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Sand sieving is now considered one of the essential needs in the construction industry. Where businesses collaborate to find the best and highest-quality methods for extracting pure sand suitable for construction. These businesses always require high-quality machines to complete the process flawlessly. This is also to prove its market power and guarantee its products. This research talks about the various mechanisms for designing and manufacturing sand sieving. The sand sieving process expresses the filtering of sand from the rest of the components such as stones or gravel. The literature department studied ten different studies in the design and manufacture of sand sieving machine in different ways. Where these methods vary between using the engine and electricity and using the primitive manual method. After performing these machines several tests and evaluation of the process, it was found that the engine speed affected the energy consumed to sift the sand. Also, the sieve holes are affected by the size of the sifted sand. Where sieves are manufactured in different sizes to suit the size of the sand to be purified. On the other hand, this article contains the future recommendation of the machine to avoid errors and give effective results as needed.

This work focuses on the processing, properties, microstructure, and optimization of squeeze and stir casted samples of scrap aluminum alloy wheel aluminum matrix composites reinforced with alumina. The Taguchi-Grey relational analysis method was used to optimize the stir and casting process parameters, namely, squeeze pressure, squeeze time, die preheating temperature, and stirrer speed. These stir-casted composites were analyzed based on their microstructure, hardness, tensile strength, compression strength, and wear/tribological performance. Adding alumina to an aluminum matrix improved the mechanical and tribological properties. The results showed that out of nine experiments (L1–L9) obtained from Taguchi analysis, experiments L5 and L6 exhibited the best mechanical properties. Microstructural observations revealed different morphologies in the distribution of Al2O3 and porosity in the Al matrix, depending on the process parameters. Finally, the Taguchi-GRA method was used to find the optimized process parameters and was experimentally verified. The optimized sample (M2) showed the lowest porosity (5.29%) and significantly higher ultimate compression strength (433 MPa). However, it exhibited slightly lower hardness and ultimate tensile strength when compared with the L6 and L5 samples, respectively.

A substantial effort has recently been made to fabricate numerous combinations of metal matrix composites. Aluminium metal matrix composite (AlMMCs) has been extremely popular among MMCs and is best suited for lighter materials in various industries and domestic applications. AlMMCs have significant faults in terms of production costs. More research is needed to develop AlMMCs that are both economic and suitable for a wide range of industrial applications. AlMMCs are manufactured using the casting technique, solid-state processing, infiltration method, accumulative roll bonding, spray deposition, friction stir processing, and other technologies. This chapter will summarize the current state of the art in aluminum-based metal matrix composites, as well as recent developments in processing and application, all in one location, so that relevant stakeholders can benefit the most and new advancements on such themes can be fostered.

The aim of this chapter is to discuss the development of a crimping machine capable of crimping hydraulic hoses without the use of electricity. A thorough analysis of the literature suggests that it was the fabrication of electrically powered crimping machines that motivated the authors to create a hydraulically powered crimping machine. This type of crimping machine is extremely useful when the rig is in motion and is also ideal for emergency crimping to prevent shutdown time. The author designed critical components of the system using Autodesk inventor software and obtained a safety factor greater than one for all critical components. A safety factor of less than one results in hazardous operating conditions for vital components. The entire assembly has been successfully fabricated for the necessary crimping on a 19.05 mm hose. The crimping machine was successfully checked for crimping the specified hose size. The machine's configuration can be modified to fit a variety of die sizes for crimping hoses of various sizes.

A hybrid optimization approach using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) combined with Taguchi-Grey has been developed and tested for the first time to optimize the stir–squeeze casting process para...

Stir casting is one of the most suitable processes for producing Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) because of its simplicity, proven process, lower cost of production and mass production capability. This paper reviews all the significant attributes of stir casting process such as furnace design, properties of the composites, challenges in the production of the composites as well as the potential research opportunities in the production of composites. We have also provided recommendations for the furnace design, selection of matrix and reinforcement materials as well as process parameters and additives, which makes the review novel. In order to provide a background for any reader interested in the production processes for MMCs, we have also discussed the various approaches in the introductory section briefly. Based on the critical assessment of the literature, especially the mechanical properties of the produced MMCs, a bottom tapping stir casting furnace, preferably with electromagnetic and ultrasonic stirrer along with squeeze attachment is recommended for the production of MMCs.

In the present study, aluminium metal matrix composites (AMCs) were successfully produced through stir-squeeze casting using a novel approach. The feasibility of using car scrap aluminium alloy wheels (SAAWs) as the matrix material and spent alumina catalyst (SAC) from oil refineries as reinforcement material was investigated. For the purpose of comparision, composites were also produced using AlSi7Mg (LM25 grade) aluminium alloy as a matrix and alumina as reinforcement particles through the stir-squeeze casting process. In total, four different combinations of composites (AlSi7Mg + alumina; scrap aluminium alloy + alumina; AlSi7Mg + spent alumina catalyst; scrap aluminium alloy + spent alumina catalyst) were produced and characterized. Microstructural investigations using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) as well as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that in all four composites the reinforcement formed a mixture in the eutectic silicon phase of the matrix alloy. The alumina particles' size and content ratio greatly influenced this mixture's formation and morphology. The composites produced using alumina exhibited smaller pore sizes and lower porosity as compared to the composites produced with a spent alumina catalyst. Superior mechanical properties were also obtained when using alumina as reinforcement, and better mechanical properties can mainly be attributed to the morphology of the reinforcement and silicon eutectic phase mixture. The scrap aluminium alloy + alumina exhibited the lowest porosity (7.3%) and abrasive wear loss (0.11 mg for the finest abrasive), highest hardness (58.5 BHN), and second highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) (125 MPa) and ultimate compressive strength (UCS) (312 MPa) among the four composites.

Hydrogen sulphide is a chemical compound that carries the formula H2S a colourless, combustible, to a great degree perilous gas with bad smell. It happens normally in raw petroleum, flammable gas, and hot springs. Furthermore, hydrogen sulphide is removed from the gas related the oil and is isolated by warm and is prepared and heightened to encourage the procedure of exchange where it is traded to other foreign countries. It used as a part of the make of a few medications and is generally used as a part of substance analysis. Industrial activities that can produce the gas include crude oil, natural gas drilling and refining. The research aims to Simulate & study different options to enable H2S removal from crude oil in oil and gas plant. In previse literature; the searching of hydrogen Sulphide is the chosen strategy for decreasing the corrosion and operational dangers in oil production facilities. Hydrogen Sulphide removal from multiphase created fluids preceding phase partition and preparing by injection of EPRI H2S scrounger arrangement into the gas phase by using the considered chemical system relates to a standing oil well. As a result, three different methods were used in this study to extract H2S from heavy crude oil: a stabilization column, a stripping column, and a heater and knock drum. The research carried to study of hydrogen Sulphide removal from heavy crude oil using UNISIM software version 400. The result of project is choosing the best options based technical and economic selection is stripping column. After completely understanding the research, it can presume that data said through it, in reality is recipient to comprehend the human effect of hydrogen Sulphide gas.

Biogas is a renewable energy source that usually consists of Biogas is made up of (60-70%) methane gas and carbon dioxide (CO2) (30-35%) and other gases such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and traces of hydrogen sulphide and ammonia, produced by the decomposition of organic matter such as food or animal waste. In this study, a digester reactor will be developed to produce biogas and benefit from the fertilizer produced from the reactor using animal waste. Animal dung is a valuable source of nutrients and renewable energy. However, it is left to decompose in the open without benefiting from it, causing serious environmental problems, but its use as a raw material in the production of biogas will return to the community of many benefits and eliminate environmental problems. Furthermore, most of the energy needs in Oman is met from the fossil fuels and LPG which are non-renewable energy types of sources which may end one day, biogas which is a renewable energy to some extent can replace LPG. Biogas is a colourless, light gas (half the air density) that ignites in the air as a very high-temperature, blue flame that does not pollute the environment. Its thermal capacity is 5513 kcal/m3. Biogas can widely use in different walks of life such as cooking, electricity generation, produce heat, and some agriculture uses. Experiment was conducted in a laboratory scale 6 L bioreactor, to test the effectiveness of horse dung in biogas production. Experiment was done to test a horse dung slurry as an inoculum for the bioreactor with ethanol. The results obtained show that the gas production has increased with respect to the number of days with the highest production of biogas was obtained after the addition of ethanol as a catalyst for decomposition, which amounted to 2095 ml during the last five days.

Industrial, residential and commercial noise levels are to be maintained for acoustic comfort living conditions. Sound annoyance is a sensation of discontentment linked with any driving force from machines or a circumstance. It is certain that, noise can harm human hearing capacity and brain neuron cells. Novelty of this study was the design of window air conditioner with modified heat exchanger coils with phase change material and water were used as refrigerants. Noise and vibration assessment of the constructal designed window air conditioner (CDWAC) and normal window air conditioner (NWAC) with the conventional vapor compression system was carried out. The noise levels, daily exposure noise level, noise criteria levels of the developed window air conditioner was found to be satisfactory according to the British Standard 4142 and noise at work regulations 1789. The noise criteria for the CDWAC with phase change material and water exhibited a better performance around 50 dB whereas the NWAC with vapor compression system was around 60 dB. For normal window AC the RMS value is about 0.62 and constructal window AC is about 0.38. peak amplitude was observed as 0.346 m/s2 in the CDWAC whereas it was about 0.512 m/s2 for NWAC compressor. The amplitude of vibration is very nominal in between 2 to 2.5 s in CDWAC and the peak variation is same as in 1.5 s. Results reveal that the noise and vibration performance of the construction designed window air conditioner was better than the NWAC. HIGHLIGHTS The design of constructal window air conditioner was an attempt to minimize one of the disorders or imperfections in the system that is the noise level created by the air conditioner during its operation Noise and vibration analysis of constructal designed window air conditioner was studied in comparison with the normal window air conditioner Vibration analysis was carried out through the experimental investigation Time domain analysis and spectral analysis of both the air conditioners were performed and the curves were plotted for better understanding of the performances of both the air conditioners in connection with vibration during operation In sum, it is found that constructal law based design of window air conditioner performs better than the normal window air conditioner GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

In the present work, the influence of stirrer blade design on the dispersion of reinforcement particles in the aluminum metal matrix was studied extensively through experiments and also simulated them using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the produced metal matrix composites (MMCs) were studied. The analysis of the microstructure was performed using an optical microscope to visualize the reinforcement distribution and binding within the matrix. Further, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the MMCs. The experimental density was assessed using the Archimedes method, and the theoretical density was determined using the mixture law to determine the percentage of porosity in the MMCs. Hardness, compression, and tensile testing were performed on the produced samples. A three-dimensional computational method was used to predict the flow field of aluminum melt and study the influence of the blade design on the distribution of the reinforcement. Experimental results validated the CFD recommendation on the blade design. The CFD recommendation was based on the structure, power number, and the number of blades, and accordingly, the four-blade flat stirrer (B4) design was the best. The experimental results also corroborated the CFD recommendation with the four-blade flat stirrer design achieving the highest compressive strength (642 MPa), highest hardness (45 HRB), and highest tensile strength (206 MPa) among the five different blade designs investigated.

Aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) find a broader spectrum of applications inconsiderable number of industries globally as AMCs possess excellent mechanical properties at lower mass density. Due to many advantages, researchers continue to find a new generation of materials that offer designers many benefits in converting traditional materials into commercial and industrial materials to use low cost or waste materials as reinforcing phase while producing AMCs. In this research work, Graphene Oxide (GO) is used as a reinforcing phase in the LM6 aluminium matrix, and this paper attempts to lay more emphasis on synthesis and characterization of LM6 matrix and GO particulates and LM6/GO composites as a whole. A modified stir casting process was employed to develop the above composite material. The composite test pieces were subject to physical and mechanical tests, i.e., density, hardness, tensile, and impact. Microanalysis methods such as SEM and XRD analysis were also performed on the composite specimens to analyze the feasibility and suitability of the materials for further research work (friction welding of composites) being pursued by the authors. The results and insights drawn from the comprehensive laboratory analysis demonstrated that the LM6/GO composite could be successfully used as alternative materials replacing metal and alloys. Furthermore, the composite can be easily subject to the welding process resulting in quality welded joints and assemblies.

In this paper examines the feasibility of eliminating flaring at Oman LNG Company by capturing the CO 2 present in the incoming gas during LNG ship gassing up operation. The gas containing CO 2 is flared to prevent CO 2 ice up and blockage at lower temperature. The project proposes a design and installation of two exchangers to cool the CO 2 present to de-sublimation temperature of -132°C at which 99% of CO 2 solidifies on the heat exchanger fins which then direct the free CO 2 gas to fuel gas system. A stream of cold LNG product available at -161°C on loading line was utilized as cooling medium to achieve the target temperature. The design takes into consideration energy optimization and efficiency of the system by which a multi-passes stream exchanger is used to precool the incoming gas before it’s further cooled to CO 2 frosting point in the main exchanger. A Honeywell UniSim software was used to simulate the process and the outputs were outlined. The results were found to be optimistic and targeted temperatures for 99% removal of CO 2 were found to be achievable. The 7% of the total flaring responsible by gassing up operation can be eliminated.