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This article synthesizes results from historical newspaper analysis and archival research with standpoint epistemology to explore the dynamics of transnational eyewitnessing illustrated by Leonora Raines, a Paris-based American journalist who reported the Great War (1914-1918) for the metropolitan New York Sun. Few World War I military-press histories have explored how female reporters engaged in transnational journalism, harnessing their role as an "outsider within" to produce cross-border stories for audiences dependent on foreign news. Analysis of Raines' 126 articles, her scrapbook, and records from U.S. and German archives reveal her interactions with foreign sources, military censors, and propaganda across France, the Western Front, and Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Central to the historiography of the First World War, scholarship on violence has focused on abstract and impersonal forms of violence between opposing forces or on more personal forms of violence between civilians and enemy combatants. In contrast, this article uses military justice archives to explore instances of serious interpersonal violence and sustained brutality between soldiers in the same combat unit. It provides a new vantage point to explore the complex entanglement of violence and camaraderie and how that played out in the specific context of France's multiethnic Armée d'Afrique. Unpacking the accusations, explanations, and justifications that emerge from multivocal military justice sources illustrates what it meant to commit and be criminalized for certain acts of violence in a context saturated with violence; how and where the line was drawn between acceptable and unacceptable conduct; and, most important, what violence reveals about individual combat experiences and relationships between comrades. Granting access to the perspectives and internal worlds of this diverse group of soldiers, many from racially and otherwise marginalized communities, military justice evidences a complicated and rich set of situational responses and social relationships that enhances our ability to reflect on the conflict's impact on the men caught up in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rachilde's novel Le grand saigneur (1922) stands out from her other works in the 1920s and 1930s for its provocative portrayal of the French war veteran as a sadist who inflicts violence on those who do not conform to the codes of militarized, hegemonic masculinity. This article argues that the novel reflects the post-war years as a violent era for women and non-conforming men, shaped by the hateful discourses that emerged during the First World War. Rachilde writes about psychological and physical threats to women and non-conforming masculinity by delving into the violent fantasies nurtured by a larger-than-life, though well-recognizable, supporter of hegemonic masculinity against them. Drawing on an eclectic mix of literary genres, Rachilde depicts a society in which the impunity of men protected by their wealth and military status and the guilt bestowed upon (sometimes internalized by) women trivialize diverse forms of gender violence. Le grand saigneur belongs to the few 'romans anti-sentimentaux' Rachilde wrote during the interwar period. It is also an arresting attempt to write about gender violence through multiple subjectivities in order to explore the gendered, cultural, traumatic, and socio-economic factors that enabled it at this troubled historical juncture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting in 1917, the American Red Cross (ARC) mission in the département of the Seine-Inférieure (France) announced the era of diplomatic philanthropy which would be deployed by the United States between the two world wars. The mission also makes it possible to measure the gap between US and French health organizations. The local scale, in this small département in the west of Normandy, enables us to unearth the health, political and strategic issues at stake in this intervention, with French and Belgian refugee populations very affected by the conflict. It also shows how French women, who were very active in social assistance and war charities, saw working alongside the ARC as an opportunity to demonstrate their skills and know-how. They became interlocutors in the relations that played out between French doctors, the municipal authorities and ARC staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indigenous veterans have been celebrated for their achievements in the two world wars, adding needed texture to Canada's half-century at war. However, Indigenous peoples on the home front have remained periphery to the study of Indigenous peoples' experiences of the world wars, leaving veterans and military eligible men as the main protagonists in the story. Those individuals left on reserve experienced the conditions of war, the mobilization of the Canadian state for war, and the enlistment of Indigenous men into the army differently than enlisted men. Analyzing Indigenous petitioners' political advocacy during the First World War and the Second World War offers a more textured and complex representation of Indigenous peoples' experiences during the world wars. By negotiating their place within the settler Canadian state, while also clearly defining their sovereignty and distinct political cultures, Indigenous peoples remained active participants in the political arena during the period from 1914 to 1945. Rather than "awakening" politically on the return of veterans in response to broken promises, Indigenous peoples on the home front deployed and evolved existing political tools and strategies to articulate their responses to wartime policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the important role played by French geographer Emmanuel de Martonne in the process of drawing the western border of Romania, taking into account the separation between the Romanian and Hungarian ethnic units. The border was drawn following the Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) and is still in place today. A good connoisseur of the Romanian status quo, which he researched in the field, Emmanuel de Martonne supported the union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania in the geopolitical context of the First World War, as well as Romania's joining the War on the side of the Allies. Through his activity, but also through his friendship and devotion to Romania and to the Romanian people, Emmanuel de Martonne led the way to a long and fruitful cooperation between French and Romanian geographers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THE FIRST WORLD WAR WAS, MOST LIKELY, THE FIRST GLOBALLY MEDIATED CONFLICT. IN FACT, TECHNICAL INNOVATIONS IN TEXT AND IMAGE PRINTING, ADVANCES IN PHOTOGRAPHY, AND COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES, MADE IT POSSIBLE TO FOLLOW THE MAIN POLITICAL AND MILITARY EVENTS. THUS, PROPAGANDA ACTIONS GAINED PROMINENCE, ESPECIALLY ON THE PART OF THE BELLIGERENT COUNTRIES, WHICH USED NEWSPAPERS TO CONVEY THEIR MESSAGES TO THE PUBLIC. IN THIS REGARD, PHOTOGRAPHS AND IMAGES SERVED AS VISUAL SUPPORT IN DISSEMINATING NEWS ABOUT THE EVERCHANGING BATTLEFRONTS, PROVIDING READERS WITH MAPS THAT DEPICTED THE FRONTLINES, TROOP ADVANCES AND RETREATS, AND CHANGES IN THE POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THIS GLOBAL CONFLICT. IN THE CASE OF PORTUGAL, WE CAN HIGHLIGHT THE CONTRIBUTION OF O COMÉRCIO DO PORTO, A DAILY NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED IN THE CITY OF PORTO. SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE CONFLICT, IT PROVIDED EXTENSIVE JOURNALISTIC COVERAGE, RICHLY ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS, AND, IN SPECIAL EDITIONS, PHOTOGRAPHIC REPORTS. IN ADDITION TO FULFILLING THEIR INFORMATIVE FUNCTION, THE MAPS IN THE PORTO NEWSPAPER - MOSTLY OF BRITISH ORIGIN - PLAYED A ROLE AS VEHICLES OF ALLIED PROPAGANDA, SPREADING A UNIQUE TYPE OF "SUGGESTIVE" AND "GEOPOLITICAL" CARTOGRAPHY AMONG THE PORTUGUESE PUBLIC. THIS KIND OF CARTOGRAPHY WOULD CONTINUE TO DEVELOP IN THE DECADES THAT FOLLOWED, UP TO THE END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR. THEREFORE, IN THIS TEXT, WE WILL ANALYSE THE MAPS PUBLISHED IN THIS NEWSPAPER, PAYING ATTENTION TO THEIR TYPOLOGY AND RESPECTIVE PROPAGANDISTIC MESSAGES, SEEKING TO IDENTIFY SOME OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF PORTUGAL'S EMBRYONIC GEOPOLITICAL REFLECTION. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prime Minister Robert Borden created the Wartime Elections Act in September 1917 – a move that granted temporary voting rights to women who had close relatives serving in the military. Their votes were positioned as key to winning the war because it was assumed that newly enfranchised wives and mothers would support Borden's controversial conscription plans to reinforce their husbands and sons at the front. Suffragists across the country were divided by the act's limited enfranchisement and its connection to conscription. This turmoil reached its pinnacle in Montreal, a city that was at the centre of nationalistic and ethnic strife caused by the war, and triggered rifts within the city's largest Anglophone women's organization, the Montreal Council of Women. One result of this tension was the impeachment trial of the council's long-time president, Dr Grace Ritchie-England, for her criticism of the Wartime Elections Act and conscription during the 1917 federal election. Calling attention to the resistance of and conflicts between middle-class club women who were normally viewed as hegemonically supportive of the war effort widens our understanding of women's disparate opinions and activism during the First World War and the fragile nature of suffragists" political unity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The First World War inflicted suffering upon hundreds of thousands of Canadian families between 1914 and 1918. In response, the state modernized its pension system to partially alleviate the postwar suffering of these families, reflecting the changing role of government in the lives of Canadians. To receive a pension after the war, Canadian veterans and dependants had to prove their postwar suffering arose directly from the battlefield, yet not all who qualified were accorded the same treatment. Unlike their non-Indigenous counterparts, external administrators were appointed to oversee the expenditure of pensions given to Indigenous veterans and dependants to ensure they were spent responsibly. Disabled Indigenous veterans and dependants recognized this as a profoundly discriminatory system – reducing them to their "Indian" identity – and drew from the nineteenth-century language of imperial nationalism and patriotism to demand equitable compensation and treatment from the state. Understanding the experiences of death and disability as intimately as the racist discrimination they faced, they envisioned their place as equals within the larger community of Canadian war casualties even though settlers and the state refused to recognize them as such. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the traumas associated with the First World War, Giraudoux was particularly sensitive to amnesia, to the point of making it the main subject of a novel: Siegfried et le Limousin. Adapted to the scene in 1928, this novel contributed to author's fame and inaugurated his collaboration with Louis Jouvet. In fact, the principle of forgetfulness persists throughout the whole Giraudoux's work: comical, dramatic or poetic, and it is also the main pretext for a meditation on memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Far from the hustle of the trenches, there was a Portuguese hospital in the French southwest, in Hendaye, in the context of the First World War. Portuguese servicemen could convalesce in this structure before returning to combat. Through a qualitative and quantitative analysis of a set of archival sources, this article seeks to known more in detail the existence of this hospital, from its origins until its closure, including the personnel that worked there and the men that were admitted. It will be evaluated the impact of this hospital in the overall healthcare structures during the Great War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After intense negotiation between Lisbon and London, 70 German and 2 Austrian ships were requisitioned in Portuguese ports in the name of British diplomacy and war effort, starting on February 23, 1916. This requisition legitimized, under the Anglo- Portuguese, the entrance of Portugal in the Great War. Exploring the semantics of the words "requisition" and "apprehending", we will explain the different perspectives on this historical process. Portugal, after this act of war, delivered a good part of these ships to its ally, but what is the currency of exchange? We will also make explicit, in the light of historical scholarship, how these ships were requisitioned and managed in the period of the world conflagration, and even soon after. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Louis Dumur does not place much confidence in the quality of his friend Mathias Morhardt's theater. He nevertheless comes to his aid when, shortly before the First World War, he tries to make his mark on the Geneva stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of the recent US elections, the future of Canadian- American relations is unclear. As part of a larger SSHRC-funded exploration of American fictional portraits of Canada, the following three conversations with writers Ben Farmer, P.S. Duffy, and Beth Powning lay the foundations for a consideration of how Americans perceive and depict their northern neighbours in recently published novels. In particular, all three writers focus their attention on the Atlantic region of Canada, probing the history of the area and reflecting on its implicit and explicit relationship to its southern neighbours, locally and nationally. Yet each one attends to a specific set of concerns and a different moment in history in ways that create a potential rich conversation between and beyond the individual novels and their authors. The interviews are intended to provide primary materials to facilitate further scholarship in this area of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of the recent US elections, the future of Canadian-American relations is unclear. As part of a larger SSHRC-funded exploration of American fictional portraits of Canada, the following three conversations with writers Ben Farmer, P.S. Duffy, and Beth Powning lay the foundations for a consideration of how Americans perceive and depict their northern neighbours in recently published novels. In particular, all three writers focus their attention on the Atlantic region of Canada, probing the history of the area and reflecting on its implicit and explicit relationship to its southern neighbours, locally and nationally. Yet each one attends to a specific set of concerns and a different moment in history in ways that create a potential rich conversation between and beyond the individual novels and their authors. The interviews are intended to provide primary materials to facilitate further scholarship in this area of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs L’histoire de la psychiatrie de la Grande Guerre s’est longtemps focalisée sur l’histoire des soldats. L’article est consacré aux aliénés « ordinaires » largement négligés jusqu’ici, à travers une étude de cas des asiles du département de la Seine entre 1914 et 1918. Il s’intéresse aux conditions de vie des patients en attachant une attention particulière au ravitaillement. Méthodes La base archivistique est constituée des rapports annuels produits par la direction des asiles de la Commission de surveillance de la Préfecture de la Seine et des Procès-verbaux des séances de cette même commission. L’analyse de ces sources permet d’avoir une vue synthétique des problèmes de ravitaillement, de l’évolution de la mortalité et de la réaction des dirigeants des différentes institutions. Résultats Fragilités guerrières retrace les nombreux moments de vulnérabilisation qui touche les populations psychiatriques dès 1914, notamment à travers une réduction du personnel soignant et la surpopulation dans certaines institutions. La mortalité connaît une hausse significative pendant les quatre ans de la guerre. Discussion Cette hausse de la mortalité dépasse largement celle de la population parisienne pendant la Grande Guerre et témoigne donc d’une fragilisation particulière de la population psychiatrique entre 1914 et 1918. Conclusion Si la Première Guerre mondiale est à juste titre considérée comme matricielle dans le développement d’un état social, cette prise en charge ne concerne pas toutes les populations vulnérables. Les patients psychiatriques comme les personnes âgées en sont encore exclus. Au niveau mémoriel, cette surmortalité est doublement passée sous silence, en tant que mort civile, supplanté par la gloire de la mort militaire, et en tant que mort psychiatrique, catégorie peu visible d’une manière générale, même en temps de paix. Objective The history of psychiatry in the Great War has long been reduced to the history of its soldiers. This article is devoted to the “ordinary” insane, hitherto widely neglected, through a case study of the asylums of the department of the Seine between 1914 and 1918. It focuses on the living conditions of patients, paying particular attention to food supplies. Methods The archival base consists of the annual reports produced by the Supervisory Commission of the Seine Prefecture and the minutes of the meetings of that Commission. The analysis of these sources gives a synthetic overview of the problems of supply, the evolution of mortality and the reactions of the different institutions. Results War Frailties traces the many moments of increasing vulnerability affecting psychiatric populations as early as 1914, notably through a reduction in nursing staff and overpopulation in some institutions. Mortality increased significantly during the four years of the war. Discussion This increase in mortality far exceeded that of the Paris population during the Great War, and thus testifies to a particular vulnerability of the psychiatric population between 1914 and 1918. Conclusion If the First World War is rightly considered as a matrix in the development of the Welfare State, this welfare provision did not concern all the vulnerable populations. Psychiatric patients, like the elderly, were still excluded. Historically, this excess mortality is doubly overlooked, since it concerned civil deaths, as opposed to the glory of military deaths, and psychiatric deaths, a category that is generally invisible, even in times of peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the Black Canadian community in the country's WWI effort is a peculiar case. The Blacks volunteered for enlistment in large numbers and were willing to serve the King and the country. On the other hand, until 1916, they were, almost automatically, rejected - mainly on the racial grounds. Those who did serve, however, left a record of courage, dedication, discipline and fighting spirit. That, combined with the Black contribution on the home front, proved the Canadian Black minority contributed to the war effort on a similar level to the other Canadian racial or ethnic groups. Still, in bare numbers, as Blacks constituted a fraction of the Canadian society, their participation in the Canadian armed forces was hardly visible. That led to either belittling their sacrifice or overdone comments on the unfairly low interest of the scholars in the Black soldiers. The paper sets out to analyse the enlistment, training and service of the Black soldiers, their motives and hopes connected with the service. Simultaneously, the article attempts at providing the right perspective to the contribution of the Blacks in a larger perspective of the Canadian Expeditionary Force and - more broadly - all the Canadian armed forces during the WWI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of war cultures calls for a profound rethink of the historiography of the first world war. Via this concept, whole societies may be analysed in terms of their ability to endure war, their consent to the war effort and to violence, their experiences of mourning, and their understanding of the deep meaning of war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Talbot Mercer Papineau's letter to Henri Bourassa and Papineau's impact on Canadian cultural mobilization and its war culture. European historians of the First World War have used the concept of cultural mobilization to understand the lines that connected battlefront and home front and their impact. As evidenced by the recent historiographical review of First World War literature in the pages of the Canadian Historical Review, Canadian scholars ought to adopt a similar framework to unite two literatures that separately focus on the military history and social history of the war. Papineau's 1916 letter provides a glimpse into how a soldier expressed his perspective of the war from the frontlines and participated in the mobilization of Canada's war culture. His writing was a result of his war experience, but Papineau wrote it for a Canadian audience at home, and its wide publication exposed his views to millions across Canada and Britain. Papineau urged Canadian citizens (specifically French Canadians) to support the purpose and value of the war as understood by Canadian soldiers. This article offers Papineau as a case study to encourage a new direction for the Canadian history of the First World War and further work on cultural mobilization and war culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A century on from the First World War, many papers are published on the Great War. Approaches are mainly historic or social, but not geographic and spatial. Nevertheless, for archaeology of the Great War, genealogical researches, and duty of memory, lecturers consult battle maps or directing plans extracts. Then the objective of this article is double. Firstly, it puts directing plans in the context of the French cartography evolution. Indeed, the trench warfare, with an uninterrupted line of entrenched German and Anglo-French forces from Lorraine to Belgium's coast, imposed cartographic innovations. And secondly, keys of reading directing plans (coordinate and projection systems, scales, legend) are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World War I, due to the strong development of the artillery, caused a considerable number of new injuries: the maxillofacial lesions. These large dilapidations are gaping wounds which look so awful that many soldiers are left for dead on the battlefield. The maxillofacial injuries are characterized by significant loss of substance affecting jaws and soft tissues of the face. The facial reconstruction of these disabled ex-servicemen, the "gueules cassées", requires the invention of new surgical techniques and design of innovative prostheses. Health personnel such as maxillofacial surgeons and dentists have shown unprecedented inventiveness, thus contributing to the development of their specialties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How was World War I represented in the Japanese press? How was it turned into a media event by journalists? As the journalism industry expanded rapidly and newspapers debated the "World War", the Asahi Shimbun dispatched two correspondents, Sugimura Sojinkan (1872-1945) and Ōba Kakō (1872- 1924), to cover the events unfolding in Europe. World War I was thus an opportunity for East Asia to picture the "world" in a global sense. This paper, which is based on war reports and debates on journalism, examines how the press provides readers with a fictional reality constructed from testimonies from the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians of US-Japan relations typically describe the First World War as an era of growing bilateral tensions that ultimately laid the foundation for the Pacific War. But the inward turn of European power between 1914 and 1918 helped deepen US-Japan economic ties. And Japan's active participation in the new American-led peace after 1918 intensified bilateral political cooperation through the 1920s. From the vantage point of 1941, the First World War looks like nothing more than a prelude to World War II. From the perspective of our own era, however, the 1910s and 20s mark the institutional foundation for a new Asia-Pacific world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies were written on World War I in Western countries in 2014; however, most focused on the main warring nations and overlooked the countries of East Asia. Beginning in 2007, the Institute for Research in Humanities at Kyoto University conducted a seven-year research programme on the political and cultural transformations brought about in Europe and East Asia by WWI, which ushered in the contemporary era. This paper discusses the impact of WWI on China, colonial Korea and Japan, and provides a digest of the themes explored in the Institute's research with regards East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enlistment of francophones in the Canadian Expeditionary Force has always been estimated between 20,000 and 35,000 by historians. Unfortunately, these evaluations were not based on any reliable data. This articles tries to show that these figures are largely under-estimated, and that the involvement of francophones was probably almost twice as much as the perception that has prevailed for more than a century. In the absence of any accurate count of enlisted francophones, we will demonstrate that (1) it is impossible that Quebec contributed more than a relatively small proportion of anglophone soldiers and (2) that a far greater number of francophone soldiers than has generally been estimated came from outside Quebec. Through examination of the files of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, we will also see that more than 3,000 francophone soldiers lost their lives in France and Belgium during the war, which leads us to believe that about twenty times more may have worn the uniform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Le parcours psychiatrique du militaire atteint de troubles mentaux pendant la guerre de 1914–1918 est complexe et se termine dans les cas les plus graves par l’hospitalisation du malade dans un asile d’aliénés. La neuropsychiatrie bordelaise a joué un rôle important à cette période, avec en particulier les initiatives du professeur Emmanuel Régis (1855–1918). Entre 1914 et 1925, 565 militaires de sexe masculin ont été internés à l’asile d’aliénés de Cadillac (Gironde, France) avec 356 sorties (63 %) après amélioration ou guérison et 201 décès (35,6 %) dans l’établissement. Le contingent africain était important avec 138 cas, soit 24,4 % du total, dont au moins 88 tirailleurs sénégalais. Le diagnostic le plus fréquent était celui de mélancolie (163 cas, soit 31,4 %) et la cause de la mort la plus fréquente était la tuberculose (89 cas, soit 48,6 % des décès). The psychiatric course of military personnel suffering from mental disorders during the 1914–1918 war was complex and the most serious affected subjects ended up being hospitalized as patients in a lunatic asylum. The Bordeaux school of neuropsychiatry played an important role during this period, particularly with the pioneering work of Professor Emmanuel Regis (1855–1918). Between 1914 and 1925, 565 male soldiers were interned in the lunatic asylum in Cadillac (Gironde, France): 356 (63%) returned to military life after improvement or recovery and 201 (35.6%) died in the establishment. The African contingent was large with 138 cases representing 24.4% of the total, and there were at least 88 Senegalese soldiers. The most frequent diagnosis was melancholia (163 cases, 31.4%) and the most common cause of death was tuberculosis (89 cases, i.e. 48.6% of deaths). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the commemoration of World War I (WWI) under way, a preliminary stocktaking can be made of archaeological research into the physical remains of this war. The question is to what extent the perspective on the study of WWI heritage, and consequently the way in which archaeological research into WWI remains has been conducted, has evolved over the last ten years. Are relics from WWI seen as a legitimate subject of inquiry or does its archaeology as a discipline still strive for recognition? This paper deals with the practices surrounding WWI archaeology in Flanders, Belgium, as well as the (methodological) problems concerning the study of WWI archaeological remains, based on the reports resulting from fieldwork carried out by professional archaeologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durant la Première Guerre Mondiale, la presse parisienne de l'arrière évoque abondamment le génocide des Arméniens, tant pour dénoncer les massacres que pour alimenter un discours propagandiste visant à la mobilisation de guerre de la société civile. Les journaux voient en l'Allemagne l'instigatrice du génocide, plaçant la souffrance arménienne dans la continuité des exactions commises à l'encontre des Belges. Certains journaux parisiens se servent également du génocide des Arméniens pour opposer musulmans et chrétiens dans un discours aux accents de guerre de religion tandis que la presse de droite fait occasionnellement preuve de xénophobie à l'encontre des réfugiés et des victimes. La situation s'inverse même à la fin du conflit; le génocide des Arméniens étant dénoncé comme « bourrage de crâne » dans le but de promouvoir le rapprochement Franco-Turc. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This fall marks 100 years since the First Canadian Contingent sailed for Europe. In anticipation of the anniversary of the First World War, the Canadian Historical Review prepared two special features to highlight past and current thinking about the war and its place in the journal and in Canadian history generally. The first, published in March, is a bibliography of the more than three-dozen articles directly related to the war that have appeared in the chr since it began publication in 1920, less than two years after the armistice. Each article in the bibliography will remain Open Access. You will find the bibliography complete with hyperlinks on our website at http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.95.1.97. To continue this impressive tradition of scholarship and prompt new and equally diverse work on the war and related themes in its pages, the chr is pleased to publish the second special feature in this issue. Three scholars actively engaged in the study of the war were asked to contribute interpretative and broad, but unavoidably selective, reflections on how historians have written about Canada and the war. We invited a fourth to comment on these historiographic pieces and a fifth to help frame our readers' reflections on the commemorative and other public initiatives that have already begun and will intensify in the coming months. We are delighted that our authors accepted the challenge and trust our readers will find their work as useful and stimulating as we and our peer-reviewers have. This special feature also marks the inauguration of a new section of the chr, Historical Perspectives. This occasional section will showcase discussion among multiple scholars of important topics and historiographies. Mark Osborne Humphries opens with 'Between Commemoration and History: The Historiography of the Canadian Corps and Military Overseas,' focusing on the Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) and the relationship between historians writing on the military overseas and those analyzing the home front (http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.95.3.384. Amy Shaw then examines how historians have understood the contribution of nurses and other women, motherhood and family, and aspects of mourning in her 'Expanding the Narrative: A First World War with Women, Children, and Grief' (http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.95.3.398). Mourad Djebabla's 'Historiographie francophone de la Première Guerre mondiale: écrire la Grande Guerre de 1914-1918 en français au Canada et au Québec' discusses French-language scholarship as related to the war, especially concerning Quebec (http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.95.3.407). Tim Cook's wide-ranging 'Battles of the Imagined Past: Canada's Great War and Memory' reflects on the topics of the initial three contributors and considers four possible narratives: the war as a terrific and useless slaughter, nation-building tool, divisive event, and absent event http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.95.3.417. Like Cook, Christopher Moore's thought-provoking '1914 in 2014' considers the collective memory of the war and historians' contribution to it, asking 'What we commemorate when we commemorate the First World War?' What might a counter-narrative to the dominant view of Canada's decision to enter the war in 1914 as natural and nationalizing contribute? (http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.95.3.427) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2006, twenty-five teams of cultural anthropologists were deployed by the US military as part of the Human Terrain System (HTS). The backlash against the use of academics and the “militarization of culture” was immediate. The American Anthropology Association published a series of works admonishing HTS participants and, in a related move, lifted an almost century-old censure of Franz Boas’s 1919 work, “Scientists as Spies.” Boas’s once-marginalized argument—that the “scientist who uses his research as a cover for political spying forfeits the right to be classified as a scientist”—was now recast as an accepted professional principle. This paper explores these two interrelated instances of the contestation of culture in geopolitical military strategies. Placing Boas within a larger history of the use of and conflict over the definition of culture during World War I, I argue that anthropologist-spies were only the tip of the iceberg in his time, just as HTS is in ours. The Paris Peace Talks (1917–9), for example, saw social scientists working with the state on a massive scale to literally redraw the world map. This article focuses on one secretive American organization, the Inquiry, which worked closely with military and state apparatuses, gathering ethnographic/cultural data that helped carve out official state positions and war aims. By situating the HTS as part of this larger historical narrative, we see how the “ethnographic” culture concept came to occupy such a dominant (albeit contested) place in thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé La Première Guerre mondiale a constitué une rupture majeure dans l’histoire des représentations de la guerre. Aucun conflit n’avait été à ce point photographié. Le contrôle des images s’est alors organisé, œuvrant pour dissimuler au grand public les preuves d’une violence extrême. Pourtant, malgré la censure, de très nombreux clichés ont été réalisés et diffusés selon des modalités variables. Verdun, bataille érigée en symbole de la défense du territoire national dès 1916, est un bon exemple de cette production, de sa diffusion et de son contrôle. Les images diffusées après-guerre sont essentiellement celles qui entendent révéler la brutalité extrême de la bataille alors que celles montrées pendant la guerre proviennent avant tout des photographes officiels qui en édulcorent la violence. Les sujets photographiés par les témoins directs du conflit deviennent après-guerre les supports aux discours mémoriels et pacifistes, ne retenant bien souvent de la guerre que son extrême déshumanisation qui a marqué une génération entière. The First World War was a major break in the history of representations of war. No conflict was that much photographed. Therefore, the control of images was organized, so as to conceal the public evidence of extreme violence. Yet despite censorship, many photographs were taken and distributed in varying conditions. Verdun, erected in battle symbol of the defence of the national territory in 1916, is a good example of this production, its distribution and its control. The images broadcasted postwar are essentially those who intend to reveal the extreme brutality of the battle, as the ones during the war come mainly from official photographers aiming to sweeten violence. The subjects photographed by direct witnesses of the conflict become postwar supports to the memorial speeches and pacifists, often only retaining from the war its extreme dehumanization that has marked an entire generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The end of the 19th century was a prosperous period during which French dental surgery had known significant advanced and structural techniques: the creation of the first dental schools (1880; 1884), the enactment of Paul Brouardel's law (1892) which gave dental surgery a legal status by imposing trainship and a corresponding final examination within a medical university, the birth of forensic dentistry (1897), etc. Therefore, it was a profession still in its infancy but legislated since 1892 and which had won its spurs that got involved in the war for the first time in 1914. At the time, the dentists were limited to low-ranking roles (hospital porters, nurses, etc.) where they showed numerous acts of bravery and heroism without practicing their dental art. However, during the conflict, services entirely devoted to stomatology were gradually implemented due to the need to repair the « Broken faces » damaged during the fighting where the dentists' role was of paramount importance. Some newspapers started to wonder more and more why the practice of dentistry was absent from the Military Health Service and from various professional organisations while its role was obviously of utmost importance during the combats. Being under pressure, Raymond Poincaré, the then president of the French Republic, ended up ordaining the creation of the army dentist within the French Military Health Service. Hence, considering such an achievement, who were the major actors who gave dental surgery such an impetus? What were the elements that stood in its way? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews websites related to the anniversary of World War I in Canada which includes the Dictionary of Canadian Bibliography available at http://www.biographi.ca/en/theme_ first_world_war.html and open access articles on topics of World War I published in the journal "Canadian Historical Review" available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.95.1.97.

The following article is intended to study the commercial networks that Italian merchant groups wove in the city of Barranquilla in early twentieth century. In this research we describe how was the inclusion of these merchants in the Colombian Caribbean coast as they became part of the fabric of the main commercial port of the Caribbean economy. We make an approach to the regional and international trade networks they established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parliamentary debates on the Income War Tax in the summer of 1917 were marked by fierce criticisms from Liberal members who argued that the tax measure fell short of the ideal of 'conscription of wealth' that had been in wide circulation in the months leading up to the debate. Scholars have repeatedly pointed out that 'conscription of wealth' rhetoric, which attempted to link the unfair sacrifices of the war effort to the need for income taxation, and revealed a rapidly polarizing political climate at the end of the war, was the key inspiration for the introduction of the Income War Tax. However, the use of similar rhetoric by parliamentarians, and the call for 'radical' taxation across political differences, suggests that something else - a shared desire for a modernist 'break from the past' - was at work in the debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early twentieth century, American laws focused on women's reproductive capacities and were coalescing into the ethical and moral frameworks that subtend American reproductive politics today. Edith Wharton published her 1917 novel, Summer, at a time when anti-abortion sentiment was widespread in American culture. Through a reading of Summer, the article provides a theoretical and historical framework for understanding this new American obsession with the judicial regulation of women's reproductive options. In particular, I situate the novel's presentation of abortion within the tension between the carefully defined laws of North Dormer, the town in which the majority of the story takes place, and the lawlessness of the Mountain, a place that looms throughout the story as the protagonist's birthplace and a location of utmost abjection. The novel's profound insight is that power does not function unilaterally and individually but through and on the population. Furthermore, Wharton leaps ahead by recognizing that life is not simply that which lives but that which is recognized and embraced by the law. This realization, one that Wharton must have come to terms with through her painful work with World War I refugees, shapes Charity's character and her understanding not only of how reproduction is regulated but also of how living within this regulation and control generates the norm and offers the only possibility for a liveable and legible life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For much of the twentieth century, military commemoration operated in a context of pan-Canadian remembrance. This emphasis overlooked the groups outside the mainstream that pursued their own goals through military service and commemoration, which sometimes differed from and challenged the hegemony of national collective memory. A case in point is the Japanese Canadian War Memorial in Vancouver and its intersections with the military service of Masumi Mitsui and other Japanese-Canadian soldiers of the First World War. After the war, the Japanese-Canadian veterans fought for the right to vote in provincial elections, which they eventually secured in 1931, thereby becoming the first Asian Canadians to attain the franchise in British Columbia. The veterans' wartime service could not prevent anti-Japanese-Canadian sentiment before and during the Second World War, leading to the seizure of their properties and their forced removal from the coast. The article foregrounds Mitsui's return to Vancouver in 1985 as the honoured guest in a ceremony to relight the lantern at the Japanese Canadian War Memorial. Drawing on insights of the philosopher of history Walter Benjamin, this history is approached in light of Benjamin's account of storytelling traditions and the ‘now-time’ of historical agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single Scandinavian women, professionally trained as nurses or teachers, left for Turkish Armenia with a religious calling to proselytize and work with relief. In practical terms, however, they became part of the Armenian population's fight for survival during war and genocide. Encountering the Ottoman government's war against its Armenian population, Scandinavian mission work was transformed to performing illegal rescue operations. But the missionaries' careers, relief workers and war witnesses in the Ottoman Empire did not only have an effect on their professional lives, the closeness to Armenian society also shaped their private lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the Canadian government's use of military force to suppress the anti-conscription Easter Riots that occurred in Quebec City between 28 March and 1 April 1918. The riots demonstrated French-Canadian dissatisfaction with the national war effort and the introduction of conscription, and exacerbated nationwide fears that a state of rebellion existed in the French-speaking province of Quebec. The Canadian government's reaction was immediate and firm; martial law was proclaimed, habeas corpus was suspended, and over six thousand English-speaking soldiers were deployed to Quebec during and after the riots to maintain order and enforce conscription, the last of these troops leaving the province in early 1919. The Easter Riots were extremely violent, causing important destruction of property and over 150 civilian and military casualties, including at least four dead when soldiers opened fire on rioters. This article will demonstrate the extent to which the Canadian government apprehended insurrection in Quebec during the First World War and how determined it was under difficult wartime conditions to prevent the rise of a major national crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prime Minister Robert Borden created the Wartime Elections Act in September 1917 – a move that granted temporary voting rights to women who had close relatives serving in the military. Their votes were positioned as key to winning the war because it was assumed that newly enfranchised wives and mothers would support Borden's controversial conscription plans to reinforce their husbands and sons at the front. Suffragists across the country were divided by the act's limited enfranchisement and its connection to conscription. This turmoil reached its pinnacle in Montreal, a city that was at the centre of nationalistic and ethnic strife caused by the war, and triggered rifts within the city's largest Anglophone women's organization, the Montreal Council of Women. One result of this tension was the impeachment trial of the council's long-time president, Dr Grace Ritchie-England, for her criticism of the Wartime Elections Act and conscription during the 1917 federal election. Calling attention to the resistance of and conflicts between middle-class club women who were normally viewed as hegemonically supportive of the war effort widens our understanding of women's disparate opinions and activism during the First World War and the fragile nature of suffragists’ political unity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le début du XX e siècle sera témoin notamment à l’occasion de la première guerre mondiale de textes médicaux portant une caution scientifique à la dénonciation de l’odeur nauséabonde de l’ennemi allemand y faisant l’objet d’une description « zoologique ». La bromidrose y est ainsi une particularité physique, physiologique mais aussi un caractère de race, les effluves négatives spécifiques étant alors une « signature » olfactive allemande : la bromidrose fétide initialement localisée à la région plantaire se généralise à l’ensemble de la surface cutanée et aux excrétas, fèces, urine et sueur… La polychésie germaine (beaucoup déféquer) y est alors la conséquence d’une polyphagie à partir de laquelle l’on pourrait dire « je me remplis la panse donc je suis » ; la fonction intestinale étant la raison d’être allemande. Dans un même ordre d’idée, le « boche » a un coefficient urologique supérieur, il crée plus d’urine mais incapable, impuissant à assurer par l’élimination rénale ce surplus, il présente une sudation plus importante, notamment plantaire faisant dire « l’allemand urine par les pieds ». Nous passerons en revue les différents écrits du Docteur Edgar Bérillon en évoquant notamment : la bromidrose fétide de la race allemande (1915), la polychésie de la race allemande (1915) et la psychologie de la race allemande d’après ses caractères objectifs et spécifiques (1917). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]