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Objective: High-risk professionals and specialised nurses in hospitals are frequently exposed to potentially traumatic events. Psychotrauma researchers have extensively studied personal risk factors of traumatisation among high-risk professionals, but it is hard to understand psychological functioning when professionals are decontextualised from their social environment. Generally, it has been well documented that to reduce the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other mental health problems related to traumatisation, it is essential to be embedded in a supportive social environment. However, study results among and within these occupational groups show great variety and even inconsistencies as to what is a supportive social environment. Method: This ethnographical research, including participant observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis, explored the social environment of firefighters, police officers, ambulance paramedics, specialised nurses, and military personnel and aims to explore their social connections and embeddedness. We performed a thematic content analysis of data to identify themes related to social or emotional support, social relationships, and stress or traumatisation. Results: An analysis of the observational field notes, which covered 332 h of participant observation and 71 evenly distributed formal in-depth interviews, identified four themes related to social connections and embeddedness: Family, Hierarchical relations versus autonomy, Group versus individual, and Conditional family ‘love’. Results revealed that the military, police, and professional firefighters have family-like hierarchical connections and highly value group unity. Paramedics and most specialised nurses, however, tend to value individuality and autonomy in their work relationships. Conclusion: This research shows noticeable differences in the social environments and social connections of these professionals, which implicates that prevention and mental health treatment might also have to be differentiated among occupational groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of La Manzana de la discordia is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desacatos is the property of Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En este artículo se analiza la actuación de las autoridades y los órganos de seguridad pública hacia las protestas feministas en México desde 2019 a 2022, utilizando enfoques teóricos sobre represión y criminalización estatal contra las manifestaciones sociales. La metodología incluye trabajo etnográfico, entrevistas a colectivas y revisión de informes presentados por organismos de derechos humanos. Se concluye que las autoridades perciben las demandas de las mujeres organizadas como una amenaza política, promoviendo estrategias que combinan discursos que desacreditan al movimiento, acciones de persecución jurídica y represión policial centraliza-descentralizada, dependiente de los niveles de control de las policías en las entidades del país. La respuesta coercitiva se justifica institucionalmente para mantener el orden social, sin embargo, también se intenta sancionar la presencia de mujeres como sujetos políticos que impugnan la violencia institucional contra las mujeres en México.

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Copyright of Archivos de Criminología, Criminalística y Seguridad Privada is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de Criminologia Capitulo Nuevo Leon, A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ESPOCH Congresses: The Ecuadorian Journal of S.T.E.A.M. is the property of Knowledge E DMCC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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El presente artículo se desprende de una investigación doctoral más amplia en la que centré el interés por indagar en los procesos de socialización de jóvenes que habitan enclaves de pobreza y violencia urbana, teniendo como uno de los ejes principales, las relaciones que se tejen entre las y los jóvenes que habitan estos contextos con la policía. Las vicisitudes del trabajo de campo me llevaron a reflexionar sobre los retos, desafíos y gestión emocional implicados en el quehacer antropológico. En este artículo presento las reflexiones derivadas de la experiencia etnográfica con la policía y las y los jóvenes, exponiendo algunos de los hallazgos principales en la indagación de las relaciones que se tejen entre ambos actores y las implicaciones de la policía, como agente territorial de Estado, en la configuración de subjetividades juveniles en contextos de pobreza y violencia urbanas.

La medición del desempeño es una condición necesaria para la mejora continuade los cuerpos policiacos.A pesar lo anterior existe poca investigación en México sobre desempeño policial y una falta de consenso sobre una métrica para su cálculo.El presente trabajo plantea el grado de cumplimiento de cuatro de las obligaciones constitucionales de las policías,plasmadas en el artículo 21de la Constitución Mexicana(legalidad, objetividad, profesionalización y honradez),como un elemento central dentro de una evaluación pertinente deldesempeño policial y realiza un análisis de correlación entre desempeño y el nivel de cumplimiento de las dimensiones anteriormente descritas para el caso de la policía estatal de Michoacán. Los resultados observan quelahonradez y legalidad presentan la mayor correlación con el indicador de desempeño. Estos resultadosapoyan el desarrollo de una perspectiva de mediciónnormativadel desempeñopolicialque incorporetanto el grado decumplimiento de laspolicíascon las obligaciones constitucionales establecidas en el artículo 21de la Constitucióncomo la propia percepción de los oficiales en el cumplimiento de sus deberes legales.

En este trabajo se analizó el patrón de métodos de tortura empleados por policías del estado de Jalisco en contra de 81 ciudadanos civiles en el periodo 2008-2019. Todos los casos se asociaron a detenidos por participar en presuntos delitos, riñas, o incidentes viales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en relación a los métodos de sufrimiento físico y emocional durante la tortura. Se analizaron 50 recomendaciones de derechos humanos para obtener una muestra de 81 ciudadanos. Se eligieron solo aquellos casos con la información completa de género, método de tortura y municipio donde ocurrieron los hechos. La información se analizó con el test de ji al cuadrado y se estimó el factor de riesgo para estudios transversales a través del modelo odds ratio. Se identificaron siete métodos de tortura aplicados de forma generalizada a hombres y mujeres. Además, se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en la aplicación de asfixia contra hombres y violencia sexual contra mujeres, aunque con escasa frecuencia. Finalmente, se encontró un riesgo seis veces mayor de experimentar el método de asfixia en hombres, y nueve veces mayor cuando ocurrió en la ciudad de Guadalajara o su Zona Metropolitana. Las diferencias significativas identificadas en los métodos de tortura perpetrados contra mujeres y hombres se asocian a la violencia de género. Los policías que participaron de este delito eligieron métodos basados en estereotipos de género, provocando efectos diferenciados y específicos en sus víctimas.

Copyright of Cuestiones de Sociologia: Revista de Estudios Sociales is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzed the torture methods used by the Jalisco state police against 81 victims in the period 2008-2019. All the cases were associated with detainees for participating in alleged crimes, fights, or road incidents. The objective of this research was to identify differences between men and women in relation to the methods of physical and emotional suffering during torture. We analyzed 50 human rights recommendations to obtain a sample of 81 citizens. Only those cases with complete information on gender, torture method and municipality where the events occurred were chosen. The information was analyzed with the Chi squared test and the risk factor for cross-sectional studies was estimated through the odds ratio model. There are 7 methods of torture widely applied to men and women. In addition, significant differences were obtained in the application of asphyxia against men and sexual violence against women, although with little frequency. Finally, a risk of 6 times more of experiencing the method of suffocation was found in men, as well as of 9 times more when it occurred in the city of Guadalajara or its metropolitan area. The significant differences identified in the methods of torture perpetrated against women and men are associated with gender-based violence. The police officers who participated in this crime chose methods based on gender stereotypes, generating differentiated and specific effects on their victims. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Psicología (1669-2438) is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica Argentina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O principal propósito desta pesquisa é analisar os padrões do uso da violência por agentes de segurança estatal na abordagem e na apreensão de adolescentes acusados de práticas infracionais. Para tal, realizamos uma análise quantitativa a partir de procedimentos administrativos de apuração de violência contra adolescentes por agentes de segurança pública, conduzidos e concedidos para essa pesquisa pela Promotoria de Justiça Cível de Campinas, do Ministério Público do Estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa também se direcionou qualitativamente à análise da relação entre a(as) juventude(s) e os agentes de segurança pública estatais, mais especificamente, as polícias. Para tal, utilizamos embasamentos teóricos de Jacqueline Sinhoretto, Adriana Vianna e Maria Carolina Schlittler.

El artículo traza un estado de la cuestión a partir de la producción disponible sobre el accionar de las policías durante los años ´70 - ´80 (el período de mayor intensidad represiva en Argentina), aunque, para explicarlo, nos ubicamos en una temporalidad más larga que se inicia en década de 1950. Partimos de la premisa de que el accionar de las policías durante la última dictadura militar posee una espesura histórica particular, en tanto esta fuerza de seguridad ostenta como una de sus potestades fundantes el uso de la fuerza y el ejercicio de la represión. El objetivo es trazar un estado de situación que permita detectar las reconfiguraciones y continuidades en el accionar de las policías a lo largo de los años centrales del siglo XX, sin perder de vista que se trata de una agencia del estado. Daremos cuenta de diversos escenarios locales – regionales para conseguir una imagen más completa del problema que nos ocupa: la capilaridad del aparato represivo desde la perspectiva de la agencia policial, a la que sus prerrogativas innatas les brindaron un rol destacado en la persecución del “enemigo interno”.

Esta nota de investigación presenta algunas reflexiones teóricas y metodológicas a partir del proyecto titulado “Fuerzas de seguridad, vulnerabilidad y violencias. Un estudio interdisciplinario, multidimensional y comparativo de las formas de intervención de las fuerzas de seguridad y policías en contextos de vulnerabilidad en la Argentina postpandemia”. Dicho proyecto tuvo como objetivo estudiar las interacciones y relaciones entre las fuerzas de seguridad y las poblaciones en condiciones de vulnerabilidad en el marco de la pandemia. Especialmente, se propuso analizar si el contexto generado por la Covid-19 modificó el accionar de las fuerzas de seguridad para con estas poblaciones y si se produjeron cambios en los criterios de legitimidad de las violencias. En este trabajo presentamos reflexiones sobre el diseño teórico y metodológico del proyecto, y exponemos algunos resultados preliminares.

This research deals with one of the most problematic themes in the Brazilian public security agenda, firearm control. Since the publication of the Statute of the Disarmament in 2003, the Federal Police (FP) has been responsible for controlling firearm possession of the civilian population. Thus, FP officers become central players in firearm control policies in Brazil. In this research, we investigate the attitude of Brazilian FP officers towards firearms and what explains this attitude. We collected data from 800 police officers from different positions working in all regions of the country. The results show that police officers believe that firearm possession is an individual right, but firearms do not protect against crime. The results also show that the officers' attitude towards firearms is influenced by their position and their experience with firearms. The article presents the study's implications for management theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the police force was one of the institutions that was most exposed to possible infections, in addition to suffering stressful situations that affect health. This study aims to independently assess the relationship between demographic, work, and COVID-19 variables, and resilience, engagement, and the perception of health, as well as to evaluate which variables are more important when predicting health perceptions. Method: 640 Spanish police officers were evaluated through a cross-sectional design and online survey. Results: The perception of the lack of personal protective equipment, believing that it is easy to become infected with COVID-19, or working as a police officer were associated with low levels of engagement and resilience and a worse perception of health. More years of experience in the police force was associated with worse health and lower levels of engagement and resilience. Engagement and resilience would be protective variables of health. Conclusions: It is necessary to promote practices related to engagement and resilience in the police force. The discussion emphasizes that more experienced police officers demonstrate less engagement and resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar (RUHM) is the property of Centro de Estudios de la Guerra and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Runa: Archivo para las Ciencias del Hombre is the property of Runa: Archivo para las Ciencias del Hombre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Runa: Archivo para las Ciencias del Hombre is the property of Runa: Archivo para las Ciencias del Hombre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La corrupción es un fenómeno complejo presente en las corporaciones policiales. Los mexicanos califican a sus policías preventivos como corruptos (INEGI, 2018), y la posición de México en la escala internacional de corrupción es de las peores (Transparency International, 2018). Estos datos no consideran las percepciones de los policías. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar desde el construccionismo social, los significados que los policías preventivos de México construyen en torno a la corrupción policial. El estudio fue cualitativo de tipo fenomenológico; para la recolección de datos se realizaron grupos focales con policías de Tijuana y de la Ciudad de México; y entrevistas semiestructuradas a policías de Mérida. De acuerdo con las narrativas la corrupción ocurre en dos ámbitos: (1) dentro de la institución policial, por el influyentismo y los arrestos disciplinares arbitrarios; y (2) en la interacción policías-ciudadanía, debido a la normalización, la racionalización, y los salarios bajos. Se perciben efectos de la corrupción como insuficiencia de personal, equipamiento deficiente y problemas económicos. Los significados que los policías construyen en torno a la corrupción favorecen al mantenimiento de esta práctica; aunque no son el único factor, resulta importante comprenderlos con el fin de deconstruirlos y favorecer a su disminución.

Resumen Antecedentes: Policías de tráfico, conductores y otros profesionales, están expuestos de forma aguda y crónica a hidrocarburos ambientales del tráfico que pueden conllevar un riesgo para la salud. Dichos tóxicos, están presentes en la contaminación ambiental. En la literatura revisada no hemos encontrado protocolos ni EPIs para estas profesiones laborales, poniendo de relieve que aún queda mucho por desarrollar en este campo. En este artículo, revisamos la evidencia existente en cuanto a efectos nocivos en la salud por la exposición laboral a hidrocarburos en ambiente exterior. Objetivos: Determinar la evidencia científica existente en la literatura acerca de los efectos biológicos de la exposición crónica laboral a hidrocarburos ambientales en los trabajadores expuestos a tráfico (y/o rodeados de HAPs). Material y Métodos: Búsqueda bibliográfica en Pubmed, Toxnet, Scopus, Embase, y webs institucionales de donde recopilamos 25 artículos. Resultados: Se han evidenciado cambios y efectos biológicos nocivos por exposición a los hidrocarburos ambientales (en su mayoría debidos al tráfico), así como la presencia de metabolitos en análisis biológicos de trabajadores expuestos. Dichos efectos han afectado al sistema reproductor, al sistema cardiovascular e incluso a la reparación de DNA. Conclusiones: Parecen existir efectos nocivos para el organismo debidos a la exposición laboral ambiental. Se encontró asociación estadística significativa en la disminución de la reparación del DNA y en el aumento de metabolitos relacionados con hidrocarburos en sangre y orina.

This research stems from a longitudinal case study (2013-2020) observing the institutional efforts to construct a metropolitan police force in the Guadalajara area. The documentary and statistical evidence collected is analyzed from the perspective of metropolitan governance. Among the findings, it is noted that three police corporations have been officially created, but in practice, Guadalajara does not have a proper metropolitan police force. The mechanisms used correspond to the following governance models: inter-municipal agreements, vertical coordination, and the creation of metropolitan agencies. This case illustrates that vertical coordination, at the governor's initiative, has predominated regardless the political party in the State Government. In conclusion, metropolitan governance in public safety is nothing more than a label. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The civil war which began in South Sudan, at the end of 2013, has caused, for the first time in the history of the United Nations, a huge movement of internal displaced people inwards the compounds of the UNMISS, seeking for protection. Then, the Protection of Civilian Sites have been created. Along the incoming of thousands of people in a few weeks, there was a sharp growth in humanitarian and security demands. In order to deliver such protection, it was necessary the joint use of military, police and civilians from UNMISS, what is going to be presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has thus far privileged the impact of shift work on workers' health from the workers' perspective. Inversely, this study evaluates the impacts of such a work schedule on the family and social life of workers according to their partners' perspective. It also compared the impacts of two different work schedules (shift work vs. normal work) on family and social life. Five hundred and fifteen partners of Portuguese police officers participated in the study, and it was found that shift work has a moderate to high impact on all evaluated areas of family and social life. Partners of shift workers report greater impacts on family reorganization and joint social life. Regarding the two work schedules, statistically significant differences were found in all evaluated areas, and the partners of shift workers reported greater impacts of their partner's work schedule than did the partners of day workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El autor muestra el insólito caso de Alberto Patishtán Gómez (Chiapas, México 2000), en cual presenta cronológicamente los hechos que se llevaron a cabo en el paraje Las Lagunas de Las Limas, Municipio de Simojovel. La importancia del caso se da al sobreestimar el relieve de violaciones de proceso en derechos humanos por sobre el trasfondo del derecho penal. En este caso específico, el autor pretende analizarlo desde una perspectiva puramente política, dejando de lado cualquier matiz antropológico de fondo en el cual, ante una relectura, se podría inferir fácilmente que hubo discriminación étnica

In these pages we will discuss how violence is used comparing two ethnographic research, one between the members of what is commonly called hooligans and the other between members of the Buenos Aires police. We hold that the actions violets are resources that actors use as a form of group aggregation and as a builder of social ties. Violence is conventionally interpreted as an action depreciated and therefore is invisivilizada, hidden or overshadowed. However, it is effective to define a sense of belonging and obtain forms of group distinction tool. We, then, in comparison, to violence as a currency of honor and prestige. We end by asking what kind of action is violence and illuminating response comparing different uses that exhibit the cases analyzed.

El derecho a elegir los representantes políticos de un Estado ha sido considerado como la garantía mínima de todo ciudadano en las democracias del hemisferio occidental. En el marco de una democracia liberal, el derecho al sufragio se ha convertido en el indicador básico para distinguir que es un régimen democrático de los no democráticos. No obstante, pensar que este derecho es universal en todos los ciudadanos de los países democrático-liberales es una generalización apresurada, ya que aún siguen existiendo y avalándose excepciones para ejercer un derecho que se proclama universal, igual e inalienable.

¿Las lógicas securitarias deben guiar las reformas legislativas que afectan al órgano de investigaciones criminalísticas? ¿Estas deben afectar también la dirección que ejerce el Ministerio Público sobre la investigación penal? ¿El órgano de investigaciones debe ser considerado como una Policía más? O, por el contrario, ¿tiene características propias que le diferencian de la institución policial? ¿La investigación penal debe ser entendida como parte del servicio de Policía o como una fase del proceso penal? En este trabajo se intentan hacer estas reexiones desde el contexto venezolano, analizando críticamente la reciente legislación que ha introducido modicaciones en estas materias.

Copyright of Medicina y Seguridad del Trabajo is the property of Escuela Nacional de Medicina del Trabajo - Instituto de Salud Carlos III and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios de Derecho is the property of Estudios de Derecho and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Burnout is considered a long term stress reaction which is seen primarily among professionals who work face-to-face with other people. Socio-demographic characteristics have been suggested as risk factors to its development, although empirical studies have yield contradictory results. The objective of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis of four socio-demographic factors (age, sex, marital status, and number of children) that may be correlated to the Maslach Burnout Inventory dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment) in police officers. These professionals have been considered a high-risk occupational group to suffer burnout due to specific characteristics of their job. We collected 43 empirical studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 23 on age, 32 on sex, 9 on marital status, and 4 on number of children. The bivariate correlation coefficient was used as the effect size measure. The results show that all the average effect were small, and the majority of them were not statistically significant. We can conclude that sex and age are factors to discard in the development of the burnout in police officers. We found that many studies did not report enough statistical information to estimate effect sizes. This systematic lack of information is likely to contribute finding contradictory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This research is aimed at assessing if, with appropriate training, police can improve the identification of emotions expressed facially by a person versus those participants who do not receive any training. For this study we have included 11 emotions (7 basic and 4 new 'added') in order to identify if the 4 new 'added' emotions are detected in the same proportion as the basic ones. The results show that adequate training in facial identification of emotions substantially improves the cops' ability to read facial expressions or any other non-verbal behavior. However, it would be interesting to delve into the overall formation of communication (verbal, paraverbal, facial and body) and not only in the facial in order for police to have more and better knowledge in verbal communication that is applicable practice in their functions as representatives of the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue identificar la ideación suicida en un grupo de policías de Pereira. Para ello se realizó una investigación cuantitativa con análisis transversal; se aplicó el cuestionario ISO 30, y una encuesta de caracterización en ciento treinta y siete policías. El 2,9% presentó ideación alta. Los mayores porcentajes de ideación alta se presentaron entre los que vivían solos -11,1% y los que tenían intento previo de suicidio 25,0%, aunque solo en los primeros se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativa (p= 0,048 y rp 12,2). A pesar de encontrarse niveles de ideación inferiores a los hallados en población general, se recomienda que la institución fortalezca sus programas de intervención y acompañamiento. Abstract The objective of this research was to identify the suicidal ideation in a group of policemen from Pereira. That is why it was conducted a cross-sectional analysis quantitative research; the ISO 30 questionnaire was given, and a survey of characterization in one hundred and thirtyseven policemen were given. Those who presented high ideation corresponded to 2.9%. The highest percentages of high ideation arose among those who lived alone, corresponded to 11.1% and those who had previous suicide attempt, corresponded to 25.0% suicide attempt, although a statistically significant association was found only in the former (p= 0,048 and rp 12.2). Despite having found ideation levels lower than those in the general population, it is recommended that the institution strengthened its intervention and support programs.

Son muchos los temas que pueden abordarse en torno a la importancia que ha cobrado la policía en el Nuevo Sistema de Justicia Penal. También muchos los retos y desafíos a los que se enfrentan sobre todo en temas de formación, capacitación y profesionalización, que aun cuando reiteradamente se han abordado como tópicos conjuntos, no implican la misma idea necesariamente. Hasta la fecha, la actuación de algunas corporaciones policiales ha originado que se manifiesten expresiones de operadores políticos en el sentido de afirmar que puede considerarse a la policía –sin que eso implique conceder que deba ser así– como “el eslabón más débil del Nuevo Sistema de Justicia Penal” mexicano (Vera en Medrano, 2015); mientras que en el ámbito académico las opiniones generadas han estado orientadas hacia estos mismos tipos de comentarios al pronunciar que en el caso particular de los policías municipales, acostumbrados a “casos de infracciones y violaciones a los mandos policiacos”, ha ocasionado que se vean enfrentados a grandes retos y “les cuesta un poco más de trabajo… comprender el Nuevo Sistema Penal Acusatorio” (Salazar en Pacheco, 2015).