1,019 results on '"Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy"'
Search Results
2. Positron lifetime study of ion-irradiated tungsten: Ion type and dose effects
- Author
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B. Wieluńska-Kuś, M. Dickmann, W. Egger, M. Zibrov, and Ł. Ciupiński
- Subjects
Positron lifetime spectroscopy ,Vacancy-type defects in ion-irradiated tungsten ,Tungsten as palsma-facing material ,Nuclear engineering. Atomic power ,TK9001-9401 - Abstract
Polycrystalline recrystallized tungsten samples were irradiated with 7.5 MeV Si ions and 9 MeV Cu ions to three different damage levels (0.01, 0.1, 0.5 dpa at 200 nm depth) at 295 K. The resulting vacancy-type defects in the samples were studied using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. The dependence of the average positron lifetime on the damage level is found to be non-linear: a steep increase at low damage levels with a tendency to saturation at higher damage levels (>0.1 dpa). The average positron lifetime of Si and Cu-irradiated tungsten is very similar at each damage level, suggesting similar vacancy-type defect structure. Deconvolution of the positron lifetime spectra revealed that the dominant irradiation-induced defect type is a single vacancy. The presence of small vacancy clusters is also detected. Their fraction is found to increase with increasing damage level.
- Published
- 2024
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3. A possible novel method in nuclear forensics: positron annihilation spectroscopy.
- Author
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Tóbi, Csaba, Homonnay, Zoltán, and Süvegh, Károly
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POSITRON annihilation , *FUEL cycle , *FORENSIC sciences , *MATERIALS science , *RADIOACTIVE substances , *SPECTROMETRY - Abstract
Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (PAS) is a non-destructive technique used mostly in material science for studying open spaces/free volumes in materials. In this work, several different nuclear materials originating from the nuclear fuel cycle or round-robin exercises are analyzed by PAS. Our goal was, as for a first test of applicability, to check whether the technique is potentially suitable in a nuclear forensic examination for origin assessment of nuclear materials in order to support investigation. The results, presented below are promising and can certainly be further improved by analyzing larger sets of samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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4. Effect of Plasma on Polyethylene by Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy
- Author
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Maryam Azizi, Mahdieh Bakhtiari Ramezani, Effat Yahaghi, and Mojtaba Nohekhan
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plasma ,polymer ,polyethylene ,spectroscopy ,positron lifetime spectroscopy ,Polymers and polymer manufacture ,TP1080-1185 - Abstract
Hypothesis: The use of plasma is widely used as a method to change polymer surfaces. The use of atmospheric cold plasma has more advantages than other plasma, laser and X-ray methods. This method is simple and it uses inexpensive equipment. Considering the many uses of polyethylene in industry, it can be effective to investigate its changes against cold plasma.Methods: A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma under atmospheric pressure was used to increase the hydrophobicity of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). After studying the optical emission spectrum (OES) of the produced plasma, its effects on surface and depth changes including surface morphology, chemical composition and polymer crystal structure were studied through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and positron lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). Moreover, the contact angle analysis (CA) was used to examine the changes in the hydrophobicity of the polymer. Finding: Based on the data from FTIR and XRD analyses, it was found that plasma irradiation for 180 s affects the depth of a few nanometers of the polyethylene surface and does not cause significant changes in the chemical bonds and crystal structure of the polymer. In other words, plasma radiation can be used for nanometer-scale modification of the surface. On the other hand, the SEM images indicate that the plasma radiation changes the primary flat surface of the polymer into a porous surface. The results of CA analysis, while confirming this issue, show an increase in the hydrophobicity of the polymer after plasma irradiation. The results of PALS spectroscopy also reveal that at micron depth due to the sudden rise in temperature during plasma irradiation, the free volume of the material increases as a result of pore merging.
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- 2022
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5. Radiation Resistance Studies of PIN Diode Detectors Irradiated with Heavy Ions.
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KRUTUL-BITOWSKA, K. Z., NAPIORKOWSKI, P. J., HADYŃSKA-KLĘK, K., HORODEK, P., KOMOROWSKA, M., OLEJNICZAK, A., PALUCH-FERSZT, M., SIEMEK, K., SZEFLIŃSKI, Z., WRÓBEL, M., and WRZOSEK-LIPSKA, K.
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PIN diodes , *HEAVY ions , *NUCLEAR spectroscopy , *DETECTORS , *POSITRON annihilation , *IRRADIATION - Abstract
The controlled destruction of the PIN diode detectors, SIEMENS SFH 870/F170 and SFH 871/F171, by the 35 MeV beam of the 12C and by 24 MeV of the 14N, respectively, was characterized using nuclear spectroscopy, the surface profile measurements, and the positron annihilation spectroscopy technique. The beam fluence was in the range of 1012-1014 ions/cm². It has been shown that the fluence of 1012 ions/cm2 of the 12C beam did not allow it to destroy the PIN diode detector. For this purpose, one needs the fluence of at least 4 × 1012 ions/cm² for the 14N ions beam and 2:2 × 1013 ions/cm² for the 12C ions one. The presence of divacancies in the irradiated sample was detected by the positron lifetimes measurements, with the fraction significantly higher for the 12C implanted sample. Furthermore, it was found that the surface roughness changed drastically following the implantation, i.e., the arithmetic average of profile height deviations from the mean surface of the 14N beam implanted sample is significantly higher than of that irradiated with the 12C ions and the reference one, and the surface average roughness was about 2-3 times higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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6. Positron lifetime spectroscopy of defect structures in Cd1–xZnxTe mixed crystals grown by vertical Bridgman–Stockbarger method.
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Gorgol, Marek, Zaleski, Radosław, Kierys, Agnieszka, Kamiński, Daniel, Strzałkowski, Karol, and Fedus, Kamil
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POSITRON annihilation , *POSITRONS , *TERNARY alloys , *ELECTRON density , *CRYSTAL defects , *SPECTROMETRY - Abstract
Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy was used to examine grown‐in defects in Cd1–xZnxTe mixed crystals as a function of Zn content (x = 0, 0.07, 0.11, 0.49, 0.9, 0.95, 1) and measuring temperature. All samples were prepared using the high‐pressure modified vertical Bridgman–Stockbarger method. The crystal structure and material phase were characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The positron lifetime spectra reveal the presence of both open volumes and shallow traps regardless of the sample composition. In particular, both average and bulk lifetimes are found to be much higher in ternary alloys (CdZnTe) than those in binary systems (CdTe and ZnTe). This originates from distinct differences in average electron densities and the nature of open‐volume defects between binary and ternary samples. Competition in positron trapping with increasing Zn content is observed between defects characteristic for both structural systems. Moreover, a clear correlation is shown between defects and the lattice thermal conductivity of studied samples. The applicability of the positron trapping model to CdTe‐based materials is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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7. Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy of High Performance Polymer Films under CO2 Pressure
- Author
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Urban-Klaehn, Jagoda
- Published
- 2010
8. Enhanced optical, dielectric, and non-Ohmic properties in Ta-doped Bi2/3Cu3Ti4O12 ceramics.
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Xue, Renzhong, Zhao, Liuyang, Liu, Xiaosong, Wang, Haiyan, Zhu, Xiang, Xiao, Yifan, Yuan, Chunyu, Cao, Binbin, Chen, Ziyang, Li, Tao, and Dai, Haiyang
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CERAMICS , *DIELECTRICS , *DIELECTRIC properties , *DIELECTRIC loss , *COPPER-titanium alloys , *COPPER , *SCHOTTKY barrier , *TANTALUM - Abstract
In this paper, Ta-doped Bi 2/3 Cu 3 Ti 4 O 12 (BCTO) ceramics are prepared by solid-state method. Phase structure, microstructure, optical, dielectric, and non-Ohmic properties of all samples are systematically investigated. Cu/Ta-rich phases at grain boundaries (GB) together with defects affect the microstructure, causing grain size and compactness to increase first and then decrease. Moreover, Ta doping increases the optical band gap of BCTO from 4.03 to 4.25 eV as well as the GB activation energy and GB barrier. An increase in dielectric constant (Ɛ r), nonlinear coefficient (α) and breakdown field (E b), and a decrease in the dielectric loss (tanδ) are observed in Ta-doped BCTO ceramics. The improvement in dielectric and non-Ohmic properties can be attributed to the internal barrier layer caused by GB Schottky barrier structure. In particular, Bi 2/3 Cu 3 Ti 3.95 Ta 0.05 O 12 ceramic exhibits the high Ɛ r of ∼45997 and the low tanδ of ∼0.035 at 10 kHz along with α of ∼5.62, and E b of ∼3.45 kV/cm. The temperature-independent (-110-210 °C) dielectric response confirms that temperature stability of specimens increases with doping. These results suggest that improved optical, dielectric, and non-Ohmic properties in Bi 2/3 Cu 3 Ti 4 O 12 can be achieved simultaneously via defect engineering. [Display omitted] • The high Ɛ r of ∼45997, low tanδ of ∼0.035, α of ∼5.62, and E b of ∼3.45 kV/cm are obtained in Bi 2/3 Cu 3 Ti 3.95 Ta 0.05 O 12 ceramic. • The E g increased to 4.25 eV for Bi 2/3 Cu 3 Ti 3.9 Ta 0.1 O 12 ceramic as a result of enhanced structural defects. • Cu/Ta-rich phases at grain boundary together with defects affect the electrical properties in Bi 2/3 Cu 3 Ti 4-x Ta x O 12 ceramics. • The improvement in dielectric and non-Ohmic properties via defect engineering can be applied to IBLC model caused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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9. Straining-temperature dependence of vacancy behavior in hydrogen-charged austenitic stainless steel 316L.
- Author
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Komatsu, Akari, Fujinami, Masanori, Hatano, Masaharu, Matsumoto, Kazuhisa, Sugeoi, Mitsuki, and Chiari, Luca
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AUSTENITIC stainless steel , *POSITRON annihilation , *HYDROGEN embrittlement of metals , *LOW temperatures , *EMBRITTLEMENT - Abstract
The vacancy behavior in austenitic stainless steel 316L with high γ -phase stability in a hydrogen environment was investigated to clarify the critical defects of hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen was introduced in the samples by the high-pressure gas method and tensile straining was conducted at variable low temperatures. Characterization of the strain distribution and vacancy defects was performed by SEM-KAM and low-temperature positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy measurements, respectively. Upon straining at low temperatures (<-70 °C), high-strain regions were induced locally where a high concentration of vacancies accumulated. These vacancies agglomerated into large clusters that are thought to develop into the embryos of larger voids leading to cracks. These results show that the local formation of hydrogen-induced vacancies in high-strain regions is the determining factor of hydrogen embrittlement in austenitic stainless steel 316L. • Vacancy behaviour strongly depends on straining temperature. • At around −70 °C, a non-uniformity in the strain distribution is induced. • Vacancies accumulate locally in high density in the high-strain regions. • Localization of vacancies in high-strain regions causes hydrogen embrittlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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10. Positron Annihilation Studies of Modified Aluminide Coatings on Nickel and Nickel Superalloy.
- Author
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Dryzek, Ewa, Romanowska, Jolanta, and Skowron, Konrad
- Abstract
Aluminide coatings deposited by CVD method on CMSX-4 superalloy, modified by palladium and zirconium or hafnium as well as non-modified and palladium modified ones on pure nickel have been studied using positron annihilation spectroscopy. The positron lifetime values and the positron effective diffusion length in the coatings studied point out trapping of positrons in defects associated with dislocations of high density. Palladium used for modification of the aluminide coatings substitutes nickel in the β-NiAl phase. This gives rise to the increase in the positron lifetime indicating a higher number of open volume defects in the crystal lattice. Additional modification of the aluminide coating on CMSX-4 nickel superalloy with zirconium or hafnium causes only slight changes in the positron lifetime which may be related to the differences in location of precipitates in the coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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11. Positrons in Material Sciences: Intense Beams for Defect Characterizations and Porosimetry
- Author
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(0000-0001-7575-3961) Wagner, A. and (0000-0001-7575-3961) Wagner, A.
- Abstract
The Helmholtz-Center Dresden - Rossendorf operates a superconducting electron linear accelerator as a driver for secondary radiation sources, which include two IR-FEL, a broadband high-field THz radiation source, high-energy X-rays, neutrons and positrons. The accelerator runs in continuous-wave (CW) mode and in a 24/7 regime serving an international user community. Electron-bremsstrahlung is being converted into an intense beam of positrons by means of pair production. After moderation to thermal energies, positrons are re-accelerated to form a mono-energetic positron beam with variable kinetic energies ranging from 0.5 to 18 keV for depth profiling of atomic defects and porosities on nm-scales in thin films. High timing resolutions ( < 100 ps) at high average rates (105 s-1) and adjustable beam repetition rates allow performing high-throughput experiments of positron annihilation lifetimes. The accelerator-based positron source is complemented by a several radioisotope-driven setups for conventional annihilation lifetime measurements (defect characterizations) and Doppler-broadening spectroscopy, which is sensitive to the defect’s chemical surroundings. In my presentation, I will highlight some of the unique features of the experimental facilities and I will show various experimental results obtained with positrons in defect characterizations of materials and porosimetry due to their sensitivity on open-volume defects ranging from sub-nm to µm scales.
- Published
- 2023
12. Structural Defects in TiNi-Based Alloys after Warm ECAP
- Author
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Aleksandr Lotkov, Anatoly Baturin, Vladimir Kopylov, Victor Grishkov, and Roman Laptev
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TiNi-based alloys ,ECAP ,microstructure ,positron lifetime spectroscopy ,nanoclusters ,vacancies ,Mining engineering. Metallurgy ,TN1-997 - Abstract
The microstructure, martensitic transformations and crystal structure defects in the Ti50Ni47.3Fe2.7 (at%) alloy after equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP, angle 90°, route BC, 1–3 passes at T = 723 K) have been investigated. A homogeneous submicrocrystalline (SMC) structure (grains/subgrains about 300 nm) is observed after 3 ECAP passes. Crystal structure defects in the Ti49.4Ni50.6 (at%) alloy (8 ECAP passes, angle 120°, BC route, T = 723 K, grains/subgrains about 300 nm) and Ti50Ni47.3Fe2.7 (at%) alloy with SMC B2 structures after ECAP were studied by positron lifetime spectroscopy at the room temperature. The single component with the positron lifetime τ1 = 132 ps and τ1 = 140 ps were observed for positron lifetime spectra (PLS) obtained from ternary and binary, correspondingly, annealed alloys with coarse-grained structures. This τ1 values correspond to the lifetime of delocalized positrons in defect-free B2 phase. The two component PLS were found for all samples exposed by ECAP. The component with τ2 = 160 ps (annihilation of positrons trapped by dislocations) is observed for all samples after 1–8 ECAP passes. The component with τ3 = 305 ps (annihilation of positrons trapped by vacancy nanoclusters) was detected only after the first ECAP pass. The component with τ3 = 200 ps (annihilation of positrons trapped by vacancies in the Ti sublattice of B2 structure) is observed for all samples after 3–8 ECAP passes.
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- 2020
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13. Ultrasonic Treatment of Ti-5Al-0.5 V Alloy Subjected to Equal-Channel Angular Pressing
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M. A. Murzinova, A. A. Mukhametgalina, Ayrat A. Nazarov, Jakub Čížek, Kristína Bartha, Josef Stráský, Miloš Janeček, and A. A. Samigullina
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Pressing ,Materials science ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,Alloy ,Metals and Alloys ,Titanium alloy ,engineering.material ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Microstructure ,Mechanics of Materials ,Vacancy defect ,Materials Chemistry ,engineering ,Grain boundary ,Composite material ,Dislocation - Abstract
Microstructure and room temperature mechanical properties of α-titanium alloy Ti-5Al-0.5 V subjected to equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and subsequent ultrasonic treatment (UST) have been studied. The ECAP was carried out at 600 °C by route Bc and the UST at the frequency of 20 kHz and amplitude of compression-tension stresses of 100 MPa for processing time of 60 s. The dislocation densities after ECAP and subsequent UST were estimated by x-ray diffraction and positron lifetime spectroscopy. By the latter, vacancy concentration also was determined. It has been shown that UST results in a very little increase in the dislocation density and vacancy concentration and has no considerable effect on the mechanical properties of the ECAP-ed titanium alloys. Basing on the data obtained and earlier published results of computer simulations of the behavior of nonequilibrium grain boundaries in Ni and Ti under the action of ultrasound it is concluded that the structural transformations in Ti under UST occur at much higher stresses than in Ni, in which UST results in significant modifications of the structure and properties.
- Published
- 2021
14. Positron lifetime spectroscopy of defect structures in Cd1–x Zn x Te mixed crystals grown by vertical Bridgman–Stockbarger method
- Author
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Agnieszka Kierys, Radosław Zaleski, Karol Strzałkowski, Marek Gorgol, Daniel Kamiński, and Kamil Fedus
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Chemistry ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,Metals and Alloys ,Analytical chemistry ,Crystal structure ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Cadmium telluride photovoltaics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Positron ,Phase (matter) ,X-ray crystallography ,Materials Chemistry ,Spectroscopy ,Ternary operation - Abstract
Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy was used to examine grown-in defects in Cd1–x Zn x Te mixed crystals as a function of Zn content (x = 0, 0.07, 0.11, 0.49, 0.9, 0.95, 1) and measuring temperature. All samples were prepared using the high-pressure modified vertical Bridgman–Stockbarger method. The crystal structure and material phase were characterized by X-ray diffraction. The positron lifetime spectra reveal the presence of both open volumes and shallow traps regardless of the sample composition. In particular, both average and bulk lifetimes are found to be much higher in ternary alloys (CdZnTe) than those in binary systems (CdTe and ZnTe). This originates from distinct differences in average electron densities and the nature of open-volume defects between binary and ternary samples. Competition in positron trapping with increasing Zn content is observed between defects characteristic for both structural systems. Moreover, a clear correlation is shown between defects and the lattice thermal conductivity of studied samples. The applicability of the positron trapping model to CdTe-based materials is discussed.
- Published
- 2021
15. Microstructure and Defect Characterization of Nanostructured Ni3Al
- Author
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Van Petegem, Steven, Segers, Danny, Dauwe, Charles, dalla Torre, Florian, Van Swygenhoven, Helena, Hofmann, Heinrich, editor, Rahman, Zakia, editor, and Schubert, Ulrich, editor
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
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16. Influence of high-pressure torsion deformation on the corrosion behaviour of a bioresorbable Mg-based alloy studied by positron annihilation
- Author
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Philipp Emanuel Brunner, Roland Würschum, Oliver Renk, Florian Brumbauer, Annelie-Martina Weinberg, Hartmuth Schroettner, and Eva-Maria Steyskal
- Subjects
Materials science ,Alloy ,Biomedical Engineering ,Oxide ,Electrons ,02 engineering and technology ,engineering.material ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Corrosion ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Absorbable Implants ,Materials Testing ,Alloys ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,Dielectric spectroscopy ,chemistry ,engineering ,Grain boundary ,Deformation (engineering) ,Severe plastic deformation ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The effect of high-pressure torsion (HPT) on the corrosion behavior of extruded ZX00 (Mg-0.45wt%Zn-0.45wt%Ca) in phosphate buffered saline solution is investigated. MgCaZn alloys are promising candidates for the use as bioresorbable implant materials and, therefore, are in the focus of current research. To improve their strength, severe plastic deformation, e.g. via the technique of HPT, can be used. Positron lifetime spectroscopy (PLS) is applied as sensitive tool for studying open-volume defects which evolve during HPT processing and subsequent corrosion. The studies were complemented by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In the uncorroded state, grain boundaries are the major type of positron trap as quantitatively analysed by means of diffusion-reaction models for positron trapping and annihilation in fine-grained alloys. Upon corrosion, positronium formation and annihilation indicate larger open-volume structures, such as pores and cracks, in the emerging corrosion product and oxide layers. Both PLS and EIS clearly show that HPT-deformation strongly reduces the resistance against corrosion. Evidence is found for corrosion-induced open-volume defects, presumably related to hydrogen, in deeper parts of the material below the corrosion layer.
- Published
- 2021
17. Effects of oxalic acid concentration on the microstructures and properties of nano-VO2(B)
- Author
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Renzhong Xue, Jing Chen, Tao Li, Guangpeng Zhu, Dewei Liu, Haiyang Dai, Peng Yang, and Zhenping Chen
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Materials science ,Scanning electron microscope ,Reducing agent ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,Oxalic acid ,Analytical chemistry ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Microstructure ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Transmission electron microscopy ,Electrochemistry ,General Materials Science ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Cyclic voltammetry ,Powder diffraction - Abstract
In this work, a series of VO2(B) samples were synthesized via a hydrothermal process by reducing V2O5 with different concentrations of oxalic acid. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanostatic charge–discharge. Furthermore, the microdefects of VO2 samples were characterized by positron lifetime spectroscopy. The results revealed that VO2(B) was successfully prepared and the concentration of reducing agent had a certain influence on the microstructures and properties. The electrochemical performance measurements showed that all samples had good cycle stability in 2 mol/L KOH solution. The x = 1.50 sample displayed higher discharge capacitance of 149.5 F g−1 at 30 mA g−1 and the discharge capacitance remained about 67% even after 80 charge/discharge cycles. The positron lifetime spectra revealed that the main defects in VO2 samples were microvoids, and the defect concentration and size were affected by the C2H2O4 concentration.
- Published
- 2019
18. Influence of beam current on microstructure of electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V alloy
- Author
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Natalia Pushilina, Egor Kashkarov, Roman Laptev, Andrey M. Lider, Andrey Koptyug, E. N. Stepanova, and M. S. Syrtanov
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Materials science ,дефекты ,Energy Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,позитронная спектроскопия ,Annan materialteknik ,Metallurgy and Metallic Materials ,lcsh:TA401-492 ,General Materials Science ,Other Materials Engineering ,Composite material ,Spectroscopy ,аддитивные технологии ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,Titanium alloy ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Microstructure ,Electron beam melting ,0104 chemical sciences ,Energiteknik ,Positron spectroscopy ,Transmission electron microscopy ,титановые сплавы ,Defects ,lcsh:Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,Dislocation ,Metallurgi och metalliska material ,электронная микроскопия ,0210 nano-technology ,Additive technology ,Beam (structure) ,Doppler broadening - Abstract
The defect microstructure of the samples manufactured from Ti-6Al-4V powder was studied using electron beam melting (EBM) in the beam current range of 17 - 13 mA. The hybrid digital complex combined positron lifetime spectroscopy and coincidence Doppler broadening spectroscopy was used to characterize the defect structure of the materials. The microstructure and defects were also analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. It has been established that the main type of the defects in the EBM manufactured samples is dislocations. According to the conducted measurements and calculations, the dislocation density in the EBM manufactured samples exceeds by two orders the similar value for the cast Ti-6Al-4Valloy. Formation of Ti-Ti-Al nanoscale clusters has been found in the EBM manufactured samples. Keywords: Titanium alloy, Additive technology, Electron beam melting, Positron spectroscopy, Defects, Transmission electron microscopy
- Published
- 2019
19. Influence of Zn2+ doping on the lattice defects and photoluminescence studies of Sr2CeO4:Eu3+ nanophosphor: Applications for data encryption strategies
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M.K. Kokila, James Williams, H.S. Sudheendra, R.B. Basavaraj, H. B. Premakumar, K. Hareesh, H. Nagabhushana, G.P. Darshan, and Yashwanth V. Naik
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Photoluminescence ,Materials science ,Band gap ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,Organic Chemistry ,Doping ,Analytical chemistry ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Emission intensity ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,0104 chemical sciences ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Positron annihilation spectroscopy ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Vacancy defect ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,0210 nano-technology ,Luminescence ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
In the present work, luminescent Sr2CeO4:Eu3+ (5 mol %), Zn2+ (0.25–3 mol %) nanophosphors were fabricated by the ultrasound irradiated sonochemical method. The samples prepared with 3 h ultrasound treatment exhibit well crystalline and single phase Sr2CeO4. The dumbbell shaped morphology of the prepared samples was elucidated from both SEM and TEM results. The energy band gap of the prepared samples was estimated and found to be in the range ∼3.18–3.63 eV. The incorporation of Zn2+ greatly influences the defect and emission intensities, as revealed from photoluminescence and positron lifetime spectroscopy measurements. The enhancement in the photoluminescence emission intensity after Zn2+ incorporation was observed, which may be due to the creation of defects and efficient energy transfer between Zn2+ and Eu3+ or defects that can act as emission centers. The positron lifetime spectroscopy qualitatively explains the concentration of defects (vacancy and voids) which are induced by Zn2+ co-doping. The encryption strategies are provided using the photoluminescent chalk for high level information protection. We believe that the versatile, convenient and user-friendly strategy demonstrated herein will open a new insight for on-site information protection.
- Published
- 2019
20. Detection of tribolayer in different metals using positron lifetime spectroscopy
- Author
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Jerzy Dryzek
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,Alloy ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,engineering.material ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Copper ,Molecular physics ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Positron ,0203 mechanical engineering ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,Vacancy defect ,engineering ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Investigation of the positron lifetime depth profile in pure iron, copper, stainless steel and silver alloy subjected to a dry sliding test have been performed. Near the worn surface, at the depth less than 10 μm the so called tribolayer is visible. Its characteristic feature is the presence of the large vacancy clusters but only in the pure studied metals. A deeper, deeply plastically deformed zone is observed, where positron lifetime values remain almost constant. Beyond, the third zone is found which is characterized by the almost exponential decays of the positron lifetime value up to the bulk value. The total depth of the subsurface zone depends on the material and significantly exceeds 200 μm.
- Published
- 2019
21. Molecular motion and relaxation below glass transition temperature in poly (methyl methacrylate) studied by positron annihilation.
- Author
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Qi, N., Chen, Z.Q., and Uedono, A.
- Subjects
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GLASS transition temperature , *POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE , *POSITRON annihilation , *IRRADIATION , *DOPPLER broadening , *FREE radical reactions - Abstract
In this paper, we present the study of local molecular motions in poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) below glass transition temperature by measuring the ortho-positronium (o-Ps) intensity. Two series of experiments were performed: (1) the PMMA sample was irradiated by 22 Na positron source with elongated time at room temperature, 225 K and 16 K, respectively, and positron lifetime spectra were measured as a function of irradiation time and (2) Positron lifetime and Doppler broadening spectra were measured as a function of temperature from 16 to 350 K after positron irradiation at 16 K for more than 350 h. While the o-Ps lifetime always shows no change with elapsed time, decrease and increase of o-Ps intensity I 3 are observed at 225 K and 16 K, which are interpreted as the result of positron irradiation-induced free radicals and trapped electrons, respectively. With temperature increasing from 16 K, there is a continuous drop of I 3 beginning at around 100 K. This is due to some local group movements such as the ester and main chain methyl group rotations, which lead to the detrapping of accumulated electrons. These local motions do not need additional free volume, so we observed no change of the o-Ps lifetime. Some other structural relaxations such as β-relaxation are also observed and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy Applied to Pure Tellurium
- Author
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R. Domínguez-Reyes, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, and Comunidad de Madrid
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Positron lifetime ,Range (particle radiation) ,Materials science ,Annihilation ,Positron annihilation spectroscopy ,Field (physics) ,Matemáticas ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,General Physics and Astronomy ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Física ,Bulk ,Isothermal process ,Positron ,chemistry ,Atomic physics ,Tellurium - Abstract
High-purity crystalline Tellurium has been investigated using positron lifetime spectroscopy technique in order to determine basic information missing in the current experimental knowledge of the positron annihilation spectroscopy field. Three different pairs of samples have been studied in the as-received state and, in order to eliminate the vacancy-type defects, after consecutive isothermal treatments at 300 C. Lifetime corresponding to the annihilation in the Tellurium bulk has been determined as 282(1) ps. Previous theoretical calculations present in the bibliography that used different methods and parameterization provided a wide range of values for the annihilation lifetime of the positron in the bulk of Tellurium. The obtained result has been used to identify the most accurate results among them. This research was supported by the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid and by the Comunidad de Madrid (Spain)—multiannual agreement with UC3M (“Excelencia para el Profesorado Universitario”—EPUC3M14)—Fifth regional research plan 2016–2020.
- Published
- 2021
23. Positron annihilation spectroscopy investigation of defects in neutron irradiated tungsten materials.
- Author
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Chatzikos, V., Mergia, K., Bonny, G., Terentyev, D., Papadakis, D., Pavlou, G.E., and Messoloras, S.
- Subjects
- *
POSITRON annihilation , *NEUTRON irradiation , *TUNGSTEN , *NEUTRONS , *DOPPLER broadening , *NEUTRON spectroscopy - Abstract
The identification of defects in neutron damaged materials is essential for elucidating the correlation between the microstructure and the properties of a material. Positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) is very sensitive in open volume defects and thus a useful tool for the investigation of the radiation damage in matter. Tungsten is a critical material for the first wall and divertor of fusion reactors. In the current work, the evolution of the open volume defects in tungsten (W) materials neutron irradiated to 0.12 displacements per atom (dpa) and in the temperature range from 600 to 1200 °C in the Belgian Material Test Reactor BR2 is investigated by positron annihilation lifetime and coincidence Doppler broadening spectroscopy. Three tungsten grades were studied: W(100) single crystal, ITER grade forger bar and heavily deformed "cold"-rolled sheet. PAS results show that the neutron irradiation results in the formation of dislocations and voids of size larger 1 nm at all irradiation temperatures and in all W grades. The dislocation and void density decreases with increasing irradiation temperature. Moreover, the void size increases with the increase of the irradiation temperature. • Positron annihilation spectroscopy of neutron irradiated single crystal and polycrystalline tungsten. • Irradiation temperatures in the range from 600 to 1200 °C. • Formation of dislocations and voids at all irradiation temperatures. • The produced voids have sizes larger than 1 nm. • The dislocation and void densities decrease as the irradiation temperature increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Electronic structure calculations of positron lifetimes in SiC: Self-consistent schemes and relaxation effect.
- Author
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Wiktor, J., Jomard, G., and Bertolus, M.
- Subjects
- *
ELECTRONIC structure , *SILICON carbide , *RELAXATION phenomena , *POSITRON emission , *SELF-consistent field theory , *CRYSTAL defects - Abstract
Abstract: We present electronic structure calculations of positron lifetimes in various neutral and negative monovacancies in 3C and 6H silicon carbide. Self-consistent positron lifetime calculation schemes were used and full defect relaxation due to the creation of the vacancy and the presence of the positron was considered. Formation energies of the various possible charges of the defects were also calculated to predict their detectability in PAS. Lifetimes between 170ps and 195ps for V C and between 222ps and 227ps for V Si were obtained. Based on these results we propose new interpretations of the experimental PAS signals observed in n-type 3C and 6H-SiC samples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. A flexible positron spectrometer for the undergraduate laboratory
- Author
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Nathaniel Hillson and Jason Engbrecht
- Subjects
Physics ,Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors ,Spectrometer ,010308 nuclear & particles physics ,business.industry ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,Physics - Physics Education ,Compton scattering ,FOS: Physical sciences ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det) ,01 natural sciences ,Data acquisition ,Positron ,Optics ,Physics Education (physics.ed-ph) ,0103 physical sciences ,Annihilation radiation ,Medical imaging ,Oscilloscope ,010306 general physics ,business - Abstract
Positron physics touches on a wide-ranging variety of fields from materials science to medical imaging to high energy physics. In this paper we present the development of a flexible positron annihilation spectrometer appropriate for the undergraduate laboratory. Four NaI gamma-ray ($\gamma$-ray) detectors are connected to an oscilloscope-based data acquisition system. Coupled with the software we developed, these detectors allow students to explore a variety of positron and $\gamma$-ray phenomena. These include $\gamma$-ray energy spectroscopy, Compton scattering, PET scanning fundamentals, speed of light measurements with $\gamma$-rays, historically important polarimetry of annihilation radiation, 3-$\gamma$ annihilation radiation observations, and positron lifetime spectroscopy of materials. We present the developed apparatus and examples of experiments it can perform here., Comment: 10 pages, 19 figures
- Published
- 2018
26. Precipitation processes in Al–Mg–Si extending down to initial clustering revealed by the complementary techniques of positron lifetime spectroscopy and dilatometry
- Author
-
Martin Luckabauer, Robert Josef Enzinger, Gregor Klinser, Wolfgang Sprengel, Roland Würschum, Laura Resch, and Elisabeth Hengge
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Number density ,Materials science ,Precipitation (chemistry) ,Mechanical Engineering ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,Chemical physics ,Aluminium ,0103 physical sciences ,Cluster (physics) ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology ,Material properties ,Cluster analysis ,Dissolution - Abstract
The design of specific material properties of aluminum alloys demands for a detailed understanding of clustering and precipitation processes occurring during heat treatments. Positron lifetime spectroscopy in combination with high-precision dilatometry measurements were taken, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of the aging mechanisms occurring on different timescales and in different temperature regimes, during artificial aging. From the results, unambiguous experimental evidence for the following three main steps of the precipitation process is obtained. In the first seconds of artificial aging, a competitive process of dissolution and growth of different cluster types occurs. Subsequently, clusters start to transform into coherent precipitates, which are mainly responsible for the hardening effect. For prolonged artificial aging, the number density of the coherent precipitates increases, while positron lifetime spectroscopy already reveals the simultaneous formation of less coherent precipitates.
- Published
- 2018
27. Characterization of lattice defects in metallic materials by positron annihilation spectroscopy: A review
- Author
-
J. Čížek
- Subjects
Annihilation ,Materials science ,Polymers and Plastics ,Condensed matter physics ,Mechanical Engineering ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,Metals and Alloys ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Atomic units ,Positron annihilation spectroscopy ,Delocalized electron ,Positron ,Mechanics of Materials ,0103 physical sciences ,Materials Chemistry ,Ceramics and Composites ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,Grain boundary ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Doppler broadening - Abstract
Positron is an excellent probe of lattice defects in solids. A thermallized positron delocalized in lattice can be trapped at open volume defects, e.g. vacancies, dislocations, grain boundaries etc. Positron annihilation spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique which enables characterization of open volume lattice defects in solids on the atomic scale. Positron lifetime and Doppler broadening of annihilation photo-peak are the most common observables related to positron annihilation process. Positron lifetime spectroscopy enables to identify defects in solids and to determine their concentrations while coincidence measurement of Doppler broadening provides information about local chemical environment of defects. This article provides a review of the state-of-art of defect characterization in bulk metallic materials by positron annihilation spectroscopy. Advanced analysis of positron annihilation data and recent developments of positron annihilation methodology are described and discussed on examples of defect studies of metallic materials. Future development in the field is proposed as well.
- Published
- 2018
28. ANTICOOL: Simulating positron cooling and annihilation in atomic gases
- Author
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D. G. Green
- Subjects
Elastic scattering ,Physics ,Antiparticle ,Annihilation ,Scattering ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,General Physics and Astronomy ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Momentum ,Nuclear physics ,Positron ,Hardware and Architecture ,Antimatter ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The Fortran program ANTICOOL , developed to simulate positron cooling and annihilation in atomic gases for positron energies below the positronium-formation threshold, is presented. Given positron–atom elastic scattering phase shifts , normalised annihilation rates Z eff , and γ spectra as a function of momentum k , ANTICOOL enables the calculation of the positron momentum distribution f ( k , t ) as a function of time t , the time-varying normalised annihilation rate Z eff ( t ) , the lifetime spectrum and time-varying annihilation γ spectra. The capability and functionality of the program is demonstrated via a tutorial-style example for positron cooling and annihilation in room temperature helium gas, using accurate scattering and annihilation cross sections and γ spectra calculated using many-body theory as input. Program summary Program title: ANTICOOL Program Files doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/kjstc6xskg.1 Licensing provisions: GPLv3 Programming language: Fortran 90 Nature of problem: Calculation of dynamics of antiparticle cooling and annihilating in atomic gases. Developed for positron cooling and annihilation in atomic gases, but easily modifiable and applicable to other binary elastic-collision cooling processes governed by quantum-mechanical cross sections. Solution method: Monte Carlo simulation . Restrictions: Elastic scattering and annihilation only: positron energies must be below the positronium-formation threshold. It is a single particle program, i.e., positron–positron interactions are not included and binary collisions with the gas atoms are assumed.
- Published
- 2018
29. Probing vacancy-type free-volume defects in Li2B4O7 single crystal by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
- Author
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Oleh Shpotyuk, Adam Ingram, Pavlo Demchenko, Volodymyr Adamiv, and I.M. Teslyuk
- Subjects
Condensed Matter::Quantum Gases ,Materials science ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Positron annihilation spectroscopy ,Positronium ,Crystal ,Positron ,chemistry ,Vacancy defect ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,Lithium ,Physics::Atomic Physics ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Single crystal - Abstract
Vacancy-type free-volume defects in lithium tetraborate Li 2 B 4 O 7 single crystal, grown by the Czochralski technique, are probed with positron annihilation spectroscopy in the lifetime measuring mode. The experimental positron lifetime spectrum is reconstructed within the three-component fitting, involving channels of positron and positronium Ps trapping, as well as within the two-component fitting with a positronium-compensating source input. Structural configurations of the most efficient positron traps are considered using the crystallographic specificity of lithium tetraborate with the main accent on cation-type vacancies. Possible channels of positron trapping are visualized using the electronic structure calculations with density functional theory at the basis of structural parameters proper to Li 2 B 4 O 7 . Spatially-extended positron-trapping complexes involving singly-ionized lithium vacancies, with character lifetime close to 0.32 ns, are responsible for positron trapping in the nominally undoped lithium tetraborate Li 2 B 4 O 7 crystal.
- Published
- 2018
30. Effect of TiO2 Nanofiller on Electrical Conductivity of ABS/TiO2 Polymer Nanocomposites: A Free Volume Study
- Author
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L. M. Munirathnamma, Beeranahally H. Doreswamy, K.V. Aneeshkumar, H. B. Ravikumar, and S. Ningaraju
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Materials science ,Polymer nanocomposite ,Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,02 engineering and technology ,Polymer ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Electrical resistivity and conductivity ,Side chain ,Charge carrier ,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) / Titanium dioxide (TiO2) Polymer nanocomposites with different TiO2 wt % were prepared by solution casting method. Microstructural characterization of ABS/TiO2 polymer nanocomposites was performed by Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy. The increased positron lifetime parameters viz., o-Ps lifetime (τ3) and free volume size (Vf) from 0.2 to 1.0 wt% of TiO2 loading suggests the formation of interfaces due to the increased agglomeration of TiO2 nanoparticles. The increase of two orders of magnitude change in electrical conductivity (σ) of ABS/TiO2 polymer nanocomposites with the increasing free volume hole size (Vf) as a function of TiO2 nanoparticles loading . The increased electrical conductivity (σ) with the increased free volume hole sizes (Vf) indicates the increased interfacial space for the movements of charge carriers and TiO2 ions. Miyamoto and Shibayma model for ion conduction has been used to explore the effect of free volume hole size (Vf) on the electrical conductivity (σ) in ABS/TiO2 polymer nanocomposites. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) suggests the improved chemical and physical interaction between the functional groups of TiO2 and ABS polymer side chain
- Published
- 2018
31. Size effect in nonstoichiometric titanium monoxide and vanadium carbide nanocrystals measured by positron lifetime spectroscopy
- Author
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Wolfgang Sprengel, Alexey S. Kurlov, Andrey A. Rempel, Albina A. Valeeva, and Gregor Klinser
- Subjects
Vanadium carbide ,Annihilation ,010405 organic chemistry ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,Analytical chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Monoxide ,General Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Condensed Matter::Materials Science ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Positron ,Nanocrystal ,chemistry ,Specific surface area ,Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,Titanium - Abstract
A size effect in nonstoichiometric titanium monoxide TiOy and vanadium carbide VCy nanocrystals containing high concentrations of structural vacancies was detected by electron-positron annihilation. The effect consists of a considerable increase in the positron lifetime with the specific surface area. An analysis of the intensity of a long lifetime surface component in the positron annihilation spectra and the average positron lifetime for different nonstoichiometric compounds indicated a universal character of the observed size effect.
- Published
- 2019
32. Low molecular weight ‘liquid’ polymer extended compounds, impact on free volume and crosslink density studied by positron lifetime spectroscopy and stress-strain analysis according to Mooney-Rivlin
- Author
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M. Gruendken, J. Dryzek, Anke Blume, D. Koda, and Elastomer Technology and Engineering
- Subjects
Materials science ,Polymers and Plastics ,UT-Hybrid-D ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,Elastomer ,01 natural sciences ,Shore durometer ,Polymers and polymer manufacture ,Curing (chemistry) ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Crosslinking ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,Plasticization ,Organic Chemistry ,Plasticizer ,Polymer ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Microstructure ,0104 chemical sciences ,Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy ,TP1080-1185 ,Hydrocarbon ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Liquid polymer ,Free volume ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Liquid polymers are used in elastomeric compounds to modify their processing and final characteristics. The material is considered as a polymeric plasticizer and is used to substitute or supplement conventional plasticizer like paraffinic or aromatic oils, or hydrocarbon resins. Their plasticizing effect and contribution to the crosslinking in sulfur cured SSBR mixtures is studied. Aromatic oil, aliphatic resin and different liquid polymers, varied in type, molecular weight and microstructure are discussed. Different plasticizing effects are shown with corresponding curing torques and Shore hardness values. The free volume – measured by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy - increases or decreases according to the liquid polymer’s incorporation in the main polymer.
- Published
- 2021
33. Positron lifetime spectroscopy in ordered nanoporous polymers.
- Author
-
Engbrecht, Jason, Green, David, Hillmyer, Marc A., Olson, David, and Todd, Eric M.
- Subjects
- *
NANOPOROUS materials , *NANOSTRUCTURED materials , *BLOCK copolymers , *POSITRON annihilation , *POLYMER research - Abstract
ABSTRACT Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is a common technique used to characterize the porosity of polymers. Here, we expand its use to the study of ordered nanoporous polymer monoliths. Polystyrene (PS) monoliths with aligned cylindrical pores ranging in diameters from 15 to 35 nm were examined. Such large pores push the boundaries of the PALS technique. To achieve robust measurement, our system used larger detectors than those typically used for monolithic polymer samples. This was done to improve data rates while sacrificing timing resolution. Pore sizes determined using PALS were consistent with measurements made using small angle x-ray scattering. In addition, PALS was able to detect the collapse of the pores when the monolithic sample was heated above the Tg of PS. Because PALS measurements are not sensitive to the nature of the order within the structure nor are they, sensitive to the open or closed nature of the pores this technique could be expanded to a variety of other sample types. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1157-1161 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Influence of a magnetic field applied during the quenching process on the spin density and nanoscale structure of an amorphous Fe–B ribbon
- Author
-
Bonastre, J., Suñol, J.J., Bruna, P., Sato, K., Santos, J.D., and Hernando, B.
- Subjects
- *
MAGNETIC fields , *METAL quenching , *METAL-spinning , *NANOSTRUCTURED materials , *METALLIC glasses , *IRON compounds - Abstract
Abstract: The application of a magnetic field to the melt in the transverse direction of the wheel rotation during the solidification process induces magnetic anisotropy in amorphous magnetic ribbons. This procedure is here applied to a FeB amorphous alloy in order to check their influence on local electronic and nanoscale structure by comparing two samples (as quenched without field and field quenched). The existence of magnetic domains was showed via the Bitter technique. Mössbauer spectra analysis confirms an increase in the spin density (from 28 to 48%) in the applied field direction for the field quenched ribbon. Positron lifetime spectra analysis determines that at room temperature there is no influence on the nanoscale structure, but the annealing at 300°C provokes the beginning of the nanocrystallization process in the field quenched sample while the samples as quenched without field remain fully amorphous. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Development of a Slow Positron Beam System for in-situ Lifetime Measurements During Ion Beam Irradiation.
- Author
-
Kinomura, A., Suzuki, R., Ohdaira, T., Oshima, N., O’Rourke, B.E., and Nishijima, T.
- Subjects
ION bombardment ,POSITRON beams ,POINT defects ,ELECTRON beams ,LINEAR accelerators ,TEMPERATURE effect ,PHOTOCATHODES - Abstract
Abstract: A slow-positron beam system for in-situ positron lifetime measurements during ion beam irradiation is currently under development in order to obtain fundamental information on radiation-induced defects. The system uses a high-intensity positron beam generated through pair-creation by a 70 MeV electron beam from a linear accelerator. The system has typical pulsing electrodes for chopping and bunching positrons. The incident directions of positrons and ions are 0° and 45° to the surface normal of samples, respectively. H, He and inert-gas ions up to 150 keV can be introduced to a target chamber with the irradiation temperature variable from room temperature to 600°C. In a preliminary examination of the beamlines, 150 keV Ar+, electrons from a photocathode and positrons from a radioisotope were successfully transported to the target chamber from their respective sources. In addition, in-situ lifetime measurements using the existing positron beamline were demonstrated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Point Defect Study in Fe75Al25 and Fe70Al25X5 X=(Cr, Ni) Alloys as a Function of Thermal Treatment by Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy.
- Author
-
Kansy, J., Hanc, A., and Giebel, D.
- Subjects
METAL defects ,HEAT treatment of metals ,IRON alloys ,COOLING ,CHEMICAL sample preparation ,ENERGY levels (Quantum mechanics) - Abstract
Abstract: Positron lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) is employed to study retained vacancies in Fe75Al25 and Fe70Al25X5 X= (Cr, Ni) after various thermal treatments. The PALS spectra were analyzed with the two states trapping model. The positron lifetime in defects suggests that they are Fe-monovacancies. The vacancy concentration, determined by the rates of trapping positrons to vacancies, strongly depends on the cooling rate of the sample and the ternary addition. An addition of Cr lowers, whereas an addition of Ni increases the concentration of the retained vacancies in relation to Fe75Al25 samples after the same heat treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Chromium-manganese iron alloy system design cast in metal and sand moulds for erosion resistance: a positron lifetime study.
- Author
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Sampathkumaran, P., Ranganathaiah, C., Seetharamu, S., and Kishore
- Subjects
- *
IRON alloys , *SYSTEMS design , *METAL erosion , *HARDENABILITY of metals , *HEAT treatment of metals , *METAL microstructure , *PERFORMANCE evaluation , *METALLIC surfaces - Abstract
Erosion characteristics of high chromium (Cr, 16-19%) alloy cast iron with 5% and 10% manganese (Mn) prepared in metal and sand moulds through induction melting are investigated using jet erosion test setup in both as-cast and heat-treated conditions. The samples were characterised for hardness and microstructural properties. A new and novel non-destructive evaluation technique namely positron lifetime spectroscopy has also been used for the first time to characterise the microstructure of the material in terms of defects and their concentration. We found that the hardness decreases irrespective of the sample condition when the mould type is changed from metal to sand, On the other hand, the erosion volume loss shows an increasing trend. Since the macroscopic properties have a bearing on the microstructure, good credence is obtained from the microstructural features as seen from light and scanning electron micrographs. Faster cooling in the metal mould yielded fine carbide precipitation on the surface. The defect size and their concentration derived from positron method are higher for sand mould compared to metal mould. Lower erosion loss corresponds to smaller size defects in metal mould are the results of quicker heat transfer in the metal mould compared to the sand mould. Heat treatment effects are clearly seen as the reduced concentration of defects and spherodisation of carbides points to this. The erosion loss with respect to the defects size and concentration correlate very well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Tracking of the micro-structural changes of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy
- Author
-
Patai, Kálmán, Szente, Virág, Süvegh, Károly, and Zelkó, Romána
- Subjects
- *
MICROSTRUCTURE , *LEVONORGESTREL intrauterine contraceptives , *POSITRON annihilation , *SPECTRUM analysis , *INCRUSTATIONS , *SCANNING electron microscopy - Abstract
Abstract: The morphology and the micro-structural changes of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems (IUSs) were studied in relation to the duration of their application. The morphology of the removed IUSs was examined without pre-treatment by scanning electron microscopy. The micro-structural changes of the different layers of IUSs were tracked by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy. Besides the previously found incrustation formation, the free volume of the hormone containing reservoir was remarkably increased after 3 years of application, thus increasing the real volume of the core of the systems. Although the free volume of the membrane encasing the core was not significantly changed in the course of the application, as a result of the core expansion, microcracks could be formed on the membrane surface. Along these cracks, deposits of different compositions can be formed, causing inflammatory complications and influencing the drug release of IUSs. Stability tests in combination with micro-structural screening of such IUSs could be required during their development phase to avoid the undesired side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Application of positron lifetime spectroscopy to the study of material processing of Nd–Fe–B permanent magnets
- Author
-
Nishiuchi, T., Sakashita, S., Hirosawa, S., Nakamura, M., Kakimoto, M., Kawabayashi, T., Mizuno, M., Araki, H., and Shirai, Y.
- Subjects
- *
PERMANENT magnets , *TERNARY alloys , *MICROSTRUCTURE , *HYDROGENATION , *SCANNING electron microscopy , *POSITRON annihilation , *SPECTRUM analysis , *CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
Abstract: A positron lifetime spectroscopy was applied to a series of samples of Nd–Fe–B based alloys prepared by hydrogenation-disproportionation-desorption-recombination (HDDR) process with various desorption-recombination (DR) times and the results were compared to the results of cross-sectional observation with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From these studies, it is strongly suggested that microstructural changes, which causes the sudden onset of coercivity during DR stage progress abruptly in a relatively short period of time. Positron lifetime spectroscopy can detect the microstructural changes during DR treatment and furthermore, it is suggested that positron annihilation site is directly related to the region which determines the coercivity of the HDDR-processed Nd–Fe–B alloys. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Design and performance of the pulsed positron beam at Chalmers University of Technology
- Author
-
Mileshina, L. and Nordlund, A.
- Subjects
- *
POSITRON beams , *FORCE & energy , *PARTICLE accelerators , *OPTICAL resolution , *BEAM optics , *SPECTRUM analysis - Abstract
Abstract: A slow monoenergetic pulsed positron beam at Chalmers University of Technology has been built. The system consists mainly of chopper, buncher and accelerator. The achieved positron energy range is in range between 230eV and 15keV. The FWHM of the beam resolution function is around 700ps. The beam intensity is around cps. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Investigations of epoxy-based adhesives with PLEPS
- Author
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Egger, W., Sperr, P., Kögel, G., Wetzel, M., and Gudladt, H.-J.
- Subjects
- *
ADHESIVES , *EPOXY compounds , *POSITRON beams , *INDUSTRIAL contamination , *INDUSTRIAL applications , *SPECTRUM analysis - Abstract
Abstract: Contamination-tolerant adhesives are of ever increasing importance in industrial applications. The possible failure mechanisms of adhesive bonds in these adhesives are however still poorly understood. Results of a series of investigations with our pulsed low energy positron beam system (PLEPS) in an epoxy-based contamination-tolerant adhesive are presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. High-resolution positron lifetime measurement using ultra fast digitizers Acqiris DC211
- Author
-
Bečvář, F., Čížek, J., and Procházka, I.
- Subjects
- *
POSITRON beams , *SPECTRUM analysis , *DIGITIZATION , *SPECTROMETERS , *DIGITAL technology , *ANALOG electronic systems - Abstract
Abstract: This work demonstrates that a significant improvement of the timing resolution, simultaneously keeping coincidence count rate high enough, can be achieved by use of the state-of-the-art ultra fast 8-bit digitizers which replace the traditional analog timing modules. Performance of the digital spectrometer in conditions of a routine measurement is compared with that of the same detectors connected to the analog setup. It was found that employment of the digital setup leads to an improvement of timing resolution from 169ps for the traditional analog setup down to 146ps for the digital setup. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Identification of lattice vacancies in the B2-phase region of Ni–Al system by positron annihilation
- Author
-
Zhang, Lan-Zhi, Wang, Dan-Ni, Wang, Bao-Yi, Yu, Run-Sheng, and Wei, Long
- Subjects
- *
POSITRON scattering , *POSITRON annihilation , *SPECTRUM analysis , *ALLOYS - Abstract
Abstract: The point defects of B2-type intermetallic compound Ni–Al have been investigated as a function of different Ni compositions ranging from 47 to 55at.% by means of positron lifetime and coincidence Doppler-broadening (CDB) measurements. The position lifetime of the annealed samples, expressed by single-component lifetime of τ =170–180ps, indicates positron saturation trapping at single vacancies in Ni–Al samples. The CDB measurements have been applied to identify these vacancy-type defects formed on the Ni sublattice in the B2-phase Ni–Al alloys. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Detection of free volumes in polyaniline complexes with various acids by using positron lifetime spectroscopy
- Author
-
Terlemezyan, L., Mokreva, P., Tsocheva, D., Peneva, S., Berovsky, K., and Troev, T.
- Subjects
- *
POSITRONS , *POSITRONIUM , *ELECTRONS , *ORGANIC compounds - Abstract
Abstract: The positron lifetime spectroscopy (PLS), a non-destructive characterization method, utilizes positronium (Ps; an electron–positron bound state) as a probe and measures its lifetime in polymer free volumes. For the first time the free volumes have been estimated by PLS in polyaniline (PANI) complexes with various inorganic and organic acids. It was found that the o-Ps lifetime increases and the intensity decreases with increasing ionic radius of the counter-ions in PANI complexes. Obviously, larger counter anions result in enhanced mean size of the voids corresponding to the free volume in the bulk polymer. Electrical conductivity has been measured by conventional four-probe technique. The glass transition temperature and temperature of removal of the absorbed water have been determined by using differential scanning calorimetry. It was established fairly well correlation of the mentioned polymer parameters with the o-Ps lifetime and the free volume of PANI complexes, respectively. The greater free-volume results in a decrease of conductivity, glass transition temperature and temperature of removal of the absorbed water. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Positron lifetime spectroscopy of lithium tetraborate Li2B4O7 glass
- Author
-
Oleh Shpotyuk, Adam Ingram, Volodymyr Adamiv, and I. Teslyuk
- Subjects
Condensed Matter::Quantum Gases ,010302 applied physics ,Void (astronomy) ,Materials science ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,Mineralogy ,02 engineering and technology ,Trapping ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Spectral line ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Crystal ,Positron ,Vacancy defect ,0103 physical sciences ,Materials Chemistry ,Ceramics and Composites ,Physical chemistry ,Physics::Atomic Physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
Free-volume structure of glassy lithium tetraborate Li2B4O7 is studied as compared with isocompositional crystal using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy in mixed positron-trapping and Ps-decaying modes exploring three-term decomposed positron lifetime spectra. The longest-lived lifetime component in Li2B4O7 glass is explained due to low-electron density spaces between neighbouring tetraborate groups, while second component is attributed to positron trapping in lithium vacancy-type complexes. Crystal-to-glass transition in free-volume structure of Li2B4O7 is examined with x3-x2-coupling decomposition algorithm. Assuming tight interconnection between atomic-deficient void structure of crystalline and glassy lithium tetraborates, the vitrification from crystalline state is described as expansion of positron-trapping complexes involving singly-ionized lithium vacancies in more spatially-extended positron-trapping sites, this being accompanied by large number of Ps-traps appeared preferentially in boron-oxide network of tetraborate structural units.
- Published
- 2017
46. Decomposition of positron lifetime spectra generated by Monte Carlo method: The case study of 6H silicon carbide
- Author
-
Lam, C.H. and Ling, C.C.
- Subjects
- *
MONTE Carlo method , *SILICON carbide , *ESTIMATION theory , *CARBON - Abstract
Abstract: 6H silicon carbide positron lifetime spectra consisting of different concentrations of carbon vacancy, silicon vacancy and divacancy were generated by Monte Carlo simulation. Although the lifetime spectra contained more than one defect, they were well fitted by the two component model with good chi squares. Artificial defect components were found to form by the merging of the different vacancy defects. For some of these cases, the invalidity of the simple trapping model could not be revealed by the commonly used τ b,mod test. This would lead to the mis-identification of virtual vacancy defects having characteristic lifetimes depending on the concentrations of the carbon vacancy, the silicon vacancy and the divacancy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Positron lifetime and microstructural characterisation of a-Si:H deposited by low temperature HW-CVD on paper substrates
- Author
-
Härting, M., Britton, D.T., Knoesen, D., and Egger, W.
- Subjects
- *
CHEMICAL vapor deposition , *THIN films , *SPECTRUM analysis , *NONMETALS - Abstract
Abstract: In thin film electronic applications, the limiting factor, in terms of cost and usability, is generally the substrate material. As a consequence, different materials are being investigated as potential lightweight, inexpensive and flexible substrates. In this respect, we have been the first research collaboration to produce silicon-based electronics on paper substrates. Here we present structural characterisation of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) layers deposited on 80gm−2 wood-free paper, with and without an intermediate metallic interlayer, using low temperature hot wire chemical vapour deposition (HW-CVD). Both pulsed positron beam profiling and X-ray diffraction studies indicate that the growth rate on the uncoated substrate is slightly higher than with prior metallization. There is no evidence of a crystalline phase or voids in the a-Si:H layers. The internal defect structure is similar, with a dominant dangling bond complex of similar size, which has a slightly longer lifetime than in layers grown at higher temperatures on conventional substrates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Measurements of Defect Structures by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy of the Tellurite Glass 70TeO2-5XO-10P2O5-10ZnO-5PbF2 (X = Mg, Bi2, Ti) Doped with Ions of the Rare Earth Element Er3+
- Author
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El Sayed Yousef, V. Boyko, Jacek Filipecki, Edmund Golis, and Katarzyna Pach
- Subjects
Materials science ,Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena ,Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy ,Nanochemistry ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Ion ,Volume Defect ,Positron ,lcsh:TA401-492 ,General Materials Science ,Spectroscopy ,Range (particle radiation) ,TeO2 ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,Doping ,Positron Lifetime ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,0104 chemical sciences ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,Tellurite Glass ,Nanometre ,High Energy Physics::Experiment ,lcsh:Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,Atomic physics ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The objective of the study was the structural analysis of the 70TeO2-5XO-10P2O5-10ZnO-5PbF2 (X = Mg, Bi2, Ti) tellurite glasses doped with ions of the rare-earth elements Er3+, based on the PALS (positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy) method of measuring positron lifetimes. Values of positron lifetimes and the corresponding intensities may be connected with the sizes and number of structural defects, the sizes of which range from a few angstroms to a few dozen nanometers. Experimental positron lifetime spectrum revealed existence of two positron lifetime components τ 1 andτ 2. Their interpretation was based on two-state positron trapping model where the physical parameters are the positron annihilation rate and positron trapping rate.
- Published
- 2017
49. As-vacancy complex in Zn-diffused GaAs: Positron lifetime spectroscopy study
- Author
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Reinhard Krause-Rehberg and Mohamed Elsayed
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Materials science ,Vapor pressure ,Annealing (metallurgy) ,Mechanical Engineering ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,Metals and Alloys ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Molecular physics ,Crystallographic defect ,Positron annihilation spectroscopy ,Condensed Matter::Materials Science ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,Positron ,Mechanics of Materials ,Vacancy defect ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,Physics::Atomic Physics ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy is applied to study the point defects formed upon Zn diffusion in semi-insulating GaAs. The diffusion was performed by annealing the samples at 950 °C for different times under different As vapor pressures. Deep and shallow positron traps were observed by lifetime spectroscopy. Zn acceptors are assumed to act as shallow traps. A complex containing the As vacancy and Zn atoms is suggested to be the deep positron traps. The observation of As vacancy complexes is elucidated by studying the influence of As vapor pressure applying the mass action law of thermodynamics of point defects.
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- 2017
50. Temperature dependence of o-Ps annihilation lifetime in non-uniform cylindrical pores in comparison with ETE model
- Author
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Ali Akbar Mehmandoost-Khajeh-Dad and Morteza Khaghani
- Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Annihilation ,Materials science ,Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy ,Numerical analysis ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Molecular physics ,Vycor glass ,Schrödinger equation ,symbols.namesake ,Indentation ,0103 physical sciences ,symbols ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Porous medium ,Instrumentation - Abstract
Ortho-positronium (o-Ps) annihilation lifetime was calculated in non-uniform cylinder-shaped pores by solving Schrodinger equation using a well-known multi-physics program called COMSOL. The o-Ps annihilation lifetime variation in terms of temperature was calculated on the basis of ETE model via a numerical method. The COMSOL simulations indicate that as long as the pore is uniform cylinder-shaped, the results agree with those of two-dimensional ETE model, whereas deformations in the cylinder shape (indentation or protrusion) change the temperature behavior of ETE model and, thereby, higher values are predicted for o-Ps lifetime in the pore at lower temperatures. The geometry of the non-uniform cylinder-shaped pores, which is accompanied by empirical evidence, can be used for the analysis of empirical results obtained from positron lifetime spectroscopy in different temperatures.
- Published
- 2017
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