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Aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of a therapeutic exercise program to modify the muscular endurance of the trunk, the localization and intensity of musculoskeletal pain, fear-avoidance beliefs, perceived change after the treatment and satisfaction.The present study has a quasi-experimental design (N.=19) with measurements taken before and after 16 sessions. The measures included: trunk extensors and flexors endurance, localization and intensity of pain and fear avoidance behavior. At the end of the program the perception of changes at musculoskeletal level and satisfaction were also obtained. Statistical analysis was carried out using Student's T-test for paired data, Wilcoxon's test and McNemar's test. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee and the patients gave their informed consent.The 94% were women with a mean age of 58 years. The 42.1% had musculoskeletal pain, with the most frequent locations being the lower back, neck and shoulder regions. A significant increase in the muscular endurance of the trunk extensors and flexors (in seconds) was detected; (67.1±42 vs. 96.1±55.2) (P=0.005) and (28.2±18.3 vs. 67.8±41.1) (P=0.000), respectively. A decrease that was close to statistical significance (P=0.19) was observed in the score on the FABQ (53.9±18.8 vs. 48±19.7). The prevalence of lower back pain (84.2% vs. 47.4%; P=0.016) and upper back pain (42.1% vs. 10.5%; P=0.031) decreased significantly after the treatment. The 78.4% had improved and 89.5% were very satisfied with the treatment.The treatment increased the muscular endurance of both the trunk extensors and flexors. A decrease in the prevalence of lower back, upper back and neck pain was observed. The perceived change and satisfaction were high.

Objetivo: Determinar variables relacionadas con el hallazgo de cáncer de próstata (CaP) en pacientes sometidos a cirugía prostática tras al menos una biopsia prostática (BP) negativa. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 170 pacientes sometidos a resección transuretral de próstata (RTUP) o adenomectomía entre 1999 y 2007, después de una o más BPs negativas. Se realizó un análisis multivariado de regresión logística para identificar variables relacionadas con la presencia de CaP. La capacidad predictiva de PSA, PSA densidad y PSA velocidad se determinó mediante curvas ROC y su área bajo la curva (ABC). Se analizó la sensibilidad, especificidad y valores predictivos para diversos puntos de corte de PSA densidad y PSA velocidad. Resultados: Se realizó adenomectomía en 104 pacientes (61,18%) y RTUP en 66 (38,82%). Se detectó CaP en la pieza quirúrgica de 16 pacientes (9,41%). Las variables asociadas al hallazgo de CaP en la pieza quirúrgica fueron PSA densidad (OR:1,47;95%IC:1,22-6,64;p:0,007) y PSA velocidad (OR:2,87;95%IC:1,60-5,12;p1ng/ml/año y una o más biopsias de saturación previas negativas. Purpose: To determine variables related to the finding of prostate cancer (PC) in patients who underwent surgery following at least one negative prostate biopsy (PB). Materials and methods: A retrospective study of 170 patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or open prostatectomy between 1999 and 2007, following one or more negative PB sets. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out in order to determine variables related to the finding of PC. The predictive capacity of PSA, PSA-density and PSA-velocity was assessed by means of ROC curves and the area under the curve (AUC). Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were determined for several PSA-density and PSA-velocity cut-off points. Results: Open prostatectomy was carried out on 104 patients (61.18%) and TURP on 66 (38.82%). PC was detected in the surgical specimen of 16 patients (9.41%). Variables associated with the finding of PC in the surgical specimen were PSA-density (OR:1.47;95%CI:1.22-6.64; p:0.007) and PSA-velocity (OR:2.87;95%CI:1.60-5.12; p1ng/ml/year and one or more negative saturation biopsies.

Objetivo: Determinar si el desarrollo de una red neuronal artificial (RNA) formada por variables clínicas permite predecir el resultado de la biopsia prostática (BP). Material y métodos: Pacientes (n=953) sometidos a BP en el Hospital Arquitecto Marcide, Ferrol, entre enero-2000 y junio-2005. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad, PSA, tacto rectal y volumen prostático, disponiendo de todos estos datos en 843 casos. Para determinar factores relacionados con el diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata (CP), se desarrollaron un análisis de regresión logística y una red neuronal "feed-forward", con tres nodos en su capa oculta y un nodo de salida, que representa la probabilidad de CP. Ambos modelos fueron construidos a partir de una muestra aleatoria de n=643 pacientes (set de derivación). La capacidad predictiva de ambos modelos se valoró con los 200 pacientes restantes (set de validación), mediante curvas ROC y su área bajo la curva (ABC). Resultados: Se detectó CP en 500 (59,3%) casos. Ajustando por edad, PSA, tacto rectal y volumen prostático, en un modelo de regresión logística multivariante, se observó que todas las variables predecían CP de forma independiente. Las ABC fueron de 0,693 para el PSA, 0,707 para el volumen prostático, 0,815 para la regresión logística y 0,819 para la RNA. La capacidad predictiva de la RNA fue significativamente superior a la del PSA (p=0,002) y volumen prostático (p

Objetivo: Determinar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la biopsia prostática (BP) ampliada en el cáncer de próstata (CP) y las variables que influyen en su positividad. Material y métodos: Pacientes (n=147) sometidos a BP de 24 cilindros, en el Hospital Arquitecto Marcide, Ferrol, La Coruña, entre diciembre 2002-septiembre 2004. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: pacientes ≤70 años con una o más BP negativas o ≤75 años con dos o más BP negativas. Se realizó análisis univariado mediante test Χ² en variables cualitativas y test t-Student y U de Mann-Whitney, en variables cuantitativas y análisis de regresión logística para determinar variables relacionadas con la positividad de BP ampliada. Resultados: 60 pacientes (40,82%) presentaron CP. Entre los pacientes con BP negativa y positiva, se observaron diferencias significativas en volumen prostático, relación PSA libre/total en la primera BP, relación PSA libre/total en la BP ampliada, PSA-densidad en la BP ampliada y existencia de prostatitis crónica en BP previas. En el análisis multivariado se comprobó que la densidad de PSA y la existencia de prostatitis crónica en BP previas, predecían de forma independiente la positividad de la BP ampliada. Conclusiones: La BP ampliada permite detectar CP en el 40,82% de los pacientes con BP previamente negativas. El incremento de la densidad de PSA se asocia una mayor probabilidad de CP, mientras que la existencia de prostatitis crónica en las BP previas reduce significativamente la probabilidad de CP, en la BP ampliada. Objective: To determine the diagnostic performance of extended prostatic biopsy (PB) in prostate cancer (PC) and variables affecting positivity. Materials and Methods: Patients (n=147) underwent 24 cylinder PB at the Arquitecto Marcide Hospital, Ferrol, La Coruña, between December 2002-September 2004. Inclusion criteria were the following: patients aged ≤70 with one or more negative PB or aged ≤75 with two or more negative PB. An univariate analysis was carried out using the Χ² test for the qualitative variables and the t-Student and U Mann-Whitney tests in the case of the quantitative variables, plus a logistical regression analysis in order to identify those variables related to the extended PB positivity. Results: 60 patients (40.82%) were identified as having PC. Significant differences were observed in prostatic volume, free/total PSA ratio in the initial PB, free/total PSA ratio in the extended PB, PSA-density in the extended PB as well as the existence of chronic prostatitis in previous PB. During the multivariate analysis it was found that the PSA-density and the presence of chronic prostatitis in previous PB independently predicted the positivity of the extended PB. Conclusions: Extended PB allows for the detection of PC in 40.82% of patients with previous negative PB. The increase in PSA density is associated with a greater probability of PC, whilst the existence of chronic prostatitis in prior PB significantly reduces the probability of PC in the extended PB.

The objective of this study was to evaluate patient satisfaction with direct current (DC) cardioversion and the prevalence of discomfort after the process. A descriptive study of patients (N = 75) who underwent DC cardioversion in the cardiology department of the Juan Canalejo Hospital, Spain, was conducted. As many as 53.8% of the patients stated that they experienced discomfort with DC cardioversion. The factors associated with relatively more discomfort were being a female and younger age. Receiving information before DC cardioversion protected against discomfort (OR = 0.16). All of the patients were satisfied with the way they were treated, but 21.2% were not satisfied with the results. After adjusting for different covariates, patients who were informed about cardioversion before the procedure were more satisfied with the treatment (OR = 4.9). The patients showed a high degree of satisfaction with the treatment received. Information increases the probability of satisfaction and decreases discomfort.

To analyse the presentation forms and prognosis of patients with advanced gastric cancer at the time of diagnosis.Retrospective cohort study.We studied all patients with gastric cancer (n=2,334) and synchronic metastases diagnosed in Lugo and A Coruña hospitals between 1975 and 1993. We estimated survival probability using the Kaplan-Meier method, and prognostic factors with Cox's regression models.Metastases were detected at the time of diagnosis in 585 (25.1%) patients, with the liver (346; 14.8%) and peritoneum (61; 6.9%) being the most frequently involved sites. The liver was exclusively affected in 213 (9.1%) cases, the peritoneum in 70 (3.3%), and another intraabdominal site in 121 (5.2%). Patients with peritoneal metastases were older (p=0.05), more commonly had a diffuse type of cancer according to Lauren's tumor classification (p0.001), and underwent surgery more frequently (p=0.01). Curative resection was possible for only 11 (5.2%), 7 (10%), and 25 (20.7%) patients with metastases in only the liver, peritoneum, or another site, respectively, but in all cases survival probability was significantly enhanced. No surgery (HR=2.92), and simultaneous involvement of the liver and peritoneum (HR=1.62) were factors associated with a higher mortality rate.Patients with gastric cancer and metastases in only one intraabdominal organ show characteristic forms of presentation. Furthermore, in all cases candidacy for surgery should be carefully evaluated, as prognosis may improve in selected patients.

OBJETIVO: Establecer los factores pronósticos de recidiva y progresión en el carcinoma de células transicionales de vejiga en estadio T1, prestando especial atención al valor pronóstico de p53 y ki67. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: 175 pacientes con tumor vesical incidente de la categoría T1. El estudio inmunohistoquímico fue realizado con los anticuerpos monoclonales DO7, para p53 y MIB-1, para ki67. Se utilizó la metodología de Kaplan-Meier y se realizó un análisis multivariado de regresión de Cox, para determinar variables asociadas a recidiva y progresión. Se realizaron asimismo curvas ROC para p53 y ki67. RESULTADOS: El seguimiento medio fue de 8,55 años. La supervivencia libre de recidiva a los 5 y 12 años fue 57,98% y 48,47%. Las variables independientes de recidiva fueron: grado histológico, multifocalidad tumoral, tamaño tumoral >3 cm, presencia de carcinoma in situ y expresión de ki67. La supervivencia libre de progresión a los 5 y 12 años fue 83,12% y 75,63%. Las variables independientes de progresión fueron: edad, multifocalidad tumoral, morfología microscópica sólida, expresión de p53 y expresión de ki67. CONCLUSIONES: La morfología microscópica sólida y la expresión de p53 son las variables con mayor capacidad para predecir progresión tumoral. Se observa una correlación positiva entre la expresión de p53 y la progresión, de forma que cuanto mayor es la expresión de p53, mayor es la probabilidad de progresión. La multifocalidad tumoral y la expresión de ki67 >27% son los principales factores pronósticos de recidiva. OBJECTIVE: To establish prognostic factors of recurrence and progression in stage T1 transitional cell bladder carcinoma, paying special attention to prognostic value of p53 and ki67. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 175 patients with incident bladder tumour at T1 category. The immunohistochemical study was performed using the monoclonal antibodies DO-7, for p53 and MIB-1, for ki67. Kaplan-Meier methodology was used, and a multivariate analysis using Cox’s proportional hazards model was carried out in order to determine the variables associated with recurrence and progression. ROC curves were also drawn up. RESULTS: The average follow up period was 8.55 years. 5 and 12-year recurrence-free survival rates were 57.98% and 48.47%. The independent variables for recurrence were histological grade, tumour multifocality, tumour size >3 cm, presence of carcinoma in situ and ki67 expression. 5 and 12-year progression-free survival rates were 83.12% and 75.63%. The independent variables for progression were age, tumour multifocality, solid microscopic morphology, p53 expression and ki67 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Solid microscopic pattern and p53 expression are the variables which best predict progression. A positive relationship was observed between p53 and progression: the greater the expression of p53, the greater the progression. Tumour multifocality and ki67 expression >27% are the main prognostic factors for recurrence.

Objetivo: Determinar la importancia de la planificación del seguimiento en la prevención secundaria de la cardiopatía isquémica Material y métodos: Diseño. Estudio prospectivo con grupo control concurrente y con asignación aleatoria balanceada. Emplazamiento: Ámbito ambulatorio. Pacientes: 75 pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica que precisaron ingreso por síndrome agudo y en tratamiento con atorvastatina como prevención secundaria fueron divididos en dos grupos. Intervenciones: El grupo experimental (40p) fue revisado cada 2 meses mediante examen físico, analítico, insistencia en dieta-ejercicio y ajuste de dosis de estatina. El grupo control (35p) fue remitido a su seguimiento habitual. Resultados: El 88% fueron varones. La media de edad fue de 63.7 ± 10 años. En el grupo control hubo una mayor proporción de pacientes con HTA y toma de IECAs. En el resto de las características basales, porcentajes de infarto, angioplastia o cirugía y valores analíticos iniciales no existieron diferencias significativas. A los 6 meses la reducción de colesterol total, colesterol-LDL y triglicéridos fue mayor en el grupo experimental que en el control (33 vs. 24, 34 vs. 26 y 51 vs. 24 mg/dl, respectivamente), aunque no alcanzó significación estadística. El porcentaje de reingresos fue menor en el grupo experimental (7,3% vs. 19,4%, P = 0.114). Falleció un paciente en cada grupo. Conclusiones: Los resultados apuntan que la planificación del seguimiento de pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica tiene especial relevancia para acercarse a los objetivos recomendados en la prevención secundaria. Objective: To determine the usefulness of different intensities of follow up when atorvastatin is used in the secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease. Material and methods: Design. Prospective study with balanced randomized allocation including a concurrent control group. Setting: Ambulatory care. Patients: 75 patients hospitalized because of acute coronary syndromes were administered atorvastatin as secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease and randomized either to intensive folow up or to a control visit 6 months apart. Interventions: The intensive folow up group (40 patients) was controlled every 2 months as outpatients and a physical examen and lipid profile was done, enhancing diet and exercise and adjusting the statin dose. The control group was evaluated just once after a 6 six month period. Results: 88% were males and the average age was 63.7 ± 10 year. Basal characteristics, myocardial infarction, revascularized procedures and initial chemistry and lipid profile were similar in both groups, although there was a higher proportion of patients in the control group taking ACE. After 6 months total cholesterol, LDL colesterol and triglycerides reduction was higher in the intensive follow up group (33 vs. 24, 34 vs. 26 y 51 vs. 24 mg/dl, respectively) without realising statistical significance. Hospital readmissions were lesser in the intensive group (7.3% vs. 19.4%, P = 0.114). There was one death in each group. Conclusions: Results show a tendency indicating that follow up planification is relevant to obtein the target lipid level recomen in the secondary prevention.

To evaluate the epidemiology, etiology, mortality and prognostic factors of bacteremia in a district hospital, we carried out a retrospective study of all blood cultures (Bc) performed in 1987 in our institution. The criteria for contamination community or hospital acquired disease, and terminal or rapidly fatal disease were those commonly accepted. Two patients were excluded owing to incomplete data. Overall 1,693 Bcs were performed; 257 of these were positive, 189 were considered as true positive (11.1%) and corresponded to 70 episodes of bacteremia (9.1/1000 admitted patients). Sixty-eight patients were included, 48 from the community and 20 of hospital origin. The male/female ratio was 43/25. There was shock in 27% of the community acquired and in 55% of the hospital acquired cases (p less than 0.1). There were no mortality differences between both groups, but there were differences in the spectrum of causative organisms. A comparison with a previous series from our institution was made. Its results shown some peculiarities of the disease in our area.