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The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) epidemic in the 2021/2022 epidemiological year was the most widespread in Europe, and HPAI H5N1 was by far the predominant virus type reported. In Serbia, since early 2021 and 2022, multiple outbreaks of HPAI have occurred. The H5N1 subtype was also dominant during this epizootic, although a few cases of H5N8 subtype infection were reported in mute swans. This epizootic affected backyard chickens (3 outbreaks), and the virus was also detected in wild birds, mostly in mute swans (4 outbreaks). All cases were reported in the north of Serbia. Here we describe the pathological findings of natural HPAI H5N1 infection in poultry species (chickens and turkeys) and wild birds (mute swans) that died during this epizootic. Routine necropsies were carried out on the carcasses of 15 mute swans, 15 chickens, and four turkeys. The external body and internal organs were examined grossly, and the gross pathology was recorded and photographed. Body condition was estimated based on the amount of body fat and musculature. Tissue samples of the brain, pancreas, spleen, and lungs were collected, and the supernatants of the tissue homogenates were used for molecular diagnosis by RT-qPCR method. The affected birds showed nervous manifestations (abnormal head position, tremors, leg paralysis) and all birds were in good condition. The presence of influenza virus was detected in tissue samples of all tested animals. The external macroscopic changes included cyanosis and necrosis in the crest and wattle, and these lesions were more pronounced in chickens. In mute swans, there were no external lesions. The H5N1 HPAI virus produced several consistent gross lesions among the species investigated. Foremost among these lesions was: multifocal pancreatic necrosis and hemorrhages, petechial hemorrhages in coelomic and epicardial fat and epicardial petechiae. The lungs showed moderate (turkeys) to severe (chickens and mute swans) diffuse congestion and oed

African swine fever (ASF) has been detected in many European countries since its introduction in Georgia in 2007. Serbia suffered its first case of ASF in the domestic pig population in 2019. At the beginning of 2020, ASF was detected in wild boars in open hunting grounds in the southeastern region of the country in districts along the country’s borders with Romania and Bulgaria. Since then, all ASF outbreaks in wild boar were clustered in the population located in the same bordering areas. Despite the newly implemented biosecurity protocols for hunters in 2019, ASF was detected for the first time in June 2021 in the wild boar population located in an enclosed hunting ground in the northeast region of the country. In this study, we reported the first ASF outbreak in a wild boar population located in an enclosed hunting ground in close proximity to the Serbian–Romanian border. The epizootiological data on the field investigation of the ASF outbreak, with descriptions of the clinical signs and gross pathological lesions detected, including the total number as well as the estimated age, sex, and postmortem interval, were analyzed. Clinical signs were detected only in nine diseased wild boars, while in total, 149 carcasses were found in the open and enclosed part of the hunting ground. In addition, 99 carcasses from which samples (parts of spleen or long bones) were collected for molecular diagnostics (RT-PCR) were confirmed as ASF-positive. The results of the epidemiological investigations indicate the central role of wild boar movements as well as the constant risk of human-related activities in the countries bordering area.

In winter 2016/2017, the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 was detected in backyard poultry in Serbia for the first time. The second HPAI outbreak case in backyard poultry was reported in 2022, caused by subtype H5N1. This is the first study that documents the laboratory identification and pathology associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry in Serbia during the first and second introduction waves. In both cases, the diagnosis was based on real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. The most common observed lesions included subepicardial hemorrhages, congestion and hemorrhages in the lungs, and petechial hemorrhages in coelomic and epicardial adipose tissue. Histologically, the observed lesions were mostly nonpurulent encephalitis accompanied by encephalomalacia, multifocal necrosis in the spleen, pancreas, and kidneys, pulmonary congestion, and myocardial and pulmonary hemorrhages. In H5N8-infected chickens, immunohistochemical examination revealed strong positive IHC staining in the brain and lungs. Following these outbreaks, strict control measures were implemented on farms and backyard holdings to prevent the occurrence and spread of the disease. Extensive surveillance of birds for avian influenza virus did not detect any additional cases in poultry. These outbreaks highlight the importance of a rapid detection and response system in order to quickly suppress outbreaks.

This experiment was performed to investigate the protective effect of a new combined adsorbent (bentonite + yeast cellwall extract) previously tested in vitro, on the occurrence of pathological lesions in broilers fed a diet contaminated with aflatoxinB1 until 21 days of age. A total of 96 one-day old Ross 308 hybrid broiler chickens were divided into four groups: group I (control),group II (5 g/kg adsorbent), group III (5 g/kg adsorbent + 2 mg/kg aflatoxin B1), and group IV (2 mg/kg aflatoxin B1). Grossly,AFB1 and AFB1+adsorbent fed birds showed enlargement, friable texture of liver and enlargement and pallorness of kidneys. Spleenrevealed size reduction. No gross-pathological changes were observed in control and group II. Histopathologically, lesions wereobserved in aflatoxicated groups. Liver revealed vacuolar cell degeneration, periportal and perivascular infiltration of mononuclearcells. Kidneys revealed mild to moderate degree of haemorrhages, tubular epithelial necrosis and infiltration of mononuclearcells along with heterophils. In group IV, catarrhal enteritis characterized by desquamation of epithelial cells were found in theduodenum. A milder form of gross and histopathological lesions was seen in group III. In conclusion, the present study revealedthat supplementation of a new combined toxin binder product in the concentration of 5 g/kg could not completely ameliorateaflatoxicity in broilers, although it met the stringent European regulation requirements for the minimum of 90% aflatoxin bindingefficiency in in vitro study.

The eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) is one of the critically endangered species in Serbia, with a small global population that will likely continue to decline. Despite many biological and ecological studies on this species, little is known regarding the prevalence and incidence of infectious diseases in these birds. Here we present the pathological, microbiological and toxicological findings in one imperial eagle.

Background The Sarconema eurycerca heart infection may be one of the main causes of death in swans and geese due to severe heart lesions. To date, there have been no reports of Sarconema eurycerca in mute swans (Cygnus olor) in Serbia and this parasite has never been morphologically characterized in wild birds from this region. Methods In spring 2021, eight dead mute swans (Cygnus olor) were collected during avian influenza surveillance on the territory of the Province of Vojvodina and submitted to Scientific Veterinary Institute “Novi Sad” to determine the cause of death. The presence of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N1 was determined in all swans using molecular methods. Results Necropsy of the swans revealed changes characteristic for highly pathogenic avian influenza infection, such as severe haemorrhages and necrosis in different organs. Three of the eight swans showed massive subepicardial haemorrhages and myocarditis with intralesional 2–4 cm long whitish roundworms. Histopathologically, haemorrhages and many adult heart worms were observed in the myocardium. Based on morphological features of parasites, infection by Sarconema eurycerca was concluded. Conclusion According to the available scientific literature, the presence of heart roundworms in swans has not yet been confirmed in our country. This report is the first published case of cardiac filariasis associated with S. eurycerca infection in mute swans in the Republic of Serbia.

The fi rst confi rmed case of African Swine Fever (ASF) in Serbia occurred in 2019. Since then, numerous outbreaks in domestic pigs and wild boars have been reported. Until April 2021, all the detected ASF cases were in backyard pigs. Beside backyard and smallholders farming systems as a dominant pig production system in Serbia, large commercial pig farms can also be found, located mostly in villages. In the beginning of April 2021, a large commercial farrow-to-fi nish pig farm in Serbia with almost 19,000 animals was affected with the ASF virus. The pig farm analysed in this paper is located in an area where ASF was confi rmed earlier in both backyard and wild boars. In this study, we describe the overall epidemiological course of the ASF outbreak. Epidemiological investigation using a hypothesis-based approach was conducted in order to reconstruct the disease course until the offi cial notifi cation. All the available data from the farm were analysed with the aim to determine the high-risk period (HRP). Some of the key points to consider when it comes to the sources of infection and entry route of ASF are the following: contamination of the area in the immediate vicinity of the farm, risky human activities, irregularities and some omissions in the external farm biosecurity and immediate proximity of the city waste-yard where the communal waste is disposed of. It was concluded that when commercial pig farms are surrounded by villages with a large number of backyards, hence the anthropogenic factor is the key risk factor for ASF spreading, Prvi slučaj afričke kuge svinja (AKS) u Srbiji je dijagnostikovan 2019. godine. Od tada, beleži se pojava bolesti u populaciji domać ih i divljih svinja. Sve do aprila 2021. godine žarišta AKS su bila lokalizovana u populaciji domaćih svinja u seoskim dvorištima. Pored seoskih gazdinstava i porodičnih farmi kao dominantnog načina proizvodnje, u Srbiji se nalaze i velike komercijalne farme svinja, uglavnom oko seoskih naselja. Početkom aprila 2021. godine, u komercijalnoj farma svinja, proizvodnog kapaciteta oko 19000 jedinki, potvrdjena je infekcija virusom AKS. U radu je sa epizootiološkog aspekta, hronološki opisan tok infekcije AKS. Epizootiološko istraživanje je zasnovano na hipotezama u cilju utvrdjivanja potencijalnih puteva unošenja AKS. Analizirani su dostupni farmski podaci kako bi se utvrdio vremenski period visokog rizika (HRP). Farma svinja se nalazi u području gde je u prethodnom periodu potvrđena AKS u seoskim gazdinstvima, kao i u populaciji divljih svinja. Kontaminacija ambijenta u neposrednoj blizini farme, visoko rizične aktivnosti humane populacije u okruženju (brojna seoska gazdinstva), postojanje pojedinih aktivnosti visokog rizika u realizaciji eksterne biosigurnosti i neposredna blizina gradske deponije gde se odlaže komunalni otpad, su svakako ključni momenti kada se razmatraju izvori infekcije i put unošenja AKS. Zaključeno je da u uslovima kada su komercijalne farme okružene selima, u kojima su dominira uzgoj domaćih svinja u seoskim dvorištima, ljudske aktivnosti predstavljaju ključni faktor rizika za širenje AKS.

U intezivnom sistemu proizvodnje brojlera, tovni pilići se uzgajaju u podnom sistemu na dubokoj prostirci koja ima veliki apsorpcioni potencijal. Živinarska proizvodnja se poslednjih godina rapidno razvija, a sa njom i sve veća zabrinutost za odlaganje i iskorišćavanje animalnog otpada i pojavu štetnih gasova. U pomenutom sistemu, prostirka ima veoma važnu ulogu. Emisija štetnih gasova predstavlja problem sa aspekta zdravstvenog stanja brojlera u tovu i zaposlenih. Cilj ovog istraživanja je procena nivoa emisije štetnih gasova, kao što su amonijak (NH3), ugljen-dioksid (CO2) i vodonik-sulfid (H2S), koristeći šest različitih vrsta prostirki. Merenje koncentracije štetnih gasova je vršeno na nedeljnom nivou u svakom tretmanu. Koncentracija amonijaka je prvi put zabeležena iznad dozvoljene vrednosti od 20 ppm 28. dana tova. Tokom perioda tova, koncentracije izmerenog ugljen-dioksida nisu prelazile dozvoljeni prag od 3 000 ppm, dok vodonik-sulfid nije detektovan. Pomenuto istraživanje ukazuje na uticaj različitih materijala i formulacija prostirke koji se koriste u brojlerskoj proizvodnji. Zbog činjenice da su brojleri u konstantnom kontaktu sa prostirkom, pažljiv odabir, adekvatan menadžment, odgovarajuće skladištenje i pravilno korišćenje doprinose boljem i kvalitetnijem vazduhu unutar objekta što posledično dovodi do manje emisije štetnih gasova.

The classical swine fever virus has the ability to cross the placental barrier, resulting in the infection of fetuses, which may consequently lead to persistent infection in piglets. The aim of this study was to report the lesions in fetuses naturally infected with CSFV during late gestation and clarify the nature of infected cells and the distribution of viral antigen in different tissues. A total of twenty-nine fetuses aged 82, 83 and 95 gestational days originating from three naturally CSFV infected sows were examined in this study. In all tested sows and their fetuses CSFV was detected using RT-PCR method. Immunohistochemistry method was used to detect viral antigen and monoclonal antibody WH303 was used on formalin fixed tissue samples of brain, spleen, heart, tonsils, kidney, ileocecal valve and umbilical cord. The most common lesions in the majority of fetuses were hyperemia, petechial haemorrhages in the skin, lymph nodes and kidneys. With the exception of myocardium, CSF viral antigen was detected in all the examined tissues. WH303 positive cells included endothelial cells, monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes. The largest number of positive cells was found in kidneys in all of the examined fetuses. Reticular cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and endothelial cells in the spleen were also intensely and widely stained in most of the fetuses. These results showed that CSFV antigen can be detected in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded fetal tissue specimens originating from naturally CSFV infected sows by using monoclonal antibody WH303. Fetal kidneys proved to be a very useful organ for diagnosis of the CSF virus. Having that in mind, it is assumed that persistently infected piglets may shed a high amount of viral particles through urine. However, further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis., Virus klasične kuge svinja poseduje mogućnost prelaska placentarne barijere, što može dovesti do infekcije fetusa i posledično do nastanka perzistentne infekcije kod prasadi. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrđivanje lezija koje nastaju kod fetusa prirodno inficiranih virusom klasične kuge svinja tokom kasne faze gestacije, kao i prirodu inficiranih ćelija i distribuciju virusnog antigena u različitim tkivima fetusa. Ukupno je ispitano dvadesetdevet fetusa starosti 82, 83 i 95 dana gestacije, poreklom od tri prirodno inficirane krmače virusom klasične kuge svinja. Prisustvo virusa potvrđeno je kod svih ispitanih krmača i njihovih fetusa upotrebom RT-PCR metode. Za imunohistohemijsku detekciju virusnog antigena u tkivnim isečcima mozga, slezine, srca, tonzila, bubrega, ileoceklane valvule i pupčane vrpce primenjeno je monoklonko antitelo WH303. Kod većine ispitanih fetusa ustanovljena je hiperemija i petehijlna krvavljenja na koži, limfnim čvorovima i bubrezima. Virusni antigen je detektovan u svim ispitanim tkivima fetusa, izuzev tkiva srca. Detektovane WH303 pozitivne ćelije obuhvatale su endotelne ćelije, monocite, makrofage i limfocite. Najveći procenat pozitivnih ćelija na virusni antigen utvrđen je u bubrezima kod svih ispitanih fetusa. Pored toga, veliki broj pozitivnih ćelija dokazan je u retikularnim, limfoidnim i endotelnim ćelijama slezine kod većine fetusa. Rezultati dobijeni u ovom istraživanju pokazuju da se upotrebom monoklonskog antitela WH303 može detektovati antigen virusa klasične kuge svinja u parafinskim isečcima tkiva fetusa prasadi poreklom od prirodno inficiranih krmača. Pored toga, utvrđeno je da su fetalni bubrezi veoma pogodan materijal za dijagnostiku virusa klasične kuge svinja. Na osnovu ovih nalaza postavljena je hipoteza da perzistentno inficirana prasad mogu izlučivati velike količine virusnih čestica putem urina, međutim, potrebna su dodatna istraživanja kako bi se potvrdila ova hipoteza.

The contamination of animal feed with mycotoxins is a worldwide problem in the animal husbandry, but it also represents a serious threat for the whole food chain. The health of both animals and humans is potentially endangered. From this point of view aflatoxins are a class of mycotoxins especially well known. Therefore, new strategies to combat these natural contaminants are constantly being developed. The most applied method to protect animals against aflatoxicosis is the utilization of feed additives aimed to adsorb aflatoxins. In order to estimate adsorbing potential of feed additive “MycoStop DUPLO”, designed for the prevention and/or alleviation of adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 in animal nutrition, in vitro trial was conducted. As a result of the experiment, conducted at pH 5 during 120 minutes of incubation at 37°C, the optimal formulation of the adsorbent was revealed. This product, in low concentration and in the presence of high amounts of toxin, met the stringent European regulation requirements for minimum 90% aflatoxin binding efficiency (90.1% achieved with 0.02% adsorbent and 4 mg/L toxin concentration). In higher adsorbent (0.2%), and lower toxin (0.2 mg/L) conditions, adsorption was 99.6%. Such outcome indicated the validity of in vitro experimental approach which can serve as a reliable fast tool for triage of adsorbents and preselect them for in vivo tests.

In the Northern part of Serbia, which is part of Pannonian Basin, mute swan (Cygnus olor) population has notably increased over the last few decades. Like other birds from Anatidae family, mute swans are a host of numerous endoparasite species. The aim of this study was to acquire the data on identification and prevalence of endoparasites in mute swans in the Republic of Serbia, as that information is lacking. Individual faecal samples of sixty-eight adult mute swans were examined for the presence of endoparasites. Coprological examination was performed using flotation and sedimentation technique with saturated ZnSO4 solution. The samples were collected from December 2016 to March 2017, during epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 in the Republic of Serbia. Dead mute swans were collected from twelve different locations in the Northern part of Serbia. Altogether, 39.7% of the examined fecal samples contained different parasites. The endoparasitic fauna was divers and included 3 species of nematodes, 2 cestodes species, one trematode and one protozoan species. Nematodes were the most prevalent helminthes and among these the most frequent nematode species found was Heterakis dispar (17.6%), followed by Echinuria uncinata (5,8%) and Ascaridia spp. (4,4%). Four mixed infections were found, where double infection was the most prevalent. No endoparasites were found in faecal samples of mute swans collected from the locations Sombor and Titel. As this study covers a small population of mute swans, more detailed studies need to be carried out on a larger population in order to gain an insight into the diversity and prevalence of endoparasites in the Republic of Serbia.

Упркос великом напретку менаџмента, технологије, исхране и терапије, кокцидоза и даље представља једну од најзначајнијих болести у интензивном живинарству. Установљено је да код ове инфекције пилића долази до значајне промене параметара оксидативног стреса, који настаје услед дисбаланса између продукције слободних кисеоничних врста (reactive oxygen species, ROS) и антиоксиданата. Циљеви овог истраживања били су: 1) испитивање утицаја два различита типа антикокцидијских супстанци (робенидин и Хербакокс) на оксидативни стрес код товних пилића инфицираних врстама рода Eimeria, 2) детерминација врста Eimeria које паразитирају код бројлерских пилића применом молекуларногенетичких техника (PCR), 3) установити раширеност супклиничке инфекције на фармама бројлерских пилића, и 4) установити да ли постоји узрочно последична веза између примењених мера биосигурности на фармама и појаве супклиничких и клиничких инфекција кокцидијама. Како би се испитао ефекат кокцидиостатика на окидативни статус товних пилића, формиране је пет група: две нетретиране (неинфицирана и инфицирана) и три третиране антикокцидијским адитивима (инфициране Eimeria spp.). Једна од третираних група пилића је добијала синтетски кокцидиостатик робенидин (Ро), друга биљни - хербакокс (Херб), а трећа комбинцију робенидина и хербакокса (Ро+Херб). Све инфициране групе су у узрасту од 14 дана инфициране ооцистама кокцидија (мешана инфекција). Крв је узоркована 12, 21. и 40. дана и одређиване су активности каталазе (CAT), супероксид дисмутазе (SOD), глутатион-С-трансферазе (GST) и концентрације производа липидне пероксидације – малон-диалдехида (MDA). Мерен је и број ооциста у граму фецеса, телесна маса пилића и степен конверзије хране (FCR). Применом PCR технике детерминисане су врсте Eimeria које паразитирају код бројлерских пилића. Подаци о биосигурносним мерама су добијени помоћу упитника који је попуњаван у време сакупљања узорака фецеса на фармама бројлера..., Despite remarkable advances in management, technology, diet and therapy, coccidiosis remains one of the major diseases in intensive poultry production. It has been detected that in chickens infected with coccidia significant changes in the parameters of oxidative stress develop, which is a consequence of a disbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. The aims of this research were: 1) investigation into the influence of two different types of anticoccidials (robenidine and Herbakoks) on the oxidative stress in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria, 2) determination of Eimeria species which parasitize broiler chickens with molecular techniques (PCR), 3) assessment of the prevalence of sub-clinical infection on broiler farms, and 4) detection of possible association between biosecurity measures on chicken farms and the emergence of sub-clinical and clinical coccidial infections. To assess the effect of anticoccidials on fattening chickens, five experimental groups were established: two untreated (uninfected and infected) and three treated with anticoccidials (all infected with Eimeria spp.). One of the treated groups was administered robenidine (Ro), the second the herbal anticoccidial Herbakoks (Herb), аnd the third one - the combination of robenidine and Herbakoks (Ro+Herb). All infected groups were inoculated orally with Eimeria oocysts (mixed infection) on day 14 after hatching. The blood was sampled on days 12, 21 and 40 and the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the concentration of the product of lipid peroxidation - malondialdehyde (MDA) - determined. The number of oocysts per gram of faeces, chicken body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were also measured. Eimeria species detected in broiler chickens were determined using PCR assay. The data on biosecurity measures were obtained in a questionnaire which was filled in when the faeces samples were collected

Infekcije izazvane visoko patogenim virusima avijarne influence ustanovljene su kod ptica, velikog broja domaćih i divljih životinja i ljudi i iz tog razloga predstavljaju veliku opasnost sa aspekta veterinarske medicine i javnog zdravlja. Izrazita genetička varijabilnost i nestabilnost genoma influenca virusa omogućavaju nastanak velikog broja različitih podtipova virusa avijarne influence sa izmenjenim svojstvima u pogledu antigenskih osobina, patogenosti i specifičnosti prema domaćinu. Novi, resortirani podtip visoko patogene avijarne influence H5N8 prvi put je dijagnostikovan na evropskom kontinentu 2014. godine. U Republici Srbiji, prva zabeležena epizootija avijarne influence podtipa H5N8 desila se krajem 2016. godine. Tokom ove epizootije, najveća stopa mortaliteta zabeležena je kod labudova grbca (Cygnus olor), a pored toga virus je dijagnostikovan i kod malog broja domaćih kokošaka gajenih u seoskim domaćinstvima. Istraživanja u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji imala su za cilj uporedno ispitivanje makroskopskih i mikroskopskih promena, distribucije i tropizma virusa, kao i određivanje imunofenotipa ćelija inflamacije u organima dve različite vrste ptica prirodno inficiranih virusom avijarne influence podtipa H5N8. U ispitivanjima su korišćeni organi 15 labudova grbaca (red Anseriformes) i 15 kokošaka (red Galliformes) uginulih tokom ove epizootije. Pored toga, cilj istraživanja bio je identifikacija i molekularna karakterizacija virusa avijarne influence detektovanog u Srbiji tokom zime 2016. – 2017. godine. Za dokazivanje prisustva virusa influence u ispitanom materijalu poreklom od prirodno inficiranih ptica korišćena je real time RT-PCR metoda. Za utvrđivanje karaktera lezija, distribucije virusnog antigena i imunofenotipa ćelija inflamacije u tkivu pluća, srca, slezine, creva, bubrega, pankreasa i mozga, primenjena su patohistološka i imunohistohemijska ispitivanja..., Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses cause infections in birds, a large number of domestic and wild animals as well as in humans, and are the cause of serious veterinary and public health concern. The distinct genetic variability and instability of the influenza virus genome enable the creation of a large number of different subtypes of avian influenza virus with altered characteristics in terms of antigenic properties, pathogenicity and host specificity. In 2014, a novel reassortant subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 was detected for the first time on the European continent. In the Republic of Serbia, the first outbreak of avian influenza subtype H5N8 was recorded at the end of 2016. The highest mortality rate during this outbreak was detected in the mute swans (Cygnus Olor) and the virus was also diagnosed in a small number of domestic hens in rural households. The aim of this PhD thesis was a comparative analysis of macroscopic and microscopic lesions, distribution and virus tropism as well as the determination of the inflammatory cell immunophenotyping in the organs of two different bird species naturally infected with the avian influenza virus subtype H5N8. The carcasses of 15 mute swans and 15 hens that died during the avian influenza outbreak were examined. In addition, the aim of this research was the identification and molecular characterization of the avian influenza virus detected in Serbia during the winter 2016-2017. The real-time RT-PCR method was performed for detection of H5N8 HPAI virus presence in materials originating from naturally infected birds. Pathohistological and immunohistochemical methods were used to determine the character of lesions, the distribution of viral antigen and immunophenotyping of inflammatory cells in the lung, heart, spleen, intestine, kidney, pancreas and brain tissue...