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ABSTRACT Objective Material and Methods Results Conclusion To evaluate the plant‐derived compound lignin (LIG) as a pretreatment of intraradicular dentin in combination with EDTA on push‐out bond strength (PBS) and nanoleakage of the glass fiber posts (GFPs) cemented using adhesive resin cement.Twenty‐eight human incisor roots were prepared for GFP cementation and divided based on dentin pretreatment: (1) CONTROL: no pretreatment, (2) EDTA: 17% EDTA for 3 min, (3) EDTA‐LIG: 17% EDTA and 2% lignin for 3 min, (4) EDTA‐PAC: 17% EDTA and 2% lignin for 3 min. The GFPs were cemented using the self‐adhesive resin cement Multilink Speed. The roots (n = 7) were sectioned into 1 mm‐thick discs and subjected to PBS testing after 1 week or 6 months. Nanoleakage was analyzed by SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using two‐factor ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05).Higher PBS was identified for the CONTROL group (p < 0.001). After 6 months, the EDTA‐LIG maintained the bond strength with a predominance of mixed failures, while the EDTA‐PAC, EDTA, and CONTROL groups showed reduction of bond strength, with a predominance of adhesive failures along with severe silver infiltration in the interface.LIG associated with EDTA as a pretreatment for intraradicular dentin shows significant potential for attaining stable bond strength and interfacial integrity of self‐adhesive resin cement to intraradicular dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The angular dependence of the indirect short‐range spin‐spin coupling constants (SSCC), the geminal J(C3,C1′)$$ J\left({C}_3,{C}_{1^{\prime }}\right) $$, J(O1,O)$$ J\left({O}_1,O\right) $$, and J(O,C1′)$$ J\left(O,{C}_{1^{\prime }}\right) $$ in A‐type dimeric proanthocyanidin, was investigated using density functional theory. We studied the rotation of ring B around the C2–C1′$$ {C}_2\hbox{--} {C}_{1^{\prime }} $$ bond. Therefore, we calculated hyperconjugative charge transfers and bond polarizations within the natural bond orbital (NBO) approach, performing a topological study based on Bader's theory, AIM (atoms in molecules), and analyzing the angular dependence of AIM/NBO parameters. The results describe a relationship between the geminal coupling that changes with angular variation and NBO charge transfers to the bonds involved in the coupling pathways that can explain the behavior of the former property. Based on AIM/NBO data, inductive and mesomeric effects were described and quantified, showing a clear correlation with the stabilization of the structure, demonstrating a resonance‐assisted inductive effect. We also set out strong hyperconjugative interactions (anomeric effect) involving nonbonding electron pairs of oxygen atoms. This analysis of coupling constants supports previous models by other authors and shows the application in this particular case. Moreover, the SSCCs studied herein are used for identifying stable structures and conformational search analysis of flavonoids. Finally, our results show the relationship between SSCCs and the structure stabilization and charge delocalization effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonoids, including proanthocyanidins (PAs), anthocyanins and flavonols are essential secondary metabolites that contribute to the nutritional value and sensory quality of grape berry and red wine. Advances in molecular biology technology have led to substantial progress in understanding the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. The influence of terroir on grape berries and wine has garnered increasing attention, yet its comprehensive regulatory network remains underexplored. In terms of application, environmental factors such as water, light, and temperature are more easily regulated in grapevines compared to soil conditions. Therefore, we summarize their effects on flavonoid content and composition, constructing a network that links environmental factors, hormones, and metabolites to provide a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms. This review enriches the knowledge of the regulatory network mechanisms governing flavonoid responses to environmental factors in grapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major contaminants in aquatic ecosystems is bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic industrial chemical widely used in the production of epoxy resins and plastics. BPA has negative effects on fish health. Proanthocyanidin, a natural immune stimulant extracted from grape seeds (GR), possesses various biological and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to mitigate the harmful effects of BPA by supplementing the fish diet with GR. Healthy Nile tilapia (120 fish, 14.95±0.10g) were divided into four groups: Group 1 served as the control; group 2 was fed 400mg GR per kg of feed; group 3 was exposed to 3mg of BPA per liter of water without GR supplementation, and group 4 was exposed to 3mg of BPA per liter of water and fed a GR-supplemented diet (400mg GR per kg). After 28 days, blood and tissue samples were collected to assess serum biochemical parameters, cytokines, catalase (CAT) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and the histological features of the liver, spleen, and kidney. Co-treatment with GR improved serum protein levels as well as urea and creatinine levels that were previously altered by BPA exposure. BPA exposure elevated serum interleukin (IL)-1β and hepatic MDA levels, which were reduced by GR administration. Additionally, CAT activity decreased in the BPA group but increased in the GR+BPA group. BPA also significantly upregulated the mRNA transcripts of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), which may trigger inflammation, while GR significantly downregulated these genes in the BPA-treated group. Histological analysis showed that GR alleviated tissue damage caused by BPA. In conclusion, GR supplementation improved fish biochemical and histological parameters and mitigated the toxic effects of BPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Proanthocyanidins (PAs), a group of flavonoids, are found in leaves, flowers, fruits, and seed coats of many plant species. PAs are primarily composed of epicatechin units in the seed coats of the model legume species, Medicago truncatula. It can be synthesized from two separate pathways, the leucoanthocyanidin reductase (MtLAR) pathway and the anthocyanidin synthase (MtANS) pathway, which produce epicatechin through anthocyanidin reductase (MtANR). These pathways are mainly controlled by the MYB–bHLH–WD40 (MBW) ternary complex. Here, we characterize a class IV homeodomain‐leucine zipper (HD‐ZIP IV) transcription factor, GLABRA2 (MtGL2), which contributes to PA biosynthesis in the seed coat of M. truncatula. Null mutation of MtGL2 results in dark brown seed coat, which is accompanied by reduced PAs accumulation and increased anthocyanins content. The MtGL2 gene is predominantly expressed in the seed coat during the early stages of seed development. Genetic and molecular analyses indicate that MtGL2 positively regulates PA biosynthesis by directly activating the expression of MtANR. Additionally, our results show that MtGL2 is strongly induced by the MBW activator complexes that are involved in PA biosynthesis. Taken together, our results suggest that MtGL2 acts as a novel positive regulator in PA biosynthesis, expanding the regulatory network and providing insights for genetic engineering of PA production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The long-term success of adhesive restorations is contingent on minimizing microleakage, which can lead to postoperative sensitivity and secondary caries. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) irrigation are commonly employed during adhesive restorative procedures, but their impact on microleakage remains a concern. Proanthocyanidin (PA), a naturally derived agent, has shown potential in enhancing bond strength. Aim: This study aimed to compare and evaluate the effect of treatment with or without 30% PA of the pulp chamber dentin after 1% NaOCl and 17% EDTA irrigation on the microleakage of adhesive restorations. Materials and Methods: Forty caries-free, freshly extracted permanent human molars were used. The pulp chamber roof was removed, and the roots were resected. Canal orifices were enlarged and sealed. Specimens were divided into four groups based on adhesives (OptiBond All-In-One and Adper Easy One) and irrigation regimens. After irrigation, pulp chambers were restored with Filtek Bulk-Fill composite resin. Microleakage was assessed using methylene blue dye penetration. Results: Microleakage was observed in all groups, irrespective of irrigation protocol and adhesives. PA application showed reduced dye penetration compared to without PA, although not statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests at P < 0.05. Conclusion: Irrigation protocols and the use of PA had no significant effect on the microleakage of self-etch adhesives to pulp chamber dentin. A 1-min application of 30% PA solution after NaOCl and EDTA irrigation did not improve the bonding of self-etch adhesives to pulp chamber dentin.

Abstract Objective To provide an overview of the available scientific evidence from in vitro studies regarding the effect induced by the flavonoids contained in grape seed extracts (GSE) and cranberry on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Methods This systematic review was performed following the parameters of the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis). Electronic and manual searches were conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane databases. Reference lists of selected articles were reviewed to identify relevant studies. The search was not limited by year and was conducted solely in English. Eligible studies comprised publications describing in vitro studies that evaluated the effect of flavonoids derived from GSE and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of S. mutans. Common variables were identified to consolidate the data. Authors of this review independently screened search results, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Results Of the 420 studies identified from the different databases, 22 publications were finally selected for review. The risk of bias was low in 13 articles and moderate in 9. The studies analyzed in this review revealed that cranberry extract has an inhibitory effect on the bacterial growth of S. mutans in ranges from 0.5 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL, and GSE exerts a similar effect from 0.5 mg/mL to 250 mg/mL. Additionally, the extracts or their fractions showed reduced biofilm formation capacity, decreased polymicrobial biofilm biomass, deregulation of glycosyltransferases (Gtf) B and C expression, and buffering of pH drop. In addition to adequate antioxidant activity related to polyphenol content. Conclusions The overall results showed that the extracts of cranberry and grape seed were effective in reducing the virulence factors of the oral pathogen. According to the data, proanthocyanidins are the active components in cranberry and grape seed that effectively resist S. mutans. They can inhibit the formation of insoluble polysaccharides in the extracellular matrix and prevent glycan-mediated adhesion, cohesion, and aggregation of the proteins in S. mutans. This suggests that these natural extracts could play an important role in the prevention of cariogenic bacterial colonization, as well as induce a decrease in their microbiological activity.

Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes produces substantial challenges to agriculture, and new strategies for nematode control in livestock animals are called for. Natural compounds, including tannins, with proven anthelmintic activity could be a functional option as structurally diverse complementary compounds to be used alongside commercial anthelmintics. However, the dual use of two anthelmintic components requires an understanding of the pharmacological effects of the combination, while information concerning the interactions between plant-based polyphenols and commercial anthelmintics is scarce. We studied the direct interactions of proanthocyanidins (PAs, syn. condensed tannins) and a commercial anthelmintic thiabendazole, as a model substance of benzimidazoles, by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Our results show evidence of a direct interaction of an exothermic nature with observed enthalpy changes ranging from 0 to −30 kJ/mol. The strength of the interaction between PAs and thiabendazole is mediated by structural characteristics of the PAs with the strongest positive correlation originating from the presence of galloyl groups and the increased degree of polymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methodology Results Conclusion Lack of adequate mechanical strength and progressive shrinkage over time remain challenges in scaffold‐free microtissue‐based dental pulp regeneration. Surface collagen cross‐linking holds the promise to enhance the mechanical stability of microtissue constructs and trigger biological regulations. In this study, we proposed a novel strategy for surface preconditioning microtissues using a natural collagen cross‐linker, proanthocyanidin (PA). We evaluated its effects on cell viability, tissue integrity, and biomineralization of dental pulp stem cell (DPSCs)‐derived 3D cell spheroids.Microtissue and macrotissue spheroids were fabricated from DPSCs and incubated with PA solution for surface collagen cross‐linking. Microtissue viability was examined by live/dead staining and 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)−2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, with transverse dimension change monitored. Microtissue surface stiffness was measured by an atomic force microscope (AFM). PA‐preconditioned microtissues and macrotissues were cultured under basal or osteogenic conditions. Immunofluorescence staining of PA‐preconditioned microtissues was performed to detect dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and F‐actin expressions. PA‐preconditioned macrotissues were subjected to histological analysis, including haematoxylin–eosin (HE), alizarin red, and Masson trichrome staining. Immunohistochemistry staining was used to detect alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP‐1) expressions.PA preconditioning had no adverse effects on microtissue spheroid viability and increased surface stiffness. It reduced dimensional shrinkage for over 7 days in microtissues and induced a larger transverse‐section area in the macrotissue. PA preconditioning enhanced collagen formation, mineralized nodule formation, and elevated ALP and DMP‐1 expressions in macrotissues. Additionally, PA preconditioning induced higher F‐actin and DSPP expression in microtissues, while inhibition of F‐actin activity by cytochalasin B attenuated PA‐induced dimensional change and DSPP upregulation.PA surface preconditioning of DPSCs spheroids demonstrates excellent biocompatibility while effectively enhancing tissue structure stability and promoting biomineralization. This strategy strengthens tissue integrity in DPSC‐derived spheroids and amplifies osteogenic differentiation potential, advancing scaffold‐free tissue engineering applications in regenerative dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To provide an overview of the available scientific evidence from in vitro studies regarding the effect induced by the flavonoids contained in grape seed extracts (GSE) and cranberry on the microbiological activity of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Methods: This systematic review was performed following the parameters of the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis). Electronic and manual searches were conducted using PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane databases. Reference lists of selected articles were reviewed to identify relevant studies. The search was not limited by year and was conducted solely in English. Eligible studies comprised publications describing in vitro studies that evaluated the effect of flavonoids derived from GSE and cranberry extracts on the microbiological activity of S. mutans. Common variables were identified to consolidate the data. Authors of this review independently screened search results, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Results: Of the 420 studies identified from the different databases, 22 publications were finally selected for review. The risk of bias was low in 13 articles and moderate in 9. The studies analyzed in this review revealed that cranberry extract has an inhibitory effect on the bacterial growth of S. mutans in ranges from 0.5 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL, and GSE exerts a similar effect from 0.5 mg/mL to 250 mg/mL. Additionally, the extracts or their fractions showed reduced biofilm formation capacity, decreased polymicrobial biofilm biomass, deregulation of glycosyltransferases (Gtf) B and C expression, and buffering of pH drop. In addition to adequate antioxidant activity related to polyphenol content. Conclusions: The overall results showed that the extracts of cranberry and grape seed were effective in reducing the virulence factors of the oral pathogen. According to the data, proanthocyanidins are the active components in cranberry and grape seed that effectively resist S. mutans. They can inhibit the formation of insoluble polysaccharides in the extracellular matrix and prevent glycan-mediated adhesion, cohesion, and aggregation of the proteins in S. mutans. This suggests that these natural extracts could play an important role in the prevention of cariogenic bacterial colonization, as well as induce a decrease in their microbiological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to develop potential drug carrier system formulations, namely PLAROsomes for the delivery of Proanthocyanidin (PACY), isolated from the extract of dried grape seeds. The PLAROsomes loaded with PACY were prepared using the thin film hydration method. The influence of various process parameters and material attributes was investigated using the design of experiments (DoE). The PACY‐loaded PLAROsomes were characterized using hyphenated tools. The in‐vitro anticancer activities of PACY‐loaded PLAROsomes were confirmed using the Trypan blue method, MTT method, and flow cytometric analysis on MCF‐7 cells. The polymer‐to‐lipid ratio, among various process parameters and material attributes, significantly influenced the average particle size. Additionally, it played a crucial role in determining the percentage of PACY released from PACY‐loaded PLAROsomes. The size of the PACY‐loaded PLAROsomes ranged from 40 to 300 nm, and the optimized batch demonstrated a drug entrapment efficiency of 86.38±0.22%. PACY‐loaded PLAROsomes exhibited improved in vitro anticancer activities against MCF‐7 breast cancer cell lines compared to PACY. PACY‐loaded PLAROsomes showed greater activity at lower concentrations in cytotoxicity studies, as supported by apoptosis analysis. Therefore, PLAROsomes could present a promising drug carrier system for delivering PACY in breast cancer treatment, offering a sustained release effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condensed tannins are common in vegetative tissues of woody plants, including in roots. In hybrid poplar (Populus tremula x alba; also known as P. x canescens) CT assays indicated they were most concentrated in younger white roots and at the root tip. Furthermore, CT-specific staining of embedded tissue sections demonstrated accumulation in root cap cells and adjacent epidermal cells, as well as a more sporadic presence in cortex cells. In older, brown roots as well as roots with secondary growth (cork zone), CT concentration was significantly lower. The insoluble fraction of CTs was greatest in the cork zone. To determine if CT accumulation correlates with nutrient uptake in poplar roots, a microelectrode ion flux measurement (MIFE™) system was used to measure flux along the root axis. Greatest NH4+ uptake was measured near the root tip, but NO3- and Ca2+ did not vary along the root length. In agreement with earlier work, providing poplars with ample nitrogen led to higher accumulation of CTs across root zones. To test the functional importance of CTs in roots directly, CTmodified transgenic plants could be important tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Assessment of different remineralizing pretreatment casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), proanthocyanidin (PA), carbon dioxide laser (CO2), eggshell solution (ES) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of resin composite bonded to remineralized carious-affected dentin (CAD). Materials and methods: Eighty human molars were collected with occlusal caries that extended about halfway into the dentin. Using a water-cooled, low-speed cutting saw, a flat, mid-coronal dentin surface was exposed. CAD was differentiated from healthy dentin. Based on the remineralizing agent used on the CAD surface, the teeth were arbitrarily allocated into five groups (n = 10). Group 1: no remineralizing agent, Group 2: CPP-ACP, Group 3: 6.5% PA solution, Group 4: CO2 laser, and Group 5: ES solution. All samples were bonded to composite and light cured and thermocycled. SBS and failure mode analysis were performed using universal testing and stereomicroscope 40 ·. Using SPSS, SBS, and failure mode data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey's honesty significant difference (HSD) test Results: Group 3 (6.5% PA solution; 15.59 - 1.44 MPa) samples established the maximum bond integrity. Nevertheless, Group 1 (No remineralizing agent; 11.19 - 1.21 MPa) exhibited the minimum outcome of bond strength. Intergroup comparison analysis showed that Group 1 (No remineralizing agent), Group 2 (CPP-ACP), and Group 4 (CO2 laser) established comparable values of bond strength (p > 0.05). Likewise, Group 3 (6.5% PA solution) and Group 5 (EA solution) also revealed equivalent bond integrity (p > 0.05). Conclusions: PA and ES are considered potential remineralizing agents used for caries-affected dentin surfaces in improving bond integrity to composite resin. However, further studies are advocated to extrapolate the findings of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Lower limb skeletal muscle ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and it is common in several clinical situations such as aortic aneurysms repairment, peripheral arterial surgery, vascular injury repairment, and shock. Although it is generally accepted that oxidative stress mediators have a significant role in IR injury, its precise mechanism is still unknown. Anecdotally, it is sustained not only by structural and functional changes in the organ it affects but also by damage to distant organs. The purpose of this report is to illustrate the effect of proanthocyanidin on IR injury. Materials and Methods: In our study, 18 male Wistar albino rats were used. The subjects were divided into three groups containing six mice each (control, C; ischemia–reperfusion, IR; ischemia–reperfusion and proanthocyanidin; IR-PRO). Intraperitoneal proanthocyanidin was given to the IR and proanthocyanidin groups 30 min before laparotomy, and 1 h ischemia led to these two groups. After one hour, reperfusion started. Muscle atrophy–hypertrophy, muscle degeneration–congestion, fragmentation–hyalinization, muscle oval-central nucleus ratio, leukocyte cell infiltration, catalase enzyme activity, and TBARS were all examined in lower-limb muscle samples after one hour of reperfusion. Results: When skeletal muscle samples were evaluated histopathologically, it was discovered that muscle atrophy–hypertrophy, muscle degeneration–congestion, fragmentation–hyalinization, and leukocyte cell infiltration with oval-central nucleus standardization were significantly higher in the IR group than in the C and IR-P groups. Oval-central nucleus standardization was significantly higher in the IR and IR-PRO groups than in the control group. TBARS levels were significantly higher in the IR group than in the control and IR-PRO groups, while catalase enzyme activity was found to be significantly lower in the IR group than in the control and IR-PRO groups. Conclusions: As a consequence of our research, we discovered that proanthocyanidins administered before IR have a protective impact on skeletal muscle in rats. Further research in this area is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several MYB transcription factors have been identified as the regulators of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in plants. However, limited research has been conducted on the functional characterization of MYBs involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in cotton. In the present study, the MYB transcription factor gene GhTT2, which was differentially expressed in our previous study, was identified from a Gossypium hirsutum cultivar Zongxu 1. GhTT2 has a close genetic relationship with proanthocyanidin-related MYBs. Suppression of GhTT2 expression in cotton resulted in a significant reduction in proanthocyanidin content. Conversely, the overexpression of GhTT2 in Arabidopsis led to a substantial increase in proanthocyanidin abundance. Additionally, GhTT2-overexpresing Arabidopsis lines exhibited improved tolerance to osmotic stress compared to wild-type plants. Furthermore, the transcription levels of osmotic stress response genes AtRD22 and AtMYB41, along with the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis structural gene AtBAN, exhibited significant upregulation in the seedlings of transgenic Arabidopsis compared with those in wild-type plants under the osmotic stress condition. These findings establish a theoretical foundation for comprehensively understanding the mechanisms by which MYB transcription factors regulate the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and their responses to stress in plants.Key message: A MYB transcription factor GhTT2 of Gossypium hirsutum functions as a positive regulator in the accumulation of proanthocyanidins and has the potential to improve plant resistance to osmotic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanidin compounds include proanthocyanidins, anthocyanidins, anthocyanins, etc. Among them, proanthocyanidin is a kind of polyphenol compound, then anthocyanidin and anthocyanin belong to flavonoid compounds. When heated in an acidic medium, proanthocyanidins can produce anthocyanidins, which combine with sugars via glycosidic bonds to produce anthocyanins. Proanthocyanidins, anthocyanidins and anthocyanins are widely distributed in dark grains, berries and vegetables, all of them have various functional effects. Starch is low in price, rich in sources, and has a variety of functional properties. The sensory quality and nutritional value of starch-based foods are mainly determined by the changes of starch gelatinization properties, thermodynamic properties, rheological properties, aging properties and digestive properties. There have been many studies about the co-existence of starch and other compounds that can improve the original properties of starch. However, there is limited overview on the effects of anthocyanidin compounds on starch properties. Therefore, this paper reviews the latest research progress of anthocyanidin compounds and their effects on the gelatinization properties, thermodynamic properties, rheological properties, aging properties and digestive properties of starch through increasing the gelatinization temperature of starch and reducing its gelatinization enthalpy can affect its thermodynamic properties, as well as reduce its aging enthalpy and aging rate, additionally and the digestion rate of starch etc. These can provide guidance for the use of anthocyandin compounds to improve the processing properties, sensory and nutritional quality of starch-based foods.

BACKGROUND: Historically, the effect of wine grape shading on flavonoids has investigated the impact of light incidence on proanthocyanidin (PA), flavonol, or anthocyanin concentration. In addition to concentration, the current experiment was designed to look at changes in PA composition, size and tannin activity through ripening. Tannin activity is a methodology for assessing the impact of structure and size on the affinity of tannin towards a hydrophobic surface and is considered to be a proxy for predicted astringency descriptive quality. In 2016 a shade cloth study was imposed on Cabernet Sauvignon on Mt Veeder, within the larger Napa Valley viticultural area. A control, which was unshaded, and two treatments consisting of 40% and 80% shade were applied at the onset of veraison. RESULTS: Results showed significant differences in the composition and concentration of anthocyanins throughout ripening. Compositional differences in PA were also observed, where shaded treatments had a significantly higher proportion of galloylated subunits. The molecular mass of the extracted tannin was significantly lower in the unshaded control than in the 80% shade treatment. These factors led to a lower measured tannin activity in extracts from exposed fruit. CONCLUSION: This work suggests that manipulation of canopy architecture, such as artificial shading, leads to changes in berry pigmentation, tannin composition and activity. These results show that the astringency and mouthfeel characteristics of a wine may be altered by vineyard management practices. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grapes are an economically important fruit crop, and their polyphenols (mainly phenolic acids, flavanols, flavonols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and stilbenes) can exert a wide range of health benefits as an interesting and valuable dietary supplement for natural complementary therapy. However, their potential physiological and therapeutic actions on reproductive processes have not been sufficiently elucidated. This evidence-based study presents current knowledge of grape extracts and polyphenols, as well as their properties and therapeutical actions in relation to female reproduction in a nutshell. Grape extract, and its polyphenols such as resveratrol, proanthocyanidin B2 or delphinidin may influence female reproductive physiology and pathology, as well as regulate multiple signaling pathways related to reproductive hormones, steroid hormones receptors, intracellular regulators of oxidative stress and subsequent inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation. Their role in the management of ovarian cancer, age-related reproductive insufficiency, ovarian ischemia, PCOS, or menopausal syndrome has been indicated. In particular, the potential involvement of grapeseed extracts and/or proanthocyanidin B2 and delphinidin on ovarian steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation, and developmental capacity has been implicated, albeit at different regulatory levels. Grape polyphenols exert awide range of health benefits posing grape extract as an interesting and valuable dietary supplement for natural complementary therapy. This evidence-based study focuses on the actions of grapeseed extract and grape polyphenols on female reproductive processes at various regulatory levels and multiple signalling pathways by regulating reproductive hormones (GnRH, gonadotropins, prolactin, steroid hormones, IGFBP), steroid receptors, markers of proliferation and apoptosis. However, lack of knowledge of standardized dosages so far limits their clinical application despite the wide range of their biological and therapeutic potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Seed color is one of the key target traits of domestication and artificial selection in chickpeas due to its implications on consumer preference and market value. The complex seed color trait has been well dissected in several crop species; however, the genetic mechanism underlying seed color variation in chickpea remains poorly understood. Here, we employed an integrated genomics strategy involving QTL mapping, high‐density mapping, map‐based cloning, association analysis, and molecular haplotyping in an inter‐specific RIL mapping population, association panel, wild accessions, and introgression lines (ILs) of Cicer gene pool. This delineated a MATE gene, CaMATE23, encoding a Transparent Testa (TT) and its natural allele (8‐bp insertion) and haplotype underlying a major QTL governing seed color on chickpea chromosome 4. Signatures of selective sweep and a strong purifying selection reflected that CaMATE23, especially its 8‐bp insertion natural allelic variant, underwent selection during chickpea domestication. Functional investigations revealed that the 8‐bp insertion containing the third cis‐regulatory RY‐motif element in the CaMATE23 promoter is critical for enhanced binding of CaFUSCA3 transcription factor, a key regulator of seed development and flavonoid biosynthesis, thereby affecting CaMATE23 expression and proanthocyanidin (PA) accumulation in the seed coat to impart varied seed color in chickpea. Consequently, overexpression of CaMATE23 in Arabidopsis tt12 mutant partially restored the seed color phenotype to brown pigmentation, ascertaining its functional role in PA accumulation in the seed coat. These findings shed new light on the seed color regulation and evolutionary history, and highlight the transcriptional regulation of CaMATE23 by CaFUSCA3 in modulating seed color in chickpea. The functionally relevant InDel variation, natural allele, and haplotype from CaMATE23 are vital for translational genomic research, including marker‐assisted breeding, for developing chickpea cultivars with desirable seed color that appeal to consumers and meet global market demand. Significance Statement: Integrated genomic strategy provides novel insights into the transcriptional regulatory role of functional allele and haplotype delineated in a MATE gene selected during Cicer domestication, in regulating varied seed color of chickpea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The long‑term success of adhesive restorations is contingent on minimizing microleakage, which can lead to postoperative sensitivity and secondary caries. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) irrigation are commonly employed during adhesive restorative procedures, but their impact on microleakage remains a concern. Proanthocyanidin (PA), a naturally derived agent, has shown potential in enhancing bond strength. Aim: This study aimed to compare and evaluate the effect of treatment with or without 30% PA of the pulp chamber dentin after 1% NaOCl and 17% EDTA irrigation on the microleakage of adhesive restorations. Materials and Methods: Forty caries‑free, freshly extracted permanent human molars were used. The pulp chamber roof was removed, and the roots were resected. Canal orifices were enlarged and sealed. Specimens were divided into four groups based on adhesives (OptiBond All‑In‑One and Adper Easy One) and irrigation regimens. After irrigation, pulp chambers were restored with Filtek Bulk‑Fill composite resin. Microleakage was assessed using methylene blue dye penetration. Results: Microleakage was observed in all groups, irrespective of irrigation protocol and adhesives. PA application showed reduced dye penetration compared to without PA, although not statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests at P < 0.05. Conclusion: Irrigation protocols and the use of PA had no significant effect on the microleakage of self‑etch adhesives to pulp chamber dentin. A 1‑min application of 30% PA solution after NaOCl and EDTA irrigation did not improve the bonding of self‑etch adhesives to pulp chamber dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) is a worldwide fruit cultivated mainly in the East Asia, Mediterranean, Caucasus, Latin America, and Oceania regions. This fruit contains abundant proanthocyanidins (PAs, also called condensed tannins), whose biosynthesis is the main cause of fruit astringency. As the original centre and top producing country, China has discovered a unique type with desirable natural deastringency, the Chinese pollination-constant non-astringent (C-PCNA) persimmon. Studies have revealed that the C-PCNA trait is controlled by a single and dominant locus, which differs from that of another type, the Japanese PCNA type, with recessive loci. In the C-PCNA type, accumulating evidence has shown that the astringency removal process involves two pathways ("dilution effect" and "coagulation effect"). Moreover, molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) for the natural deastringency trait locus in C-PCNA has been used to test the non-astringency/astringency trait of hybrid offspring at the seedling stage. Importantly, persimmon can bear male flowers, female flowers, and perfect flowers, but sex-linked MAS has been developed for female-only persimmon. This sex-linked MAS, together with astringency-linked MAS and embryo rescue technology, may even shorten the conventional cross-breeding period of about 2–3 years. In addition, recently studies have established a stable genetic transformation system for persimmon transgenic improvement. Despite these efforts, how synthetic PAs and metabolism pathways lead to a deastringent trait remains unclear for persimmon. Thus, our review summarizes the latest research progress on the natural deastringency mechanism in C-PCNA, and we provide a new viewpoint for the genetic improvement of persimmon breeding in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Carallia brachiata Merr. is a Vietnamese medicinal plant, used to treat mouth ulcers, tongue sores, sore throats, and malaria. This paper focuses on the chemical constituents of C. brachiata and their inhibition of NO production. Methods: The dried and minced sample was extracted with methanol. The crude extract was isolated by various chromatographic methods. The structures of the isolates were determined by HR-ESI-MS, NMR, and CD spectra. The NO inhibition activity was evaluated in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. Results: Two new catechin derivatives (carabrachiatanins A (1) and B (2)) and seven known proanthocyanidins (3 - 9) were isolated from C. brachiata by bioguided fractionation. All isolates significantly showed NO inhibition effects with IC50 values ranging from 13.72 ∼ 34.28 µM. Conclusions: Two new and seven known compounds were isolated from C. brachiata. This is the first report of compounds 3 - 9 from C. brachiata. Compounds 7 and 8 inhibited NO production with their IC50 values of 16.31 ± 0.61 µM and 16.53 ± 0.83 µM, respectively, compared to that of dexamethasone, which showed IC50 value of 14.94 ± 1.11 µM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of proanthocyanidin (PA) on osteogenesis mediated by periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and endogenous alveolar bone regeneration. Background: Leveraging the osteogenic potential of resident stem cells is a promising strategy for alveolar bone regeneration. PA has been reported to be effective in osteogenesis. However, the effect and mechanism of PA on the osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs remain elusive. Methods: Human PDLSCs were treated with various doses of PA to assess the cell proliferation using Cell Counting Kit‐8. The osteogenic differentiation ability was detected by qRT‐PCR analysis, western blot analysis, Alizarin red S staining, and Alkaline Phosphatase staining. The level of autophagy was evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and western blot analysis. RNA sequencing was utilized to screen the potential signaling pathway. The alveolar bone defect model of rats was created to observe endogenous bone regeneration. Results: PA activated intracellular autophagy in PDLSCs, resulting in enhanced osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, this effect could be abolished by the autophagy inhibitor 3‐Methyladenine. Mechanistically, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway was negatively correlated with PA‐mediated autophagy activation. Lastly, PA promoted the alveolar bone regeneration in vivo, and this effect was reversed when the autophagy process was blocked. Conclusion: PA may activate autophagy by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway to promote the osteogenesis of PDLSCs and enhance endogenous alveolar bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condensed tannins are common in vegetative tissues of woody plants, including in roots. In hybrid poplar (Populus tremula x alba; also known as P. x canescens) CT assays indicated they were most concentrated in younger white roots and at the root tip. Furthermore, CT-specific staining of embedded tissue sections demonstrated accumulation in root cap cells and adjacent epidermal cells, as well as a more sporadic presence in cortex cells. In older, brown roots as well as roots with secondary growth (cork zone), CT concentration was significantly lower. The insoluble fraction of CTs was greatest in the cork zone. To determine if CT accumulation correlates with nutrient uptake in poplar roots, a microelectrode ion flux measurement (MIFE™) system was used to measure flux along the root axis. Greatest NH4+ uptake was measured near the root tip, but NO3- and Ca2+ did not vary along the root length. In agreement with earlier work, providing poplars with ample nitrogen led to higher accumulation of CTs across root zones. To test the functional importance of CTs in roots directly, CT-modified transgenic plants could be important tools.

Proanthocyanidin (PA) is an important bioactive compound with multiple physiological benefits in jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill.). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying PA biosynthesis in jujube fruit have not been investigated. Here, the profiling of PA, (+)-catechin and (–)-epicatechin and transcriptome sequencing of three jujube cultivars from Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China at five developmental stages were analyzed. The levels of total PAs and catechin exhibited a decreased trend over jujube ripening, and epicatechin content of two jujube cultivars increased first and then declined. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in ribosome, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fructose and mannose metabolism. 17 DEGs encoding PAL, CHS, CHI, CHS, F3’H, LAR, ANR, C4Hs, 4CLs, FLSs, DFRs and UFGTs involved in PA biosynthesis were relatively abundant. The highly transcribed LAR gene may greatly contribute to epicatechin accumulation. A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed, and a network module including 1620 genes highly correlated with content of Pas and catechin was established. We identified 58 genes including 9 structural genes and 49 regulatory genes related to PA biosynthesis and regulation in the WGCNA module. Sixteen genes encoding 9 families of transcriptional factors (i.e., MYB, bHLH, ERF, bZIP, NAC, SBP, MIKC, HB, WRKY) were considered as hub genes. The results of qRT-PCR analysis validating 10 genes were well consistent with the transcriptome data. These findings provide valuable knowledge to facilitate its genetic studies and molecular breeding.

Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes produces substantial challenges to agriculture, and new strategies for nematode control in livestock animals are called for. Natural compounds, including tannins, with proven anthelmintic activity could be a functional option as structurally diverse complementary compounds to be used alongside commercial anthelmintics. However, the dual use of two anthelmintic components requires an understanding of the pharmacological effects of the combination, while information concerning the interactions between plant-based polyphenols and commercial anthelmintics is scarce. We studied the direct interactions of proanthocyanidins (PAs, syn. condensed tannins) and a commercial anthelmintic thiabendazole, as a model substance of benzimidazoles, by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Our results show evidence of a direct interaction of an exothermic nature with observed enthalpy changes ranging from 0 to −30 kJ/mol. The strength of the interaction between PAs and thiabendazole is mediated by structural characteristics of the PAs with the strongest positive correlation originating from the presence of galloyl groups and the increased degree of polymerization.

In this study, binary and ternary complexes were prepared by heat treatment or combined heat and ultrasonic treatment using casein micelles (MC) as matrix and proanthocyanidin (PC), catechin (Cat) and chlorophyllin sodium copper salt (Chl) or their binary combinations as ligands. The interactions between PC, Cat, Chl or their binary combinations and MC were analyzed, and the binding capacity of MC to the various active molecules was evaluated. In addition, the structure, microscopic morphology and thermal stability of the complexes were characterized, and the antioxidant properties and in vitro digestibility of the ternary complexes were investigated as well. The results showed that PC, Cat and Chl formed binary complexes with MC through hydrophobic interactions, among which MC showed the highest affinity for Chl. Under heat treatment conditions, MC bound one molecule through hydrophobic interaction and another one by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. At 298 K, the binding of the first molecule improved the binding constant and the number of binding sites of the second one. The binding of PC, Cat, Chl or their binary complexes had no significant effect on the spatial structure or microscopic morphology of MC. The thermal stability of MC was enhanced after the binding of bioactive molecules under heat treatment conditions. In terms of antioxidant properties, heat treatment promoted the 2,2’-azino bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity of the ternary complexes, while combined heat and ultrasonic treatment promoted their 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. In addition, the loading of active molecules improved the digestibility of MC in simulated intestinal fluid. This study could provide a reference for the application of MC in the loading of bioactive molecules.

Proanthocyanidin (PA), as a kind of natural plant polyphenol, have a variety of biological functions, such as promoting remineralization, inducing collagen cross-linking, inhibiting protease activity and inhibiting bacteria. Therefore, PA could be broadly used in the clinical application of treatment and repair of deep caries in the future; for example, PA could promote dentin remineralization, improve resin-dentin bonding durability and improve the dentin acid erosion effect. This application potential of PA arises from several features, firstly, PA can not only promote dentin remineralization on its own or with other remineralizers but also exhibits antibacterial effects, which can inhibit acid production while reducing the formation of cariogenic pathogens and their biofilms. Based on the above features, PA can reduce the incidence of caries disease; thus, PA improves deep caries and long-term effects after treatment. In addition, PA added to adhesives or etch agents can improve the etching and bonding effect of dentin by inducing collagen cross-linking and inhibiting protease activity, thus achieving the ultimate goal of improving the bonding performance of deep caries. This paper summarizes recent progress of research on PA for the treatment and repair of deep caries, including the promotion of dentin remineralization and antibacterial activity as well as the improvement in dentin bonding and acid etching effect, to provide a more comprehensive reference for treating and restoring deep caries in clinical practice.

Astringency of phenolic-rich foods is a key tactile perception responsible for acceptability/rejection of plant extracts as ingredients in formulations. Covalent conjugation of phenolic extracts with plant proteins might be a promising strategy to control astringency, but suffers from a lack of mechanistic understanding from the lubrication point of view. To shed light on this, this ex vivo study evaluated the effect of conjugation of a phenolic grape seed extract (GSE) with legume protein (lupin, LP) on tribological and surface adsorption performance of GSE in the absence and presence of human saliva (ex vivo). Tribological results confirmed GSE had an inferior lubrication capacity as compared to LP. The lubrication performance of LP-GSE dispersions was comparable to their corresponding LP dispersion (p > 0.05) when covalently conjugated with LP (LP-GSE) with increasing LP:GSE ratio up to 1:0.04 w/w and at a specific degree of conjugation (DC: 2%). Tribological and surface adsorption measurements confirmed the tendency of GSE to interact with human saliva (ex vivo, n = 17 subjects), impairing the lubricity of salivary films. The covalent bonding of LP to GSE hindered GSE's interaction with human saliva, implying the potential influence of covalent conjugation on attenuating astringency. LP appeared to compete with human saliva for surface adsorption and governed the lubrication behaviour in LP-GSE dispersions. Findings from this study provide valuable knowledge to guide the rational design of sustainable, functional foods using conjugation of phenolics with plant proteins to incorporate larger proportions of health-promoting phenolics while controlling astringency, which needs validation by sensory trials.

Grapes are an economically important fruit crop, and their polyphenols (mainly phenolic acids, flavanols, flavonols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and stilbenes) can exert a wide range of health benefits as an interesting and valuable dietary supplement for natural complementary therapy. However, their potential physiological and therapeutic actions on reproductive processes have not been sufficiently elucidated. This evidence-based study presents current knowledge of grape extracts and polyphenols, as well as their properties and therapeutical actions in relation to female reproduction in a nutshell. Grape extract, and its polyphenols such as resveratrol, proanthocyanidin B2 or delphinidin may influence female reproductive physiology and pathology, as well as regulate multiple signaling pathways related to reproductive hormones, steroid hormones receptors, intracellular regulators of oxidative stress and subsequent inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation. Their role in the management of ovarian cancer, age-related reproductive insufficiency, ovarian ischemia, PCOS, or menopausal syndrome has been indicated. In particular, the potential involvement of grapeseed extracts and/or proanthocyanidin B2 and delphinidin on ovarian steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation, and developmental capacity has been implicated, albeit at different regulatory levels. Grape polyphenols exert a wide range of health benefits posing grape extract as an interesting and valuable dietary supplement for natural complementary therapy. This evidence-based study focuses on the actions of grapeseed extract and grape polyphenols on female reproductive processes at various regulatory levels and multiple signalling pathways by regulating reproductive hormones (GnRH, gonadotropins, prolactin, steroid hormones, IGFBP), steroid receptors, markers of proliferation and apoptosis. However, lack of knowledge of standardized dosages so far limits their clinical application despite the wide range of their biological and therapeutic potentials.

Environmental factors such as light, temperature, and humidity affecting the top and bottom node of the soybean plant, are important determinants of the seed constituents, and these are neglected over the years. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the anthocyanin, proanthocyanidin (PA), sucrose, oil, protein, and metabolite content of four black soybean to identify the changes during seed development stages at different node positions of the soybean plant. The soybean stem was divided into two equal parts depending on the number of nodes. Seeds with uniform size at the top and bottom node were harvested at R6: full-size seed, R7: physiological maturity, and R8: when 95% of the pods were matured. Among the four varieties used, the E314 accounted for the highest anthocyanin content (2.43 mg g−1) at the top node of R8 stage. In addition, at the top node, increased PA contents were observed, and the maximum content (3.14 mg g−1) was obtained at the R7 stage in E314 cultivar. Sucrose content declined as the seed matured from R6 to R8 with the highest content (9.77 mg g−1) at the top node of R6 stage. The metabolic pathway analysis revealed that node position had profoundly influenced the metabolic profile including lysine biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis at the various development stages of the seed. Our results provide optimum growth stage and node position of soybean seed to be harvested to obtain maximum seed components since seed harvested at the top position contained higher protein, anthocyanin, and PA than seed from the bottom node. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins are widespread in the plant kingdom and are involved in important bioactivities, such as antioxidation. These flavonoids can reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes; consequently, they are widely studied for disease prevention and treatment. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the chemical structures, food sources, and bioactivities of these compounds. We also discuss recent developments and trends related to anthocyanin- and proanthocyanidin-derived products. This review provides insights to inform related research and inspire future studies to help realize the potential of these plant pigments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a potent way to study gene function in plants. In this study, a tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-mediated gene silencing system (TRV-VIGS) was established with the phytoene desaturase (HcPDS) as the marker gene in kenaf. Firstly, the seed soak agroinoculation method of the VIGS system was explored. HcPDS gene silencing led to photobleaching phenotype in kenaf leaves. According to qRT-PCR analysis, photobleached leaves had significantly lower gene expression levels compared with the control. Secondly, an optimizing approach with leaf infiltration was used to improve silencing efficiency. After the kenaf leaves were injected with Agrobacterium cultures with OD600 0.8, the plants were cultivated in chamber growth at 24 °C with approximately 60%-70% humidity (16 h day/8 h night), and the silencing efficiency could reach up to 90-100% at 2-3 weeks post-inoculation. To verify the reliability of this system, the HcPDS gene of 9 kenaf varieties (lines) from different genetic backgrounds was successfully silenced by the TRV-VIGS, implying the system can be widely used in kenaf. Furthermore, the knockdown of the anthocyanidin reductase gene (HcANR) by TRV-VIGS allowed for the significant decrease of the proanthocyanidins content. The HcANR silencing effects were analyzed by RNA-seq. The proanthocyanidins content reduced in silenced plants might be related to the dramatic transcriptional level changes of proanthocyanidins synthesis-related genes such as HcPAL, HcDFR, and HcF3'H. The establishment of TRV-VIGS will facilitate the functional study of target genes in kenaf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundBenzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is neurotoxic and can cause neuronal damage by oxidative stress. Proanthocyanidin (PC) has antioxidant activity, and its mechanism may related to nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway. ObjectiveTo explore potential protective effect of PC on hippocampal neuron injury induced by BaP oxidative stress. MethodsHippocampal neurons of neonatal SD rats delivered within 24 h were isolated and cultured, and cell activity was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method. According to the pre-experimental results, a control group and three BaP groups of 10, 20 and 40 µmol·L−1 were set up for Stage I experiment. The length of neurites and number of branches of hippocampal neurons in each group were observed by immunofluorescence method. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) fluorescence probe method was used to measure ROS levels in cells. Real-time quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of Nrf2, Kelch-like epichlorohydrin associated protein-1 (Keap1), HO-1, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), and Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) in hippocampal neurons of each group, respectively. According to the results of Stage I experiment, three group were set up, including control group, BaP alone treatment group (BaP 20 µmol·L−1), and PC intervention group (BaP 20 µmol·L−1 + PC 2.5 µg·mL−1) for Stage II experiment, with the same protocol as Stage I. ResultsFor Stage I experiment, compared with the control group, the 10, 20, and 40 µmol·L−1 BaP groups showed gradually shortened length of neurites [(177.60±3.49), (142.40±6.52), and (100.50±19.40) µm] (P

As a drought-tolerant crop, Tartary buckwheat survives under adverse environmental conditions, including drought stress. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) and anthocyanins are flavonoid compounds, and they participate in the regulation of resistance to both biotic and abiotic stresses by triggering genes’ biosynthesis of flavonoids. In this study, a basic leucine zipper, basic leucine zipper 85 (FtbZIP85), which was predominantly expressed in seeds, was isolated from Tartary buckwheat. Our study shows that the expressions of FtDFR, FtbZIP85 and FtSnRK2.6 were tissue-specific and located in both the nucleus and the cytosol. FtbZIP85 could positively regulate PA biosynthesis by binding to the ABA-responsive element (ABRE) in the promoter of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (FtDFR), which is a key enzyme in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway. Additionally, FtbZIP85 was also involved in the regulation of PA biosynthesis via interactions with FtSnRK2.6 but not with FtSnRK2.2/2.3. This study reveals that FtbZIP85 is a positive regulator of PA biosynthesis in TB.

Background and Objectives: Lower limb skeletal muscle ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and it is common in several clinical situations such as aortic aneurysms repairment, peripheral arterial surgery, vascular injury repairment, and shock. Although it is generally accepted that oxidative stress mediators have a significant role in IR injury, its precise mechanism is still unknown. Anecdotally, it is sustained not only by structural and functional changes in the organ it affects but also by damage to distant organs. The purpose of this report is to illustrate the effect of proanthocyanidin on IR injury. Materials and Methods: In our study, 18 male Wistar albino rats were used. The subjects were divided into three groups containing six mice each (control, C; ischemia–reperfusion, IR; ischemia–reperfusion and proanthocyanidin; IR-PRO). Intraperitoneal proanthocyanidin was given to the IR and proanthocyanidin groups 30 min before laparotomy, and 1 h ischemia led to these two groups. After one hour, reperfusion started. Muscle atrophy–hypertrophy, muscle degeneration–congestion, fragmentation–hyalinization, muscle oval-central nucleus ratio, leukocyte cell infiltration, catalase enzyme activity, and TBARS were all examined in lower-limb muscle samples after one hour of reperfusion. Results: When skeletal muscle samples were evaluated histopathologically, it was discovered that muscle atrophy–hypertrophy, muscle degeneration–congestion, fragmentation–hyalinization, and leukocyte cell infiltration with oval-central nucleus standardization were significantly higher in the IR group than in the C and IR-P groups. Oval-central nucleus standardization was significantly higher in the IR and IR-PRO groups than in the control group. TBARS levels were significantly higher in the IR group than in the control and IR-PRO groups, while catalase enzyme activity was found to be significantly lower in the IR group than in the control and IR-PRO groups. Conclusions: As a consequence of our research, we discovered that proanthocyanidins administered before IR have a protective impact on skeletal muscle in rats. Further research in this area is required.

Introduction: Biomodification involves the application of exogenous cross-linkers to stabilise collagen molecules through the formation of inter- and intramolecular cross-links. This approach shows potential for improving bonding performance in adhesive restorations. Aim: To assess the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) regarding the use of cross-linkers during dentin bonding among practitioners specialising in conservative dentistry. Materials and Methods: An online survey was conducted among dentists practicing conservative dentistry across India from September 2022 to November 2022. The survey consisted of a semi-validated questionnaire with 24 questions and was distributed through personal email and social media. Data was collected over a period of three months and analysed using statistical evaluation in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) via chi-square test. Results: A total of 181 responses were received. Of the study population, 68.2 percent became aware of biomodification through articles in various journals. According to the study, 85 individuals (47%) acknowledged that using cross-linkers could enhance the mechanical properties of dentin by stabilising collagen. However, it is interesting to note that only 33 individuals (18.2%) actually incorporated biomodification techniques in their dental practice. Conclusion: Nearly half of the study population were aware of the use of cross-linkers to enhance dentin strength, prevent degradation and preserve resin-dentin bonds, inhibit demineralisation, and prevent root caries. However, only 18.2% of the participants reported practicing biomodification procedures in their dental practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MYB and BBX transcription factors play important roles in flavonoid biosynthesis. Here, we obtained transgenic woodland strawberry with stable overexpression of FaMYB5, demonstrating that FaMYB5 can increase anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin content in roots, stems and leaves of woodland strawberry. In addition, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays and yeast two-hybridization demonstrated that the N-terminal (1-99aa) of FaBBX24 interacts with FaMYB5. Transient co-expression of FaBBX24 and FaMYB5 in cultivated strawberry 'Xiaobai' showed that co-expression strongly promoted the expression of F3′H, 4CL-2, TT12, AHA10 and ANR and then increased the content of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin in strawberry fruits. We also determined that FaBBX24 is also a positive regulator of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in strawberry. The results reveal a novel mechanism by which the FaMYB5–FaBBX24 module collaboratively regulates anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin in strawberry fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food, feed and beverage processing brings tannins into contact with macromolecules, such as proteins and polysaccharides, leading to different chemical and physical interactions. The interactions of tannins with proteins are well known but less is known about the affinity of tannins to polysaccharides. We used bacterial cellulose from nata de coco as a model compound to investigate how tannins and cellulose interact by adsorption measurements using UPLC-DAD. We also explored how the structure of tannins influences these interactions. The model tannins included nine individual structurally different hydrolysable tannins (HTs) and eight well-defined proanthocyanidin (PA) fractions with different monomeric units, mean degree of polymerization and both A- and B-type linkages. Tannins were found to have both strong and weak interactions with bacterial cellulose, depending on the exact structure of the tannin. For HTs, the main structural features affecting the interactions were the structural flexibility of the HT molecule and the number of free galloyl groups. For PAs, prodelphinidins were found to have a higher affinity to cellulose than procyanidins. Similarly to HTs, the presence of free galloyl groups in galloylated PAs and the flexibility of the PA molecule led to a stronger interaction. Adsorption measurements by UPLC-DAD proved to be a sensitive and rapid tool to evaluate the affinity of tannins to cellulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context: Adhesion to dentin remains a tough challenge due to its heterogeneous composition, complex histologic structure and high tubular content, warranting the need to investigate methods to improve the bond strength of the commonly used access restorative materials to pulp chamber dentin. Aims: To evaluate the effect of dentin biomodification using 6.5% grape seed extract and a 980 nm diode LASER on the shear bond strength of resin-based bonded restoration to pulp chamber dentin. Methods and Materials: Access cavities were prepared in 42 extracted human maxillary premolars, which were then sectioned in a buccolingual direction. The samples were serially immersed in 5.25% NaOCl for 40 minutes and 17% EDTA for 3 minutes and allocated into three groups: the control group, the group pre-treated with 6.5% grape seed extract (GSE) and the group pre-treated with a 980 nm diode light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (LASER). All the samples were restored with resin composites and subjected to shear bond strength testing using a universal testing machine. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23 software. Results: The mean shear bond strength was highest in the group pre-treated with GSE, followed by that pre-treated with diode LASER and finally in the control group. Conclusions: Dentin biomodification using both chemical and physical agents such as grape seed extract and diode LASER was shown to improve the shear bond strength of resin composite endodontic access restorations to the pulp chamber dentin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]