Search

The article is devoted to the problems of determining the amount of damage in criminal proceedings in Ukraine and their solution. An analysis of the reasons for the ineffectiveness of the existing mechanism in the criminal process, establishing the amount of damage to victims of criminal offenses is carried out. The problems of real compensation for damage caused by a criminal offense are considered. The creation of certain conditions that will contribute to real compensation (compensation) of damage is being discussed, starting directly from the stage of the pre-trial investigation, precisely from the moment of entering information into the EDPR. It is noted that in order to protect the rights and legitimate interests of a person who has been harmed by a criminal offense, the victim status should be granted as soon as possible, namely at the initial stage of the pre-trial investigation. The conducted study of the materials of criminal proceedings, in which it was established that the use in part 2 of Art. 55 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine of the wording «The rights and responsibilities of the victim arise in a person from the moment of submitting an application to involve him in the proceedings as a victim» is not quite effective, because it allows investigators, inquirers to establish a certain time interval between entering information into the ERDR and issuing a resolution on recognizing a person as a victim. It is noted that when studying the application and establishing the grounds for the qualification of a criminal offense, the authorized person engaged in pre-trial investigation has the duty to collect, systematize and analyze all the information contained in the notification of the criminal offense. The specified information includes information on the nature and extent of damage caused by a criminal offense. It is proven that untimely taking measures to compensate for the damage caused only increases the troubles that already fall on the shoulders of the injured person. It was established that at the moment, officials at the stage of entering information into the EDRD have been given more opportunities to carry out effective activities to establish the nature and extent of damage, and in the future - to take a set of measures aimed at compensating victims of criminal acts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a comprehensive study of various approaches to defining the term «electronic commerce» in the context of modern legal, economic and technological challenges. The analysis begins with an overview of scholarly perspectives on e-commerce, which range from narrow interpretations that focus on basic online sales contracts to broader concepts that encompass all aspects of electronic interaction between business entities, including logistics, marketing, financial operations and international transactions. The term «e-commerce» is clearly distinguished from related concepts, such as «e-commerce», «e-business», which mostly focuses on the sale of goods and services. The article also explores the positive aspects of e-commerce, such as increasing the efficiency of business processes, reducing transaction costs, access to global markets, increased convenience for consumers, etc. At the same time, a number of negatives have been identified, including the risk of personal data theft, payment fraud, and other types of cybercrime. The normative regulation of electronic commerce at the level of international law and in Ukraine is separately analyzed. The main legislative acts and their impact on the development of e-commerce are highlighted. On the basis of the conducted research, three key criteria for a clear definition of e-commerce are formulated, including legal relations arising through electronic means, interaction of entities through the Internet, and multi-level business processes, namely: basic e-commerce, integrated e-commerce and global e-commerce. As a result, a proper understanding of e-commerce as a form of business activity is proposed, which involves the implementation of commercial transactions using information and telecommunication means, covering a wide range of processes, including the conclusion and execution of contracts for the sale of goods and services, payment processing, logistics, marketing and advertising, as well as management of currency and customs operations during international transactions, which allows to increase business efficiency and reduce costs due to process automation, optimization of resource management, rapid exchange of information, reduction of transaction costs and simplification of communication between market participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the possibility of using artificial intelligence in the field of labour relations. Modern technologies provide new opportunities, but at the same time, they give rise to a number of complex issues, solving new approaches to the realization of the right to work and proper social security by able-bodied citizens, which is important today, when Ukraine is defending its sovereignty and independence from military aggression by the Russian Federation. The use of machine learning algorithms and systems can lead to significant improvements related to the professional training of labour resources, management of production processes, labour protection and other aspects of labour relations. We came to the conclusion that the modernization of labour law involves expanding the circle of participants in labour relations and revising the meaning of the term "employee". Thus, the presence or absence of access to technology will create new forms of inequality in the interaction between "employee-to-employee" and "worker-robot (AI)". A proactive approach is proposed to mitigate the consequences of possible threats to the use of artificial intelligence in labour relations through an in-depth study of all possible threats arising in connection with the use of modern technologies. A proposal is made to take as a basis the international experience of using AI in the social structure of the state and adapt it to the life of the state, which, in turn, will contribute to the promotion of important theses on the quality and accessibility of data at the country level, and in cities in particular, promoting participation in data exchange schemes at the level of the private and public sectors. The developed recommendations will improve the labour sphere and not put the employee in a disadvantageous position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of the analysis of legal acts and different opinions of domestic legal scholars, who in their works investigated the issues of the system of law enforcement bodies of the state, determined the prospects for improving the activities of law enforcement bodies, it was established that the internal affairs bodies of Ukraine occupy a central place in the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, ensuring public security and law and order, protecting the state border, protecting the interests of society and the state, and, if necessary, applying measures of state coercion. Attention is drawn to certain debatable points regarding the assignment of this or that state body to the system of law enforcement agencies. It is noted that the problematic issue of defining the system of law enforcement agencies is that the law enforcement function, which is used in a broad sense, is used not only by law enforcement agencies, but also by other executive authorities, which are not law enforcement in terms of their activity. It was also emphasized that one of the problematic issues that researchers are paying attention to is the lack of a legislative definition of the system of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine, which causes numerous scientific and professional discussions, as a result of which some scientists refer to the system of law enforcement agencies as state agencies whose main task there is the fulfillment of other tasks of the state, while at the same time they perform only separate law enforcement work. Regarding this issue, the majority of scientistsadministrators operate with legislative acts, in which the legislator, based on the specifics of the law enforcement body, indicates that this or that state body is law enforcement, at the same time, there are opposing opinions. Specific proposals were made to improve the activities of law enforcement agencies. It was concluded that until the legislator resolves the issue of defining the system of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine, there will be various opinions on whether one or another state agency is law enforcement, which in general may affect the proper provision of the rights and freedoms of citizens guaranteed by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. In order to determine the system of law enforcement agencies of the state, it is necessary to resolve this issue at the legislative level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of the analysis of those transformational processes that the legal basis of the bank loan agreement has undergone in the conditions of digitalization. European and Ukrainian approaches to understanding the concept of «digitalization» are analyzed. It is clarified how the wide implementation of IT technologies affected the field of banking services. The situation in the market of banking services in general, as well as in the field of credit relations before a full-scale invasion, was revealed. It is noted in the forecasts of the development of digital services until 2030. The key IT technologies that significantly influenced the field of banking services and determined the electronic form of contracts that are concluded are highlighted. It was noted that, on the one hand, the development of banking services under the influence of digitalization positively contributes to the development of the digital economy, and on the other hand, more risks have arisen regarding the guarantee of cyber protection of financial transactions and personal data. Recommendations are offered to strengthen the reliability and efficiency of the banking system in terms of compliance with cyber security rules. It is justified that the development of credit relations in Ukraine in the conditions of digitalization has led to the spread of electronic forms of credit contracts. Attention is drawn to the judicial practice that arose already in the process of protecting the rights of debtors under concluded electronic credit agreements. The following key groups of arguments for substantiating the debtors' claims were identified: contracts were not concluded in writing; contracts were not signed, there are no electronic signatures on individual copies; the borrowers did not express their will before concluding the contract; etc. Based on the analysis of court practice and current legislation, the conclusion is substantiated that any transaction, including a bank loan, in the case of its conclusion in electronic form, is equated to a written form. An electronic contract cannot be invalidated solely because it is in electronic form. It is justified that the bank loan agreement, despite its rather imperative legislative regulation in order to protect the rights of debtors, has undergone changes in the form of conclusion, in particular, the electronic form prevails in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the mechanisms of ensuring the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons (IDPs) by local self-government bodies in Ukraine. As a result of the armed conflict in the east of the country and the annexation of Crimea, the number of IDPs has increased significantly, which creates serious challenges for the state and society. The author analyzes the legal framework that regulates the rights of IDPs, including the Constitution of Ukraine, the Laws "On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Internally Displaced Persons" and "On Local Self-Government in Ukraine", as well as international regulations. Practical mechanisms for ensuring the rights of IDPs are considered, including the provision of housing, medical care, access to education and employment. Various forms of temporary and permanent housing provided to IDPs are described, including rental of state and municipal housing, construction of housing complexes for displaced persons, and subsidized mortgage lending programs. Ways to provide IDPs with access to medical services, including primary medical care, specialized medical services and psychosocial support, are analyzed. Programs for the integration of IDP children into local schools and kindergartens, as well as support for immigrant students in higher education institutions, are being considered. Measures to promote the employment of IDPs, including programs for retraining, vocational training and support for small businesses, are being studied. Particular attention is paid to the problems and obstacles faced by IDPs and local self-government bodies. The main challenges were identified, including: the lack of necessary funds at the local level for the implementation of IDP support programs, complex assistance procedures that complicate IDPs' access to necessary resources, and problems of IDPs' integration into local communities, including social tension and discrimination. The author offers recommendations for overcoming these problems, emphasizing the need for active cooperation between state bodies, public organizations and international partners. The importance of developing comprehensive support programs, including financial assistance, simplification of administrative procedures, as well as measures to promote the social integration of IDPs into local communities, is emphasized. Attention is focused on the need to strengthen the legal protection of IDPs and develop long-term strategies to ensure their rights and freedoms. Thus, a comprehensive analysis and practical recommendations are offered aimed at improving the mechanisms for protecting the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons in Ukraine, which is extremely relevant in modern conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Hangzhou Normal University (Social Sciences Edition) / Hang Zhou Shi Fan Da Xue Xue Bao She Hui Ke Xue Ban is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Hangzhou Normal University (Humanities & Social Sciences Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In historical retrospect, our country built its own national security system of Ukraine, which declares generally accepted norms of international law, which allowed the country to establish its own European identity and launch a complex process of transformation of society and the national security system. The events of recent years in Ukraine define corruption in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine as a threat to the national security of the state of Ukraine as a whole. In this context, the President of Ukraine recognized the slow fight against corruption in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine as the main obstacle to the development of Ukrainian statehood. In the course of the study, the issues of preventing and countering corruption in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, which are of a systemic nature, are considered in the scientific plan, in particular: administrative and legal characteristics of corruption crimes, since administrative corruption offenses are not defined by the legislator as socially dangerous, but they cause certain damage material, moral or other social relations, the boundaries of which are defined in accordance with the Law of Ukraine „On Prevention of Corruption", according to the document they are classified as another group of offenses, in particular „offences related to corruption", the legislator interprets this as „acts that do not contain signs of corruption, but violate the requirements, prohibitions and restrictions established by this law, committed by the person specified in the first part of Article 3 of this law, for which the law establishes administrative, disciplinary or civil liability"; problems of combating corruption in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine; administrative responsibility for certain types of corruption crimes; conflict of interests in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine; reforming the system of state authorities. During the research, classical and author's approaches to the development of administrative and legal principles for the prevention and counteraction of corruption were analyzed, and positive theoretical and practical foreign experience was used. The relevance of the proposed research lies in the fact that scientists are paying attention to the solution of corruption problems in certain areas, and specifically, until now, the problem of preventing and countering corruption in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine has not been solved, taking into account the conceptual approach that would ensure the effective functioning of prevention measures and combating corruption based on the author's proposed model of administrative and legal principles for preventing and combating corruption in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, which led to the choice of this topic of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gharee for Economics & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the protection of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and a citizen in administrative proceedings under martial law. It is argued that the right to a fair trial is a non-limiting right during certain emergencies. In the conditions of martial law, the implementation of the principle of court accessibility is one of the key factors for society, individual citizens, and for the effective functioning of public authorities and the state in general. It is argued that the right to judicial protection is critically important during war, and its hypothetical restriction could provoke the illegitimacy of the government, civil unrest, and in a broad sense, anarchy and violation of the rule of law. It has been proven that the legal system acts as an invariable mechanism for compliance with the requirements of legality, even in difficult political and legal circumstances due to the continuity of functioning, including administrative proceedings. In the conditions of war, when many democratic forms of public participation in the political process are limited, only administrative justice acts as the mechanism that allows you to oppose this "dominant paradigm" of executive management and is able to resolve public requests, overcome possible dissonances between the government and society, and normalize social relations according to the latest challenges and requests. Therefore, the effective and proper work of the judicial system as a whole, and especially of the administrative judiciary, creates a "platform" for preserving the policy of a democratic, legal state in conditions of martial law. It is also indicated that the role of administrative justice during the war is also valuable in that court decisions strengthen state-authority decisions and form proper law enforcement practice for subjects of power and other subjects. The three most significant problems of the functioning of administrative justice in the conditions of war are singled out: territorial accessibility, security threats and difficulties of a procedural nature. It was determined that electronic governance has become an effective mechanism for countering military threats to the administrative justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, Ukraine reflects aspects for various areas of the social environment. Due to this, in its history, it is certainly appropriate to find different directions of models for fighting corruption. Addressing the historical period in Ukraine and the former USSR, it is expedient to highlight several such main aspects. This model of the fight against corruption is aimed at control by the nationality of the state over the behavior of individuals and response to deviations from the norms that they influence. This model was more appropriate in the era of „Stalinism". In order to overcome the fight against corruption, during the study of the educational normative discipline „International public law and protection of human rights", the rights of the individual are violated, since totalitarianism is directed incompatible with their emergence. After all, such expediency of referral has positive features: it is aimed at the study of the educational normative discipline „International public law and protection of human rights", the close interaction between the level of authority of a person and the degree of referral. To be brought to administrative responsibility and bear - increases for persons who are closer to the top of power during the study of the educational normative discipline „International public law and protection of human rights" - the closer to the top, the greater the risk. In other words, the direction of the principle of implementation of responsibility: „top-down", which is an appropriate means of implementing any social justice. The study of the educational normative discipline „International public law and protection of human rights" also involves an authoritarian model of fighting corruption - the realization of individual responsibility, according to the directions of the „leading personality". For a long time, such persons were represented by party elites. This model was the basis during the times of Khrushchev and Brezhnev. It is appropriate to mention two more features during the study of the educational normative discipline „Public international law and protection of human rights", inherent in the model: firstly, the entry of an individual to the appropriate level of authority involves a legal aspect, secondly, funds in this model assume a secondary role or have no substance. The study of the educational normative discipline „Public international law and protection of human rights" provides a model of fighting corruption, motivates the desire to force into power structures for reasons of personal safety and impunity; therefore, it contains the doctrinal aspects of public power and its directed corruption of the individual as a whole. The educational normative discipline „International public law and protection of human rights" in the conditions of the liberal model of combating corruption provides for complete impunity and opportunity. Such directions are foreseen in periods of revolutionary aspects, when the newly created state has not yet mastered the functions of management or consciously initiates destructive aspects. The periods of existence of this model are the time of the Provisional Government, reforms in education as a whole are expediently activated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to highlighting problematic aspects of the implementation of artificial intelligence in the field of jurisprudence, in particular, in certain branches of law. Due to the rapid development of neural network capabilities, artificial intelligence is a tool for quickly completing tasks and processing information in various spheres of society, including in jurisprudence. Therefore, for a comprehensive analysis, it is necessary to identify problem areas for the implementation of such a phenomenon. It is noted that today there is no unified approach to defining the concept of artificial intelligence. The authors provide several definitions of this concept for the most complete understanding of the essence of artificial intelligence. The legislation does not contain a normative legal act dedicated to the issue of the essence and procedure for using artificial intelligence, which gives rise to such dilemmas. Despite the widespread use of artificial intelligence capabilities among citizens, there is a lack of interest, funding and development of educational methods for the effective use of artificial intelligence in professional activities on the part of government authorities. It is also stated that the introduction of artificial intelligence into professional activities requires staffing with specialists who can service the software. The problems of introducing artificial intelligence in the field of legal proceedings are analyzed. The use of artificial intelligence by courts risks undermining the autonomy of courts and the independence of judges. Artificial intelligence is not able to comprehensively evaluate evidence and make decisions based on moral standards. The issues of transparency of courts, guaranteeing fundamental human rights and freedoms, and software reliability remain open. The legal status of artificial intelligence in civil law is considered. Since artificial intelligence is capable of creating a work, questions remain regarding the protection of copyrights using artificial intelligence and legal liability in case of copyright infringement. A debatable and controversial topic is the definition of artificial intelligence as a subject or object in a civil legal relationship. It has been determined that the introduction of artificial intelligence in criminal proceedings can become a factor in increasing cyber attacks on the neural network with the aim of stealing, destroying, and making data public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the possibility of using artificial intelligence in the field of labour relations. Modern technologies provide new opportunities, but at the same time, they give rise to a number of complex issues, solving new approaches to the realization of the right to work and proper social security by able-bodied citizens, which is important today, when Ukraine is defending its sovereignty and independence from military aggression by the Russian Federation. The use of machine learning algorithms and systems can lead to significant improvements related to the professional training of labour resources, management of production processes, labour protection and other aspects of labour relations. We came to the conclusion that the modernization of labour law involves expanding the circle of participants in labour relations and revising the meaning of the term "employee". Thus, the presence or absence of access to technology will create new forms of inequality in the interaction between "employee-to-employee" and "worker-robot (AI)". A proactive approach is proposed to mitigate the consequences of possible threats to the use of artificial intelligence in labour relations through an in-depth study of all possible threats arising in connection with the use of modern technologies. A proposal is made to take as a basis the international experience of using AI in the social structure of the state and adapt it to the life of the state, which, in turn, will contribute to the promotion of important theses on the quality and accessibility of data at the country level, and in cities in particular, promoting participation in data exchange schemes at the level of the private and public sectors.

The development of effective legislation on intellectual property in the context of shaping a digital society is an important issue for ensuring the stable development of innovation and protecting creators’ rights. The aim of the work is to analyse the constitutional and international principles of legislative regulation in the field of intellectual property law in the European Union to improve its legal regulation in Ukraine. The scientific basis was the application of the dialectical method as a way to delve deeper into the issues of intellectual property law, as well as the use of methods such as detailing and synthesis, abstraction, analysis and synthesis, and comparative legal method. The peculiarities of legislation on intellectual property in Ukraine and the European Union have been studied, revealing the lack of unified legal regulation of intellectual property issues. Experience confirms that institutional support is necessary for the field of intellectual property in Ukraine. To determine an effective state policy, it is necessary to develop and implement new terminology in the field of copyright protection. In the past, insufficient international cooperation has led to Ukrainian legislation not meeting modern requirements, especially in actively developing areas that require special terms and designations for the protection of intellectual work results. Based on the results of the conducted research, it has been established that the system of intellectual property protection in Ukraine is developing and requires constant improvement. The existence of violations of intellectual property rights indicates the need for the implementation of a programme to improve this system, as state protection of intellectual property is the main aspect of developing an innovative economy and increasing Ukraine’s competitiveness. In other words, due to significant gaps in legislation, manufacturers of innovative products will not rush to introduce them to the Ukrainian market, and high-tech start-ups are not protected from unfair copying of ideas. Also, based on the research results, gaps have been identified in the regulation of legal regimes for texts, music, and images generated by artificial intelligence. The research results can be useful for legislators working on improving legislation on intellectual property and for the development of strategies for managing intellectual property, which will contribute to increasing competitiveness and innovative development of business

The article considers particular reasons for the start of a pre-trial investigation, which are associated with the participation of persons having specialized knowledge in the proceedings.By using a number of methods of cognition of the circumstances of reality, the authors identify the issues that require resolution at the intersectoral level. Among the problematic aspects that cause the violation of citizens’ rights, there is a premature start of the pre-trial investigation, which is also due to the inconsistency and unreliability of the conclusions of experts and specialists involved both before and during the pre-trial investigation.To improve the studied sphere of public relations, proposals are made on overcoming of organizational and legal shortcomings of operational investigative activities, reasons for starting a pre-trial investigation, as well as filling the gaps in the current legislation, in terms of bringing experts and specialists to administrative and criminal responsibility.

Cohabitation represents a more permanent union of the lives of one woman and one man who are not married. All modern family laws have accepted this form of community life, and in some European countries it is very widespread. According to our legislation, an extramarital union is a life union of two people of different sexes that lacks the legal form of marriage. Another characteristic of cohabitation is its duration and stability. There is no single and universal interpretation of extramarital union in modern law. The differences are conditioned by the relationship of rights to the personal rights and obligations of partners in such a union. Some laws also recognize same-sex persons the right to recognize extramarital unions (Netherlands and France, Great Britain, Denmark), while others require the registration of such unions (Belgium, France, Netherlands). The existence of the will of two persons to live in a union of life and the duration of the union are generally the minimum conditions for such an extramarital union to be legally recognized, i.e. to produce legal consequences. In some Western European countries, extramarital unions have become, in the past few decades, a common form of community life, but they are not legally regulated by the regulations of family legislation, as in Serbia, where the actions of such unions are regulated by regulations on the right to support, and the acquisition and division of joint property. Analysis of the application of family legislation to extramarital unions shows that due to certain unfavorable circumstances related to the birth of children out of wedlock, the protection of extramarital unions is not equal to the protection of married unions. Although protection is guaranteed to every family according to the Constitution, and the Family Law prescribes that children born in marriage are equal to children born out of wedlock, in enjoying the rights and their protection that are guaranteed to them by law, extramarital unions do not enjoy nearly the kind of protection that the legislator intended marriage. Thus, for example, the termination of an extramarital union is not nearly as affected by the measures of the competent authorities as in the case of the termination of a marriage. There is no conciliation procedure, there is no ex officio decision on entrusting children for care and upbringing, etc. Bearing in mind that extramarital union is a widespread form of community of life and that according to existing legislation it is not equal to married union in all aspects, the subject of consideration of this paper will be the causes of the origin and existence of extramarital union, its legal regulation from the aspect of international regulations and domestic legislation, the position and relations of partners in such a community, in order to more effectively implement the constitutional framework according to which every family is guaranteed protection.

The central point of this article is that the civil law procedures established by legislation to control the relations arising from rental agreements hold no socioeconomic value for the parties involved when considered in isolation from their activities. It highlights the need to understand the mechanism behind the use of civil law measures in rental agreements. Here, an attempt was made to shed light on how rental agreements are managed by civil law. Within the scope of the study, the impact of the form of the rental agreement on its fulfillment and certain aspects related to its conclusion were analyzed.

A modern city is a concentration of a whole range of diverse processes and activities, residents with different needs, traditions and beliefs. The city is also an arena of clashing economic, political and social interests. Urban development trends are expressed both in the need for centralized determination of the direction of urban environment, and public demand for greater civic engagement. Accordingly, conflicts cannot be avoided, but it is important not to accept this obvious truth, but to create a tradition of constant thoughtful analysis of ongoing processes, identifying causes and searching for solutions. As awareness of the importance of collective efforts in creating a comfortable urban environment grows, knowledge about the approaches and public technologies used to resolve urban conflicts becomes more in demand. One of the effective tools for resolving urban conflicts are local communities created on sub-municipal territories within the city boundaries. However, the effectiveness of this tool depends on the proper organization of intra-urban communities and provision of legal guarantees for their functioning. This study is carried out using a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach, implying the analysis of urban development and urban environment through the prism of law. The study of Russian and foreign doctrinal sources, along with normative legal acts and materials of judicial and law enforcement practice, allows to form a sufficient picture of the state of urban conflictology and substantiate the role of local communities in their resolution.

Copyright of A&C - Administrative & Constitutional Law Review - Revista de Direito Administrativo e Constitucional is the property of A&C - Revista de Direito Administrativo & Constitucional (Instituto Bacellar) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to examination of the practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine (the “CCU”) and the Supreme Court (the “SC”) regarding their perception and application of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights (the “ECHR”) on autonomous interpretation of the term “criminal charge” for the purpose of protecting human rights under the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the “Convention”), to which Ukraine is a party, and equating the decisions of competition authorities to “criminal charges”, in part of equating administrative proceedings of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine (the “AMCU”) on holding undertakings liable for infringements of Ukrainian antimonopoly legislation to criminal proceedings in part of requirements for protection of rights of undertakings. Analysis of the CCU’s practice shows that it generally accepts and applies the ECHR’s practice on equating certain administrative proceedings to “criminal” ones within the meaning of the Convention and extending criminal law guarantees to these proceedings. The CCU has not yet formed a position specifically with respect to criminal сharacter of the AMCU’s proceedings. At the same time, the ССU’s positions developed considering the ECHR’s practice, stating that criminal law principles and guarantees should apply to administrative proceedings concerning violations of customs rules, and the references made by the CCU to one of the most well-known ECHR’s decisions on extending “criminal charge” to a decision of competition authority on imposition of a fine for violation of competition laws – A. Menarini Diagnostics S.R.L. v. Italy, when substantiating these positions, allow to assert the likelihood of the CCU equating the AMCU’s administrative proceedings to criminal ones in part of requirements for protection of rights of undertakings, when this issue arises before it. As for the Supreme Court, questions about application of the Engel criteria to the AMCU’s proceedings on enforcement of antimonopoly legislation increasingly arise before it. Undertakings seek the SC’s conclusions on application of these criteria to the AMCU’s proceedings. The SC has been reluctant to form such conclusions and has denied their formation thus far. The SC’s practice, where it recognized the AMCU’s proceedings as criminal ones for the purpose of protecting rights of undertakings, is currently absent. Therefore, one can only wait to see how the SC’s practice on this issue will develop in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dixi is the property of Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the lack of professional staff and the high workload of investigators, investigations into crimes against road safety and transport operation are often conducted ineffectively. As a result, the rights of victims of car accidents stay unprotected. This makes the issue of providing them with legal aid especially important. The purpose of this study was to develop the principles of victim representation at the subsequent stage of pre-trial investigation of crimes against road safety. The methods used in this study include general scientific methods (inductive, deductive, analysis, synthesis, analogy, modelling) and special methods (systemic and structural analysis, logical-legal, comparative legal, sociological). The activities of a road traffic accident victim’s representative during the subsequent stage of pre-trial investigation are considered with a division into separate components (procedural, control and advisory, and search) which are interrelated and interdependent. The features of these components in their interconnection were systematically outlined. The procedural and control-advisory components were studied inseparably from each other at the general level and at the level of concrete investigative (detective) actions. The search component was studied separately with the definition of its specific components, methods and means of their implementation. The study defined the principles of organisation and some tactical methods of representation of a road traffic accident victim at the subsequent stage of pre-trial investigation of crimes against road traffic safety. The author proposes a methodology for initiating the necessary investigative actions by the victim’s representative in different types of interaction (constructive, official business, conflict) that develop at a later stage between them and representatives of the prosecution. Based on the analysis of Ukrainian legislation and its application practice, the study identified the range of problems arising in the practical activities of a representative of a road traffic accident victim at the subsequent stage of pre-trial investigation and suggested ways to resolve them. The use of the provisions of this study will contribute to the improvement of the activities of trial lawyers, increase the effectiveness of legal aid to victims of road accidents, and to further research in this area

Copyright of Neutrosophic Computing & Machine Learning is the property of Multimedia Larga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Soochow University Philosophy & Social Sciences Edition is the property of Soochow University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is emphasized that domestic law enforcement agencies occupy a central place in the implementation of law enforcement activities. With the aim of researching the legal perspective ways of improving the administrative and legal support of the activities of law enforcement agencies, the author carried out an analysis of law enforcement activities, including the violation by law enforcement agencies and their officials of the rights and freedoms of people and citizens, the norms of current domestic and international legislation, as well as various circles scientists who in their writings explored the prospects for improving the activities of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine. It is emphasized that as a result of the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, the introduction of the martial law regime and the associated socio-economic crisis, the unequal approach to the regulatory and legal regulation of the status and the organizational and legal support of the activities of law enforcement agencies, along with other factors, have a negative impact on protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, the fight against crime and the security of the state, which in turn puts forward demands for ways to improve the activity of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine under the introduction of the martial law regime. Attention is drawn to the fact that many domestic jurists have researched the problematic issues of law enforcement agencies. The works of individual legal scientists who studied the activities of domestic and foreign law enforcement agencies and who proposed various ways to improve the activities of domestic law enforcement agencies are briefly presented. Based on the analysis of scientific works, it was established that the majority of scientists are concerned about the current state of law enforcement agencies and point to the need to build a model of a law enforcement agency system that would be able to ensure the rights and freedoms of people and citizens guaranteed by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. It was concluded that the considered issues lead to the formation of an effective legal mechanism for improving the administrative and legal support of the activities of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine, and specific proposals for impr oving their activities are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to determine the peculiarities of the legal regulation of the implementation and protection of the child's right to medical care in Ukraine. In order to recognize a child as a subject of legal relations for the provision of medical care, it is important to distinguish between the legal status of minors and minors in the legislation of Ukraine. The following conclusions were made: 1) the consent of the minor child's legal representative is required to exercise the right of a minor child to medical assistance; 2) a minor child can independently exercise his right to medical assistance (gives consent to medical assistance, chooses a doctor and methods of treatment in accordance with his recommendations); 3) the consent of both parents and the child is required to provide certain types of medical care to a minor child; 4) in urgent cases, in the presence of a real threat to the life of an individual, medical assistance is provided without the consent of the child or his parents (adoptive parents), guardian, custodian; 5) the law establishes a list of prohibitions regarding the participation of children (both minors and minors) in legal relations for the provision of medical assistance to children; 6) regardless of age, a child does not have the right to refuse treatment; 7) the peculiarities of the legal status of a minor childpatient may also depend on other parameters: on the types of activities minors are engaged in (for example, child athletes), their state of health (disabled children, drug addicts), social status, etc. Refusal of legal representatives from medical intervention for a child, which is necessary to save its life, is proposed to be considered as passive euthanasia, which is prohibited in Ukraine. The Convention on the Rights of the Child enshrines the obligation of member states to ensure that a child who is capable of formulating his or her own views has the right to freely express those views on all matters affecting the child. This requirement of the Convention gives children the opportunity to freely express their views and to demand that they be taken into account in accordance with their age and level of maturity. It was concluded that the legal regulation of the child's right to medical care in Ukraine does not meet the requirements of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and Ukraine is a party to this Convention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lex Humana is the property of Lex Humana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lex Humana is the property of Lex Humana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. In modern conditions of rapid development of genomics, the formation of a database of genetic testing of the Russian population, the legislative framework that effectively protects human rights and legitimate interests is only being formed in Russia. Theoretical analysis. Genetic information is of interest not only for a person who has undergone genetic testing, but also for his / her family members, the state in the organization of personalized medicine, employers, insurers, bankers. This situation is associated with violations of the constitutional rights of citizens to personal dignity, privacy, personal and family secrets, and non-discrimination. Empirical analysis. The problems of legal support of the constitutional rights of citizens in connection with the progress of genomics in various fields are revealed: in healthcare, marital, labor, insurance, banking relations, which requires prompt legislative regulation. Results. The vectors of the development of human rights protection in connection with the development of genomics are substantiated, taking into account the discussion of the most appropriate solutions in the legislation of foreign countries, allowing for a fair balance of interests of the owner of personal genetic information and third parties, with maximum minimization of potential risks of violation of constitutional rights.

The article conducts a theoretical and legal study of the experience of the European Union countries regarding the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens in penitentiary institutions. The methodological basis of the study was the dialectical method of studying social processes, a systematic approach, general provisions of philosophy, theory of the state and law, constitutional, criminal and criminal law, criminology, psychology and private scientific methods of knowledge: historical, comparative legal, sociological and logical. An analysis of international standards for the treatment and detention of convicts was carried out, issues related to the protection of the rights of individuals, ways of implementing the norms of international legal acts that enshrine human rights and freedoms into national legislation were determined. The rights of persons held in correctional institutions are a set of natural and acquired rights, protected by the state, of persons serving a sentence in the form of deprivation of liberty, enshrined in normative legal acts. The legal interest of convicts understood as the established, state-protected right to realize the convicts' aspirations to own significant goods, which depends on the fulfillment of a number of conditions established by law. The relevant international standards analyzed and critically evaluated the Minimum Standard Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, the European Penitentiary Rules, the Tokyo Rules, the practice of the European Union in the field under investigation. The existing standards of restrictions on the rights of prisoners in France, Great Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany, Spain, and Italy reviewed and commented on. The process and problems of implementation of the standards of limitations of rights stipulated in the regulatory legal acts of Ukraine and implementation of the experience of the European Union countries described. It noted that the priorities in the field of execution of punishments in accordance with the Strategy for reforming the penitentiary system for the period until 2026 are: ensuring human rights, observing the minimum standard rules for the treatment and detention of convicted persons, increasing the effectiveness of the criminal enforcement system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was to determine the form of providing protection for children's rights as victims of the crime of sexual intercourse during the investigation stage. This study uses a sociological juridical method with an empirical legal approach that describes the actual conditions that live in society. Data was collected by direct observation at the Criminal Investigation Unit of the PPA Police of the Batu City Resort Police, interviews with investigators and other related parties. The data analysis technique is the investigation of children's rights as victims of criminal acts of sexual intercourse based on Law no. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. The results of this study are that in the investigation process there are still obligations for children's rights that are not given or fulfilled, such as children being free from treatment that demeans their dignity and getting social advocacy assistance from child social workers during examinations at the police to determine physical, psychological and psychosocial conditions. The child is a victim of a crime of sexual intercourse.

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai Physical Education Institute / Shanghai Tiyu Xueyuan Xuebao is the property of Shanghai Physical Education Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research is dedicated to the issue of the opportunity to apply to the European Court of Human Rights for the protection of environmental rights. The relevance of the study is explained by the fact that the global environmental crisis raises the issue of ensuring the human right to a safe environment and its protection. The necessity of conducting a separate study on this issue arose since the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, defining the rights it guarantees, does not separately allocate environmental rights. That is why the question logically emerges: can individuals apply to the European Court of Human Rights to protect a right that is not specifically mentioned in the Convention. The purpose of the study is to explore the legal framework and grounds for applications to the European Court of Human Rights. In the process of the research, legislative acts, international legal acts, and the activities of the European Court of Human Rights, which purpose is to protect, in particular, environmental human rights, were analysed. The methodological foundation of the study was established by the Aristotelian method, methods of analysis and synthesis and comparative legal method. The study explores both general theoretical aspects related to the protection of environmental rights and analyses the practice of courts in protecting environmental rights, particularly at the international level. The study established that the European Court of Human Rights admits applications from individuals for the protection of violated environmental rights, which it considers through the prism of Article 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms – the right to respect for private, family life and the home of individuals. The practical value of the study lies in the fact that the research analyses national and international law and the practice of the European Court of Human Rights and provide conclusions that identify specific problems related to environmental protection activities and proposes specific mechanisms for overcoming them to avoid violations of citizens’ environmental rights.

The urgency lies in the fact that uninformed cooperation is not effectively used to protect human rights from unlawful encroaching, and sometimes harms these rights. This is largely due to the unsystematic nature of legal regulation. Systematic regulation of covert cooperation should be based on an ideological basis that would ensure its focus on the fulfillment by the state of the basic obligation to ensure human rights. The development of such a system of legal regulation of the use of covert cooperation should be based on the proper theoretical foundation: the reasonable role and place of covert cooperation in the mechanism of human rights protection. Creation of such foundation is the purpose of this research. The study uses the general dialectical method of scientific knowledge of real phenomena, their relations with practical activity of law-enforcement agencies, as well as general scientific and special methods of legal science. The covert cooperation is subject to legal regulation at all stages included in the dynamic dimension of the mechanism of human rights protection, defendant and realization. At the stage of human rights protection, the covert cooperation is embodied in measures aimed at prevention of criminal offenses, clarification, prevention or elimination of the causes of them. At the stage of human rights protection, the covert cooperation is used to restore violated rights, ensure compensation for damages, and bring the guilty to justice. At the stage of realization of human rights, the covert cooperation is used for the purpose of hidden control over proper fulfillment of the duties of authorized subjects to create the necessary conditions for transformation of declared social benefits into a state of their possible and actual use by a specific person

Copyright of Cuestiones Políticas is the property of Revista Cuestiones Politicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Digital exclusion affects many fields, such as the educational, social, and legal areas, and its effects, as this research supports, accomplish an upside-down agenda, of overexploitation of rights, rather than inclusion and protection. With the objective of examining the recognition and permanence of these correspon ding rights, this study aims to reinforce inclusion, in relation to the protection of these rights, particularly that of the personal data of children and adolescents, in contrast to their exclusions and the overexploitation of rights. The deductive method is used through a review of national and foreign bibliographic references. It is concluded that fraternity is the most adequate tool for assuring the protection of rights and to not only address, but also solve the problem of these non-rights or overexploitation, having the child and adolescent as focus, to give them opportunity, voice, interpretation, language, and reparation of rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unexpected outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has harmed the shipping industry, especially the cruise sector. During this period, the cruise crew, as a neglected subject, experienced great work, life and psychological pressures. However, many states, including China, do not pay enough attention to the legal protection of their rights. The legal literature on this issue is insufficient, and this paper attempts to fill the gap. This paper aims to give a legal suggestion for how to protect the legal rights of cruise crews in ways that are both responsible and effective in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era. To achieve the goal, this paper adopts legal research methods to analyze the application of international conventions and Chinese laws and regulations. The paper discusses the legal limitations on the rights' protection of cruise crews in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the research results are legal considerations and suggestions for the protection of the cruise crew. In addition to taking reasonable measures to reduce the impact of the epidemic on cruise crews, the legitimate rights and interests of all cruise crew individuals should be realized as much as possible under existing international conventions and domestic laws. It is important for states to further improve crew and labour legislation and strengthen international cooperation to deal with the impact of the global pandemics on the cruise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Croatian Review of Rehabilitation Research / Hrvatska Revija za Rehabilitacijska Istraživanja is the property of Croatian Review of Rehabilitation Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The right of children with special needs to education is realised through the introduction of inclusive education. Such practice is common in many countries around the world. An inclusive setting in early childhood education protects children from segregation and negative attitudes from others. In Ukraine, in connection with European integration, preschool inclusive education is actively developing. Accordingly, studying of inclusive education and the practice of preschool educational institutions for children with special educational needs in the country is relevant, and determining the specifics of this process became the purpose of this study. Analysis of the legal framework, method of comparative analysis, synthesis and analysis of quantitative indicators, questionnaires, systematisation and generalisation of statistical data were used during the research. A comparison of inclusive preschool education implementation experience in the European Union (EU) and Ukraine was conducted and the main trends in the development and implementation of inclusive education in Ukraine were identified. It was found that membership in the EU has a positive effect on both pre-primary education in the member states and the practice of inclusive education. This study can be useful for educators and policy makers in Ukraine for developing ways to improve the situation with inclusive education both in preschool educational institutions and in schools, as well as for educators and policy makers from other countries, especially the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries, where similar processes are taking place in their educational systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Act on the Protection of the Right to a Trial within a Reasonable Time, which took effect in 2016, has created the conditions in our legal system for the protection of the right to a trial within a reasonable time, as one of the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Serbia and related international documents. Although the legislator does not explicitly provide for the application of this Act in the context of bankruptcy proceedings, it has been used in judicial practice as a mean for the bankruptcy creditors to obtain just satisfaction in cases involving lengthy bankruptcy proceedings and a violation of the right to a fair trial within a reasonable time. The subject matter of analysis in this paper is the right to a trial within a reasonable time in bankruptcy cases. For that purpose, the authors examine the case law of the Commercial Court in Niš in the period from the beginning of 2016 to the end of 2019, particularly focusing on the bankruptcy cases in which complaints (objections) were filed for the protection of the right to a fair trial within a reasonable time. The aim of the research is to examine whether the objection, as an initial act, is a suitable instrument for increasing the efficiency of the bankruptcy proceeding, or whether it only serves to satisfy the interests of creditors. The authors have also examined whether this remedy affects the overall costs and duration of the bankruptcy proceeding. The main finding is that there is an increasing number of objections in the Commercial Court in Niš, which still does not affect the length and costs of bankruptcy. This trend is not only the result of inactivity of the court and the complexity of certain cases but also of numerous external factors, the most prominent of which is the work of some state bodies.

In the article, the author proposes under the protection of the rights of the taxpayer to understand his actions (in some cases inaction), which he commits in accordance with the norms of tax legislation, on the one hand, and law enforcement activities of the authorized subjects of state power and their officials (in case the subject appeals by force of state enforcement), on the other hand, to stop violations of rights, restore violated rights, eliminating the threat of their violation. The main subjects authorized by the state to protect the rights of the taxpayer are the tax and judicial authorities. It is with the violation of subjective right legislator associates the use of remedies, enshrining in the Tax Code of Ukraine the right of taxpayers or tax agents to appeal the actions, inaction and decision of the tax authorities and their officials. Appeal of an interested person for protection of his rights implies the emergence of a substantive legal claim against the defendant for the implementation of his violated material interests. The substantive legal claim arises from a subjective substantive right arising in a substantive legal relationship. The plaintiff (taxpayer) believes that in order to exercise his subjective right, he has the right to demand from the defendant (tax authority), which is in a material legal relationship with him, the commission of certain actions or refraining from actions consistent with the right of the plaintiff. Appeal of an interested person for protection of his/her rights is aimed not only at realization of guarantees of their realization, but also at resolution of the arisen conflict. The need to have certain legal means of resolving a legal conflict is an integral element of legal regulation, since it ensures the implementation of a legal norm and its stability. Protection of violated rights and legitimate interests of the subjects of public-law relations is carried out by controlling the legality of actions (inaction) of the subjects of powers and acts adopted by them. Current tax legislation as a way to protect rights provides for the possibility to recognize an act of a tax authority as invalid, and its actions (inaction) – as not complying with the law. Legislator, by regulating the administrative and judicial procedure for resolving a tax dispute, thereby protects private interests from possible disfigured state interference. In this case, the administrative court, resolving a tax dispute, does not examine the conduct of the parties as such, but establishes how it complies with the norms of current tax legislation. It is on this basis the task of administrative court and its purpose of jurisdictional activity in resolving a dispute in the field of public-law relations is based, namely on the balance of rights of the state with the counter rights of a person (taxpayer) to ensure its protection of rights and legitimate interests, as applied for such protection. Dispute in relations regulated by the norms of tax law acts as a mechanism to guarantee the realization of subjective rights of taxpayers and balancing public and private interests, because it is aimed at protecting and restoring the violated (disputed) right.

The article is devoted to the actual problem of protecting the rights of users of natural resources violated by the illegal establishment of environmental standards. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that the ways to protect the subjective rights of users of natural resources are the substantive legal coercive measures enshrined in law, through which not only the restoration (recognition) of violated (disputed) rights is carried out, but also the impact on the offender. This investigation analyzes the current regulations of Russia regarding environmental pollution. The research methodology is based on the legal approach and includes the methods of the general scientific group (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction), as well as a number of special methods: formal legal, comparative law, historical and legal methods of analysis. Based on the results of the study, the author of the article came to the following conclusion: when considering disputes related to the protection of civil rights, the court does not apply an act of a state body or local government that is contrary to the law, regardless of whether this act is recognized as invalid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes resolution No. 1 issued on March 20, 2019 by the Third National Court of Preparatory Investigation Specialized in Crimes of Corruption of Officials of the Superior Court of Justice Specialized in Crimes of Organized Crime and Corruption of Officials of the Judicial Branch of Peru. The objective is to determine if the way in which the Judge decided to reject the petition for protection of rights presented was legally correct, if the court ruling is duly and formally argued, and to establish how the petition for guardianship should have been resolved. The method used has been analytical, deductive-inductive, and applied. It is concluded that the request for protection of rights presented by the defense should have been declared unfounded after a hearing, since it is legitimate for the Prosecutor to decide what information provided by the Effective Collaborator should be incorporated into the criminal process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every society needs the recognition and protection of the rights of its citizens, and this becomes more proper for every administration in respecting this protection for the common good of its society. In this article, international experience of protecting private rights in the sphere of public administration has been analyzed. On the basis of the researched information the authors have provided concrete ways of implementing the specified international experience into domestic state and his legal system. The essence and characteristic features of legal ways to protect the legitimate interests of private individuals within public relations have been clarified among other things. The genesis of the development of the ways to protect private rights in the sphere of public administration has been analyzed. Particular attention has been paid to the insufficient capacity of Ukraine to ensure the inviolability of private rights, freedoms and interests of the entities of public legal relations, compared to the developed countries of Western Europe and North America. At the same time, the emphasis has been made on the gradual increase in the level of democracy and the rule of law in Ukraine over the last 20 years. It has been claimed that a special "acceleration" of the indicated reforms took place immediately after two socially important events, namely the Orange Revolution of 2004 and the Revolution of Dignity of 2013-2014. However, the so-called "energy fervor" gained at the beginning of the reform is slowing down in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]