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Identifying the function and composition of the protein corona (i.e., the set of host proteins interacting with nanoparticles) is considered a crucial step in the development of nanoparticles for medical and pharmacological applications. Evidence suggests that host proteins can alter NP stability, biocompatibility, and pharmacokinetics features. Therefore, in this review, we provide an updated conceptual, methodological, and experimental guideline for the study of the NP protein corona. We surveyed recent literature (2009–2024) focusing on in vitro and in vivo studies. We show that several methods, including shot-gun proteomics, protein identification after in-gel digestion, and TMT proteomics, must be carefully applied and integrated to shed light on this complex phenomenon. Hence, we discuss in detail the relative protocols, highlighting the importance of the experimental conditions, ranging from the administration route to basic, but determinant, parameters like the kind of biological host fluids, the incubation times and the NP concentrations. Additionally, we propose a series of protocols that involve studying the protein corona using purified serum or plasma proteins, as well as sera depleted of specific complement proteins, to investigate the role of their deposition on the nanoparticle surface. We also explore how the role of the protein corona in inducing uptake by phagocytic cells can be examined; finally, we discuss several methodological approaches to study the effects of different coatings on the composition of the protein corona. Available data indicated that it is possible to characterize and punctually study the differential adsorption of specific proteins onto the nanoparticle surface. This allows designing NP chemical coatings features to actively guide the protein corona formation, thus improving nanotheranostic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Immunocytochemistry (ICC) is essential for enhancing diagnostic accuracy and identifying markers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapies. While cell blocks (CBs) are preferred for standardization and optimized staining, cytological smears are an alternative when CBs are unavailable. However, the literature on ICC protocols for smears is sparse. This review addresses preparation, fixation and protocols for nuclear and cytoplasmic antibodies on smears, drawing from our laboratory's experience. Methods: We reviewed procedures for ICC on cytological smears using existing literature and practical insights from our laboratory. Results: Commercially available antibodies were found to be reliable for ICC on smears if specimens are properly prepared and fixed. Protocols developed in our laboratory maintained antigenicity and provided clear staining results. Conclusions: Although ICC on CBs is the gold standard for standardization, cytological smears are a viable alternative when CBs are unavailable. Success in ICC on smears depends on proper preparation and fixation. This review offers practical protocols and insights to help laboratories optimize ICC on cytological smears. Further research and standardization are necessary to enhance reproducibility and reliability of ICC on smears. The practical information provided is based on personal experience in our laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a pioneering approach to bolstering network security and privacy by implementing chaotic optical communication with a hybrid optical feedback system (HOFS). The current baseline methods in network security are often less feasible for hybrid feedback systems, including limited robustness, compromised security, and synchronization challenges. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid approach to address these shortcomings by integrating the HOFS into chaotic optical communication systems (HOFS-COCS) to overcome the baseline challenges. This paper aims to improve network security while significantly maintaining efficient communication channels. Moreover, We designed two algorithms, one for chaotic maps generation and another for text encryption and decryption, to improve security in the hybrid feedback system. Our findings demonstrate through rigorous experimentation and analysis that the proposed (HOFS-COCS) method significantly improves network security by enabling reliable chaos generation, synchronization, and secure message transmission in chaotic optical communication systems. This research represents a significant advancement towards enhanced secrecy and synchronization in chaotic optical communication systems, promising a paradigm shift in network security protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study explores the prevalence of phosphine resistance in stored-grain insects. The research, conducted in Greece, examined 53 key insect species and used two assessment protocols, namely, dose–response and CORESTA, to estimate phosphine resistance. The results showed that 13.3% of field populations were resistant, and mortality rates increased with higher phosphine concentrations. According to the dose–response protocol, 37.7% of field populations were found to be resistant, while all populations were susceptible according to the CORESTA protocol. The observed resistance patterns differ from those reported in other regions. The study emphasizes the importance of tailored fumigation strategies considering insect species' susceptibility to phosphine and recommends best management practices and rotational strategies to develop effective resistance management plans. The results offer valuable insights into the dynamic landscape of phosphine resistance in stored-product insects and suggest potential avenues for further research and control measures. Post-harvest losses due to insect infestation and spoilage by bacteria and molds pose significant challenges to global cereal production. This study investigates the prevalence of resistance to phosphine, a commonly used grain protection agent, in stored-grain insects. The research, conducted in various storage facilities across Greece, examined 53 populations of key stored-product insect species. Two assessment protocols, namely, dose–response (at 50–1000 ppm for 3 days exposure) and CORESTA (at 300 ppm for 6 days), were used herein to estimate phosphine resistance. The results showed that 13.3% of field populations were resistant, and mortality rates increased with higher phosphine concentrations. Specifically, according to the dose–response protocol, among the 53 field populations, 37.7% were found to be resistant to phosphine, namely, two populations of O. surinamensis, one of S. oryzae, seven of T. confusum, one of C. ferrugineus, one of T. castaneum, and all populations of R. dominica, whereas, according to the CORESTA protocol, all populations were found to be susceptible to phosphine. The observed resistance patterns differ from those reported in other regions of the world. The study highlights the importance of tailored fumigation strategies, considering insect species varying susceptibility to phosphine. It recommends the use of best management practices and rotational strategies, such as combining phosphine with other methods, to develop effective resistance management plans. The results provide valuable insights into the dynamic landscape of phosphine resistance in stored-product insects and suggest potential avenues for further research and control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we highlight the centrality of process in Indigenist community-based participatory research in music education to offer new methodological insights, using a recent investigation that employed conference as research method as a case study. From our perspective as university researchers who are non-Indigenous or Indigenous but not to the land now known as Canada, we describe in detail the process of co-creating a conference grounded in local First Nations Protocols as a research method for our most recent study with Indigenous partners, also showing how the process is related to ceremony. This knowledge creation and sharing conference involved more than 200 Knowledge Keepers, School District Indigenous leaders, and music educators in British Columbia endeavouring to effectively embed Indigenous knowledge in K-12 music classes. We highlight ways we found to be relationally accountable, including providing adequate time to arrive at consensus in all decisions; developing and maintaining trust throughout pandemic lockdowns and restrictions; and locating additional sources of funding to facilitate all Protocols, which led Indigenous participants to report feeling that the conference was a culturally safe place and non-Indigenous participants to report that they found it to be a culturally immersive experience. We became more aware that the very process of discussion and decision making that took place at the many committee and subcommittee meetings leading up to the conference was part and parcel of the ceremonial aspect of this research. Indigenous participants deemed the outcomes and effects of the research/conference credible and trustworthy because they emerged from a planning process that was culturally informed and that had been deemed ethical, legitimate, and appropriate by all planning parties through consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) youth transitioning from child to adult services, protocols that guide the transition process are essential. While some guidelines are available, they do not always consider the effective workload and scarce resources. In Italy, very few guidelines are currently available, and they do not adhere to common standards, possibly leading to non-uniform use. Methods: The present study analyzes 6 protocols collected from the 21 Italian services for ADHD patients that took part in the TransiDEA (Transitioning in Diabetes, Epilepsy, and ADHD patients) Project. The protocols' content is described, and a comparison with the National Institute for Clinical Health and Excellence (NICE) guidelines is carried out to determine whether the eight NICE fundamental dimensions were present. Results: In line with the NICE guidelines, the dimensions addresses in the 6 analyzed documents are: early transition planning (although with variability in age criteria) (6/6), individualized planning (5/6), and the evaluation of transfer needs (5/6). All protocols also foresee joint meetings between child and adult services. The need to include the families is considered by 4 out of 6 protocols, while monitoring (2/6), and training programs (1/6) are less encompassed. In general, a highly heterogeneous picture emerges in terms of quality and quantity of regulations provided. Conclusions: While some solid points and core elements are in common with international guidelines, the content's variability highlights the need to standardize practices. Finally, future protocols should adhere more to the patients' needs and the resources available to clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approach: Intermittent incremental tests (ITT), intermittent tests (IT), and continuous tests (CT) provide physiological parameters along with the corresponding swimming speeds (v), which are valuable for decisionmaking by coaches. Purpose: This study aimed to summarise and compare the effectiveness of ITT, IT, and CT in monitoring physiological parameters -- oxygen uptake (VO2), the blood lactate concentration ([La-]), and heart rate (HR) -- as well as their associated v. Methods: The PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched for complete studies published in English, from 1 January 2000 to 24 January 2024. Eleven studies (n = 164 swimmers) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis was performed. Results: The results of the studies were homogeneous (p > 0.05) when v was also similar between the tests: ITT compared with CT (7 studies, n = 88 swimmers) VO2 0.03 ± 0.15 mL·kg-1·minute-1, I² = 0%, p = 0.99; v 0.08 ± 0.14 m·s-1, I² = 0%, p = 0.89; IT compared with CT (3 studies, n = 44 swimmers) [La-] 0.12 ± 0.21 mmol·L-1, I² = 0%, p = 0.64; HR -0.32 ± 0.2 beats·minute-1, I² = 0%, p = 0.37; v 0.08 ± 0.14 m·s-1, I² = 0.00%, p = 0.89). Conclusions: The VO2 results for the comparisons between IT and CT, and the [La-] and HR results for comparisons between IT and CT were similar when: (i) the v was also similar between the tests, and (ii) the duration of the tests was long enough to obtain more stable physiological data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Next-generation networks are expected to adapt not only to a wide range of application demands but also to the specific needs of individual users, end device heterogeneity, and changing operational conditions. In this work, we discuss how to enhance the programmability of network devices (e.g., radio end devices, base stations, and routers) to achieve an unprecedented level of network adaptation and customization in 6G systems. We focus on two main innovations: full network programmability and morphable networking. The former breaks down traditional boundaries between protocol layers as well as domains (e.g., network segments, technological realms, and administrative domains); the latter enables the protocol stack of each network node to be dynamically and consistently reconfigured across different domains, enabled by embedded artificial intelligence (AI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for creative solutions to help migrate fish and conservation efforts grows as aquatic environments experience more and more pressure from humans and fragmentation of habitat. The utilization of hydroacoustic technology for communication in conjunction with smart fish pathway architecture is the main emphasis of this research to improve rehabilitation efforts for aquatic environments. Using sophisticated systems for tracking and regulation to improve migratory pathways, the study investigates cutting-edge solutions in engineering for fish passage. Real-time data capture and transmission are made possible by the application of hydroacoustic technology for communication, which means that fish populations and monitoring systems can effectively communicate. The creation of intelligent fish passage structures with actuators, sensors, and communications components is a major focus of the research. The best passage efficiency of these structures is ensured by their dynamic adaptation to fish behavior and variables in the environment. An essential interface for gathering information on behavior, evaluating migratory trends, and putting adaptive management plans into practice is hydroacoustic communications technology. In order to assess the efficacy of the hydroacoustic communication technology and smart fish passage design in a variety of aquatic habitats, a thorough field investigation is part of the suggested methodology. To evaluate the effect on migration of fish rates of achievement, species diversity, and general well-being of the ecosystem, field data will be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automatic identification system (AIS) can improve situational awareness at sea, but its protocol is simple and does not guarantee message integrity, authentication, and proper use. For example, the lack of safety measures creates problems when AIS messages are used for tracking a target or predicting a target trajectory. We present a methodology for the validation of AIS messages, a prerequisite for their safe use in maritime situational awareness applications. The validation method relies on target trackers that fuse AIS data and exteroceptive sensor data, and it detects errors in position, speed and course, and rate of turn. We use radar data to exemplify exteroceptive sensor data. With the use of simulated data, we show that the proposed methods effectively detect errors in the position and velocity data received through AIS messages and are also able to detect errors in turn-rate data. The effectiveness of the methods is demonstrated on a real-world dataset with injected false AIS data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper presents a pioneering approach to bolstering network security and privacy by implementing chaotic optical communication with a hybrid optical feedback system (HOFS). The current baseline methods in network security are often less feasible for hybrid feedback systems, including limited robustness, compromised security, and synchronization challenges. Therefore, this paper proposes a hybrid approach to address these shortcomings by integrating the HOFS into chaotic optical communication systems (HOFS-COCS) to overcome the baseline challenges. This paper aims to improve network security while significantly maintaining efficient communication channels. Moreover, We designed two algorithms, one for chaotic maps generation and another for text encryption and decryption, to improve security in the hybrid feedback system. Our findings demonstrate through rigorous experimentation and analysis that the proposed (HOFS-COCS) method significantly improves network security by enabling reliable chaos generation, synchronization, and secure message transmission in chaotic optical communication systems. This research represents a significant advancement towards enhanced secrecy and synchronization in chaotic optical communication systems, promising a paradigm shift in network security protocols.

Abstract IEEE 802.1 Time‐Sensitive Networking (TSN) has proposed several shapers, for example, time‐aware shaper (TAS, 802.1Qbv), asynchronous traffic shaping (ATS, 802.1Qcr), credit‐based shaper (CBS, 802.1Qav), and cyclic queuing and forwarding (CQF, 802.1Qch). The shapers have their advantages and disadvantages and can be used in isolation or in combination to address the varied timing requirements of industrial application streams. There is very limited work on how to analyse and configure shaper combinations. The authors are interested in the configuration optimisation of multi‐shaper TSN networks, targeting the TAS + CBS, TAS + ATS, and TAS + Multi‐CQF combinations. The authors first propose multi‐shaper integration approaches, focusing on a novel iterative delay analysis for TAS + ATS, an approach to integrate TAS and CQF by placing constraints on TAS scheduling as well as the TAS and CBS integration. We formulate the combinatorial optimisation problem of configuring multi‐shaper TSN networks, which consists, for example, of the routing of streams, the assignment of streams to the egress port queues, and the synthesis of gate control lists for TAS. Then, the authors propose a solution based on a simulated annealing metaheuristic. The proposed solutions are evaluated on large realistic test cases, up to tens of thousands of streams and devices.

Abstract Background For Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) youth transitioning from child to adult services, protocols that guide the transition process are essential. While some guidelines are available, they do not always consider the effective workload and scarce resources. In Italy, very few guidelines are currently available, and they do not adhere to common standards, possibly leading to non-uniform use. Methods The present study analyzes 6 protocols collected from the 21 Italian services for ADHD patients that took part in the TransiDEA (Transitioning in Diabetes, Epilepsy, and ADHD patients) Project. The protocols’ content is described, and a comparison with the National Institute for Clinical Health and Excellence (NICE) guidelines is carried out to determine whether the eight NICE fundamental dimensions were present. Results In line with the NICE guidelines, the dimensions addresses in the 6 analyzed documents are: early transition planning (although with variability in age criteria) (6/6), individualized planning (5/6), and the evaluation of transfer needs (5/6). All protocols also foresee joint meetings between child and adult services. The need to include the families is considered by 4 out of 6 protocols, while monitoring (2/6), and training programs (1/6) are less encompassed. In general, a highly heterogeneous picture emerges in terms of quality and quantity of regulations provided. Conclusions While some solid points and core elements are in common with international guidelines, the content’s variability highlights the need to standardize practices. Finally, future protocols should adhere more to the patients’ needs and the resources available to clinicians.

Abstract Delay tolerant networks (DTNs) is a network evolved from mobile networks. Differing from the traditional network, which has a stable end‐to‐end transmission path, DTNs are sparse and intermittently connected mobile ad hoc network, which are widely used in harsh environments, such as battlefields, seabed, space communication networks, and so on. In DTNs, intermittent connectivity, partitioned network, long delays and node mobility characteristics make the network fail to communicate frequently, therefore, how to successfully forward the message is of extreme importance. Up to now, almost all the traditional models in DTNs use the store‐carry‐forward method. This paper proposes a novel clustered DTN routing model based on sensing node relationship strength. The routing mechanism takes advantage of the number of other nodes encountered by the nodes in the process of movement and the changes in the number of nodes to calculate the strength of the relationship between nodes, and clusters DTN routing according to the strength of the relationship between nodes. Moreover, the relationship between nodes in a cluster and other clusters is used to transmit messages between clusters, and messages are transmitted within clusters according to the strength of the relationship between nodes. Simulation results show that the routing mechanism not only increases the success rate of message transmission, but also reduces the transmission delay of messages and improves network performance.

This study evaluated the effect on adhesive layer thickness, bond strength, and adhesive failure pattern of the application of universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal) using either manual or rotary brush in dentin previously impregnated with bioceramic sealer (Sealer Plus BC) using a manual brush, at 24 h and 1 year. Eighty‐eight bovine crowns were divided into four groups (n = 22) according to the intervention: (i) use of bioceramic sealer and adhesive application using manual brush, (ii) use of bioceramic sealer and adhesive application using rotary brush, (iii) use of resin sealer and adhesive application using manual brush, and (iv) use of resin sealer and adhesive application using rotary brush. Subsequently, specimens were restored with a composite resin (Filtek Z‐250). Adhesive layer thickness was evaluated using confocal microscopy. Bond strength was assessed using the microtensile bond strength test, and adhesive failure pattern was evaluated under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using two‐way ANOVA/Tukey tests. Specimens where a rotary brush had been used exhibited lower adhesive layer thickness. Specimens treated with resin sealer and using a manual brush showed lower bond strength values and a higher occurrence of adhesive failures at 24 h and 1 year than specimens treated with bioceramic sealer and using rotary brush for adhesive application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Almost half of acute ischemic stroke patients present with mild symptoms and there are large practice variations in their treatment globally. Individuals with an intracranial occlusion who present with minor stroke are at an increased risk of early neurological deterioration and poor outcomes. Individual patient data meta-analysis in the subgroup of patients with minor deficits showed benefit of alteplase in improving outcomes; however, this benefit has not been seen with intravenous alteplase in published randomized trials. Design: TEMPO-2 (A Randomized Controlled Trial of Tenecteplase Versus Standard of Care for Minor Ischemic Stroke With Proven Occlusion) is a prospective, open label with blinded outcome assessment, randomized controlled trial, designed to test the superiority of intravenous tenecteplase (0.25 mg/kg) over nonthrombolytic standard of care, with an estimated sample size of 1274 patients. Adult patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) ⩽ 5 and visible arterial occlusion or perfusion deficit within 12 h of onset are randomized to receive either tenecteplase (0.25 mg/kg) or standard of care. The primary outcome is return to baseline neurological functioning, measured by the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days. Safety outcomes include death and symptomatic hemorrhage (intra or extra-cranial). Other secondary outcomes include mRS 0–1, mRS 0–2, ordinal shift analysis of the mRS, partial, and full recanalization on follow-up computed tomography angiogram. Conclusion: Results of this trial will aid in determining whether there is benefit of using tenecteplase (0.25 mg/kg) in treating patients presenting with minor stroke who are at high risk of developing poor outcomes due to presence of an intracranial occlusion. Data access statement: Data will be available upon reasonable request. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute kidney injury following trauma impacts patient recovery critically, necessitating an integrated approach to emergency care and nephrology. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of trauma-induced nephropathy, highlighting recent advancements in pathophysiological insights, diagnostic techniques, and strategic interventions. Our key findings emphasize the role of biomarkers, like Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Liver Fatty Acid-Binding Protein, and imaging techniques, such as contrast-enhanced ultrasound, in early AKI detection. Preventive strategies, including aggressive fluid resuscitation, avoidance of nephrotoxic agents, and hemodynamic optimization, are essential for mitigating AKI progression. Integrating these approaches into trauma care frameworks aims to enhance patient outcomes and set a foundation for future research and clinical improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tracheostomized children have higher mortality compared to adults due to smaller airway anatomy and greater medical complexity and are at high risk for life-threatening complications. Following new tracheostomy placement, caregivers are required to successfully complete extensive training before discharge home. Training for tracheostomy emergencies such as tube obstruction and accidental decannulation is challenging without real-life, hands-on experience, but simulation training has shown promising effects on improving caregiver knowledge and comfort in preparing for emergency situations. Readmissions and emergency department visits are common following discharge, with many due to respiratory illness. Inhaled antibiotics are frequently prescribed to treat bacterial respiratory infection. However, guidelines for standardized management of tracheostomy-related respiratory illness are not available. Although standardized decannulation protocols are utilized, evidence-based guidelines are lacking, and the role of routine polysomnogram prior to decannulation is unresolved. Several knowledge gaps in management of pediatric tracheostomy present the opportunity for future research to improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to characterize industry-funded trials that have posted the informed consent forms (ICFs), and to assess whether the role played by industry as 'sponsor' or 'collaborator' could impact several relevant variables. A cross-sectional study was conducted on ClinicalTrials.gov on all industry-funded trials registered on or before 25 February 2023. We registered types of intervention, current recruitment status, design, enrollment, and countries involved. For trials with special interest to potential participants and investigators and/or clinicians an analysis of the role played by industry as 'sponsor' or 'collaborator' was performed. Of 116,281 industry-funded trials registered, 741 (0.6%) had posted ICFs. Most of these trials were categorized as 'completed' (n = 408) or 'terminated' (n = 107). The review of a sample of 359 trials showed that most were on drugs and/or biologics (59%), were randomized (51%), conducted exclusively in the USA (72%), and had posted results (79%), protocols (92%), and statistical analysis plans (SAPs) (89%). Trials in which industry participated as 'collaborator' were significantly more likely to post ICFs when trials were in the 'active, not recruiting' phase (OR 4.70, 99.71% CI 1.59–13.9, p < 0.001) than industry-sponsored trials. This was also the case when assessing drugs/biologics (OR 2.64, 99.71% CI 1.25–5.58, p < 0.001). Conversely, companies acting as 'sponsors' were significantly more likely to post ICFs with trials assessing devices, radiation interventions and/or diagnostic tests (OR 0.37, 99.71% CI 0.17–0.79, p < 0.001) than when participating as 'collaborators'. While industry-funded trials rarely post ICFs, when they do, they are highly compliant with transparency requirements. Regulations and ethics codes should consider requiring posting of protocols, SAPs, and ICFs for all clinical trials, regardless the type of sponsor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delay tolerant networks (DTNs) is a network evolved from mobile networks. Differing from the traditional network, which has a stable end‐to‐end transmission path, DTNs are sparse and intermittently connected mobile ad hoc network, which are widely used in harsh environments, such as battlefields, seabed, space communication networks, and so on. In DTNs, intermittent connectivity, partitioned network, long delays and node mobility characteristics make the network fail to communicate frequently, therefore, how to successfully forward the message is of extreme importance. Up to now, almost all the traditional models in DTNs use the store‐carry‐forward method. This paper proposes a novel clustered DTN routing model based on sensing node relationship strength. The routing mechanism takes advantage of the number of other nodes encountered by the nodes in the process of movement and the changes in the number of nodes to calculate the strength of the relationship between nodes, and clusters DTN routing according to the strength of the relationship between nodes. Moreover, the relationship between nodes in a cluster and other clusters is used to transmit messages between clusters, and messages are transmitted within clusters according to the strength of the relationship between nodes. Simulation results show that the routing mechanism not only increases the success rate of message transmission, but also reduces the transmission delay of messages and improves network performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population‐based organised repeated screening for prostate cancer has been found to reduce disease‐specific mortality, but with substantial overdiagnosis leading to overtreatment. Although only very few countries have implemented a screening programme on a national level, individual prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing is common. This opportunistic testing may have little favourable impact, while stressing the side‐effects. The classic early detection protocols as were state‐of‐the‐art in the 1990s applied a PSA and digital rectal examination threshold for sextant systematic prostate biopsy, with a fixed interval for re‐testing, and limited indication for expectant management. In the three decades since these trials were started, different important improvements have become available in the cascade of screening, indication for biopsy, and treatment. The main developed aspects include: better identification of individuals at risk (using early/baseline PSA, family history, and/or genetic profile), individualised re‐testing interval, optimised and individualised starting and stopping age, with gradual invitation at a fixed age rather than invitation of a wider range of age groups, risk stratification for biopsy (using PSA density, risk calculator, magnetic resonance imaging, serum and urine biomarkers, or combinations/sequences), targeted biopsy, transperineal biopsy approach, active surveillance for low‐risk prostate cancer, and improved staging of disease. All these developments are suggested to decrease the side‐effects of screening, while at least maintaining the advantages, but Level 1 evidence is lacking. The knowledge gained and new developments on early detection are being tested in different prospective screening trials throughout Europe. In addition, the European Union‐funded PRostate cancer Awareness and Initiative for Screening in the European Union (PRAISE‐U) project will compare and evaluate different screening pilots throughout Europe. Implementation and sustainability will also be addressed. Modern screening approaches may reduce the burden of the second most frequent cause of cancer‐related death in European males, while minimising side‐effects. Also, less efficacious opportunistic early detection may be indirectly reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Delirium is a common complication of older people in hospitals, rehabilitation and long-term facilities. Objective To assess the worldwide use of validated delirium assessment tools and the presence of delirium management protocols. Design Secondary analysis of a worldwide one-day point prevalence study on World Delirium Awareness Day, 15 March 2023. Setting Cross-sectional online survey including hospitals, rehabilitation and long-term facilities. Methods Participating clinicians reported data on delirium, the presence of protocols, delirium assessments, delirium-awareness interventions, non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions, and ward/unit-specific barriers. Results Data from 44 countries, 1664 wards/units and 36 048 patients were analysed. Validated delirium assessments were used in 66.7% (n  = 1110) of wards/units, 18.6% (n  = 310) used personal judgement or no assessment, and 10% (n  = 166) used other assessment methods. A delirium management protocol was reported in 66.8% (n  = 1094) of wards/units. The presence of protocols for delirium management varied across continents, ranging from 21.6% (on 21/97 wards/units) in Africa to 90.4% (235/260) in Australia, similar to the use of validated delirium assessments with 29.6% (29/98) in Africa to 93.5% (116/124) in North America. Wards/units with a delirium management protocol [ n  = 1094/1664, 66.8%] were more likely to use a validated delirium test than those without a protocol [odds ratio 6.97 (95% confidence interval 5.289–9.185)]. The presence of a delirium protocol increased the chances for valid delirium assessment and, likely, evidence-based interventions. Conclusion Wards/units that reported the presence of delirium management protocols had a higher probability of using validated delirium assessments tools to assess for delirium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of universal adhesive in the etch-and-rinse (ER) strategy with a manual brush (MB) or rotary brush (RB) in adhesion to dentin impregnated (WB) or not (NB) with bioceramic sealer, at 24 h and 1 year. Eighty-eight crowns of bovine incisors were divided into four groups (n=22): WB-MB, WB-RB, NB-MB, NB-RB. After the restorative protocol, dentin penetrability was evaluated by confocal microscopy. Bond strength was evaluated by microtensile test. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA/Tukey tests (α=0.05). NB-RB and WB-RB exhibited greater extensions of resin tags in dentin. At 24 h, WB-RB and NB-MB showed the highest and lowest values of bond strength, respectively. At 1 year, WB-MB and WBRB demonstrated the highest bond strength values. The RB increases the formation of resin tags and residues of bioceramic sealer provides higher bond strength in the ER strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physicians spend large amounts of time on protocolling imaging studies, limiting their time spent on other essential clinical tasks. Most musculoskeletal (MSK) MRI studies are performed for the evaluation of joint pain and internal derangements and usually require no intravenous contrast. Contrast-enhanced MRI studies are performed for the evaluation of infection, suspected or established tumor, and rheumatological conditions. Protocolling all MSK MRI studies takes time away from other important tasks during the workday. Routine joint MRI scans have established set of sequences, and thus, could be scheduled and performed without special protocols by the radiologists. In a large tertiary care center like ours with multiple MRI magnets, we set up a process of automated protocoling and scheduling of non-contrast joint MRI scans ordered by referring doctors. This project's purpose was to assess the effect of this newly established process of 'automatic protocoling and scheduling' of MSK MRI scans on the rate of overlooked MRI exams that may have required contrast examinations, and on the patient recall-rate to obtain follow-up post-contrast sequences for further diagnostic characterization. All MSK reports of MRIs during the last two months of the years before and after the implementation of automatic protocolling (intervention) were searched for the presence of indications related to neoplasms, infections, and rheumatological conditions. For each of the three disease categories, we determined the number of MRIs obtained with and without contrast before and after the intervention. For each matching study obtained without contrast, the patient chart was reviewed for contraindications to contrast, positive final diagnosis, whether interpreting radiologist mentioned the exam being limited by lack of contrast, and recommendations for a follow-up contrast enhanced study. A total of 846 MSK MRIs were performed prior to intervention and 822 MRIs were performed afterwards. Overall, 25% of the studies were performed without contrast prior to the intervention, and 31% of studies were performed without contrast afterwards (Chi square 0.07, p-value 0.79). No report contained a recommendation for contrast enhanced follow-up study before or after the intervention. Automatic protocolling of routine MSK non-contrast MRI studies resulted in statistically insignificant, minimal increase in the overall number of non-contrast enhanced studies obtained for work up of neoplasms, infections, and rheumatological conditions. There was no increase in patient recall rate for additional post contrast sequences and the new process resulted in time savings to fellows and other physicians, being not distracted from other important tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a need to consolidate reporting guidance for nutrition randomised controlled trial (RCT) protocols. The reporting completeness in nutrition RCT protocols and study characteristics associated with adherence to SPIRIT and TIDieR reporting guidelines are unknown. We, therefore, assessed reporting completeness and its potential predictors in a random sample of published nutrition and diet-related RCT protocols. We conducted a meta-research study of 200 nutrition and diet-related RCT protocols published in 2019 and 2021 (aiming to consider periods before and after the start of the COVID pandemic). Data extraction included bibliometric information, general study characteristics, compliance with 122 questions corresponding to items and subitems in the SPIRIT and TIDieR checklists combined, and mention to these reporting guidelines in the publications. We calculated the proportion of protocols reporting each item and the frequency of items reported for each protocol. We investigated associations between selected publication aspects and reporting completeness using linear regression analysis. The majority of protocols included adults and elderly as their study population (n = 73; 36.5%), supplementation as intervention (n = 96; 48.0%), placebo as comparator (n = 89; 44.5%), and evaluated clinical status as the outcome (n = 80; 40.0%). Most protocols described a parallel RCT (n = 188; 94.0%) with a superiority framework (n = 141; 70.5%). Overall reporting completeness was 52.0% (SD = 10.8%). Adherence to SPIRIT items ranged from 0% (n = 0) (data collection methods) to 98.5% (n = 197) (eligibility criteria). Adherence to TIDieR items ranged from 5.5% (n = 11) (materials used in the intervention) to 98.5% (n = 197) (description of the intervention). The multivariable regression analysis suggests that a higher number of authors [β = 0.53 (95%CI: 0.28–0.78)], most recent published protocols [β = 3.19 (95%CI: 0.24–6.14)], request of reporting guideline checklist during the submission process by the journal [β = 6.50 (95%CI: 2.56–10.43)] and mention of SPIRIT by the authors [β = 5.15 (95%CI: 2.44–7.86)] are related to higher reporting completeness scores. Reporting completeness in a random sample of 200 diet or nutrition-related RCT protocols was low. Number of authors, year of publication, self-reported adherence to SPIRIT, and journals' endorsement of reporting guidelines seem to be positively associated with reporting completeness in nutrition and diet-related RCT protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel approach for solving the economic dispatch (ED) problem in groups of generating units communicating through a communication network. The suggested strategy is a consensus-based dynamic event-triggered (ET) distributed optimization method. Our methodology considers the sharing of the local information between generators and their convex cost functions to address the total cost function and offers a decentralized optimization solution over a network. The proposed distributed method addresses the ED problem by considering the criterion of optimal cost and by offering efficient communication. Generating units are grouped according to their generation operational limits, that is, total capacity and dynamic ET distributed protocols are developed to ensure the consensus of cost variables among generating units, operating under normal capacity conditions. The remaining generating agents work on their operating limits, which are segregated through the sharing of flag information through a switching mechanism. Consequently, in contrast to the existing methods, the recommended protocol allows nodes to function in groups, based on the power supply, for ED with geographical clustering and capacity restrictions, in addition to handling the system constraints. Furthermore, the proposed technique employs a dynamic triggering method to manage bandwidth and guarantee the elimination of Zeno behavior. The simulation results validate the efficacy of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety symptoms are important contributors to the global health-related burden. Low-intensity interventions have been proposed to reduce anxiety symptoms in the population. Among these, biofeedback (BF) offers an effective approach to reducing anxiety. In the present study, BF was integrated into a novel virtual reality (VR) architecture to enhance BF's effectiveness to 1) evaluate the feasibility of a VR-based single-session BF in teaching participants to self-regulate; 2) compare the BF aiming at reducing sympathetic (measured though the tonic level of skin conductance, SCL) versus increasing cardiac vagal (i.e., normalized high frequency of heart rate variability, HFnu-HRV) activation, and 3) evaluate which of the two VR-BF single-sessions was most effective in reducing perceived state anxiety. 20 healthy participants underwent both SCL- and HFnu-based in a single session VR-BF. Results showed the feasibility of a short single-session VR-BF and the effectiveness of both VR-BF sessions in reducing perceived state anxiety. Moreover, SCL-based VR-BF determined a significant reduction in sympathetic activation and in sympathovagal balance as well as a greater reduction in perceived state anxiety compared to HFnu-based VR-BF. SCL-based VR-BF represents a safe and effective intervention in reducing anxiety while enhancing adaptive psychophysiological activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to identify which guidelines and protocols are used by nurses in the care of patients with chronic ulcers. Field, quantitative and qualitative research carried out with nurses who provide care to patients with chronic ulcers in a hospital in the interior of the State of São Paulo. In data collection, a structured questionnaire was used in individual interviews on days scheduled in the units themselves. 66% of respondents report that they do not employ protocols in the care of patients with ulcers. 33% of respondents responded that they use a protocol, but when asked about which protocol was used for this service, they reported the Braden scale. The interviewed nurses think the use of protocols in the care of chronic wounds is important. This study proposes the elaboration of a protocol for the treatment of chronic ulcers with a theoretical-scientific basis and the training of nurses at the researched hospital to use the protocol in daily practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of AI technology in developing a decision support system that can improve the effectiveness of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in e-commerce, specifically in enhancing the features of consumer electronics. This research project is focused on optimizing wireless sensor networks for e-commerce consumer electronics by incorporating AI-based decision support systems. The primary objective of this study is to enhance energy efficiency and performance in online shopping platforms. Various algorithms and methodologies are proposed and assessed, including Adaptive Clustering, the Path Selection Algorithm, Fuzzy Logic-Controlled Energy Management, the Genetic Algorithm for Resource Allocation, and Deep Sleep Scheduling. These techniques improve network efficiency and reduce power consumption in e-commerce applications. The study demonstrates that integrating AI in consumer electronics can result in a remarkable 40% increase in energy efficiency. Comparative analyses conducted through simulations and real-world assessments indicate that the proposed methodology outperforms traditional techniques by 35%. This research underscores the vital role of AI in enhancing network performance and energy efficiency in e-commerce. The results suggest that implementing AI-driven strategies in wireless sensor networks for consumer electronics can significantly improve online shopping experiences. AI-based decision support systems can optimize wireless sensor networks for consumer electronics, improving energy efficiency and network performance on online shopping platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the issue of transparency in clinical trials and the current policies of non-commercial funders in promoting transparency. It notes that all trials should be registered and conducted according to approved protocols, with results shared in a timely manner. However, compliance with these practices varies among sponsors, with commercial sponsors generally being more compliant than non-commercial sponsors. The article also presents best practices for clinical trial transparency and evaluates the compliance of the largest non-commercial funders with these practices. It concludes that there is room for improvement, particularly for non-regulated interventions, and highlights the importance of adopting best practices to reduce waste and enhance public trust in clinical trial findings. The data suggests that US funders are generally less compliant compared to non-US funders, who have more compliant policies and prioritize investigator responsibilities. [Extracted from the article]

The Ataxia Global Initiative (AGI) aims to serve as a platform to facilitate clinical trial readiness for the hereditary ataxias. Clinical trials for these diseases have been hampered by the lack of objective measures to study disease onset, progression, and treatment efficacy. While these issues are not unique to the genetic ataxias, the relative rarity of these diseases makes the need for such measures even more pressing to achieve statistical power in clinical trials. In this report, we have described the efforts of the AGI fluid biomarker working group (WG) in developing uniform protocols for biomarker sampling and storage, both for human and preclinical studies in mice. By reducing collection variability, we anticipate reduced noise in downstream biomarker analysis that will improve statistical power and minimize the necessary sample size. The emphasis has been on defining and standardizing the sampling and pre-analytical work-up of minimal set of biological samples, specifically blood plasma and serum, keeping in mind the need for harmonization of collection and storage that can be achieved with relatively limited cost and resources. An optional package is detailed for those centers that have the resources and commitment for additional biofluids/sample processing and storage. Finally, we have delineated similar standardized protocols for mice that will be important for preclinical studies in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Today’s Digitized world, it is strategically imperative to secure energy grids against cyberattacks, as critical infrastructures have increasingly become targets in modern warfare. As part I of this work highlighted, cyberattacks serve not just as tools of disruption but as sophisticated instruments of geopolitical strategy. To complement the discussion in , this work addresses the existing gaps in cybersecurity measures that protect energy infrastructure systems, discussing the importance of implementing rigorous preventive measures and exploring the role of standardization in enhancing the resilience of energy infrastructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenal rise of the Internet in recent years, as well as the expansion of capacity in today's networks, have provided both inspiration and incentive for the development of new services that combine phone, video, and text "over IP." Although unicast communications have been prevalent in the past, there is an increasing demand for multicast communications from both Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and content or media providers and distributors. Indeed, multicasting is increasingly being used as a green verbal exchange mechanism for institution-oriented programmers on the Internet, such as video conferencing, interactive college games, video on demand (VoD), TV over the Internet, e-learning, software programme updates, database replication, and broadcasting inventory charges. However, the lack of security within the multicast verbal exchange model prevents the effective and large-scale adoption of such important company multi-celebration activities. This situation prompted a slew of research projects that addressed a variety of issues related to multicast security, including confidentiality, authentication, watermarking, and access control. These issues should be viewed within the context of the safety regulations that work in the specific conditions. For example, in a public inventory charge broadcast, while identification is a vital necessity, secrecy is not. In contrast, video-convention programme requires both identification and confidentiality. This study gives a complete examination and comparison of the issues of group key management. Both network-dependent and network-independent approaches are used. The study also addresses the advantages, disadvantages, and security problems of various protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The utility and uptake of pain management interventions across intensive care settings is inconsistent. A rapid realist review was conducted to synthesise the evidence for the purpose of theory building and refinement. Design: A five‐step iterative process was employed to develop project scope/ research questions, collate evidence, appraise literature, synthesise evidence and interpret information from data sources. Methods: Realist synthesis method was employed to systematically review literature for developing a programme theory. Data Sources: Initial searches were undertaken in three electronic databases: MEDLINE, CINHAL and OVID. The review was supplemented with key articles from bibliographic search of identified articles. The first 200 hits from Google Scholar were screened. Results: Three action‐oriented themes emerged as integral to successful implementation of pain management interventions. These included health facility actions, unit/team leader actions and individual nurses' actions. Conclusion: Pain assessment interventions are influenced by a constellation of factors which trigger mechanisms yielding effective implementation outcomes. Implications: The results have implications on policy makers, health organisations, nursing teams and nurses concerned with optimising the successful implementation of pain management interventions. Impact: The review enabled formation of a programme theory concerned with explaining how to effectively implement pain management interventions in intensive care. Reporting Method: This review was informed by RAMESES publication standards for realist synthesis. Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. The study protocol was registered in Open Science Framework. 10.17605/OSF.IO/J7AEZ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immense potential of the Internet of Things (IoT) is challenged by grave security vulnerabilities that are easily exploitable in resource-constrained environments. We propose a lightweight Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) protocol to derive a shared session key for each communicating node in a mutually communicating cluster of IoT nodes. Each IoT device is embedded with a Physically Unclonable Function (PUF), and a Fuzzy Extractor (FE) is deployed to correct and reproduce the private key and public helper data pair from the possibly erroneous PUF response. This secret raw PUF response is not stored explicitly in the server. A forward-secure authenticated key agreement is achieved by incorporating Elliptic Curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key exchange protocol. The security of the proposed scheme has been formally verified while considering both active and passive attackers using the Verifpal tool. A prototype implementation with the arbiter PUF circuit, FE, and associated software has successfully demonstrated the efficacy of our scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2014, an Irish parliament white paper called for greater addressing of sport-related concussions (SRCs) in Ireland, requesting the adoption of the Concussion in Sport Group's (CISGs) guidelines and greater consistency in SRC return to play (RTP) management. Ten years later, it is unclear how these requests have been addressed. Recently, the United Kingdom's government centralised guidelines to one SRC document for all grassroots sports. This study aimed to investigate all publicly available SRC guidance in Irish sports and national governing bodies (NGBs) to determine if centralised guidelines are warranted. Sport Ireland and the Irish Federation of Sports were searched for all recognised NGBs and sports in Ireland. Websites were searched for any information pertaining to SRCs and data were extracted and collated in Microsoft Excel. In total, 15 of 83 sports and/or NGBs included SRC guidance, nine of which provided RTP protocols. Various iterations of the CISGs guidance and tools were implemented. Several sports with a documented SRC risk had no guidelines present. The findings indicate disjointed and outdated guidance across Irish sport. Additionally, there are sports with a documented concussion risk that have no SRC guidance available. This study provides support for centralised guidelines to be adopted in Irish grassroots sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the function and composition of the protein corona (i.e., the set of host proteins interacting with nanoparticles) is considered a crucial step in the development of nanoparticles for medical and pharmacological applications. Evidence suggests that host proteins can alter NP stability, biocompatibility, and pharmacokinetics features. Therefore, in this review, we provide an updated conceptual, methodological, and experimental guideline for the study of the NP protein corona. We surveyed recent literature (2009–2024) focusing on in vitro and in vivo studies. We show that several methods, including shot-gun proteomics, protein identification after in-gel digestion, and TMT proteomics, must be carefully applied and integrated to shed light on this complex phenomenon. Hence, we discuss in detail the relative protocols, highlighting the importance of the experimental conditions, ranging from the administration route to basic, but determinant, parameters like the kind of biological host fluids, the incubation times and the NP concentrations. Additionally, we propose a series of protocols that involve studying the protein corona using purified serum or plasma proteins, as well as sera depleted of specific complement proteins, to investigate the role of their deposition on the nanoparticle surface. We also explore how the role of the protein corona in inducing uptake by phagocytic cells can be examined; finally, we discuss several methodological approaches to study the effects of different coatings on the composition of the protein corona. Available data indicated that it is possible to characterize and punctually study the differential adsorption of specific proteins onto the nanoparticle surface. This allows designing NP chemical coatings features to actively guide the protein corona formation, thus improving nanotheranostic development.

The HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Study, a multi-site prospective longitudinal cohort study, will examine human brain, cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional development beginning prenatally and planned through early childhood. Electroencephalography (EEG) is one of two brain imaging modalities central to the HBCD Study. EEG records electrical signals from the scalp that reflect electrical brain activity. In addition, the EEG signal can be synchronized to the presentation of discrete stimuli (auditory or visual) to measure specific cognitive processes with excellent temporal precision (e.g., event-related potentials; ERPs). EEG is particularly helpful for the HBCD Study as it can be used with awake, alert infants, and can be acquired continuously across development. The current paper reviews the HBCD Study’s EEG/ERP protocol: (a) the selection and development of the tasks (Video Resting State, Visual Evoked Potential, Auditory Oddball, Face Processing); (b) the implementation of common cross-site acquisition parameters and hardware, site setup, training, and initial piloting; (c) the development of the preprocessing pipelines and creation of derivatives; and (d) the incorporation of equity and inclusion considerations. The paper also provides an overview of the functioning of the EEG Workgroup and the input from members across all steps of protocol development and piloting.