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Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) contribute to the release of microplastics into the environment. While the removal efficiency of MPs in WWTPs can reach up to 99.9 %, the highest amount of microplastics is retained in the sludge. Anaerobic digestion, one of the most promising and common processes, can help reduce sludge volume and odour, and due to the formation of biogas, mainly consisting of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), can help decrease the operating costs of WWTPs. A test measuring the inhibition of biogas production using the OxiTop® measuring system was employed to determine the effect of added microfibres (MFs) on biogas production. Particles less than 1 mm in size of polyester, polyamide, and polyacrylic, were added to anaerobic sludge at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.10 g l–1 to simulate their effect on biogas production. The yields of CH4 and CO2 produced during anaerobic digestion of the MFs-contaminated sludge were determined. The addition of MFs to sewage sludge affects methane production. The results indicated that the lowest added concentrations of 0.05 g l–1 of MFs promoted methane production, while the presence of 0.1 g l–1 decreased methane production for all types of MFs used. Polyacrylic at 0.1 g l–1 had the most negative effect on methane production (up to 27 %), while polyamide at 0.05 g l–1 reached the highest methane production (up to 25 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En el recientemente aprobado RD español 3/2023 sobre aguas de consumo humano, adaptación de la primitiva Directiva UE 2020/2184, se incluye en su artículo 19 la denominada Lista de Observación que engloba los denominados «contaminantes de preocupación emergente que se consideren un riesgo para la salud». Así, en el apartado 4 del Anexo IV del reseñado RD, se publica la Lista de Observación nacional con las referencias a 17b-Estradiol, nonilfenol, azitromicina y diclofenaco, indicándose literalmente además que «los microplásticos se incluirán en la lista cuando la Comisión Europea adopte una metodología normalizada para medir los microplásticos en el agua de consumo». Este artículo tiene un doble objetivo: (i) pasar revista a la última posición sobre el tema publicada por la UE en septiembre de 2022 desde el organismo que se ocupa de este tipo de cuestiones, el Centro Común de Investigación de la Comisión Europea (conocido por sus siglas inglesas como JRC); (ii) en segundo lugar, se recogerán los más recientes resultados sobre MP en aguas españolas. En este sentido, los tipos de microplásticos (MP, en adelante) mayoritariamente encontrados fueron poliéster (PES), polipropileno (PP) y polietileno (PE), detectándose, asimismo, poliestireno, ABS y poliamida. Además, los MP reducían su concentración en una ETAP desde agua bruta a (0,96 MP/L) tras filtración por arena, carbón activo granular y ósmosis inversa en más del 93 % respecto al agua cruda de entrada a planta. Finalmente, las concentraciones de MP en aguas de consumo fueron muy bajas, entre 0 y 0,05 MP/L, con un promedio de 0,01 MP/L.

Poliester (PET) lifleri tekstil endüstrisinde dünya genelinde en çok kullanılan sentetik liftir. Dünya genelinde çevresel ve ekolojik kaygıların artmasıyla sentetik liflerin geri dönüştürülmesi, biyobozunurluğunun sağlanması yönünde çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu deneysel çalışmada poliester, geri dönüştürülmüş poliester (r-PET) ve biyobozunur poliester (bio-PET) içerikli kumaşların boyama ve fiziksel performansları karşılaştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlarda r-PET ve bio-PET içerikli numunelerin en az PET içerikli kumaşlar kadar iyi boyandığı haslık ve mukavemet değerlerinde belirgin farklılıklar olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda r-PET ve bio-PET liflerinin PET liflerine alternatif olabileceği düşünülmektedir.

The article focuses on enhancing ultra-violet protection and reducing electrostatic charge in fabric manufacturing, particularly in response to global climate changes, by blending cellulose yarns (bamboo and cotton) with trilobal polyester microfiber yarn. Topics discussed include the impact of different knitted structures (single jersey and fleece), with bamboo showing preferable performance in mitigating electrostatic charge and improving ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) properties.

Polyester (PET) fibers are the most widely used synthetic fiber in the textile industry worldwide. With the increasing environmental and ecological concerns around the world, efforts are being made to recycle synthetic fibers and to ensure their biodegradability. In this experimental study, the dyeing and physical performances of polyester, recycled polyester (r-PET) and biodegradable polyester (bio-PET) fabrics were compared. In the results obtained, it was determined that the samples containing r-PET and bio-PET were dyed at least as well as the fabrics containing PET, and there were no significant differences in fastness and strength values. In this context, it is thought that r-PET and bio-PET fibers can be alternatives to PET fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Su hem yaşam için hem de sahip olduğu özellikleri nedeniyle de değerli bir kaynaktır. Bu nedenle, su kıtlığı ve artan çevre bilinci dünya çapında endişeye sebep olmaktadır. Tekstil sektörü genel olarak su tüketiminin yoğun olduğu proseslerden oluşmaktadır. Özellikle boyama işleminde çok fazla su kullanılmaktadır. Bu sebeple su kullanımının azalmasına yönelik boyama çalışmaların her geçen gün öneminin artacağı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada, süperkritik karbondioksit (scCO2) ortamda susuz ve klasik sulu ortamda bir adet % 100 poliester dokuma kumaş açık ve koyu tonda olmak üzere boyanmış, boyama proseslerinin aşamaları her iki ortam için de yaşam döngüsü analizi (LCA) yöntemi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Analiz için SimaPro 9.3 programı kullanılmış ve yapılan karşılaştırma kümülatif olarak süperkritik ortamda yapılan boyamada çevresel etkinin klasik sulu ortamda boyamayla karşılaştırıldığında göre daha az olduğu dolayısıyla daha avantajlı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Hastalıklardan korunmada tekstil ürünlerin büyük rolü bulunmaktadır. Tekstil materyaller günlük hayatın birçok yerinde karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Özellikle son iki yıldır yaşanan covid-19 pandemisi tekstilin önemine daha da dikkat çekmiştir. Bununla birlikte “tekstil bizi salgınlardan koruyabilir mi?” sorusunu da gündeme getirmiştir. Bakterilerle dolu bir çevremiz olması, virüslerin bakterilere tutunarak saçılması ve nozokomiyal hastalıkların son yıllarda artış göstermesi, antimikrobiyal tekstil üretimine gereksinim olduğunu düşündürmektedir. Bu çalışmada farklı yapıdaki kumaşlara gümüş ve kuarterner amonyum tuz (QAS) apre uygulanması ve antimikrobiyal etkinliklerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Kumaşlardan birisi %100 pamuk liflerden diğeri ise %100 poliester liflerden dokunmuştur. Uygulanan antimikrobiyal bitim işlemleri sonrası etkinlikleri AATCC 100 test metoduna göre belirlenmiştir. Kontrol olarak apre uygulanmamış kumaşlar aynı teste tabi tutulmuştur; ancak herhangi bir mikrobiyal inhibisyona rastlanmamıştır. Buna göre tüm gümüş apreli pamuk kumaşlarda etkinin diğerlerine oranla daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek inhibisyon oranı %99,03 ±0,49 olarak gümüş apreli pamuk kumaşta tespit edilmiştir. En düşük inhibisyon oranı ise QAS apreli poliester kumaşta %59,43 ±1,87 olarak bulunmuştur. Ayrıca kumaşların gram pozitif bakterilere karşı daha etkin olduğu görülmüştür. Aynı zamanda uygulanan apre işleminin kumaşlarda renk değişimi, pilling (boncuklanma) ve hidrofiliteye neden olup olmadığı da test edilmiş ve herhangi bir etki olmadığı görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada farklı yapıdaki kumaşlara uygulanan antimikrobiyal bitim işlemlerinin yüksek etkinlik gösterdiği görülmüştür. Çeşitli enfeksiyon hastalıklarındaki eradikasyon çalışmalarında, günümüz pandemisi ve hastane enfeksiyonları ile mücadelede antimikrobiyal tekstil sektörünün oldukça büyük bir yere sahip olduğu ve geliştirilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Water is a valuable resource both for life and because of its properties. Therefore, water scarcity and increasing environmental awareness cause worldwide concern. The textile industry generally consists of processes with intense water consumption. Especially in the dyeing process, a lot of water is used. For this reason, the importance of dyeing studies aimed at reducing water use that increases day by day. In this study, one %100 polyester woven fabrics were dyed in dark and light shade in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) media (waterless) and classic media (aqueous) and the dyeing process was evaluated by life cycle analysis (LCA) method in both media. SimaPro 9.3 program was used for the analysis and it was concluded that the environmental effect of dyeing cumulatively performed in the supercritical medium is less compared to dyeing in a classical aqueous medium, thus it is more advantageous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Currently, more than 40 types of components are used in the construction of footwear. Among these are cotton and polyester textiles. The objective of this work was to use cotton and polyester textile waste in the development of styrene-butadiene-styrene base (SBS) composites with potential application in the preparation of components for footwear. Thus, the residues were processed in a knife mill and were incorporated in the base formulation in different percentages in a single-screw extruder. The samples were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, torque rheometry and wear test. The morphological characterization revealed fibers in the form of bundles and loose fibers with random orientation, in addition to the covering of textile fibers. The rheometer showed an increase in the viscosity of the composites as a function of the textile content. The abrasion wear resistance test decreased with the increase of residues within the limits for use in footwear construction. The results show technical potential in the preparation of composites and a promising alternative in the production of components from the waste generating sector itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tekstil: Journal of Textile & Clothing Technology is the property of Croatian Association of Textile Engineers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Warp knitting technology combines the two properties of dimensional stability and elasticity which are provided from woven and knitted fabrics separately. These fabrics consist of several threads (warp) which are formed as loops via needles and run through the fabric mainly in a vertical direction. These fabrics may be produced on a flat or a circular warp knitting machines. This study aims to investigate the influence of washing cycles (1, 5 and 20) on stretching (%) and air permeability properties of the polyester warp knitted fabrics of different weight. In order to analyze the effect of washing process on stretching ratios (%) and air permeability of the samples; Fyrma fabric extensometer and SDL Atlas M021A model Air Permeability Tester devices were used respectively. Additionally, the changes in fabric weight according to washing cycles of 1, 5 and 20 were also evaluated. According to test results; the stretching properties and air permeability values of the polyester warp knitted fabrics produced in different weights varied according to the laundering cycle which emphasized that caring processes should also be considered during the evaluation of mechanical properties (such as stretching, air permeability properties) of polyester warp knitted fabrics.

Copyright of Tekstilec is the property of University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Engineering, Department of Textiles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tekstilec is the property of University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Engineering, Department of Textiles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Plastination is currently the most important anatomical preservation technique due to the possibility of preserving bodies and organs for an indefinite period, in a dry and biosecure form, while preserving the morphological characteristics of the tissues. However, the shrinkage of the samples is also part of the plastination, perhaps becoming one of its few disadvantages. This paper presents the shrinkage caused by the classic technique of sheet plastination with polyester resin (Biodur® P40) in human brain slices, with the aim of statistically establishing the percentages of tissue shrinkage caused by this plastination protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstrak Penyebaran panas (thermal) dan kelembaban/ uap air melalui pakaian melibatkan proses penguapan, kondensasi, penyerapan, dan desorpsi. Pakaian bertindak sebagai penghalang yang menghambat penguapan sehingga pakaian yang memiliki kemampuan penguapan yang baik akan menguntungkan pada saat melakukan berolahraga. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui respon fisiologi dan psikologi manusia pada saat berolahraga di lingkungan panas. Penelitian dilakukan pada 4 orang laki-laki dengan memakai dua jenis pakaian dengan bahan berbeda, yakni: katun dan poliester pada kondisi temperatur di lingkungan 30°C. Mereka berolahraga menggunakan treadmill dengan kecepatan 7 km/ jam untuk setiap jenis pakaian selama 30 menit, dimana setiap 10 menit melakukan treadmill kemudian istirahat selama 5 menit. Setelah itu, dilakukan proses recovery selama 30 menit sebanyak dua kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kemampuan absorbsi keringat pada saat exercise pada bahan pakaian katun lebih tinggi dibandingkan bahan poliester, sedangkan kemampuan evaporasi keringat ketika proses recovery, bahan pakaian poliester lebih baik dibandingkan katun, sehingga pada saat ini berolahraga, bahan poliester cenderung lebih kering dibandingkan bahan pakaian katun. Untuk respon psikologi, pada saat responden berolahraga menggunakan bahan pakaian katun, mereka merasakan badan lebih terasa panas, basah dan sangat berkeringat. Abstract Thermal and humidity can be transfered using evaporation, condensation and absorption process. Clothing as a mediator to evaporation process. There are many kinds of clothing which can help to evaporating the thermal, especially while exercise. The purpose of this research is to know the Psychological and Physiological responds of human while exercise in hot environment. This research is conducted to four man who using two different kinds of clothing, which are cotton and polyester. The condition of hot environment is 30°C. They are doing exercise using treadmill with speed 7 km/hour for every kind of cloth during 30 minutes; where every 10 minutes is exercise then 5 minutes is break. After that, recovery process is 30 minutes in two times. The result of this research is shown that the ability of sweat absorbtion when exercise using cotton is higher than polyester, and the ability of sweat evaporation when recovery using polyester is more drying rather than using cotton. Polyester is better than cotton when it was used in exercise, because of polyester is easier to be dried. In Psychologycal respond, the respondences said that when using cotton while exercise, they feel the body is more warm, wet and vigorously sweating. Keywords: Pshycological, Phisiological, Cotton, Polyester, Treadmill

El diseño pop fue durante los años sesenta y principios de los años setenta la expresión de la cultura juvenil, reflejada en una pasión por los materiales sintéticos y los entornos artificiales. En España, este fenómeno transcurrió en el conflictivo periodo del llamado “desarrollismo”, durante el régimen militar del general Franco. El pop tuvo en Cataluña una expresión vivaz pero industrialmente limitada. Los diseñadores André Ricard, Miguel Milá, Jordi Galí y Rafael Carreras, entre otros, se prestaron con profesionalidad a experimentar con el poliéster, el metacrilato y el ABS. Este artículo se propone rescatar un fenómeno de modernización poco estudiado y culturalmente muy significativo.

Plastic pollution in the oceans and inland waters is a serious problem that affects not only the aquatic environment, but also humans. People are potentially exposed to microplastics through food, drink and air. Polyester fiber is one of the most abundant types of microplastics in the environment. Much of the fiber that enters wastewater treatment plants reaches sewage sludge, which is used as soil fertilizer in many countries. Therefore, preventive and corrective measures should be taken at international, governmental and consumer level to assess the toxicity of common polymers, to reduce the use of plastic and to encourage the use of alternative materials, recycling and the adoption of sustainable practices in the use of plastics and plastic pollution management. There is growing evidence that microplastic pollution (plastic particles below 5 mm in size) is now present in almost all marine ecosystems, even in remote areas, such as the Arctic and Antarctic. Once released into the marine environment, the ecological fate of microplastics primarily depends on the density of the polymer that influences buoyancy, position in the water column and possible interaction with the biota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Industria Textila is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Textile si Pielarie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bu çalışmanın amacı farklı sterilizasyon metodlarının elektroçekim polyester lifleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. PET lifleri; ağırlıkça %10,15 ve 20 oranında polietilen tereftalat (PET) içeren çözeltilerden elektroçekim yöntemiyle üretilmiş ve etilen oksit (EO), otoklav (AU) ve ultraviyole (UV) ile sterilize edilmiştir. Üretilen yüzeylerin yüzey karakterizasyonu taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM), atomik kuvvet mikroskobu (AFM), yüzey gözeneklilik boyutu analizleri ve temas açısı ölçümleriyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yüzeylerin termal özellikleri Diferansiyel taramalı kalorimetre (DSC) testleri; mikro yapısal özellikleri Fourier Transform Infrared spektroskopisi (FTIR) ile araştırılmıştır. SEM çalışmaları farklı sterilizasyon yöntemlerinin, polimer konsantrasyonuna bağlı olarak büyük değişikliklere neden olduğunu göstermiştir. Artan polimer konsantrasyonu ile yöntemlerin etkileri azalma gösterse de, lif yapısı -özellikle EO sterilizasyonunda oldukça zarar görmüştür. Temas açısı değerlerinde UV sterilizasyonu sonrası büyük düşüş görülmüştür.

POY yarns are well know and commercialized since 1970s. On the other hand, air-jet textured yarns are very common due to their unique structure which looks like natural spun-staple yarns. In the air-jet texturing process, the yarn is textured by overfeeding into a high-pressure of air to create a looped and more natural yarn appearance and also the bulkiness level of the yarn is controlled by input speed and jet-take out speed. This process reassigns flat, continous synthetic yarns into entangled, convoluted, bulky, spun like structured yarns. They are of higher bulk, exhibits increased covering power, have a more subdued lustre and are warmer in hand. Therefore, air-jet textured yarns possess some unique properties that require investigation. Hence, in this study, first the texturing process is introduced briefly and its principle of manufacturing is illustrated, later four different types of yarns were produced with two different fibre cross-sections at the three different nozzle types and three different core yarn feeding. The produced yarn production details are given and their breaking strength, elongation and work of rupture are studied along with their morphological structures by using light microscope and SEM. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of POY fibre cross-section on air-jet textured yarn mechanical properties. The overall results showed that coarser air-jet textured yarns with a round shape have higher breaking strength, elongation and work of rupture than the trilobal shaped yarns. On the other hand, half matted yarn which was applied TiO2 has also presented better breaking strength and elongation.

The plastic bag used in the packaging of mozzarella cheese was characterized, for which the quality of the bag was evaluated through its identification by the method of solubility in organic and inorganic solvents, the quality of sealing by the colorful solution method, the determination of the speed of transmission to water vapor by the method gravimetric, dimensions and thickness. The results of the functional length and width presented average values of 396 mm and 374 mm respectively, the material proved to be made up of two flexible layers with a total thickness of 67.17 μm; an inner layer of polyethylene with a thickness of 47 μm and an outer layer of polyester with a thickness of 21 μm. The transmission speed to water vapor of the container was 2.33 g/m2d. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Immaterial is the property of BAU, Centro Universitario de Diseno de Barcelona and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Unsaturated polyester (UP) resins, used as a matrix material in polymer based composite, has been extensively utilized in industry due to the fact that revealing high mechanical properties, rapid curing, endurance against chemical substances and physical conditions. Determination of the optimum ratio of inititator (curing agent), requiring for polymerization process is of great importance for the production of composite material having desirable mechanical properties. For this purpose, the physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of the polyesters used in the production of composite materials were investigated by using initiators at different ratios. In scope of the study, orthophtalic and isophtalic resins (polymer based resin) were used as a resin. During polymerization procees, methyl ethyl keton peroxide (MEKP) has been used as initiator (curing agent) with different the ratio; 1%, 1.5%, 2% ve 2.5%. Cobalt octaoate (C16H30CoO4) was added as catalyst (accelarating) in the rate of 1% to increase curing rate and yield of polymerization. To determine physical parameters, gelation temperature, gelation time, peak exotherm temperature and viscosity analysis were carried out. Thermogravimetric analyzes (TGA) were performed to determine thermal stability. Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to investigate the molecular interaction in the end of the polymerization. Mechanical properties (tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexture strength and flexture modulus) were determined with the Universal Test Machine. The initiator and resin ratio which have optimum parameters and performance were determined by evaluating the results obtained from experimental studies. As a result, the mechanical properties of the unsaturated polyester resin were changed based on initiator ratio. When the relation between initiator ratio and the mechanical properties is examined, mechanical strengths of the composites which composed of the isophthalic resin generally have higher than the composites composed of the orthophtalic resin. Optimum initiator ratio for mechanical strength values were determined as 1% for the composite obtained from both isophtalic and orthophtalic resins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alkaline treatments extract hemicellulose from the fibers, which can be reused in the manufacture of other materials, and the cellulosic portion can be applied as reinforcement in a composite. This way, all components of the fibers are utilized. Method: In this work, curaua fibers (Ananas erectifolius) were treated with potassium hydroxide (KOH) to solubilize part of the hemicellulose and lignin, and the cellulose-rich fibers were used to manufacture composites with unsaturated polyester, which were characterized to investigate the effect of the treatment on their properties. Results: The alkaline treatment removed large portions of hemicellulose and significantly degraded the crystalline cellulose and lignin, resulting in a small increase (2.4%) in overall crystallinity and with a negative impact on their thermal stability. SEM images showed defibrillation of the treated fiber and fibril separation, increasing roughness and surface contact area. Conclusions: In all, although the alkaline treatment substantially modified the fibers and no significant changes were observed in the mechanical properties of the composite, the total removal of hemicellulose was found to affect the integrity of cellulose fibers making harder their application as reinforcement. However, the higher cellulose content could be useful for other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tekstilec is the property of University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Engineering, Department of Textiles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tekstilec is the property of University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Engineering, Department of Textiles and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)