.89 (Rothanh Qassim) and 52.55% (Nabtat‐Ali). K, P, S, Ca and Mg were the key minerals of the date seeds. Considering the bioactive components, polyphenol contents, fatty acid composition and mineral content of date kernels, it is thought that date kernel powders can be added to some foods as a food supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits provide nutrients for growing seeds. Seeds are important organs for the distribution of plants, while leaves are very essential in the manufacture of food for the plant. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the proximate analysis, ascorbic acid, phytochemical and some heavy metals composition of Lagenaria breviflora (Wild colocynth) fruit, seed, leaf from a bushy uncultivated area in Henshaw Town, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.using standard analytical methods. The result of the proximate composition was shown to be 10% ash, 0.26% protein, 1.5% fat, 43.3% fibre, 88% moisture 44.94% carbohydrate in the fruit sample result revealed 22.5% ash, 1.50% protein, 12.5% fat, 16.60% fibre 42% moisture, 47.15% carbohydrate in the leaf sample. The seed sample was found to contained 5.5% ash, 1.69% protein, 16.25% fat, 40% fibre, 84% moisture and 36.56% carbohydrate. The ascorbic acid contents were found to be 85.88% in the fruit, 65.12% in the seed and 66.88% in the leaf samples. Result of the phytochemicals determination revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and phytate in the fruit, leaf and seed. The results show alkaloid content to be 0.026% in the fruit, 0.044% in the seed and 0.018% in the 0.240% in the leaf. Percent tannin content was 2.1% in the fruit, 1.9% in the seed and 2.0% in the leaf. Phytate was also found to be 0.9% in the fruit, 1.9% in the seed and 2.0% in the leaf. Phytate was also found to be 0.9% in the fruit, 0.5% in the seed, and 0.9% in the leaf. The heavy metals analysis of the samples indicated that cadmium and lead were not detected in the three samples, the fruit contained 0.0053 mg/kg of chromium, 0.006 mg/kg of iron, the seed contained 0.0012mg/kg of Chromium, 0.0037mg/kg iron. The leaf was found to contain 0.0021 mg/kg of chromium, 0.0110 mg/kg of iron. These values were within the permissible limits of WHO. Fruit, seed and leaf have good nutritional status from the high carbohydrate, fibre, moisture and ascorbic acid content, and are suitable for consumption as food, especially the fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Terrestrial orchid tubers are an important source of food in some parts of Africa and are traditionally included in the diets of most rural communities in Malawi. However, there is limited information on the nutritional and phytochemical content of the Malawian orchids to substantiate their traditional use. The present study evaluates the nutritional and phytochemical variation of four orchid species: Disa zombica, Satyrium buchananii, Satyrium carsonii, and Satyrium trinerve, collected from the same ecological zone of Malawi. The proximate content, minerals, phytochemicals, and functional properties were analysed using official procedures. Protein ranged from 2.19% to 4.65%, whereas carbohydrate ranged from 65.24% to 80.22%, with S. carsonii and S. trinerve registering the highest protein and carbohydrate contents, respectively. Iron and potassium were highest in D. zombica, while sodium and calcium were highest in S. buchananii. The total phenolics ranged from 228.56 to 500.00 mg GAE/100 g, with D. zombica registering the highest. The water absorption capacity ranged from 4.10 to 10.88 g/g. Despite variable levels, the study provides evidence that orchid species contain essential nutrients and phytochemicals important for human nutrition and health. Furthermore, the functional properties can be utilised in the development of food products, such as baked products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to assess the impact of adding Elkhorn Sea Moss Flour as a fiber source on the organoleptic characteristics and nutritional value of pasta. The treatments used are C0 = 0% addition of Elkhorn Sea Moss Flour; C1 = 30% ; C2 = 50%; C3 = 70%. The study utilized a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor, comprising four concentration treatments replicated three times. The results showed that the addition of Elkhorn Sea Moss Flour to pasta resulted in significant increases in protein content, fiber, and antioxidant activity. Pasta with 70% Elkhorn Sea Moss Flour addition showed the highest fiber content and moderately high antioxidant activity, making it a potential functional food product. However, as Elkhorn Sea Moss Flour increased, there was a decrease in organoleptic parameters such as aroma, texture, and taste. Elkhorn Sea Moss Flour has great potential as an additive in functional food products, enriching fiber and antioxidant content, but its use should be carefully considered to ensure good consumer acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bryophyllum pinnatum and Phyllanthus amarus are plants that have been established to contain bioactive substances for various therapeutic advantages, most importantly their leaves. Information on the other parts of the plant, such as stem and root, is scanty in literature; hence, there is a need to compare the various parts of the plants in terms of proximate composition, phytochemicals, and mineral elements. The results showed that the two plants had the highest amount of carbohydrate (62.09 - 63.98%) and followed in decreasing order of magnitude by protein (16.04 - 17.50%), moisture (10.05 - 10.35%), fibre (3.9 - 4.36%) and ash (3.80 - 4.03%). The fat contents in both plants ranged from 1.09% to 2.03% in Phyllanthus amarus and Bryophyylum pinnate leaves, respectively. Alkaloids (106.97 - 108.46 mg/100g) were highest in all the plants, while steroids (0.11 - 0.17 mg/100g) were lowest. Generally, in both plant parts, the leaf and stem had a higher amount of the foregoing proximate and phytochemicals when compared to the root. Considering the macronutrients, all the plant parts contained the highest amount of potassium (29.04 - 30.03 mg/100g) and the lowest amount of nitrogen (0.25 - 0.27%). Iron (26.3 - 27.7 mg/100g) was the highest among the micronutrients, while copper was the lowest (0.70 - 0.73 mg/100g). The study concluded that both plants showed proximate phytochemicals and mineral nutrients that were unevenly distributed in the various parts of the plant, with the leaf and stem exhibiting higher concentrations compared to the root. Therefore, adequate knowledge of the distribution of these chemical constituents will provide a baseline for the selection of parts to be used for health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Coconut pulp fermented with Aspergillus niger can be used as an alternative ingredient in the manufacture of tilapia (O. niloticus) feed. This study aims to determine the nutritional content of fermented coconut dregs and the growth of tilapia after being fed a feed made from fermented coconut dregs with Aspergillus niger. Tilapia (O. niloticus) feed is made by mixing fermented coconut pulp and artificial feed. The combination of feed used in this study was A (control, 100% artificial feed), B (10% coconut pulp: 90% artificial feed), C (20% coconut pulp: 80% artificial feed), D (30% coconut pulp : artificial feed 70%), E (coconut pulp 40%: artificial feed 60%) and F (coconut pulp 50%: artificial feed 50%). Based on the proximate analysis that has been carried out, it shows that treatment B has the most optimal nutritional content for tilapia (O. niloticus). The nutritional content of feed B was 7.26% water content, 7.19% ash, 23,21% crude protein, 8,93% crude fat and 16,23% crude fiber. The results showed that treatment B gave the most significant growth rate and relative growth rate of 0,77 g/day and 3,04%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the promising opportunities for nutrition, health, and income generation in Senecio biafrae, this leafy green vegetable has not been brought into the regular vegetable production systems due to it being comparably slower in growth than other veggies at the early growth stage, especially without fertilizer application. Studies on the effects of fertilizer and cultivar on its nutrients and antinutrients are scanty in the literature. The effects of Senecio biafrae accessions (Odo-Oro and Orin-Odo), fertilizers:100% poultry manure (PM) (5 tonnes/ha), 100% NPK 15:15:15 (100 kg/ha), 50% NPK + 50% PM (50 kg/ha NPK + 2.5 tonnes/ha PM) and control (no fertilizer applied) on the nutrients and antinutrients of its fresh leaves were analyzed using standard laboratory procedures. Fertilizer and accession notably (P<0.05) affected the proximate, minerals and antinutrients. Crude protein ranged from 4.10-4.41%, crude fiber 0.86- 1.15% and crude fat 0.93-1.20%. Potassium was in the range 217.25-254.31 mg/100 g, magnesium 36.04-37.53 mg/100 g, calcium 197.19-273.33 mg/100 g, manganese 4.62-8.95 mg/100 g, iron 5.85-9.05 mg/100 g, zinc 0.71-0.98 mg/100 g, phosphorus 334.63-404.25 mg/100 g and sodium 20.19-21.68 mg/100 g. Phytate ranged from 1.28-1.37 mg/100 g, polyphenol 21.50-23.56 mg/100 g, oxalate 0.81-0.87 mg/100 g, and hydrogen cyanide 0.21-0.23 mg/100 g in the fresh leaves. Orin-Odo demonstrated superior nutrient quality. The fertilizers enhanced the nutrients and did not significantly increase most of the antinutrients higher than the control. This implies, fertilizer application in the production of Senecio biafrae may not significantly increase anti-nutrients in its leaves and should be encouraged for its production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proximate and phytochemical analysis of leaves of Anthocleista vogelii was studied. The phytochemical screening indicated qualitatively the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, reducing sugars, and the absence of phlobatanins, anthranoids. The results from the proximate composition indicate that the leaves contained some important nutrients such as Carbohydrate 52.50±0.60, Fatty acid 4.40±0.11, Fibre content 17.30±0.22 and Protein content 17.30±0.11. The presence of the phytoconstituents in Anthocleista vogelii shows that the plant contains essential nutrients, hence, it can be viewed as a potential component for the production of drugs

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the phytochemical, proximate and mineral contents of leaves and stem of Potato tree (Solanum erianthum) sourced from Botanical Garden in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria using appropriate standard methods. The phytoconstituents detected in the hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts included alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides. The crude protein contents of the leaves and the stem were 25.52% and 15.31 %, respectively. The crude fibre content of the leaves was 33.5% while that of the stem was 73.5%. The carbohydrate contents of the leaves and the stem were 29.68 % and 4.62%, respectively. The potassium content obtained for the leaves was 1128 mg/100g while that of the stem was 528 mg/100g. The magnesium contents of the leaves and stem were 356 mg/100g and 216 mg/100 g, respectively. The calcium content of the leaves and stem of the plant were 300 mg/100g and 191 mg/100, respectively. In addition, the iron content of the leaves and the stem were22.46mg/100g and 16.89 mg/100g, respectively. The results show that apart from their medicinal uses, the leaves and stem of the plant are potential food sources.

Abstract Selecting highly nutritive fodder plants in arid regions can be a key to improving the livestock productivity. This work explores the variation in nutritive value of the leaves, stem, and shoots of five potential fodder plants of the Emirates of Fujairah, Erucaria hispanica, Haplophyllum tuberculatum, Convolvulus virgatus, Teucrium stocksianum, and Cleome Ibrachycarpa. influenced by two weather conditions, winter and spring. The plant samples underwent mineral composition, proximate, phytochemical, and heavy metals and two-way ANOVA. Weather data were accessed from National Center of Meteorology (NCM). Our findings reveal significant influences of collection time and species on nutritive content. Shoots collected in March exhibited higher ash (6.167%), crude protein (11.9%), crude fiber (14.89%), dry matter (45.86%), and total digestive nutrients (TDS) (48.35%), with lower tannin (5.11%) compared to January. Conversely, January-collected shoots had greater total sugar content (1.28 g/100 g). Plant organs played a crucial role, with leaves surpassing stems in Mg, P, Ca, K, Na, Mn, Zn, and Ni. Leaves also showed higher crude protein (23.33%), dry matter (92.26%), total ash (4.8%), and TDS (87.58%) compared to stems, while stems exhibited elevated crude fiber (17.45%) and tannin (4.53%). There is a need to assess the bioactive compounds found in these fodder species for the enhancement its effective use and maximize browsing of these species.

Sorghum and millet are among the most important cereal crops consumed worldwide, with production concentrated in many developing countries in Africa and Asia. Malting is a traditional cheap method adopted to improve sorghum and millet utilization in agribusiness and various households. This study determined the impact of sprouting duration on the quality characteristics of flours from sorghum and millet. The proximate, physicochemical and functional properties were observed in raw (0 day) and malted flours (2, 4, and 6 days). From the results, physicochemical properties generally increased (pH (4.79–6.17), TSS (1.40–5.16 oBrix), and TA (1.02–1.99 %)) with sprouting period for both millet and sorghum flours. Also, whilst proximate parameters such as ash (1.05–2.55 %), fat (1.69–10.55 %), and energy content (377.58–412.18 kcal) of malted millet and sorghum followed an increasing trend, fiber (1.98–1.68 %) and carbohydrate (89.10–78.67 %) decreased with increasing sprouting days. Again, with the exception of water holding capacity (1.75–2.33 %) which increased with the increase in sprouting days, all other functional properties (bulk density (0.59–0.54 g/ml), loose density (0.56–0.45 g/ml), oil holding capacity (2.50–1.45 %), and swelling index (1.07–1.02 %) declined in the malted millet flour. In the case of malted sorghum, bulk (0.64–0.59 g/ml) and loose (0.57–0.50 g/ml) densities observed a general decline while all other functional properties (water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, and swelling index of sorghum flour) revealed no obvious trend with sprouting days. This study revealed that sprouting duration has a significant impact on the quality parameters of both sorghum and millet flours. It is therefore important to explore such sprouted grain flours for possible incorporation in breakfast cereals, infant foods, and bakery products.

Selecting highly nutritive fodder plants in arid regions can be a key to improving the livestock productivity. This work explores the variation in nutritive value of the leaves, stem, and shoots of five potential fodder plants of the Emirates of Fujairah, Erucaria hispanica, Haplophyllum tuberculatum, Convolvulus virgatus, Teucrium stocksianum, and Cleome Ibrachycarpa. influenced by two weather conditions, winter and spring. The plant samples underwent mineral composition, proximate, phytochemical, and heavy metals and two-way ANOVA. Weather data were accessed from National Center of Meteorology (NCM). Our findings reveal significant influences of collection time and species on nutritive content. Shoots collected in March exhibited higher ash (6.167%), crude protein (11.9%), crude fiber (14.89%), dry matter (45.86%), and total digestive nutrients (TDS) (48.35%), with lower tannin (5.11%) compared to January. Conversely, January-collected shoots had greater total sugar content (1.28 g/100 g). Plant organs played a crucial role, with leaves surpassing stems in Mg, P, Ca, K, Na, Mn, Zn, and Ni. Leaves also showed higher crude protein (23.33%), dry matter (92.26%), total ash (4.8%), and TDS (87.58%) compared to stems, while stems exhibited elevated crude fiber (17.45%) and tannin (4.53%). There is a need to assess the bioactive compounds found in these fodder species for the enhancement its effective use and maximize browsing of these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is one of the countries with the greatest diversity of taro variety, while the study of taro's morphology and nutritional characteristics is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomical of plant and nutritional value of taro tuber. This research observed fourteen genotypes of Colacasia esculenta (7 Eddoe types, 7 Dasheen types) and 3 Xanthosoma genotypes. In three blocks of replications, the eddoe and Xanthosoma genotypes were cultivated using cormel and the dasheen genotypes with sucker. Plant anatomy (leaf, stem, and root) and tuber nutritional characteristics were analyzed. From this research, explained that stomata and epidermis number, length from stomata and epidermis, number leaf epidermis, length of leaf and stem epidermis, also length of root epidermis, endodermis, cortex, and stele among 17 genotypes of taro were statistically different. The diversity of taro based on the nutrition content of tuber between 17 genotypes of taro was considered high, as represented by water, ash, fat, protein, carbohydrate, energy, and glucomannan, which were statistically different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica are the three main coffee species cultivated globally. Liberica coffee is a minor species, accounting for less than 1% of global cultivation. Due to favorable climatic conditions in Malaysia, Liberica coffee dominates coffee production, accounting for 73%, while Robusta makes up the remaining 27%. Nevertheless, the substantial coffee production resulted in approximately 15 million tons of discarded skin and pulp, contributing to environmental pollution. This study was conducted due to insufficient information and research on the proximate composition and phytochemical compounds of the coffee bean and pulp from Liberica sp. This study aims to determine the proximate composition of coffee beans and pulp extracts from Liberica sp. and to identify the phytochemical composition using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The nutritional values of carbohydrates, protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and ash were obtained using proximate analysis. Coffee beans exhibited the highest value for crude protein (11.96%) and crude fiber (11.83%), whereas coffee pulp has the highest significant value for moisture content (68.81%) and ash (7.31%). LC-MS analysis shows emmotin A and deoxymiroestrol were the major phytochemical compounds. These findings contribute to understanding the nutritional value and phytochemical compounds of coffee beans and pulp from Liberica sp. that may contribute to sustainable waste management and other applications in the food and beverage industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to determine the physical and chemical properties of Momordica cochinchinensis L. Spreng (gac) fruits. Fruit size varied, weighing 359.17 to 588.33g, with lengths of 11.10 to 13.92 cm and circumferences of 27.43 to 30.67 cm. Components included pulp (34.06 to 41.58%), seeds (23.11 to 29.70%), peel (16.65 to 20.60%), and aril (15.64 to 18.64%). Skin and aril colour parameters (L*, a*, b*) indicated maturity and carotenoid content. Aril had higher acidity (pH 5.54±0.02, titratable acidity [TA] 0.03 to 0.05g/L), total soluble solids (TSS, 11.57%±0.52 °Brix), and carbohydrates (55.6 g/100 g) than pulp (pH 5.65±0.02, TA 0.01 to 0.02g/L, TSS 4.90%±0.33 °Brix, carbohydrates 30.9 g/100 g). Peel contained most protein (6.2 g/100 g) and dietary fibre (56.9 to 58.1 g/100 g). Glucose and fructose were found in both pulp and aril. Potassium levels were highest in peel (817.59 mg/100 g), followed by pulp (658.20 mg/100 g) and aril (228.79 mg/100 g). Lycopene dominated carotenoids, especially in aril (31.7 to 103.7 mg/g). β-carotene, lutein, astaxanthin, and zeaxanthin were also present. β-carotene (2.9 to 9.6 mg/g) was second to lycopene, followed by astaxanthin (1.54 to 4.91 mg/g), lutein (0.16 to 1.35 mg/g), and zeaxanthin (0.35 to 1.49 mg/g), absent in pulp. These findings have implications for the food industry, offering insights into gac fruit’s nutritional potential. Malaysian gac exhibited superior nutritional content, with pulp and aril as notable sources of carbohydrates and minerals for consumption and aril as a promising source of healthy oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snake bite remains a public health problem in many countries including Nigeria; hence search for snake antivenom has intensified. One plant that is potentially useful in this regard is Pachycarpus bisacculatus roots (bitter butter). This study determined; proximate, phytochemical, of the aqueous, n-hexane, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Pachycarpus bisacculatus roots. These extracts obtained by maceration were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening. Proximate, elemental, anti-nutritional compositions of this plant were carried out using standard methods. Results obtained were: moisture content (71.56±0.06, 7.53±0.37)%, crude protein (3.19±0.19, 1.92±0.05)%, crude fibre (11.33±0.31, 3.98±0.28)%, crude fat (1.05±0.07, 0.30±0.03)%, Ash (4.68±0.17, 2.32±0.32)%, carbohydrate (72.21±0.24, 19.92±0.48)% for the dried and fresh roots respectively. Elemental content showed that level of Ca was highest while that of Zn was the lowest. Al, Si, V, Pb were not detected. Anti-nutritional composition showed: oxalate (1.68±0.02 mg/100g), tannins (7.10±0.78 mg/100g), phytate (8.47±0.25 mg/100g) and cyanogenic glycosides (0.03±0.01 mg/100g). Extraction yields were 21.068% in aqueous solution, 1.6391% in ethyl acetate. The results indicate that root extracts of Pachycarpus bisacculatus contain bioactive chemicals and micronutrients which may be responsible for the medicinal properties reported for the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Five fish species (Oreochromis niloticus, Bagrus bayad, Lates niloticus, Clarias gariepinus, and Mormyrus kannume) "25 of each" were collected from Assiut fish markets between January and December 2021 to determine the proximate composition (moisture, dry matter, fat, and ash), as well as some minerals: macro (calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K); and micro minerals (iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). Results of proximate composition revealed moisture mean values were (79.40, 81.22, 80, 76.20, and 78.75%, respectively) in samples of Oreochromis niloticus, Bagrus bayad, Lates niloticus, Clarias gariepinus, and Mormyrus kannume, dry matter mean values were (20.60, 18.81, 19.29, 23.80, and 21.25%, respectively); fat mean values were (1.54, 1.48, 1.29, 2.28, and 3.28%, respectively), and ash mean values were (1.02, 0.91, 0.97, 1.32, and 0.93%, respectively). A noteworthy distinction (P<0.05) was discovered between the mean value (g/100g) of proximate items for some studied fish species. Results of minerals content declared that calcium mean values were (494.34, 156.34, 159.99, 249.85, and 187.11, respectively) in the investigated samples of Oreochromis niloticus, Bagrus bayad, Lates niloticus, Clarias gariepinus, and Mormyrus kannume; phosphorus mean values (mg/100g) were (151.41, 159.20, 133.98, 232.13, and 265.30, respectively); magnesium mean values were (22.04, 15.12, 19.37, 19.29, and 13.81, respectively); sodium mean values were 1462.47, 1465.27, 1395.11, 1993.46, and 1673.54, respectively); and potassium mean values were 217.21, 394.28, 151.88, 347.72, and 239.79, respectively), iron mean values were (2.70, 3.48, 4.58, 6.88, and 2.63, respectively), and zinc mean values were 4.57, 2.48, 3.67, 3.41, and 3.79%, respectively). A significant difference between some studied fish species was found regarding their macro and microelement content. In conclusion, fishes under investigation are an excellent source of vital minerals, and it was observed that Claris gariepinus displayed superior mineral content and proximal quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Indonesian Fisheries Processing Journal / Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Anambra and Gongola basins are part of the sedimentary inland basins in Nigeria characterized by fossil fuels and in response to its present energy problem, Nigeria has shifted its power generating focus to coal. The studied coals were obtained from two localities, namely Ankpa and Maiganga in Kogi and Gombe States, respectively. The coals were investigated to determine its quality in terms of use and resource potential. The coals were analyzed by proximate, ultimate, elemental, mineralogy and scanning electron microscopy-energy disfasive spectrometry analyses. The objectives of the study are to determine the coals cokability, rank, paleoenvironments, hydrocarbon potential, and slagging tendency. The average values of moisture content, ash, volatile matter, and fixed carbon are 5.54%, 16.42%, 48.45%, and 30.71%, respectively, for Ankpa coals, while Maiganga recorded 10.68%, 8.60%, 44.33%, and 36.41%, indicating high volatile sub-bituminous non-coking coals that are optimum for combustion and electric power generation. The Van Krevelen plot based on the H/C vs. O/C showed Type IV kerogen. The XRD results, correlation plots, and Detrital Authigenic Index (DAI) values of 7.49 and 13.49 in Ankpa and Maiganga coals, respectively, indicated that Ankpa coals are enriched in authigenic minerals like quartz, pyrite, and calcite, while kaolinite and quartz were probable detrital minerals in the Maiganga coals. The agglomeration of the coals deduced by Base/Acid (B/A), Silicon ratio (G), Silica/Alumina (S/A), Iron/Calcium (I/C), Carbon/Hydrogen (C/H), and Fixed Carbon/Volatile matter (FC/V) showed weak–medium-strong for the Ankpa coals and strong for Maiganga coals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a dearth of information on the comparative studies of the physicochemical, proximate, and antioxidant properties as well as quality standards of stingless bee honey (SBH) in Ethiopia. Hence, this study was designed to assess and compare the physicochemical, proximate, and antioxidant properties of SBH, specifically sourced from Meliponula beccarii, and produced under both wild and modern apiary conditions at two distinct geographical locations. A total of forty‐six honey samples were meticulously collected from domesticated stingless bee colonies and naturally occurring wild nests at Wolmera and Cheliya districts. Pollen analysis unveiled eleven distinct bee plant species distributed across six families, with Asteraceae being the most prevalent, primarily represented by Guizotia scabra and Vernonia amygdalina. Notably, the physicochemical, proximate, and antioxidant properties of SBH collected from modern pot hives exhibited significant variances (p <.05) when compared to SBH from wild nests. Principal component analysis (PCA) delineated the differentiation of SBH sources based on both geographical location and the type of beehive. One‐way ANOVA corroborated these distinctions, underscoring significantly higher levels (p <.05) of ash, electrical conductivity, free acidity, hydroxymethylfurfural, sucrose, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and radical scavenging activities of SBH from modern pot hives in Wolmera. Whereas, Cheliya modern pot hives recorded higher values in pH, hydroxymethylfurfural and maltose contents compared to the wild nest SBH. Further analysis through Pearson correlation highlighted a strong positive association between total phenolic content and total flavonoid content with the antioxidant capacity of SBH. These findings underscore the significance of integrating modern pot hives to enhance the quality of SBH within Ethiopia's beekeeping sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional, mineral, Vitamin C and antioxidant capacity profiling of the nut of Spondias mombin has been carried out. The nut of S. mombin (NSM) was extracted from its fruit and then profiled quantitatively for its nutritional, mineral and vitamin C contents using the AOAC standard procedures. The antioxidant capacity of the methanol extract of NSM was carried out using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical assay and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) techniques. The nut was found to have nutritional facts of: moisture content (12.24±0.06%), lipid content (1.69±0.01%), fibre content (45.27±0.32%), protein content (5.69±0.04%), ash content (0.41±0.02%) and carbohydrate content (34.70±0.33%). The mineral content in mg/g of sample was found to contain: K (7.014), Na (2.966), Ca (1.333), Mg (0.690), Fe (0.131), Cu (0.079), Zn (0.015), Cd (0.004) and Cr (0.009). Pb was not detected. The vitamin C content was 3.89 mg, DPPH antioxidant potential increases as concentration of NSM increases from 25.00 µg/ml to 400 µg/mL and FRAP was observed at 400 μg/ml NSM to be 75.304±0.002 mgAAE. The nut of S. mombin has shown to be good sources for alternative nutrition and as a base for minerals rich in cellular ions. The nut of S. mombin has exhibited antioxidant capacity which can be attributed to the presence of some vital phytoconstituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits provide nutrients for growing seeds. Seeds are important organs for the distribution of plants, while leaves are very essential in the manufacture of food for the plant. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to evaluate the proximate analysis, ascorbic acid, phytochemical and some heavy metals composition of Lagenaria breviflora (Wild colocynth) fruit, seed, leaf from a bushy uncultivated area in Henshaw Town, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.using standard analytical methods. The result of the proximate composition was shown to be 10% ash, 0.26% protein, 1.5% fat, 43.3% fibre, 88% moisture 44.94% carbohydrate in the fruit sample result revealed 22.5% ash, 1.50% protein, 12.5% fat, 16.60% fibre 42% moisture, 47.15% carbohydrate in the leaf sample. The seed sample was found to contained 5.5% ash, 1.69% protein, 16.25% fat, 40% fibre, 84% moisture and 36.56% carbohydrate. The ascorbic acid contents were found to be 85.88% in the fruit, 65.12% in the seed and 66.88% in the leaf samples. Result of the phytochemicals determination revealed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and phytate in the fruit, leaf and seed. The results show alkaloid content to be 0.026% in the fruit, 0.044% in the seed and 0.018% in the 0.240% in the leaf. Percent tannin content was 2.1% in the fruit, 1.9% in the seed and 2.0% in the leaf. Phytate was also found to be 0.9% in the fruit, 1.9% in the seed and 2.0% in the leaf. Phytate was also found to be 0.9% in the fruit, 0.5% in the seed, and 0.9% in the leaf. The heavy metals analysis of the samples indicated that cadmium and lead were not detected in the three samples, the fruit contained 0.0053 mg/kg of chromium, 0.006 mg/kg of iron, the seed contained 0.0012mg/kg of Chromium, 0.0037mg/kg iron. The leaf was found to contain 0.0021 mg/kg of chromium, 0.0110 mg/kg of iron. These values were within the permissible limits of WHO. Fruit, seed and leaf have good nutritional status from the high carbohydrate, fibre, moisture and ascorbic acid content, and are suitable for consumption as food, especially the fruit.

Ethiopians traditionally make Nifro, a snack made by boiling wheat and another grain in hot water. Boiling conditions such as boiling time and temperature could have a significant impact on the proximate and sensory properties of boiled foods particularly Nifro. The objective of this study was to optimize boiling time and temperature to obtain quality snack food (Nifro) from two types of wheat (hard and soft wheat). The effects of boiling temperature (70–100 °C) and boiling time (1–3 hr.) on the qualitative attributes of Ethiopia traditional snack food Nifro, including proximate composition (moisture, ash, fat, fiber, protein, and carbohydrate) and sensory properties, were studied using the central composite design test and mathematical models. For both types of wheat, the effect of boiling time and temperature on the quality attributes of the Nifro (moisture, ash, fat, fiber, protein, and carbohydrate) was significant (P

Functional foods contain biologically active components and compounds that have physiological effects on the human body, such as promoting health and decreasing the risk of sickness. The swiftlet, which belongs to the Collocalini family, is an insect-eating bird that migrates across the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia to the Pacific Ocean. Swiftlet bird's nests (SBN) contain protein, fats, carbohydrates, iron, calcium, phosphorus, inorganic salts, fiber, and water. The objective of this study is to determine the nutritional content of swiftlet bird nests in different regions of West Sumatra. Samples of swiftlet bird's nests (SBN) were collected from Padang City (PD), Bukittinggi City (BK), and Pesisir Selatan Regency (PS). Nutritional content was analyzed using proximate methods, including moisture, protein, and fat, and the nitrite concentration was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The study found that SBN in West Sumatra contains 47.65–50.55% protein, 1.48–2.47% fat, 21.77–22.77% water, and 24.75–32.72 ppm nitrite. The results indicate that the nutritional content varies among the samples, and the protein content found in SBN is higher, making it suitable for use as a functional food. Additionally, SBN has many health benefits and biological activities, such as mitogenic response and cell growth, enhanced immunity, and improved bone strength.

The study evaluated the effect of different processing methods (boiling, toasting and soaking) on the nutrient and of wild aerial yam (Dioscorea bulbifera). One kilogram of raw wild Dioscorea bulbifera (RWDB) was boiled for 30 minutes at 100°C, another one kg was soaked for 24 hours. Toasting of another one kg of Dioscorea bulbifera tubers were carried out for 30 minutes. The raw and processed tubers were dried, milled and chemically analysed for proximate compositions, phytochemical components, minerals and amino acid content. Mean dry matter, crude protein, lipid, fibre, ash and carbohyd-rate contents of boiled wild Dioscorea bulbifera meal were 10.86%, 89.14%, 11.63%, 32.28%, 4.10%, 3.61% and 66.53% respectively. There were significant differences (p

This study examined the effect of different dietary inclusion levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on growth, haemolymph mineral composition and meat quality of Archachatina marginata and Achatina fulica. A total of one hundred and forty four (144) juvenile snails of A. marginata= 72 and A. fulica= 72, were used for the study. Eighteen (18) snails of each species were subjected to four dietary treatments (0 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 %) of M. oleifera leaf meal in three replicates of six (6) snails per replicate over a period of 16 weeks. Growth was measured using growth indices while haemolymph mineral composition and meat quality were determined spectrometrically and by proximate method. A. marginata and A. fulica fed diets containing 20% M. oleifera leaf meal showed the best growth performance compared to the other treatments with increase in mean weight gain of 132.14 % and 62.95 %, mean shell length gain of 51.87 % and 59.47 %, mean shell circumference gain of 22.81 % and 47.53 % and mean shell thickness gain of 2.18% and 83.43 %, respectively, as compared to the control diet. The haemolymph mineral composition results of the two species showed that magnesium, calcium, potassium, iron, phosphorus and chlorine were highest in snails fed diet with 20% M. oleifera leaf meal. However, copper and sodium were recorded highest in A. marginata fed with control diet. The results of the proximate meat analysis showed that the highest crude protein contents were recorded in A. marginata and A. fulica fed with 20 % M. oleifera leaf meal, with an increase in crude protein content of 80.42 % and 114.28 %, compared to the control diet. Based on the results of this study, the inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal in the snail diet up to 20 % is recommended for optimum productivity of the two snail species.

This work is focused on investigating the nutrient compositions, growth, and fatty acid composition of Chlorella vulgaris, Euglena gracilis, Pavlova lutheri, and Diacronema vlkanium, which are natural diets of bivalve, crustaceans, live prey such as rotifer, copepods, daphnia and feed ingredients in aquaculture nutrition. Microalgae culture was performed in a live feed laboratory under controlled physical and chemical conditions. The initial concentration of microalgae species was adjusted as 2×106 cells/mL and growth performance was calculated by Neubauer Hemocytometer daily. The maximum growth performance was detected in Diacronema vlkanium culture with 1.78×107 cells/mL. In the case of proximate composition, the highest dry matter content was found in Pavlova lutheri (6.21%). Freshwater microalgae species Chlorella vulgaris (50.5%) and Euglena gracilis (42.5%) had high crude protein compared to Pavlova lutheri and Diacronema vlkanium. Fatty acid compositions of microalgae were also determined. The highest EPA (C20:5n-3) content was found in Pavlova lutheri (6.85%) whereas arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) contents were only found with a level of (3.32%) and (1.79%) in Euglena gracilis, respectively. Microalgal culture should have high biomass in a short time of culture and in this study, E.gracilis and P.lutheri showed high growth and essential nutrients gain in laboratory scale production and this result could be applied in larger volume photobioreactor.

ABSTRACT Pumpkin flour produced through fermentation can increase its nutritional value. This study aims to analyze the chemical characteristics and antioxidants of fermented pumpkin flour with variations in microorganisms and fermentation time, as well as the correlation between the two factors, and determine the best formulation. This study used a factorial group randomized design method with two factors, namely, variation of microorganism and fermentation time. The data obtained were analyzed using factorial ANOVA, followed by the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) test with a confidence level of 95% using SPSS 23. The chemical characteristics of fermented pumpkin flour showed an interaction between fermentation microorganisms and the length of fermentation time on the antioxidant activity of fermented pumpkin flour, but there was no interaction between fermentation microorganisms and the length of fermentation time on the moisture content, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrates of fermented pumpkin flour. Fermentation by S. cerevisiae for 3 days had the best chemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of fermented pumpkin flour. Researchers hope that the application of fermentation in processing pumpkin into flour can increase the nutritional value, the economic value, and the value of health. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Proximate, Pumpkin flour