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En el presente trabajo, establezco una relación entre el ‘realismo’ de La colmena y un retrato de la autoridad española, especialmente de la policía, como una extensión de las políticas de vigilancia, control y castigo empleadas por el Franquismo. En esta línea, analizo cómo en la novela de Cela, sin realizarse una crítica directa hacia el Franquismo, es inevitable encontrar en la descripción de la sociedad de los años cuarenta en España un reflejo de las políticas punitivas contra la disidencia empleadas durante los primeros años de dictadura. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates police officers' perceptions on the influence of images in the tasks of crime prevention and repression, its evidentiary function in criminal justice and the methods of dissemination of cases of police violence and urban insecurity on the media and social media in Argentina. The design of the study is qualitative. The sources of the data come from interviews with agents of Policía Federal Argentina and of Policía de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, during 2023. The analytical strategy used was theoretical sampling and constant comparison. The main findings of the article explain the role of the image on the government of security and in the construction of the police news from three different categories of the analysis: the image as tool of police work, as product to "sell" on the media and social media and as evidence before justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I present a research study aimed at understanding the discourses and practices regarding police violence that human rights defenders in Chile have. Using an ethnographic methodology (2020-2022), I worked with defenders from a state institution, a civil organization that supports victims, and another civil organization that monitors protests. I conducted 16 interviews, document reviews, and daily activities observations. The integrated ethnographic analysis aimed to understand how discourses and practices maintain and promote certain social relations. This research allowed me to identify practices directed toward the State, society, and the organizations themselves. The meanings of these resistance practices come together in three interrelated areas that characterize this institutional violence: invisibilization, naturalization and impunity. I conclude that filing complaints and educating to promote cultural changes create paths to face the causes of police abuses associated with the productive role of the police in a racialized and class-based order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Direito e Práxis is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Police officers are frequently exposed to a wide variety of potentially traumatic events (PTE) and are therefore at a considerable risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous research estimated the point prevalence of PTSD in Belgian police officers at 7.4%, significantly higher than in the general population. An effective organisational strategy to manage posttraumatic stress is essential.Objective: We aimed to develop a novel organisational approach regarding traumatic stress for Belgian police, combining evidence-based strategies for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress in a stepped care intervention model.Method: In a broad development process, we combined scientific literature, case studies of best practices from other police organisations with insights gathered from a number of expert panels, thematic working groups and feedback groups.Results: A comprehensive stepped care intervention model was developed, consisting of evidence-based interventions for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress.Conclusions: The intervention model is a promising organisational strategy for the management of posttraumatic stress in police organisations based on evidence-based interventions. Its effectiveness will be studied in the coming years.

The relationship between the public and local government is crucial for the success of government in carrying out its duties. Despite this, the public is not always willing to engage with government. Previous research tells us that negative personal bureaucratic interactions can politically demobilize. However, little is known about whether feedback effects on participation are particular to offending government agencies or similarly felt by other organizations in a community. Building on studies of policy feedback, this study investigates how police killings, a form of community police contact, influence the public's willingness to engage with both local police and other local public services. Negative events, even when not directly experienced, disempower the public and undermine legitimacy, depressing participation. We test the effects of policing killings on participation using both observational data on 911 calls and 311 requests and a survey experiment where we manipulate exposure to a community police killing. We find evidence of decreased participation with local police and local government more broadly, contributing to our understanding of policy feedback, policing, and provision of public services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central objective of this research was to identify the major challenges of police education for the Comprehensive Transformation Process of the National Police. For its development, a qualitative methodology was used based on the development of three phases: theoretical, identifying the normative and political mandates that establish the line of police education; descriptive, through a recognition and analysis of the goals that the Police Education Directorate (formerly National Directorate of Schools) of the National Police must face and the actions that must be undertaken to achieve them, as well as the needs that arise from the training schools of the Institution ; and exploratory, which includes, based on the results of the previous phases, the identification and analysis of the challenges of police education. The results reached represent a contribution on the actions and pending tasks that the Institution must assume in the field of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ayer: Revista de Historia Contemporánea is the property of Asociacion de Historia Contemporanea and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este artículo indaga las percepciones policiales sobre la influencia de las imágenes en las tareas de prevención y represión del delito, su función probatoria en la justicia penal y las modalidades de difusión de casos de violencia policial e inseguridad urbana en medios de comunicación y redes sociales de Argentina. El diseño del estudio es cualitativo. Las fuentes de los datos provienen de entrevistas a agentes de la Policía Federal Argentina y de la Policía de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires durante 2023. La estrategia analítica fue la del muestreo teórico y de la comparación constante. Los principales hallazgos del artículo muestran el rol de la imagen en el gobierno de la seguridad y la construcción de la noticia policial, a partir de tres categorías: la imagen como herramienta del trabajo policial, como producto a “vender” en medios y redes sociales y como prueba frente a la justicia.

Las formas de la protesta y las de la actuación policial evolucionan paralelamente. Durante la década de 1960, la radio y el coche radio-patrulla mejoraron la coordinación logística de los dispositivos policiales, pero también empoderaron a los activistas, periodistas y curiosos que interceptaban las emisiones. A partir de una base de datos de grabaciones a la policía y transcripciones de la radio policial, este artículo analiza las prácticas de escucha a la policía, sus usos y efectos. Este espionaje permitió a los activistas proteger sus acciones de la intervención policial. Durante la dictadura, además, la oposición utilizó las grabaciones y transcripciones como fuente autorizada sobre la magnitud de los conflictos sociales y las movilizaciones políticas, y como desmentido de las declaraciones oficiales. Las grabaciones a la radio policial se usaron también como prueba de ilegalidades y actitudes belicosas por parte de la policía y como banda sonora trepidante en documentales que denunciaban la represión. La conclusión es que la tecnificación radiofónica de la policía produjo efectos imprevistos y brindó oportunidades no deseadas asociadas también a la sofisticación técnica de la sociedad en su conjunto, que tuvieron efectos en la posibilidad de responsabilizar a la policía de sus actuaciones. Las escuchas, de ese modo, contribuyeron a la democratización.

Esta investigación exploratoria cualitativa examina la percepción de autolegitimidad de los funcionarios de Carabineros de Chile, una institución policial nacional que opera en la región de La Araucanía, caracterizada por una alta conflictividad territorial de carácter indígena. Se entrevistaron 46 funcionarios de diversas funciones policiales utilizando dos técnicas de recolección de datos: grupos focales y entrevistas en profundidad. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de los ataques a la policía y de la percepción de falta de apoyo institucional en la percepción de autolegitimidad policial por parte de los funcionarios. Por otro lado, los funcionarios con una labor de mayor vinculación ciudadana perciben una mayor eficacia de su actuación y, por tanto, tienen una mayor autolegitimidad. La investigación concluye subrayando la necesidad de estudios adicionales sobre este tema aún por explorar en Latinoamérica, especialmente de tipo cuantitativo, para optimizar la gobernanza policial en zonas de conflicto.

Reseña bibliográfica del libro de Agustina Vaccaroni, Los primeros policías de Buenos Aires. Funciones, materialidades y territorios (1772-1825), Ciudad de México, Tirant lo Blanch, 2023, 289 pp.

The objective of this document is to provide conceptual elements that facilitate the understanding of professional standards in police forces, for which a research exercise was carried out with a qualitative, exploratory approach, taking as references technical reports and indexed articles, under the Information cleaning and classification methodology: Preferred reporting elements for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. In the investigation, literature was found that allowed us to propose a conceptual and functional foundation for professional standards based on some thoughts and currents of the administration, concluding firstly that their primary role in police forces is framed in coordination and organisational control and secondly, in the functional elements that allow contributing to the establishment of these. Finally, it was concluded that scientific and academic writings regarding professional standards in police forces are few; the lack of clear, unified conceptual frameworks, without defined structural elements, frames the results of this review in a novel proposal for police forces, thereby helping the interpretation and applicability of professional standards in governmental police organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The First Line of the Bogotá Metro project presents citizen security challenges for justice officers and policy makers, guaranteeing governance and governability through the theory of environmental design. Establishing possible social, environmental, human security risks and criminological phenomena through anticipation, allows evaluating policies on security and defense issues (years 2018 to 2022) and the global peace index, determining the level of agreement among police officers based on the theory of evidence-based policing. Hybrid correlational methodology establishes that risk management and comprehensive citizen security, coexistence, and justice plans need to be reevaluated in the face of criminological phenomena such as terrorism. The global peace index indicates instability and political panic, violent demonstrations as the variables that will affect general functioning. In addition to strengthening the technical preparation of police officers, policies aimed at solving criminal problems and environmental criminology. In conclusion, the probability of a terrorist act occurring is high, requiring an evaluation of the vulnerability in specific sites, the response to possible interruptions and the synergy of the institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud is the property of Centro de Estudiso Avanzados en Ninez y Juventud alaianza Cinde, Universidad de Manizales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud is the property of Centro de Estudiso Avanzados en Ninez y Juventud alaianza Cinde, Universidad de Manizales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud is the property of Centro de Estudiso Avanzados en Ninez y Juventud alaianza Cinde, Universidad de Manizales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyses the capacity of the proximity or community policing programs to foster trust in the police in two localities: the Nezahualcóyotl municipality in the state of Mexico and the historic center of Mexico City. For this purpose, the results of a survey applied to the habitants of both localities are analyzed using a binomial logistic regression model. The results show that in both cases, these proximity strategies have achieved a positive impact on the trust of the habitants further than other individual and context factors. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the police in preventing crimes is shown as the main determinant of trust in both cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Sociohistórica: Cuadernos del CISH is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

RESUMEN Este trabajo busca explicar, a través de un medio escrito policial como es la Revista de los Carabineros de Chile (RCCh) en un período histórico determinado (1946-1973), las distintas representaciones textuales y visuales que se elaboraron respecto de personas y grupos, adjetivados como anormales, a partir de su virtual peligrosidad para la autoridad, la ciudadanía y la moralidad pública. Mediante un análisis de contenido de las informaciones y artículos allí aparecidos, se examinan las identidades atribuidas a delincuentes, criminales, alcohólicos y toxicómanos, elaboradas a partir de la identificación de conductas y apariencias reconocibles por la colectividad y del relevamiento de los supuestos culturales de época. Dichas construcciones mostrarían un carácter adaptativo a escenarios ideológicos y preocupaciones morales cambiantes, siendo capaces de generar lenguajes enunciativos, discursivos y opinantes, además de definir, caracterizar y reforzar, por oposición, la identidad institucional de la policía uniformada chilena.

Con el presente artículo se buscó analizar las actitudes comportamentales contrarias a la disciplina de los estudiantes antiguos en las escuelas de formación policial. Como metodología se diseñó un estudio transversal a partir del análisis de Python, cluster K-means y las pruebas ANOVA. En el estudio participaron 532 estudiantes en calidad de cadetes y alféreces, con rango de edad entre 18 y 37 años. Los resultados establecieron que: 1) Los estudiantes encuestados consideran que la antigüedad influye en el cambio en la disciplina en la institución. 2). El grado que tiene el estudiante dentro de la institución influye significativamente en las razones de elección de la profesión como oficial de la Policía. 3). Las variables sociodemográficas como grado, nivel de escolaridad y sexo influyen de manera significativa en la consideración de que la antigüedad afecta el comportamiento dentro de la institución. Como conclusión, hay estudiantes que infringen las normas causando daños a los demás miembros de la comunidad y justifican su comportamiento por ser antiguos en la institución, al considerar que es un privilegio que se han ganado con respecto a los demás estudiantes. Igualmente, es prioritario el diseño de estrategias de convivencia, por parte de las escuelas de formación policial, para minimizar las conductas contrarias a la disciplina por parte de los estudiantes antiguos y la aplicación a tiempo de los correctivos necesarios para establecer el buen ambiente escolar. La riqueza de los datos obtenidos abre nuevos horizontes investigativos sobre la disciplina y su incidencia en los ambientes educativos.

A presente pesquisa tem o objetivo de mostrar os agenciamentos morais e as técnicas de controle social de um grupo de milicianos e de duas políticas de segurança: o Destacamento de Polícia Ostensiva (DPO) e a Unidade de Polícia Pacificadora (UPP), no período de 2007 a 2011, na favela do Batan/RJ. A partir de uma pesquisa etnográfica de mais de três anos no território, que produziu uma série de entrevistas e conversas informais com moradores, defendemos que no período delimitado houve uma governança miliciana no Batan que congregou forças legais e ilegais militarizadas com a finalidade de controlar a moralidade dos moradores e coibir os desviantes. Nesse contexto, milícia e polícia se complementavam na gestão da ordem local, produzindo uma zona cinzenta de atuação ancorada em um mesmo projeto moral.

Este artículo analiza la capacidad de los programas de policía de proximidad o policía comunitaria para fomentar la confianza en la policía en dos localidades: el municipio de Nezahualcóyotl en el estado de México y el Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México. Para ello se analizan los resultados de una encuesta aplicada a los habitantes de las dos localidades, mediante el desarrollo de un modelo de regresión logística binomial. Los resultados muestran que en ambos casos estas estrategias de proximidad han conseguido un impacto positivo en la confianza de los habitantes, más allá de otros factores individuales y contextuales. No obstante, la eficacia de la policía para prevenir delitos se muestra como el determinante principal de la confianza en ambos casos.

El objetivo central de esta investigación fue identificar los retos superiores de la educación policial de cara al Proceso de Transformación Integral de la Policía Nacional. Para su desarrollo se acudió a una metodología cualitativa, a partir del desarrollo de tres fases: teórica, identificando los mandatos normativos y de política que sientan la línea de la educación policial; descriptiva, a través de un reconocimiento y análisis de las metas que debe enfrentar la Dirección de Educación Policial (anteriormente Dirección Nacional de Escuelas) de la Policía Nacional y las acciones que se deben emprender para su alcance, así como las necesidades que se presentan desde las escuelas de formación de la Institución; y exploratoria, que comprende, a partir de los resultados de las fases anteriores, la identificación y el análisis de los retos de la educación policial. Los resultados a los que se llega representan un aporte a las acciones y tareas pendientes que debe asumir la Institución en materia de educación.

En la Escuela de Oficiales de la Policía Nacional del Perú, la calidad de la formación académica es esencial para preparar a futuros líderes; sin embargo, la tradicional enseñanza individualista ha suscitado preocupaciones sobre su efectividad. La investigación consiste en establecer la influencia del aprendizaje cooperativo en el éxito académico en la Escuela de Oficiales de la Policía Nacional del Perú para desarrollar en estudiantes competencia que les permita vivir en sociedad. Se utilizó el enfoque cuantitativo de diseño cuasiexperimental, de alcance descriptivo-comparativo, la muestra fue no probabilística de tipo intencional, se construyeron dos pruebas; una de entrada y la otra de salida aplicadas las pruebas a 53 Cadetes del curso de Psicología del delincuente. Los resultados permitieron apreciar que el método del aprendizaje cooperativo estimula la creatividad, favorece el desarrollo de procesos cognitivos, categoriza el análisis crítico y la resolución de problemas en la comparación del grupo experimental y el grupo control, que se tradujo en los puntajes obtenidos al finalizar el curso con el método tradicional y el cooperativo. Evidenciando que el uso de estrategias pedagógicas que fomenten las habilidades sociales fortalece el rendimiento académico de los oficiales en formación.

RESUMO Este trabalho analisa o delinear de racionalidades de atuação na principal força policial de Lisboa entre o final do século XIX e o início do século XX. Com base nas ordens de serviço diárias e nas estatísticas policiais, examinamos esta conceptualização como uma encruzilhada de lutas entre um ideal construído e as práticas concretas, descortinando uma instituição a pensar-se a si própria. Mais do que impor uma ordem, o trabalho conclui que a polícia engendrou uma governamentalidade assente em práticas racionalizadas e no desenvolvimento de uma expectativa social em torno da intervenção policial.

This article critically examines reasons for the persistent use of states of emergency (SOEs) as a tool of crime control in Jamaica and risks associated with normalising these measures in small, low-capacity, competitive democracies in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). We attend to the question of permanent SOEs as an issue of law and certain policing methods becoming normalised. This differs from scholars who think about the use of permanent SOEs as suspension of law or executive rule and make a clear distinction between law and violence and normalcy and emergency. Our findings show that persistent usage of SOEs in Jamaica reflects the incapacity of the state to control violent crime as well as its effort to strengthen its coercive capabilities and compensate for the ineffectiveness of the police. It is also a response to public demand for SOE policing. State strengthening is a necessary condition for a more peaceful and law-abiding society but is also a carrier of risks of democratic degeneration via rights-disregarding policing. Nonetheless, we have seen authoritarian management of crime without descent into authoritarianism, in general, and strong boundary-marking and patrolling by some state-oversight institutions that enjoy the support of civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on Street-Level Bureaucracy (SLB) points to several behavioral motivators that influence their performance, such as Discretion, Self-interest, Norms, and Public Interest. Although these aspects occur simultaneously, there are no studies on which behavioral motivators are decisive for the performance of SLB. This research aims to analyze the influence of the interaction of different behavioral motivators of the SLB in their performance in implementing public policies. To achieve the proposed objective, a structured questionnaire was applied to 10,014 Federal Highway Police officers active during the research period, with 426 respondents. Data were analyzed using structural equation analysis. The results showed that Discretion, Norms, and Public Interest were positively associated with Operating Performance. For Institutional Performance, only the Norms and Public Interest dimensions were positively associated. The results indicate that the relevance of the different behavioral motivators of the SLB varies according to the performance variable observed and reiterate the asymmetry of perceptions between the different organizational levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article presents the results of a research on the transformations in policing practices and population control during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the ways in which these changes were experienced by police officers in Córdoba (Argentina), in the case of the Villa María-Villa Nueva urban agglomerate during 2020-2021. Here we will address the conflicts that were relevant in this location during said period, analyzing the transformations that were identified in police practices and their ways of intervening in these conflicts. We analyze the interactions between police and citizens, looking to highlight the transformations of this already heterogeneous relation. Finally, we will inquire into the experiences of the police during the pandemic, with special emphasis on their perception of risk and recognition of their work, as well as on the use of force. On this basis, we consider that the pandemic strengthened the role of the police in population management, further highlighting the performance of a range of tasks unrelated to the prosecution of crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature has consistently found that victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women are reluctant to make their situation visible and report it to the police. Whether victims perceive and define IPV behaviors as reportable is key to understanding in which cases the police are seen as potential providers of help or whether other potential sources of help (family, friends, professionals, etc.) are preferred. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the influence of perceived reportability of IPV on women's selection of the police as a source of help compared to not seeking help or selecting other sources of help. Structural equation modeling was applied to data from 479 female participants drawn from a nationally representative sample of 1,112 male and female Chilean adolescents and young adults conducted by the National Youth Institute of Chile. The results showed that perceived reportability was a significant predictor of choosing the police as a source of help compared to other informal sources of help, such as family and friends. However, perceived reportability did not affect help-seeking choices between the police and other formal help sources (psychologists, public services). Participants' IPV victimization and attitudes toward IPV also played a specific role in selecting the police as a source of help. These findings highlight the complexity of the visibility of women's IPV victimization to the police and the need to examine its explanatory mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the right to strike among members of the police force, two positions can be identified: on one side, there are those who predominantly argue that it is legitimate to limit or even suppress this right for this group of workers, and on the other side, there are those who contend that the right to strike is a labor right recognized in the Constitution without exceptions. This paper approaches this topic from a fresh perspective that, through an interpretation of Article 57 of the Constitution alongside other constitutional provisions and the principles of human rights protection, supports the thesis that public officials, including members of the police force, have a recognized right to strike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The community police models, together with the georeferencing of crime and work focused on solving specific problems, have allowed improving indicators of attention to crime and the perception of security in cities. However, little care has been placed in these models for cooperative networks between patrols organized by districts or urban sectors, to maintain an articulated action that compensates for the scarcity of police resources and avoids over-targeting. This article analyzes the interaction between the network of police reinforcements and homicides and personal thefts in Bogotá, capital of Colombia. Exponential random graph (ERG) models, network analysis, and georeferenced gamma estimates of criminal behavior are used. At the level of the police sectors known as Commands for Immediate Attention (CAI), it is found that patrol network organization schemes are conditioned by the city's socioeconomic segregation patterns which limits the scope of the network in control of the crimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Police officers are frequently exposed to a wide variety of potentially traumatic events (PTE) and are therefore at a considerable risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous research estimated the point prevalence of PTSD in Belgian police officers at 7.4%, significantly higher than in the general population. An effective organisational strategy to manage posttraumatic stress is essential. Objective: We aimed to develop a novel organisational approach regarding traumatic stress for Belgian police, combining evidence-based strategies for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress in a stepped care intervention model. Method: In a broad development process, we combined scientific literature, case studies of best practices from other police organisations with insights gathered from a number of expert panels, thematic working groups and feedback groups. Results: A comprehensive stepped care intervention model was developed, consisting of evidence-based interventions for the prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress. Conclusions: The intervention model is a promising organisational strategy for the management of posttraumatic stress in police organisations based on evidence-based interventions. Its effectiveness will be studied in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This article shows that among residents of Rincon Grande of Pavas, a group of vulnerable neighborhoods in capital of Costa Rica, circulate negative rumors regarding police activity against drug dealing. These rumors reflect discontent of local population towards police forces in the analyzed area. Objective: There are no studies in Costa Rica about police control over drug dealing in marginalized urban areas, and its consequences with regards to the relation between the police forces and the local population. This article seeks to bridge this gap and, to do so, analyzes the case of Rincon Grande of Pavas. Methodology: In order to reach the conclusions presented in this article, the author uses 67 in depth interviews carried out mainly with residents of the analyzed area between March 2019 and March 2020, and a focus group with five police officers in February 2019. Results: Results show that, according to the residents of Rincon Grande of Pavas, police in this area in general is ineffective and, regarding drug dealing, has an active participation in illegal marketsand makes an excessive and indiscriminate use of force. These are the elements that produce the most aversion among the inhabitants of the area, thus reducing the legitimacy of police forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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