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Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most widely spread tumor among the human population. It is usually adenocarcinomatous and develops as a polyp on the inner wall of the colon or rectum which may become malignant with time. Though its treatment is limited, its early diagnosis and prevention play a better role, thereby decreasing mortality rates. Objective: The molecular markers in CRC-affected tissues may play an important role to develop novel strategies to cure the disease. Nanotechnology consists of both an innovative diagnostic and therapeutic array of nanomaterials that may be used to target CRC like dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, nanoparticles, nano-emulsions, etc. Methods: Current patents and research covering the nanotechnology used to target and diagnose CRC is included in the review. Results: Nanotechnology is playing a wonderful role in both the treatment and diagnosis of CRC. Conclusion: The present review may cover the recent advancements in nanotechnology in the treatment and diagnosis of CRC.

Abstract: Identifying cancer genomes has provided acuity into somatically altered genes athwart tu-mors, transformed our understanding of biology, and helped us design therapeutic strategies. Though the action of most cancer cells remains furtive yet many features of cancer surpass their genomes. Consequently, the characterization of tumor genome does not affect the treatment of many patients. Strategies to know the circuity and function of cancer genes provide corresponding methods to expli-cate both non-oncogene and oncogene deficiencies. The emerging techniques specify that the thera-peutic targets produced by non-oncogene deficiencies are much grander than the mutated genes. In the present review, a framework of the long-drawn-out list of cancer targets viz. synthetic lethal tar-gets, oncogene dependence, response to DNA damage, tumor suppressor rescue, metabolic suscepti-bility, protein-protein interaction, cell state or master regulators, targeting immune cells, fibroblasts, etc. giving innovative prospects for clinical translation, are discussed.

Background: Hemorrhoid disease (HD) is an anal-rectal ailment that is commonly painful or may be painless and causes rectal bleeding with or without prolapsing anal tissue. It is generally associated with bleeding, prolapse, pruritus, and discomfort, which results in a diminished quality of life and well-being. Objective: To highlight the recent developments in terms of safety, clinical efficacy, and marketed formulation for the effective management of hemorrhoids. Method: Reported literature available on Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Clinicaltrails.gov, and from many reputed foundations has been studied to summarize the recent development and clinical studies for the management of hemorrhoids. Results and Conclusion: The high incidence of hemorrhoids obliges the development of new molecules; therefore, safe and efficient drugs to confer protection against hemorrhoids are urgently needed. This review article mainly focuses on the newer molecules to overcome hemorrhoids and also emphasizes various studies carried out in the past.

Background: A microsponge delivery system (MDS) is a cutting-edge and distinctive method of structured medication delivery. Regulated drug distribution is now possible with the use of microsponge technology. Techniques for drug release are created specifically to distribute medications to the body's various locations. As a result, pharmacological therapy becomes more effective, and patient compliance significantly affects the health care system. Main Body: MDS consists of porous microspheres with a substantially porous structure and a very small spherical shape, ranging in size from 5 to 300 microns. MDS is typically used to administer medications through topical channels, but new research has demonstrated the promise of this technique for parenteral, oral, and ocular drug delivery. Topical formulations are an attempt to manage diseases like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, etc. While reducing the drug's side effects, MDS can readily change the pharmaceutical release shape and enhance formulation stability. Reaching the highest peak plasma concentration in the blood is the main goal of microsponge medication delivery. The ability of MDS to self-sterilize is by far the most notable quality. Conclusion: In countless studies, MDS is employed as an anti-allergic, anti-mutagenic, and nonirritant. This review covers the overview of microsponges along with their release mechanism. The article focuses on the marketed formulation of microsponges and patent data of the same. This review will be helpful for researchers working in MDS technology.

Objective: Puerarin is a well-known anti-inflammatory agent which has demonstrated its potential to cure numerous ailments. Though many plants are reported in the literature, still their mechanisms are unversed. In this review, numerous mechanisms of puerarin to cure cancer and other inflammatory disorders, pharmacokinetics and adverse events, and boulevards of further research are discussed. Methods: Organized research was done using ScienceDirect, PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Google Patents and ScienceDirect Medline to quest all the available data to date on puerarin. Different keywords used were “puerarin”, “Pueraria tuberosa”, “cancer”, “anti-inflammatory”, “cardiovascular”, “IBD”, “pharmacokinetics” etc. Results: One hundred thirty-six articles and thirteen patents were studied. Puerarin is reported to treat chronic problems like inflammation, sexual dysfunction, cardiovascular diseases and menaces such as colon, stomach, lung and breast cancer by numerous mechanisms, as these ailments do not progress via a single independent pathway. Conclusion: Conclusion: This article will definitely help budding researchers scrutinize the wealth of information on the therapeutic chattels of puerarin and identify the gaps that have forbidden its application as a potential molecule to cure various ailments.

Background: Curcuma longa L. is worldwide investigated as the well known indian spice by virtue of its principal constituent, curcumin. Objective: The objective of this review is to study the biosynthetic pathway, extraction process, chemistry, various analytical methods for identification of curcumin and its effect on biological system. Methods: Current prose and papers emphasizing the biosynthesis, extraction methods, analytical methods and biological activities of curcumin have been identified and reviewed with particular emphasis on their scientific impact and novelty. Result: Curcumin, principal constituent extracted from dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. is a hydrophobic polyphenol meant to cure chronic malignancies like rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s, Inflammatory bowel disease and many common ailments related to colon, lung, stomach and skin. Conclusion: This present review gives erudition of curcumin which paves way for further work.

Background: Curcumin, principal constituent extracted from dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa L., is a hydrophobic polyphenol meant to cure chronic malignancies like rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s, Inflammatory bowel disease and many common ailments related to colon, lung, stomach and skin. The objective of this review is to study the synergistic effect of curcumin. Methods: Current prose emphasizes the synergistic effect of curcumin as a part of cancer treatment and other ailments have been identified and reviewed with particular emphasis on their scientific impact and novelty. Results: A number of synergistic combinations have emerged with the growth of biological data sets that can prove to be useful for the pharmaceutical industry. Conclusion: This present review will be helpful to the researchers and industries in drug development as a new paradigm of drug discovery.

Objective India is referred as goldmine of herbal drugs but still lack of optimization of herbal drugs, which has kept us on the back foot. The rationale of the study is to prepare optimized transdermal drug delivery system of curcumin employing response surface methodology to study the collective effect of independent variables like concentration of ethyl cellulose, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose and dibutyl phthalate which significantly influenced characteristics like percentage elongation and in vitro drug release. Method Twenty formulations containing varying concentrations of polymers and permeation enhancer were prepared using solvent casting technique. Result The study revealed that the effect of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) concentration was the highest on percentage elongation (P Conclusion It can be concluded that in future if proper optimization of herbal formulations is carried out, they can become the first choice for patients as compare to synthetic drugs.

Background: Arnica montana, containing helenalin as its principal active constituent, is the most widely used plant to treat various ailments. Recent studies indicate that Arnica and helenalin provide significant health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering, immunomodulatory, and most important, anti-cancer properties. Objective: The objective of the present study is to overview the recent patents of Arnica and its principal constituent helenalin, including new methods of isolation, and their use in the prevention of cancer and other ailments. Methods: Current prose and patents emphasizing the anti-cancer potential of helenalin and Arnica, incorporated as anti-inflammary agents in anti-cancer preparations, have been identified and reviewed with particular emphasis on their scientific impact and novelty. Results: Helenalin has shown its anti-cancer potential to treat multiple types of tumors, both in vitro and in vivo. It has also portrayed synergistic effects when given in combination with other anti- cancer drugs or natural compounds. New purification/isolation techniques are also developing with novel helenalin formulations and its synthetic derivatives have been developed to increase its solubility and bioavailability. Conclusion: The promising anti-cancer potential of helenalin in various preclinical studies may open new avenues for therapeutic interventions in different tumors. Thus clinical trials validating its tumor suppressing and chemopreventive activities, particularly in conjunction with standard therapies, are immediately required.

Viruses are the eventual assertion of parasitism, they not only take nutriments from the host cell, apart from that they direct its metabolic machinery to amalgamate novel virus particle and to diminish the ability of flu viruses to reproduce in an individual antiviral drugs are used. When used as directed, antiviral drugs may help to lessen the duration of flu symptoms and may reduce the severity of common flu symptoms. Antiviral drugs are the class of drugs which comes under the antimicrobials, and that also accommodates the larger group i.e. of antibiotics. They are broad-spectrum in nature and can be effective against a wide range of viruses. They can be used as a single drug as well as in combination of drugs. Antiviral drugs are dissimilar from the antibiotics, they do not demolish their target pathogen ideally they obstruct development of pathogen. To the greatest extent antiviral drugs currently accessible are delineate to deal with herpes viruses, covid-19, HIV, the hepatitis b and c viruses herpes simplex, small pox, picornavirus and influenza a and b viruses etc. Scientists are searching to drag out the range of antiviral to the other families of pathogens. They mainly act by inhibiting the attachment of viruses on cells, prevent genetic reproduction of virus, prevent viral protein production and vital for production of virus. The emanation of antiviral is generally the outcome about an appreciably expanded skills or proficiency of the generative, microscopic and atomic activity of organisms, allowing biomedical analyst to acknowledge the structure, mechanism of action and activity of viruses, significant progress within the procedure for come across the current drugs. Coronavirus 2019 (COVID 19) is highly infectious disease triggered by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome) coronavirus 2 causing nearly 2.9 million deaths worldwide. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the repurposing of antiviral drugs has come into picture.

Background: Self-medication has both negative and beneficial effects on people's health, as the COVID-19 epidemic has demonstrated. The goal of the study is to look into the epidemiology of self-medicated medications used for respiratory symptoms, as a COVID-19 preventive, for its symptoms, or after a positive COVID-19 test, and to see how symptom relief is viewed in India, as well as what demographic factors encourage self-medication. Methods: Using a trial version of Qualtrics Core XM software to prototype 24 surveys, a webbased questionnaire was built, tested, and disseminated in several Indian states. Result: In the survey, 519 candidates participated. 43% of respondents reported that all symptoms were relieved. However, just 39% of all respondents took the government-recommended Ayushkwath, and 56% took a vitamin C tablet to improve immunity. Aspirin, ibuprofen, and azithromycin were shown to be the most commonly used medications for various symptoms, including fever, weariness, cough, sneezing, loose motion, and immune boost, and breathing problems. Conclusion: Self-medication was common, with many people taking drugs for which there was little scientific evidence. The frequency of self-medication was connected to age, region, and employment position.

Background: Transdermal drug delivery is an emerging and appealing alternative to oral and hypodermic drug delivery systems. With the new developments in skin penetration techniques, anticancer drugs ranging from hydrophilic macromolecules to lipophilic drugs can be administered via a transdermal route to treat cancer. Objective: In the present review, various approaches to enhance the transdermal delivery of drugs are discussed, including micro and nanotechnology-based transdermal formulations like chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, phototherapy, vaccines, and medical devices. Limitations and advantages of various transdermal technologies are also elaborated. Method: In this review, patent applications and recent literature of transdermal drug delivery systems employed to cure mainly cancer are covered. Results: Transdermal drug delivery systems have proved their potential to cure cancer. They increase the bioavailability of the drug by site-specific drug delivery and can reduce the side effects/- toxicity associated with anticancer drugs. Conclusion: The potential of transdermal drug delivery systems to carry the drug may unclutter novel ways for therapeutic intercessions in various tumors.

Background:Literature reports numerous causes for liver damage, which mainly include viral hepatitis (most commonly hepatitis B), cirrhosis, cell stress, hepatic damage by NSAIDs or alcohol. In the present study, methanolic extracts ofTectona grandisleaves were evaluated for hepatoprotective activity against CCl4induced liver damage in rats.Methods:Hepatic injury in rats was carried out using the CCl4-induced hepatotoxic model. Methanolic extracts ofTectona grandiswere administered orally at two different doses (200mg/kg & 400mg/kg) daily. The biochemical parameters (SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and serum bilirubin) were estimated using Reitman and Frankel's method in addition Kind King’s method.Results:The preliminary phytochemical studies confirmed the existence of saponins, carbohydrates, tannins, and flavonoids. CCl4treated group boost the concentrations of Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Alkaline Phosphate (ALP) and serum bilirubin as compared to control group (rats treated with vehicle). The methanolic extract of plant (200 mg/kg & 400 mg/kg) and standard drug silymarin (100 mg/kg) produced a significant decrease in raised levels of these enzymes as compared to control.Conclusion:The results clearly indicate thatTectona grandisleaves have notable hepatoprotective activity in rats hepatic damage induced by CCl4.

The development and spread of resistance to antimicrobial drugs is hampering the management of microbial infectious and wound healing processes. Curcumin is the most active and effective constituent of Curcuma longa L., also known as turmeric, and has a very long and strong history of medicinal value for human health and skincare. Curcumin has been proposed as strong antimicrobial potentialities and many attempts have been made to determine its ability to conjointly control bacterial growth and promote wound healing. However, low aqueous solubility, poor tissue absorption and short plasma half-life due its rapid metabolism needs to be solved for made curcumin formulations as suitable treatment for wound healing. New curcumin nanoformulations have been designed to solve the low bioavailability problem of curcumin. Thus, in the present review, the therapeutic applications of curcumin nanoformulations for antimicrobial and wound healing purposes is described.

Background: Chronotherapeutics, the drug delivery based on circadian rhythm, is recently gaining much attention worldwide. Various diseases like asthma, hypertension, and arthritis show the circadian variation that demands time scheduled drug release for effective drug action. Therefore, the pulsatile drug delivery system has been designed to confer preprogrammed drug delivery. Objective: In the present study, a ‘3 Cap’ pulsatile drug delivery system has been developed, optimized, and characterized in order to achieve the floating and pulsatile release of ramipril. Methods: An optimal response surface design was employed to investigate the effect of isopropanol: formaldehyde vapours for varying time on drug release from the capsules. ‘3 Cap’ pulsatile drug delivery system was evaluated in terms of floating time, density, effect of gastric flow rate and type of dissolution apparatus on drug release. Results: Independent variables exhibited significant effect on the drug release of the prepared formulations. Results showed that time between the release of fractions of dose increased with increase in formaldehyde: isopropanol ratio and duration of exposure to formaldehyde vapours with no effect of gastric flow rate. Conclusion: : The results of the designed system revealed that an optimum exposure of 1:2 of isopropanol: formaldehyde vapors for sixty minutes resulted in the desired release of second pulse of dose after a predetermined lag time of 5 hours as desired. ‘3Cap’ system was successful in achieving floating and pulsed release of hypertensive drug opening a ‘new lease of life’ to the existing drug molecule.

Objectives Arnica montana is a widely used therapeutic plant used traditionally to treat various ailments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the botany, phytochemistry and ethnopharmacology along with special emphasis given on pharmacological activity of plant A. montana. Key findings The plant extracts have been reported to possess antibacterial, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal and immunomodulatory activity. A wide range of chemical compounds including sesquiterpene lactones and their short-chain carbonic acid esters, flavonoids, carotenoids, essential oils, diterpenes, arnidiol, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, coumarins, phenolic acids, lignans and oligosaccharides, etc., are found in different parts of the plant. Summary It has been scrutinized that extensive research has been carried out to explore the therapeutic potential of flowers of the plant. Therefore, investigations should be carried out to explore the therapeutic potential of other parts of the plant for better therapeutic utilization.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) ranks fifth among all forms of disability affecting 10% of the world population. Current treatments available are associated with multiple side effects and do not slow down the progression of the disease. Moreover, no such effective treatment is available to date in various systems of medicine to treat osteoarthritis. Curcumin and Arnica have shown evident clinical advances in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Objective: The aim of the present study was to design, optimize and characterize novel herbal transdermal patches of curcumin and Arnica montana using factorial design. Methods: A multiple factorial design was employed to investigate the effect of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and jojoba oil on elongation and drug release. Transdermal patches were evaluated by FTIR, DSC, FESEM, ex vivo drug permeation, anti osteoarthritic activity and analgesic activity. Results: Independent variables exhibited a significant effect on the physicochemical properties of the prepared formulations. The higher values of drug release and elongation were observed with the higher concentration of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and jojoba oil. Anti osteoarthritic activity was assessed by complete Freund's adjuvant arthritis model; using rats and analgesic activity by Eddy's hot plate method, using mice. Combination patch exhibited good anti osteoarthritic and analgesic activity as compare to individual drug patches. Conclusion: The design results revealed that the combination patch exhibited good physicochemical, anti osteoarthritic and analgesic activity for the treatment of osteoarthritis in animals. More plants and their combinations should be explored to get reliable, safe and effective formulations that can compete with synthetic drugs.

Transdermal drug delivery has made an important contribution to medical practice. It is a medicated patch that delivers a specific amount of medication through the skin into the blood stream. An advantage of a transdermal drug delivery route over other types of medication delivery is that the patch provides a controlled release of the medication into the patient, usually through either a porous membrane covering a reservoir of medication or through body heat melting thin layers of medication embedded in the adhesive. The present investigation was aimed to formulate transdermal films of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Diclofenac sodium using mercury substrate method and evaluated for physicochemical parameters like thickness, weight variation, moisture uptake, moisture content, folding endurance, and drug content values. Three transdermal patches were prepared using different concentrations of ethyl cellulose. It was concluded that as the concentration of polymer increases the thickness of patch, weight uniformity and folding endurance increases. Percentage moisture content and percentage moisture uptake decreases with increase in polymer concentration.