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In this analytical essay, we situate truth commissions as relevant sites for International Relations (IR) research, in particular on professional communities and knowledge hierarchies. With an empirical focus on report-making, we argue that there is a need to rethink and revise established professional community concepts. While these concepts stress professional communities' detachment from mundane pressures, we suggest a "pressure lens" to better grasp the key dynamics of expert knowledge production. Based on in-depth interpretive research on three truth commissions—in Sierra Leone, Kenya, and Tunisia—we set out to identify key dynamics in the report-making of truth commissions that contribute to the gap between high expectations and sobering realities regarding truth commissions as "victim-centred" policy instruments. Understanding the dynamics at play requires us to pay attention to unequal pressures—such as time and funding pressures, powerholder interference, and demands voiced by victims and survivors—that bear on the work of experts and professionals who produce truth commission reports. We argue that these pressures and, crucially, the ways in which they tend to play out under conditions of coloniality, are expressions of global hierarchies that shape professional report-making work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Society & Leisure / Loisir & Société is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides an empirical overview of federal lobbying in Canada, examining lobbying contacts by field and sector from 2011 to 2022. We track shifts in lobbying representation over this period, including across Harper Conservative and Trudeau Liberal administrations. The study reveals the dominance of business interests in lobbying in Canada and a high level of lobbying concentration. By sector, export-oriented industries with high environmental and climatic impacts—namely, agriculture, fossil fuel and manufacturing industries—predominate. With the transition to Trudeau, we find a significant increase in overall rates of lobbying and a modest increase in the ratio of public interest representation. Overall, the lobbying industry is characterized by greater access but unequal voice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines is the property of Hassif Benbouali University of Chlef and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective To explore the effects of anxiety and depression on Internet gaming disorder in medical students, and to evaluate the moderating effect of gender, so as to provide references for the prevention and intervention of Internet gaming disorder in medical students. Methods In November 2021，a total of 11 771 medical students from a medical college in Sichuan province participated in an online survey through Wenjuanxing platform. Participants completed the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS)，Self rating Depression Scale (SDS)and the nine-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF). Then a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted to discuss the moderating role of gender in the relationships between anxiety, depression and Internet gaming disorder in medical students. Results Males scored lower on SDS (t=-8. 302，P<0. 01)，and higher on IGDS9-SF than females (t=33. 384，P<0. 01). ②SAS score of medical students was positively correlated with SDS score (r=0. 735， P<0. 01)，SAS and SDS scores were positively correlated with IGDS9-SF score in medical students (r=0. 288，0. 238，P<0. 01). Anxiety and depression could positively predict Internet gaming disorder (β=0. 245，0. 058，t=18. 864，4. 444，P<0. 01). Gender played a moderating effect between anxiety and Internet gaming disorder (β=-0. 194，t=-4. 518，P<0. 01). Conclusion Anxiety and depression have a positive predictive effect on Internet gaming disorder in medical students. Furthermore, the effects of anxiety on Internet gaming disorder are moderated by gender, and the anxiety of male students exhibits a markedly stronger impact on Internet gaming disorder than that of female students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A simplified dynamic model is developed for prediction of displacer's free stroke. • Experiments on Hofbauer cycle machine is carried out. • A simplified method of determining the masses in chambers with leakage is proposed. • Relative error of predicted pressure is in the range of -0.26% ∼ 0.85% • Relative error of predicted free stroke is in the range of -2.45% ∼ +3.02%. Hofbauer cycle machine is one promising technology for heating. It has many advantages compared to conventional Vuilleumier machines due to its non-continuous motions. However, its non-continuous motions also bring challenges for control. In this work, a simplified dynamic model is proposed to predict the free stroke for control. Based on assumption of a mass-spring system for the displacers, a simplified solution is deduced. The simplified solution is based on constant position of pressure balance points and a linear change of gas mass in the working chamber. Experiments on a prototype machine were carried out to validate the model. Motions of displacers are analyzed and causes for abnormal motions are revealed. Then, the predicted free stroke is obtained based on the simplified model and compared with the measured results. The relative error is in the range of -2.45% ∼ +3.02%. Thus, the simplified model could provide a reference for quick control in Hofbauer cycle machines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastomers used in everyday life are always reinforced with rigid nanoparticles (carbon black or silica). The addition of rigid nanoparticles to an elastomer gives it very specific viscoelastic properties. In this article, we discuss the current understanding of mechanical properties of a polymer matrix around its glass transition, focusing on the situation of polymers confined between two rigid surfaces with a nanometric gap. Then, we will explain how the properties of the matrix can help to understand the properties of filled or reinforced elastomers. We will then explain that in reinforced rubbers, the mechanical properties are dominated by stress propagation between neighboring aggregates through a nanometric polymer gap, thus by confined polymer bridges.We will discuss how knowledge of the dynamics of confined polymers allows us to understand the temperature dependence, the pressure dependence and the non-linearities observed for strain below 0.1 of reinforced elastomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of extruders, in particular how it works and its principles, must be started from the definition of the extrusion process, the description of its development and types, as well as its functions and advantages. In order to understand the process of extrusion technology, it is necessary to go into detailed descriptions and discussions together with theoretical insights of the subject. In the present article, we discuss a theoretical perspective of production of porous granules from oil crops by extrusion technology. Let’s divide this theoretical perspective into three steps. At first, we study the modeling of statics of oil crop mix compressibility together with carbon dioxide. At second, we study the heat exchange and phase transformation during the stroke of oil crop extruder filled with CO2. At third, we observe the deformation of the oil crops during the extrusion process. There is a probability that extrusion process of oil crop mix with the hard phase of carbon dioxide provides technological way that does not overheat the cellular structure. Potentially, the equation of Van der Waals is able to describe the change in volume of oil crops, which may be related with range of factors associated with volume expansion, calculated by equations as the expansion of granule material takes place at the outlet of extruder matrix. The extrusion processing of a mix of oil crops and carbon dioxide in hard phase at initial stage may likely occur as temperature declines. The resulting values show good compliance of theoretical results to experimental data on the example of coriander seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The olive growing is one of the strategic sectors of the Algerian economy. Traditional olive culture located in the mountains of Kabylia offers typical oil widely preferred by a large part of the Algerian consumers. However, this ancestral culture risks not only abandonment but suffers much more from uncontrolled of the good practices surrounding this local product requiring a valorization accompanied by improvement. Indeed, the difficulty to extract the total oil contained in the fruit is one of the main obstacles of the extraction method particularly by pressure. Nevertheless, some actions as the addition of co-adjuvant during the malaxing process allow improving efficiency of the extraction process. Our results indicate that the addition of 2.5% of talc as a co-adjuvant to a moistless paste obtained from whole olives significantly improves the oil yield by about 4.4% without altering the acidity compared to the control. Similarly, stoning improves the moisture of the pressed mass although without improving yield of the oil characterized by a slight decrease in acidity compared to other extracted oils. Therefore, our results confirm the beneficial effect of talc on the extraction of olive oil and contribute to the improvement of the traditional extraction by pressure to enhance the value of this local product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Education / Revue Canadienne de l'Éducation is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Highlights • The impacts of operating parameters on PTC were analyzed. • The effects of frequencies and average pressures on the regenerator and the phase shifter were simulated. • The pressure ratio, the waveforms, the motor efficiency, and the cooling capacity were experimental studied. • A cooling power of 10 W/80 K with 171 W input power can be achieved by optimizing the operating parameters. Abstract Pulse tube cryocoolers (PTCs) represent a significant enabling technology for infrared detectors in space applications. A PTC can be efficiently operated by optimizing the structural parameters and impedance characteristics among different components. While the structures of the components are determined, the operating parameters are the most effective and simple methods to optimize the cooling performance of a PTC. The regenerator losses (regenerative losses, heat conduction losses and pressure drop losses) and the phase shifting ability (phase angle) are affected by the operating parameters. Based on theoretical and simulated analysis, the effects of operating parameters on the linear motor, regenerator and phase shifter are investigated. The pressure ratio, waveforms of the pressure and displacement, phase angle, motor efficiency, input power and cooling capacity are then presented by an experiment to clarify the influence mechanism. The pressure ratio and phase characteristics at the entrances of the regenerator and inertance tube are changed with different operating parameters. Corresponding with the piston displacement and motor efficiency, there is an optimal average pressure for the best cooling efficiency. The results show that a high compressor efficiency of 88% and a relative Carnot efficiency (rCOP) of 16.08% is achieved at 2.5 MPa and 51 Hz, while a relative Carnot efficiency of 16.0% is achieved at 3.5 MPa and 52 Hz by optimizing the frequency and pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ab initio constant pressure study is carried out to explore the behaviour of cadmium sulfide (CdS) under high hydrostatic pressure. We have studied the structural properties of CdS using density functional theory (DFT) under pressure up to 200 GPa. CdS crystallizes in a wurtzite (WZ)-type structure under ambient conditions. CdS undergoes a structural phase transition from the hexagonal WZ-type structure with space group P63mc to cubic NaCl-type structure with space group . Another phase transition is obtained from NaCl-type structure to the orthorhombic CdS-III-type structure with space group Pmmn. The first transformation proceeds via seven intermediate states with space group Cmc21, P21, Pmn21, P21/m, Pmmn, I4/mmm, and Cmcm. The latter transformation is based on two intermediate states with space groups Immm and P21/m. These phase transitions are also studied by total energy and enthalpy calculations. According to these calculations, the phase transformations occur at about 3 and 51 GPa, respectively. Calculation results on the other basic properties, such as lattice constant, volume, and bulk modulus are also compared with those of other recent theoretical and experimental data, and generally, good agreement with the available data are obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the progress of the times, more and more people are participating in sports to keep fit, which increased the demand and requirement on sport shoes, especially on their protection performance and shock absorption performance. The material and distribution of the rubber sole of sneakers often determine their quality and performance. This paper aims to analyze the performance of rubber sole and the pressure change of foot movement so as to provide reference for the design of sports shoes with excellent shock absorbing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les objectifs de maintien et de développement des territoires ruraux sont soumis à de fortes pressions des espaces métropolitains qui incitent les acteurs à repenser leur stratégie fiscale et à renouveler les arbitrages entre préservation des ressources naturelles et création de nouveaux revenus. À partir de l’analyse de l’action publique sur le territoire du massif des landes de Gascogne, cet article explicite les dynamiques de concurrences et de pressions sur les espaces forestiers et s’interroge sur les stratégies et les outils à mettre en place pour mieux maîtriser l’avenir d’un territoire fragile confronté à l’expansion urbaine.

The accuracy of several local and non-local van der Waals (vdW) corrected exchange correlation functionals on the description of the effect of pressure on ice has been investigated. In a preliminary survey, the non-local vdW correction used in conjunction with the optPBE functional was shown to provide the best overall agreement on the structural parameters of ice Ih with experiments. More importantly, this combination reproduced correctly the recently observed crystal → crystal transformation in ice Ih at 80 K prior to amorphisation. The predicted transition pressure of 1.9 GPa is somewhat higher, showing that the current generation of vdW functionals are still not sufficiently accurate for the ice system. The existence of an intermediate crystalline state with a shear-hexagonal structure confirms the earlier prediction that the collapse of crystalline structure under compression originates from the softening of phonon modes in ice Ih's basal plane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compartment syndrome is a serious complication of high voltage electrical burns, limb carbonization and deep circular burns with delayed escharotomy. Without treatment, ischemic tissue damage leads to irreversible necrosis. Treatment is emergency surgical decompression. The burned patient is usually not searchable and cannot always be readily examined because of bulky dressings; diagnosis of compartment syndrome is always hard to make. The pressure transducer used in central arterial catheters is easy available. We used it to measure pressure in muscular compartments. We measured compartment pressure three times at different depths in all cases of electrical burn, carbonization and deep circumferential burns with delayed escharotomy. We also took the pressure in the uninjured limb. The pressure assessment device was composed of a blood pressure transducer commonly used in arterial catheters for arterial pressure monitoring with three connecting branches. The first branch was connected to the 'arterial pressure exit' in the monitoring device. The second, an IV tube, was connected to one litre of physiological serum in a pressure bag inflated to 200 mmHg. The third, also an IV tube with a sterile extension cable, was directly connected to an 18G standard straight needle to be inserted in the tissues for which interstitial pressure had to be measured. In patients with thermal burns, we measured pressure before and after escharotomy. Threshold intracompartmental pressure was 35 mmHg. We carried out pressure assessment of all muscular compartments during and at the end of surgery. The pressure transducer provides a pressure value in all muscular compartments with a time of installation and measuring of less than 5 minutes. Sensitivity is measured at +/- 1 mmHg. Operation is simple, non-operator dependent, and accessible to medical and paramedic teams. The pressure transducer allows accurate diagnosis of early or established compartment syndrome. It requires no additional equipment and its application does not delay therapeutic management. Its use helps with fasciotomy decision, especially after escharotomy, guides the surgeon in the exploration of different compartments and verifies the effectiveness of surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En dépit des effets vertueux de la pression exercée par les programmes de fidélité sur le comportement des clients (augmentation du niveau ou de la fréquence de consommation), la pression ressentie par les consommateurs peut aussi avoir des conséquences négatives sur leur bien-être psychologique. A travers trois études (N=461), nous montrons que la pression perçue peut être source de regret post-achat, d’inconfort dans la relation et de mal-être, et ce, d’autant plus que la valeur perçue du programme est élevée. Trois caractéristiques des programmes susceptibles de générer le plus de pression sont testées : le délai d’expiration des points, le seuil de points à atteindre et la menace de perdre son statut. Seule la perte de statut semble avoir une influence positive sur la pression perçue. Au final, cette recherche milite en faveur d’une évaluation à la fois quantitative et qualitative des programmes, à travers la surveillance du bien-être des clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The convergent-divergent nozzles have many industrial uses such as wind turbine, the blades of turbine engines, aircraft wings and screw propeller. The main objective of this study is to identify and evaluate the physical properties of the compressible flow of an ideal gas in a one-dimensional Laval nozzle in terms of its physical and geometrical parameter. This paper will enable us to identify and determine the causes of right shockwave phenomenon. After simplify of the energy balance equations of gas dynamics, Matlab™ was used as a tool for programming. The numerical method for the resolution is based on the iterative method with an error (E=10-5). Numerical results were compared to the modeling results of CFD ‘Fluent’. The results were satisfactory.

Copyright of Douleur et Analgésie is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Darbai ir Dienos is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Transcritical CO 2 cycle has been widely investigated fundamentally and practically. However, transition between subcritical and transcritical CO 2 cycles has not yet been well studied. In this work, temperature at maximum constant-pressure specific heat (pseudocritical temperature) in supercritical region is regarded as the extension of saturation temperature in subcritical region. The existing vapor pressure equation is therefore extended to well fit the pseudocritical temperature. Moreover, the relation between the optimal high pressure of transcritical cycle and the condensation pressure of subcritical cycle is developed. It turns out that the optimal high pressure starts at subcritical region near the critical point. Accordingly, three approaches including the optimal high pressure equation, the optimal overpressure ratio equation, and the extended optimal subcooling equation are proposed to define the optimal operating condition of CO 2 cycle. This work demonstrated that knowledge of subcritical cycle can be transitioned to characterize the transcritical cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pressurized, inflated balls used in professional sports are regulated so that their behaviour upon impact can be anticipated and allow the game to have its distinctive character. However, the dynamics governing the impacts of such balls, even on stationary hard surfaces, can be extremely complex. The energy transformations, which arise from the compression of the gas within the ball and from the shear forces associated with the deformation of the wall, are examined in this paper. We develop a simple mechanistic model of the dependence of the coefficient of restitution, e, upon both the gauge pressure, PG, of the gas and the shear modulus, G, of the wall. The model is validated using the results from a simple series of experiments using three different sports balls. The fits to the data are extremely good for PG > 25 kPa and consistent values are obtained for the value of G for the wall material. As far as the authors can tell, this simple, mechanistic model of the pressure dependence of the coefficient of restitution is the first in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Medicina e Saúde de Brasília is the property of Revista de Medicina e Saude de Brasilia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After being chrome tanned, the wet blue was retanned, neutralized, and fatliquored with Coripol MK to get different leather samples. Under the condition of ambient drying and vacuum drying, different forces were applied on above leather samples to provide different stress states, i.e., uniaxial stress state and biaxial stress state. The effect of different stress while dried on leather mechanical properties was investigated. Combined with the SEM results of grain and cross section, the change patterns were discussed. They indicate that after drying with stretching, the tensile strength and the stiffness of the samples are increased while the elongation at break is decreased. Compared with the sample being biaxial stress processed, the sample with a uniaxial stress process is higher in tensile strength and lower in elongation at break. After being dried and stretched, the grain smoothness of the sample becomes better. Uniaxial stretching increases the orientation degree of the collagen fiber in the sample, while biaxial stretching may separate the collagen fiber bundles. On the basis of the work, a simplified fiber structure model during stretching was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This artical presents, in broad terms, the scoring systems used by Helmut Lachenmann in Pression to indicate the techniques required of the performer in manipulating various elements of the cello (strings, soundboard, bridge, and tailpiece) as well as the bow. After briefly describing the main differences between the two editions of the work (1972 and 2012), we focus on five excerpts, specifying their time cues in video recordings by Lauren Radnofsky and David Stromberg. Thus, score excerpts in hand, the reader can appreciate the precision and development of Lachenmann's notational system as they observe the performers' actions, gaining a fuller understanding of the profoundly inventive sonic landscape of this work, which has become a classic of the solo cello repertoire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le but de ce travail est l’étude de l’influence de la température (55, 65, 75 °C), de la pression (20, 40, 60 cm Hg) et de la découpe (rondelle, cubique, bâtonnet) sur la cinétique de séchage sous vide de la pomme de terre (variété Spunta), ainsi que l’estimation du coefficient de diffusivité massique et de l’énergie d’activation pendant le séchage sous vide. Les résultats ont montré que la température est la variable la plus importante lors du séchage des pommes de terre. La pression a un effet moins important. L’étude de la découpe a montré que la forme rondelle est la forme la plus appropriée pour le séchage avec une surface d’échange plus importante. Les valeurs de la diffusivité massique varient entre 9,48 × 10-9 et 3,26 × 10-8 (m2/s) et les valeurs de l’énergie d’activation sont respectivement 18,51; 25,71 et 26,92 (kJ/mole) pour les pressions (20, 40, 60 cm Hg). Les résultats du coefficient de diffusivité massique et de l’énergie d’activation sont en accord avec la littérature. L’utilisation d’un test organoleptique basé sur 4 critères (aspect, texture, couleur et saveur) a permis de déterminer le couple optimal de séchage température-pression (température 65 °C et pression 20 cm Hg).

Dans cette étude, les distributions de température sont développées à travers les conditions transitoires pour atteindre l’état stationnaire dans un échangeur à deux tubes coaxiaux. Un schéma unidimensionnel de différences finies a été utilisé pour analyser la distribution de température et de pression dans cet échangeur de chaleur. Les propriétés thermophysiques des fluides utilisées varient avec la température le long de l’échangeur. La conduction thermique axiale dans les parois et le transfert convectif à travers les interfaces sont pris en compte. Les fluides transitant dans l’échangeur sont monophasiques. Le programme développé analyse la circulation des fluides à co-courant (anti-méthodique) et à contre-courant (méthodique).

Abstract: This two-part work proposes a dynamic model for the orbiting scroll based on the pressures in the scroll chambers. In Part I, the scroll mechanism and characteristic polygon of the scroll compressor are defined, the geometry of the multi-wrap compressor is described, the modification and construction methods for one multi-wrap scroll are presented, and the dynamic model is developed. Thereafter, the overturning moment and theoretical driving power of the scroll mechanism are discussed. This dynamic model can predict the pressure distribution on wrap surfaces as well as the variations of the axial force, tangential force, radial force, overturning moment, self-rotation moment, and resistance moment. This dynamic model provides better understanding of scroll compressors and other types of scroll machines. The investigations on scroll compressors using this model and the model verification are reported in Part II. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: For clarify main affecting factors on air-source transcritical CO2 heat pump water heaters, and the influence extent of these main affecting factors, at fixed water inlet temperature of 12 °C, an experimental research was conducted on a prototype in a range of ambient temperatures (−15 °C–35 °C) and water outlet temperatures (55 °C–80 °C). Based on the experimental results, effect of water outlet temperatures and ambient temperatures on the optimal discharge pressure and system COP was illustrated, and with change of water outlet temperatures and ambient temperatures, variation of CO2 gas cooler outlet temperatures, evaporating temperatures and other cycle variables was presented and interpreted. According established simulation model, we conducted simulation for the prototype and the cycle respectively adopted another two gas coolers with difference heat transfer surface. As one conclusion, for an established plant, correlation for the optimal discharge pressure as the function of ambient temperatures and water outlet temperatures can be achieved by fitting numerous simulation or experimental results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses a review of the engineering aspects of physical treatments to enhance the phytochemical content of fruits and vegetables. They include the process parameters needed to get repeatable results, the basic data required for scale-up of the process, and the key measures needed for ensuring proper monitoring and control of commercial uses. Methods such as heat treatment, pressure treatment, ultraviolet (UV) treatment, and radio frequency and microwave heating are also explored.